CA1084784A - Process for bonding a durable low surface energy coating - Google Patents
Process for bonding a durable low surface energy coatingInfo
- Publication number
- CA1084784A CA1084784A CA306,041A CA306041A CA1084784A CA 1084784 A CA1084784 A CA 1084784A CA 306041 A CA306041 A CA 306041A CA 1084784 A CA1084784 A CA 1084784A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- bonding
- surface energy
- energy coating
- low surface
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/24—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/12—Organic material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/90—Magnetic feature
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
- Y10T428/256—Heavy metal or aluminum or compound thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
Abstract
PROCESS FOR BONDING A DURABLE LOW SURFACE ENERGY COATING
Abstract of the Disclosure This invention is concerned with a process for bonding a durable low surface energy coating to a metal or oxide surface.
The metal or oxide surface is first treated with an alkali and then in the dry state with a material containing a fluorinated alkyl group linked by an ether linkage to an alkyl silane group.
The invention can be used, for example, as friction reducing, inert coatings for ink jet nozzles, magnetic disks and the like.
Abstract of the Disclosure This invention is concerned with a process for bonding a durable low surface energy coating to a metal or oxide surface.
The metal or oxide surface is first treated with an alkali and then in the dry state with a material containing a fluorinated alkyl group linked by an ether linkage to an alkyl silane group.
The invention can be used, for example, as friction reducing, inert coatings for ink jet nozzles, magnetic disks and the like.
Description
~ 4'~
1 Field of the Inventi_n The present invention is concerned with a method of forming a durable low surface energy coating which is tightly bonded to a metal or oxide surface. By the process of the present invention a metal or oxide surface is tightly bonded to a coating containing fluorinated alkyl groups. The fluorinated alkyl groups impart to the coating durability and in particular low surface energy. The coatings can be used, for example, on nozzlés for ink jet printers ~ `
and on magnetic disks, etc.
Prior Art Fluorinated materials have been known in the past to be use-ful for a wide variety of applications due to their chemical inert-ness and low surface energy. The bonding of these materials to substrates remains a problem of considerable magnitude.
It has been known in the past to form a bond between a metal or oxide surface and a silicon containing material. Such procedures are shown, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,445,265 and 3,935,349.
Weither of these patents, however, is in any way concerned with fluorinated materials and is thus totally devoid of any teaching related to the present invention.
.
.
''' ~$ .
-. .. .
1 Summary of -the Invention
1 Field of the Inventi_n The present invention is concerned with a method of forming a durable low surface energy coating which is tightly bonded to a metal or oxide surface. By the process of the present invention a metal or oxide surface is tightly bonded to a coating containing fluorinated alkyl groups. The fluorinated alkyl groups impart to the coating durability and in particular low surface energy. The coatings can be used, for example, on nozzlés for ink jet printers ~ `
and on magnetic disks, etc.
Prior Art Fluorinated materials have been known in the past to be use-ful for a wide variety of applications due to their chemical inert-ness and low surface energy. The bonding of these materials to substrates remains a problem of considerable magnitude.
It has been known in the past to form a bond between a metal or oxide surface and a silicon containing material. Such procedures are shown, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,445,265 and 3,935,349.
Weither of these patents, however, is in any way concerned with fluorinated materials and is thus totally devoid of any teaching related to the present invention.
.
.
''' ~$ .
-. .. .
1 Summary of -the Invention
2 According to the present invention, a durable low
3 surface energy coating is bonded -to a metal or oxide sub-
4 strate by first contacting the metal or oxide surface with an alkali to maximize the hydroxide ion concentration thereon 6 and then contacting the rigorously dry surface with a 7 material containing a fluorinated alkyl group linked by an 8 ether linkage to an alkyl silane group. The materials 9 useful in the present invention are those having the formula 11 Rf - O - (CH2)n - SiX3 13 wherein Rf is a fluorinated lower alkyl group, n in an L4 integ~r from 2 to 10, and X is halogen, cyanide or alkoxy sroup 16 In carrying out the process of the present invention, 17 the metal or oxide surface is treated with an alkali, for 18 example sodium or potassium hydroxide, or preferably ammonium 19 hydroxide, which serves to maximize the hydroxide ion con-centration thereon. It is then treated in a rigorously dry 21 state with a silane compound having the formula given above.22 When ~ is halogen, hydrogen halide is lost. When X is 23 cyanide, hydrogen cyanide is lost, and when X is alkoxy, 2~ alcohol is lost, and the resulting condensation leads to the formation of a polymer coating on the surface in which only 26 fluorinated alkane yroups are exposed. The siloxane is 27 bound by multiple chemical bonds to the surface.
28 Metals useful in the present invention include, but are 29 not limited to aluminum, iron, alloys such as nickel and iron, cobalt, chromium, silicon and titanium. The oxides include, ' `~ ~LU~71~
1 but are not limi~e~ to iron oxide, silicon ~ioxide and 2 glass.
