CA1051131A - Upholstered furniture having improved flame resistance - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Flame resistance of upholstered furniture is signi-ficantly improved by interposinq between the cover fabric and the padding or applying to the top side of the cover fabric a layer of neoprene foam capable of forming when exposed to a burning cigarette or under the conditions of a standard flame spread test, a thermally insulating char which does not smolder, and which maintains its structural integrity. The neoprene foam must be so formu-lated that it also is capable of evolving at combustion temperature sufficient amount of water to efficiently cool the affected area. Normally, the latex from which the foam is prepared is formulated with a char promoter and a hydrated inorganic compound. Upholstered furniture of this invention passes a burning cigarette test and performs extremely well in the flame spread test.

Description

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a novel process for improving the flame resistance of upholstered furniture, and especially of upholstery fabrics, and to upholstered furniture, upholstery fabrics, furniture padding, mattresses, and box springs,having improved flame resistance Upholstered furniture, while providing comfort to the user and esthetic appeal to the viewer, often is a major fire hazard in the home or in a public place. A
careless cigarette smoker, for example, may set an upholstered chair or sofa aflame by allowing a burning cigar-ette to rest on the cover fabric. Furthermore, in case of fire on the premises, upholstered furniture burns easily and contributes to the spreading of the fire. It is expected that the U.S. government through its Consumer Safety Protection Agency will shortly promulgate certain minimum safety~requirements, which upholstered furniture will have to satisfy in order to qualify for sales in interstate commerce.
Upholstered furniture usually contains the following structural components: (1) a frame, which may be open or closed; if open, it also contains a webbing; (2) springs;
(3) padding or stuffing; and (4) covering. The frame is most often made of wood but may also be made of metal or plastic or any combination of those materials. The springs usually are made of metal but may be made of rubber straps.
In certain types of furniture~the springs are omitted.
For the purpose of the present invention, the term "upholstered furniture" also includes beds and bed com-ponents, such as mattresses and box springs. A mattress - ' ~

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usually consists of a cover fabric, a padding, and springs or a cover fabric and an elastomeric padding without springs.
A box spring contains a frame and springs and usually is covered with a fabric, which normally is protected from contact with the springs by a padding. The padding is the main cause of high furniture flammability because of the nature of -the materials used therein. Most upholstered furniture manufactured today uses polyurethane foam cushions for the seats and often also for the backs. Polyurethane foam also is often used as padding in mattresses. However, such foam is highly flammable. Other types of padding include pillows filled with polyester fiber, cellulosic fiber, and rubberized hair. Those materials are flammable not only because of their chemical compositions but also because of their loose, fibrous structure. The covering fabric may be made of just about any fiber or fiber blend, including polypropylene, nylon, polyester, rayon, cotton, and wool. The fabric may be coated with a plastic or elastomeric coating such as, for example, poly~inyl chloride or polyurethane. Some of those fabrics are less flammable than others, but even those that are not readily ignited on contact with a source of fire (such as, for example, a burning cigarette) melt at the high temperature of that source and thus expose the more flammable padding material underneath.
It is apparent from the above brief discussion that the fire hazard could be reduced most effectively if the ; total construction were made less hazardous. Making either fabric or padding mor~e flame resistant does not necessarily improve the safety of the complete upholstered structure, for example, a piece of furniture.

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~L05~::L31 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, it has now been discovered that the flame resistance of upholstered furni-ture is considerably improved by interposing between the cover fabric and the padding or applying to the top side of the cover fabric a layer of a chloroprene polymer (neo-prene) foam capable of evolving at combustion temperature sufficient amount of water to efficiently cool the affected area and capable of forming, when exposed to a burning cigarette or subjected to the Radiant Panel Test, a thermally insulating char which does not smolder and which maintains its structural integrity. Under standard test conditions, such as the California test of flame retardance of upholstered furniture, an upholstery fabric maintained in intimate con-tact with the neoprene foam should not ignite when a burning cigarette is placed on the fabric, and the extent of fabric degradation should not exceed 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ln any direction from the fire source. The Radiant Panel Test is a standard flame spread index. It will be described below.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The commercially most attractive embodiment of the present invention would be applying to the underside of an upholstery fabric the required thickness of a suitable neoprene foam. As an alternative, the neoprene foam can be applied to the outside of the padding. This could be, for example, a po]yurethane cushion to which would be attached integrally an outer layer of neoprene foam. It also is possible to achieve good flame resistance by simply placing a neoprene foam interliner between -the covering and the padding.

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Upholstery fabric often is coated at least on one side with a continuous layer of a plastic or elastomeric material, which gives it a leathery appearance. The individual fibers cannot be seen through the coating.
In such a case, the neoprene foam of the present in-vention may be applied to the top side of the fabric, rather than to the underside, between the fabric and the plastic or elastomeric coating.
In all these applications, the thickness of the neoprene foam layer can be as little as 1/16-inch (about 1.6 mm.) and usually does not exceed 1 inch (2.5~ cm.).
The preferred thickness is about 1/8 - 1/4 incll (about 3.18 - 6.3 mm.). It has been found that when the neoprene foam is applied directly to the underside of an upholstery fabric, to give a layer within the preferred thickness range, all the fabrics tested irrespective of the type of fiber and type of weave (e.g., "loose" vs. "tight") passed the burning cigarette test. In fact, most of tlle fabrics tested ~ualified for the top rating, that is, exhibited a degradation area smaller than 1.5 inches (3.8 cm.~ from the fire source in any direction. The precise testlng technique will be described in the Experimental Part, below. In addition to woven upholstery fabrics, nonwoven fabrics made of a variety of fibers, natural or synthetic, can be used.
The neoprene foam must be specially form~lated to form on exposure to a burning cigare-tte or under the conditions of the Radiant Panel Test a nonsmoldering char having structural integrity. Usually, the following two ingredients will be present in the formulation: a char ._ . , ~51~3:1L
promoter and an inorganic, hydrated compound which retains most or all of its hydration water at the foam drying and curing temperature, but loses is below about 500C.
The char promoter may be any chemical compound or composition which is not volatile at the ignit.ion tempera-ture, is itself nonflammable or has low flammability, and forms at the ignition temperature a char-protecting structure, for example, by crosslinking, fusin~ or fluxing, increasing its bulk or by some other chemica]. reaction or physical change. Suitable char promoters include, for example, urea/formaldehyde resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, meLamine phosphate, phthalic anhydride, pyro-mellitic anhydride, sodium borate, calcium borate, zinc borate, and boric acid. Phosphorus and boron compounds are known to promote char formation. All such compounds are commercially available under a variety o trade names.
The char promoter can be added to the neoprene latex in dry form prior to frothing. If a resin, such as a mel-amine/formaldehyde resin, is used as the char promoter, it preferably should be added to the neOprene latex before the neoprene itself is isolated therefrom. Dipping a formed neoprene foam in a resin solution or dispersion does not usually produce the desired effects. The inorganic, hydrated compound also is preferably added to the latex.
The effective proportion o~ the char promoter will be about 5-15 parts per 100 parts by weight of neoprene (phr). The inorganic, hydrated compound can be, for example, hydrated alumina, hydrated magnesia, magnesium oxychloride, hydrated zinc borate, and hydrated calcium borate. The amount of the inorganic compound can vary. In the case of . , .
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5~L~31 hydrated alumina, the effective propor-tion is about 10-180 phr, or even higher. When the amount of hydrated alumina decreases below the lower limit of this range, little protection, if any, is provided by this ingredient. Above the upper limit, good ~ire protection is obtained, but the structural integrity of the foam sometimes is adversely affected at such high loading levels. However, there is no theoretical reason to limit the upper range of the hydrated alumina. pro-portion. The proportion of other inorganic compoundsshould be based on equivalent amounts of ava.ilable hydration water. It is to be noted that, while non-hydrated zinc borate and calcium borate can function as char promoters, hydrated zinc borate and hydrated caIcium borate can function as both char promoters and hydration water sources.
The neoprene itself can be a homopolymer of chloro-prene or a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer. Usual monomers are vinyl compounds or olefinic compounds, such as, for example, styrene, a vinyltoluene, a vinylnaphthalene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethyl-; 1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dichloro-1,3-butadiene, methyl vinyl ether, vinyl acetate, methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate,methacrylamide, and acrylonitrile.
The proportion of the organic monomer other than chloro-prene can be up to about 60% of the total polymer but usually less than 20%. The preferred monomer lS acrylo-nitrile or an ~ unsaturated carboxylic acid, for example, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. The preferred proportion of acrylonitrile or the carboxylic acid monomer i5 such that .

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that proportion of the copolymer ~eight which is contri-buted by the nitrile or carboxyl groups (-COOH) is about

2-20~. In the case of carboxyl groups~ the usual pro-portion would be about 5~ or less.
It has been surprisingly found that copolymers of chloroprene and acrylonitrile or an N, ~-unsaturated carboxylic acid form under cigarette test conditions a char having good structural integrity, so that other char promoters either are not required or can be used in small amounts only.
The neoprene polymer is prepared by any well-known techni~ue, but usually by emulsion polymerization ln the presence of a free radical initiator, such as an organic peroxide or hydroperoxide. A chain transfer agent, such as an alkyl mercaptan or a dialkyl xanthogen disulfide, also is present. Chloroprene polymerization techniques are described in detail in the following U.S. patents:
U.S. 3,651,037 ~Snow); U.S~ 3,839,241 (Harrell), parti-cularly Example 3; U.S. 3,347,837 (Smith); and Belgian 815,662 (Du Pont Company). Polymerization in aqueous emulsion results in a neoprene latex.
Neoprene foam is produced from a neoprene latex using a method similar to those used to produce natural or other synthetic latex foams. In this method, a neo-prene latex is mixed with compounding ingredients, such as a char promoter, a hydrated inorgani-c compound, vulcanizinc~ agents, antioxidants, fillers-, fire retard-ants, plasticizers, and fro-thing aids. The latex compound is frothed, for example, by heating, whipping, or mixing air or a gas into the compound or by causing a gas to be g _ . .

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~ormed in the latex in situ. A gelling agent may be added to the comonomer to cause the froth to set, or a heat-sensitizing agent can be added to cause the froth to gel when heated, or the froth may be geIled by drying in such a manner that the bubbles do not collapse as the ~roth dries.
The froth is spread onto a fabric, release paper, or other suitable substrate and allowed to set to an irreversible gelled foam either through the use of a chemical gelling agent, by freezing, or by heating. The gelled foam is then dried at about 100-120C., and v~llcanized.
Any of the various vulcanizingagen-ts are suitable, such as zinc oxide or magnesium oxide. Suitab]e gelling agents include alkali metal silicofluorides, ammonium nitrate, or polyvinyl methyl ether. Suitable plasticizers include petrolatum and other waxes. Suitable ~rothing aids include ordinary soaps, sodium lauryl sulfate, cocoanut oil alkanolamides, ammonium stearate, and the like. Typical fillers include aluminum silicates, aluminum oxides, titanium dioxide, and the like. Flame retardant agents include those which have a known synergistic effect with halogenated compounds, such as antimony trioxide.
A neoprene foam of this invention is unexpectedly effective even in a thin layer in protecting both the covering and the padding from fire damage. This is due to a localized neoprene foam char formation in the f1re source area. This char itself is not consumed by fire under test conditions (the fire does not propagate).
Furthermore, by evolving water at higher temperatures, - .. - ~-. - - ~

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it provides a cooling effect, which prevents the fabric itself from igniting. The char is a good thermal in-sulator and thus prevents the padding under it from reaching a temperature at which it would volatilize.
Thus, for a temperature of about 500C. at the point of contact with a source of fire, the temperature under the layer of neoprene char normally would not exceed about 300C. In order to perform its function, the char must have sufficient structural integrity, that is, it must be able to support its own weight as well as the weight of the melting fabric which is being absorbed therein.
In addition to the cigarette test,such as the above-mentioned California upholstered furniture test, neoprene foam containing structures of the present invention have performed remarkably well in the "Radiant Panel Test", ASTM E 162-67, which is designed to show flame resistance in a large scale fire environment. These results are remarkable because prior art "flameproof" structures were able to pass the cigarette test but performed poorly in the Radiant Panel Test, or performed well in the Radiant Panel Test but failed the cigarette test. Furthermore, the excellentresults in the present case were obtained for structures in which highly flammable fabrics (such as cotton or rayon) were used, without any "fireproofing"
treatment of the fabrics themselves.
This invention is now illustrated by the following examples, wherein all parts, proportions, and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

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Testing 1. Modified California Test of Flame Retardance of Upholstered Furniture This test is described in Technical Information Bulletin No. 116, State of California Department of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of ~ome Furnishings, Sacramento, California, May, 1974. It requires placing burning eigar-ettes on a smooth surface of test furniture and in various other loeations, ineluding the ereviee between the seat eushion and the upholstered baek panel. While the test requires testing on aetual finished furniture, the tests in the following examples were run on furniture mockups.
Horizontal test panels eonsisted of a nominal 5 em.
(2.0 ineh) thick layer of eotton batting eovered with a 20 x 20 cm. (8 x 8 in.) piece of fabrie material. The ~ertieal panels eonsisted of p]ywood support panels with a nominal 5 em. (2.0 in.) thick la~er of cotton batting, followed by a piece of 30 x 30 em. (12 x 12 inO) test fabrie stretehed tightly over the surfaee, wrapped around the edges, and stapled to the backside.

An artiele of upholstered furniture fail.s the text if (1) obvious flaming combustion oeeurs;
(2) a ehar develops more than two inches from the eigarette, measured from its nearest point.
2. ASTM E 162-67 Surface Flammabili-ty Test Using a Radiant lleat Energy Source This test (sometimes referred to in this diselosure as the RadiantPanelTest) employs a radiant heat source consist-ing of a 305 x 457 mm. (12 x 18 in.) panel in front of which , :, . ' ' '' ' ~ : .

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an inclined 152 x 457 mm (6 x 18 in.) specimen of the material is placed. The orientation of the specimen is such that igni-tion is forced near the upper edge and the flame propagatesdownward. A factor derived from the rate of progression of the flame front is multiplied by another relating to the rate of heat liberation by the material under test to provide a flame spread index. The lower the numerical ~alue of the flame spread lndex, the be-tter is the flame resistance of the specimen.

Formulation A typical recipe for preparing a neoprene latex foam is given in Table I.
TABLE I
Dry Weight , Neoprene Latex 100 Zinc Oxide 4 Antimony Trioxide 4 Petrolatum 2 Foamole~ AR (1) 6 DUPONOL~ WAO (2) 2 Hydrated Inorganic Compound 0 to 150 Char Promoter 0 to 20 ( ) Foamole~ AR - cocoanut oil alkanolamide, VanDyke Chemi-cal Co.
( ) DUPONOL~ WAQ - sodium lauryl sulfate, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company ,, . .., ... , . ,,, ., , .. . _ ... , . , .., . . _ . . . .. . . .. . .

In Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, which follow, it is shown that it is necessary to incorporate both a char promoter and a hydrated inorganic compound in the latex to protect a fabric and cot-ton batting sufficiently to pass a cigarette test. In Examples 5 and 6, no char promoter other than the comonomer methacrylic acid is , used.

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Example 1 Neoprene Latex Type A was compounded as in ~able I
without filler or char promoter. (Type A ~atex is pre-pared as described in Example 3 of U.S. Patent 3,829,241.) The latex was frothed in a Hobart mixer with a wire whip to a wet froth density of 12 pounds per cubic foot tO.l9 g/cm.3). The froth was spread onto a rayon pile, cotton-backed fabric at a thickness of 0.25 in. The ~roth was dried and cured for two hours at 121C. The coated fabric was tested by p~acing it over a 2.5 cm. thick cotton batting in a seat/back chair configuration and placing the lighted cigarette in the crevice formed by the intersection of the seat and back. The heat from the cigarette charred the fabric and the neoprene foam. The char spread to a dis-tance of more than 5 cm. away from the cigarette and the cotton batting ignited~ Thus, the composite failed the cigarette test.
Example 2 `
The procedure outlined in ~xample 1 was followed, except that 25 parts per hundred parts of neoprene (phr) of alumina trihydrate (Hydral~ RH31E`, Alcoa) was added to the compound as the hydrated inorganic compound. When the cigarette test was repeated as above, the char area spread to more than two inches away from the-cigarette and the cotton batting ignited. Thus, the composite failed the text.
Example 3 The procedure outlined in Example 1 was followed, except that 15 phr Cyrez~ 933 (melamine formaldehyde resin, American Cyanamid) was added to the latex compound as a char pro~oter. When the cigarette -test was repeated as above, the char area spread to more than two inches away from the cigarette, and the cotton batting ignited.
Thus, the composi~e failed the cigarette test.
Example 4 The procedure outlined in Example 1 was followed, except that 10 phr Cyrez~933 and 25 phr alumina trihydrate were added as a char promoter and hydrated inorganic com-pound, respectively. When the cigarette test was repeated as above, the char area of the fabric spread to less than 1.25 cm. away from the cigarette and the cotton batting did not ignite. Thus, the composite passed the cigarette test.
Example 5 Neoprene Latex Type B was compounded as in Table I
without filler or additional char promoter. (Latex Type B
is prepared with 3 phr methacrylic acid comonomer which acts as an effective char promoter.~ The latex was frothed in a Hobart mixer to a wet froth density of 14 pounds per cubic ~--foot (0.22 g./cm. ). The froth was spread onto a rayon pile, cotton~backed fabric at a thickness of 6.25 mm. The frothwas dried and cured for two hours at 121C. When the cigar-ette test was performed as above over 2.5 cm. cotton batting, the char area of the fabric spread to more than 5 cm.
away from the cigarette and the cotton batting ignited.
Thus, the composite failed the cigarette test.
Example 6 The procedure outlined in Example 5 was followed, except that 25 phr alumina trihydrate was added to the latex compound as the hydxated inorganic compound. When the cigarette test was repeated as above, the char area -- 1~ ---:

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spread to less than 1.25 cm. away from the cigarette and the cotton batting did not ignite. Thus, the composite passed the cigarette test.
Example 7 The procedures outlined in Examples 1 through 6 were repeated, except that a woven polypropylene fabric was used to replace the rayon pile fabric. When cigarette tests were performed over 2.5 cm. cotton batting, it was found that ~oams prepared from Latex Type A failed unless 10 phr melamine formaldehyde resin and 25 phr hydrated alumina were both added. When foams prepared from Latex Type B were tested in the cigarette test, it was found that the composites failed unless 25 phr alumina trihydrate was added to the latex compound.
The improvement in flame resistance caused by a neoprene foam interliner in the Radiant Panel Test, ASTM
E 162-67, is shown in Examples 8 through 14.
Example 8 A rayon pile cotton-backed fabric was placed over a 2.5 cm. thick fiber glass batting, then the composite was tested in the Radiant Panel Test. The flame spread index of the composite was 204. This gave the base figure for this type of fabric in this test.
Example 9 The same rayon pile cotton-backed fabric was placed -over a 2.5 cm. thick commercial "non-fire retardant" poly-urethane foam and the composite was tested in the Radiant Panel Test. The flame spread index of the composite was 618.
This gave the base figure for this type of fabric over a polyurethane foam.

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Example 10 Neoprene Latex Type B was compounded as in Table I
with 10 phr Cyrez~ 933 and 25 phr alumina trihydrate as char promoter and hydrated inorganic compound, respectively.
The latex was frothed to a wet froth density of 14 lbs./
Et.3 (0.22 g./cm.3), and was spread onto the rayon pile cotton-backed fabric of Example 9 at a thicknes~ of 6.25 mm. The froth was dried and cured for two hours at 121C. The coated fabric was placed over the 2.5 cm. thick "non-fire retardant" polyurethane foam, as in Example 9, and the composite was tested in the Radiant Panel Test.
The flame spread index of the composite was 235.

Example 11 The procedure outlined in Example 10 was repeated, except that 5 phr melamine formaldehyde resin and 150 phr hydrated alumina were used. When the coated rayon pile cotton-backed fabric was placed over a 2.S cm. thick "non-fire retardant" polyurethane foam, and this composite was tested in the Radiant Panel Test, the flame spread index of the composite was 156. This value for the flame spread index was lower than that obtained in Example 8, where the uncoated fabric was tested over fiber glass.
Example 12 The procedure outlined in Example 8 was repeated, except that the fabric used was a woven polypropylene --. ~ . .... .. . . ..
fabric. When tested in the Radiant Panel Test, the flame spread index of the composite was 303.

:~5~31 Example 13 The procedure outlined in Example 9 was repeated, except that the fabric used was a woven polypropylene fabric. When tested in the Radiant Panel Test,-the flame spread index of -the composite was 996.
Example 14 The procedure outlined in Example 10 was repeated, except that the fabric used was a woven polypropylene fabric. When tested in the Radiant Panel Test, the -flame spread index of the composite was 278. This value for the flame spread index was lower than that obtained in Example 12, where the uncoaked polypropylene fabric was tested over fiber glass.
Examples 15, 16, and 17, below, show that other latex foams can be applied to a fabric which will pass the cigar-ette test; however, such coated fabrics do not perform com-parably well in larger scale tests.
Example 15 A latex compound was prepared from a Hycar~ (B. F.
Goodrich) acrylic latex Type 2679, using the formulation in Table II.
TA~LE II
Dry Weight Hycar~ Type 2679 100 Zinc Oxide 4 Antimony Trioxide 4 Petrolatum 2 Foamole@ AR 6 DUPoNoL@ WAQ 2 Alumina Trihydrate 150 Cyrez~ 933 5 :`

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The compound was frothed in a Elobart mixer to a wet froth density of 14 lbs./ft.3 (0.22 g./cm.3). The froth was spread onto a rayon pile, cotton-backed fabric at a thickness of 6~25 mm. The froth was dried and cured for one hour at 138C. when a portion o~ the coated fabric was tested in the cigarette test over co-tton batting, the char area spread to less than 3.75 cm. away ~rom the cigarette and the cotton batting did not ignite. When a portion of the coated fabric was placed over a "non-fire retardant" polyurethane foam and the composite was tested in the Radiant Panel Test, the composite had a flame spread index of 749. This value was higher than that obtained for the uncoated fabric kested over polyurethane (Example 9).
Thus, this composition did not provide protection to the composite structure in the Radiant Panel Test.
Example 16 A latex compound was prepared from a Geon~ (B. F.
Goodrich) polyvinylchloride latex Type 460X9, using the formulation in Table III. (See B. F. Goodrich Bulletin L-15, Table 13).

T~BLE III
Dry Wei~ht Geon~ Type 460X9 100 DUPONOL~ WAQ 1.7 Monoplex~ S-73(1) 8.2 Ammonium Stearate 6 Tricresyl Phosphate 60 Alumina Trihydrate 150 Cyrez~ 933 24 (1) Rohm & Haas Co. --.... . . . . . . .. ~

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This compound was frothed in a Hobart mixer to a wet froth density of 14 lbs~/ft. (0.22 g./cm.3). The froth was spread onto a rayon pile, eotton-baeked fabrie at a thickness of 6.25 mm. The froth was dried at 200F.
for 30 min. and was eured at 132Co for one hour. When a portion of the coated fabric was tested in the eigarette test over cotton batting, the char area spread to less than 3.7 5 em. away from the eigarette and the eotton - batting did not ignite. When a portion of the coated fabric was plaeed over a "non-fire retardant" polyurethane foam and the eomposite was tested in the Radiant Panel Test, the composite had a flame spread index of 507. Thus, this composition gives only a minor clegree of proteetion to the tested structure.
Example 17 A 6~25 cm. thick seetion of Pyrel~ "fire-retardant"
polyurethane foam (Scott Foam) was placed over 2~5 em. thlek eotton batting and a woven polypropylene fabric was plaeed over this eombination (as described in Belgian Patent No.
817,571). When the eomposite was tested in the eigarette test, the char area spread to less than 3.75 em. away from the eigarette and so the eombination passed the test.
A 6~ 25 mm. thiek seetion of Pyrel~ was placed over a 2. 5 em. thiek "non-fire retardant`t polyurethane foam, and a woven polypropylene fabrie was placed over this com-bination. When the composite was tested in the Radiant Panel test, the flame spread index was 1514.
This value was higher than when the fabric was tested over the polyurethane foam without the Pyrel~ inter-liner (Example 13). Thus, the Pyrel~ does not improve the ______~

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protection of the fabric on the "non-fire retardant"
polyurethane foam structure.

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Claims (39)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A method of improving the flame resistance of upholstered furniture by interposing between the cover fabric and the padding or applying to the top side of the fabric a layer of neoprene foam of a thickness of 1.6-25.4 mm, said layer of neoprene foam containing, in parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the neoprene, about 5-15 parts of char promoter and about 10-180 parts of alumina hydrate or of another hydrated inorganic compound in equivalent amount, based on hydration water, said hydrated inorganic compound retaining most of its hydration water at the foam drying and curing temperatures but losing it below about 500°C;
the neoprene being a homopolymer of chloroprene or a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer, the proportion of such other monomer being at most about 20 weight percent of the total polymer;
with the proviso that when the neoprene is a copolymer of chloroprene with acrylonitrile or with an .alpha., .beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid, the proportion of acrylonitrile or of the .alpha. ,.beta.- unsaturated carboxylic acid is such that the pro-portion of the copolymer weight which is contributed by the nitrile or carboxyl groups is about 2-20 percent, and the char promoter may be absent.

2. The method of Claim 1, wherein the neoprene is a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer.

3. The method of Claim 1 wherein the neoprene foam layer is about 3.18-6.3 mm thick.

4. The method of Claim 1 wherein the char promoter is selected from urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine/formalde-hyde resins, melamine phosphate, phthalic anhydride, pyro-mellitic anhydride, sodium borate, calcium borate, zinc borate, and boric acid.

5. The method of Claim 1 wherein the hydrated inorganic compound is selected from hydrated alumina, hydrated magnesia, magnesium oxychloride, hydrated zinc borate, and hydrated calcium borate.

6. The method of Claim 1 wherein the carboxylic acid is acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.

7. The method of Claim 6 wherein the proportion of the carboxylic acid is such that the weight contribution of the carboxyl groups will be 5 percent or less of total polymer weight.

8. The method of Claim 1 wherein the neoprene foam is an integral part of the cover fabric.

9. me method of Claim 8 wherein the foam is applied to the top side of the fabric.

10. Tme method of Claim 9 wherein the foam is applied between the fabric and a continuous layer of an elastomeric or plastic material.

11. The method of Claim 1 wherein the neoprene foam is an integral, outer layer of the padding.

12. The method of Claim 1 wherein the neoprene foam is a separate interliner.

13. Furniture upholstery fabric having improved flame resistance, said fabric having integrally attached to it a layer of neoprene foam of a thickness of 1.6 25.4 mm, said layer of neoprene foam containing, in parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the neoprene, about 5-15 parts of a char promoter and about 10-180 parts of alumina hydrate or of another hydrated inorganic compound in equivalent amount, based on hydration water, said hydrated inorganic compound retaining most of its hydration water at the foam drying and curing temperatures but losing it below about 500°C;
the neoprene being a homopolymer of chloroprene or a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer, the proportion of such other monomer being at most about 20 weight percent of the total polymer;
with the proviso that when the neoprene is a copolymer of chloroprene with acrylonitrile or with an .alpha. ,.beta. -unsaturated carboxylic acid, the proportion of acrylonitrile or of the .alpha., .beta.- unsaturated carboxylic acid is such that the pro-portion of the copolymer weight which is contributed by the nitrile or carboxyl groups is about 2-20 percent, and the char promoter may be absent.

14. The fabric of Claim 13 wherein the neoprene foam layer is about 3.18-6.3 mm thick.

15. The fabric of Claim 13 wherein the char promoter is selected from urea/formaldehyde resins, melamine/formaldehyde resins, melamine phosphate, phthalic anhydride, pyromellitic an-hydrides, sodium borate, calcium borate, zinc borate, and boric acid.

16. The fabric of Claim 13 wherein the hydrated inorganic compound is selected from hydrated alumina, hydrated magnesia, magnesium oxychloride, hydrated zinc borate, and hydrated calcium borate.

17. The fabric of Claim 13 wherein the neoprene is a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer.

18. The fabric of Claim 12 wherein the other monomer is acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, or methacrylic acid.

19. The fabric of Claim 18 wherein the proportion of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid is such that the weight con-tribution of the carboxyl groups is about 5 percent or less of the total weight of the polymer.

20. The fabric of Claim 13 which is a nonwoven fabric.

21. Furniture padding having improved flame resist ance, said padding having integrally attached to its outer surfaces a layer of neoprene foam of a thickness of 1.6-25.4 mm, said layer of neoprene foam containing, in parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the neoprene, about 5-15 parts of a char promoter and about 10-180 parts of alumina hydrate or of another hydrated inorganic compound in equivalent amount, based on hydration water, said hydrated inorganic compound retaining most of its hydration water at the foam drying and curing temperatures but losing it below about 500°C;
the neoprene being a homopolymer of chloroprene or a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer, the proportion of such other monomer being at most about 20 weight percent of the total polymer.
with the proviso that when the neoprene is a copolymer of chloroprene with acrylonitrile or with an .alpha. ,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid, the proportion of acrylonitrile or of the .alpha.,.beta.- unsaturated carboxylic acid is such that the pro-portion of the copolyer weight which is contributed by the nitrile or carboxyl groups is about 2-20 percent, and the char promoter may be absent.

22. The furniture padding of Claim 21 wherein the neoprene is a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer.

23. The furniture padding of Claim 21 wherein the neoprene foam layer is about 3,18-6.3 mm thick.

24. me furniture padding of Claim 21 wherein the char promoter is selected from urea/formaldehyde resins, mel-amine/ formaldehyde resins, melamine phosphate, phthalic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, sodium borate, calcium borate, zine borate, and boric acid.

25. The furniture padding of Claim 21 wherein the hydrated inorganic compound is selected from hydrated alumina, hydrated magnesia, magnesium oxychloride, hydrated zinc borate, and hydrated calcium borate.

26. The furniture padding of Claim 21 wherein the other monomer is acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, or methacrylic acid.

27. The furniture padding of Claim 26 wherein the proportion of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid is such that the weight contribution of the carboxyl groups is 5 percent or less of the weight of the polymer.

28. An article of upholstered furniture having improved flame resistance, said article having interposed between the cover fabric and the padding or applied to the top side of the cover fabric a layer of neoprene foam of a thickness of 1.6-25.4 mm, said layer of neoprene foam containing, in parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the neoprene, about 5-15 parts or a char promoter and about 10-180 parts of alumina hydrate or of another hydrated inorganic compound in equivalant amount, based on hydration water, said hydrated inorganic compound retaining most of its hydration water at the foam drying and curing temperatures but losing it below about 500°C;
the neoprene being a homopolymer of chloroprene or a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer, the proportion of such other monomer being at most about 20 weight percent of the total polymer;
with the proviso that when the neoprene is a copolymer of chloroprene with acrylonitrile or with an .alpha., .beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid, the proportion of acrylonitrile or of the .alpha.,.beta.- unsaturated carboxylic acid is such that the pro-portion of the copolymer weight which is contributed by the nitrile or carboxyl groups is about 2-20 percent, and the char promoter may be absent.

29. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 28 wherein the neoprene is a copolymer of chloroprene with another organic monomer.

30. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 28 wherein the neoprene foam layer is about 3.18-6.3 mm thick.

31. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 28 wherein the char promoter is selected from urea/formaldehyde resins, melamine/formaldehyde resins, melamine phosphate) phthalic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, sodium borate, calcium borate, zinc borate, and boric acid.

32. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 28 wherein the hydrated inorganic compound is selected from hydrated alumina, hydrated magnesia, magnesium oxychloride, hydrated zinc borate, and hydrated calcium borate.

33. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 28 wherein the carboxylic acid is acrylic acid or methacrylic acid.

34. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 33 wherein the proportion of the carboxylic acid is such that the weight contribution of the carboxyl groups is about 5 percent or less of the total weight of the polymer.

35. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 28 wherein the neoprene foam is an integral part of the cover fabric .

36. An article of Claim 35 wherein the foam is applied to the top side of the fabric.

37. An article of Claim 36 wherein the foam is applied between the fabric and a continuous layer of an elastomeric or plastic material.

38. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 28 wherein the neoprene foam is an integral, outer layer of the padding.

39. An article of upholstered furniture of Claim 28 wherein the neoprene foam is a separate interliner.