3 During the treatment with alkali, it is preferred that 4 the pH of the alkali be selected on the basis of the iso-electric poin-t of the surface. Thus, the preferred minimum 6 pH's for typical substrates are 8 for aluminum, chromium 7 and iron, 9.5 for copper, 11 for cobal~/ 12 for ferrous iron, 8 8 for ferric iron, 3 for silicon and 6.5 for titanium.
g As examples of preferred silane compounds having the formula given above, the following may be mentioned:
11 perfluoro-isopropoxy-propyl-trichloro silane; bis(perfluoro-12 isopropoxy-propyl)-dichloro-silane; and trifluoro-methoxy-13 ethyl-tri-isobutoxy silane.
14 It must be emphasized that it is absolutely essential to the success of the process that the reaction between the 16 silane and the prepared surfàce take place under rigorously 17 dry conditions. When moisture is not excluded from the surface, 18 and from the carrier gas, thick layers o~ viscous and sticky 19 mater~al are produced. These layers are entirely unfavorable.
The desired product is produced when, and only when, the gas 21 and surface are rigorously dry.
22 The following example is given solely for purposes of 23 illustration and is not to be considered a limitation on the 24 invention, many variations of which are possible without .
departing from the spirit or scope thereof.
26 A preferred embodiment of the present invention is as 27 follows: The starting material is perfluoro-isopropoxy-28 propyl-trichloro-silane. This material is a liquid with a 29 vapor pressure of about 30mm at 80C. The vapor pressure at room temperature is very low. The material must be handled SA977010 _3_ 1 without exposure to water. The vapor over this liquid at 2 room temperature is ~ransported to a coating box by an inert 3 dry carrier gas, for example nitrogen or a noble gas.
4 The metal or metal oxide surface to be coated is pre-pared by washing with a mixture of iso propyl alcohol and 6 acetone at room temperature, followed by washing with 7 distilled water, with ammonium hydroxide at p~ 10, and then 8 with dist'illed water again. All washings are carried out at g room temperature and are of approximately 3 minutes duration.
The surface is then dried rigorously by passing very dry 11 nitrogen gas over the surface while it is heated to about 12 80C.
13 The prepared surface is then placed in a deposition ~4 chamber and heated to about 80C. This heating is con-veniently accomplished by means of a heat lamp. The silane 16 gas is introduced for 15 minutes using dry nitrogen gas as a 17 carrier. The metal or metal oxide surface to be coated is 18 maintained at 80C. Excess silane gas is flushed out with 19 dry nitrogen and the coated surface is then cooled in ambient air.
21 The resulting coating has a very low surface energy.
22 The wetting angle for water is 105 ~ 5 compared to 100 ~
23 5 for polytetrafluoroethylene. The coating is in'the form 24 of a very thin film less than about 50A. The coating is in-soluble in Freon. The fact that the coating is tightly 26 bonded is a'lso~ demonstrated by the fact that it is not 27 removed by ultra high vacuum. ,Furthermore, the coating 28 angle is not changed by prolonged exposure such as several , 29 hours contact with liquid water or 32 hours in air having a ~' '-relative humidity of 80%.
~' SA977010 -4- - '' ~Lo~34t~
1 When the coating was applied to a magnetic disk, it was 2 not removed by rubbing a ferrite recording head in contact 3 wi-th the surface at high speed for 4 hours follo~ed by 4 starting and stopping the same head in a test designed to test the life performance of a recording disk. The surface 6 does not have such a low surface energy that it cannot be 7 lubricated. It is, however, extremely hydrophobic and this 8 property reauces the tendency of water to displace the g lubricant.
, ' .
~. ' ' ~ SA977010 -5-. ~
28 Metals useful in the present invention include, but are 29 not limited to aluminum, iron, alloys such as nickel and iron, cobalt, chromium, silicon and titanium. The oxides include, ' `~ ~LU~71~
1 but are not limi~e~ to iron oxide, silicon ~ioxide and 2 glass.
3 During the treatment with alkali, it is preferred that 4 the pH of the alkali be selected on the basis of the iso-electric poin-t of the surface. Thus, the preferred minimum 6 pH's for typical substrates are 8 for aluminum, chromium 7 and iron, 9.5 for copper, 11 for cobal~/ 12 for ferrous iron, 8 8 for ferric iron, 3 for silicon and 6.5 for titanium.
g As examples of preferred silane compounds having the formula given above, the following may be mentioned:
11 perfluoro-isopropoxy-propyl-trichloro silane; bis(perfluoro-12 isopropoxy-propyl)-dichloro-silane; and trifluoro-methoxy-13 ethyl-tri-isobutoxy silane.
14 It must be emphasized that it is absolutely essential to the success of the process that the reaction between the 16 silane and the prepared surfàce take place under rigorously 17 dry conditions. When moisture is not excluded from the surface, 18 and from the carrier gas, thick layers o~ viscous and sticky 19 mater~al are produced. These layers are entirely unfavorable.
The desired product is produced when, and only when, the gas 21 and surface are rigorously dry.
22 The following example is given solely for purposes of 23 illustration and is not to be considered a limitation on the 24 invention, many variations of which are possible without .
departing from the spirit or scope thereof.
26 A preferred embodiment of the present invention is as 27 follows: The starting material is perfluoro-isopropoxy-28 propyl-trichloro-silane. This material is a liquid with a 29 vapor pressure of about 30mm at 80C. The vapor pressure at room temperature is very low. The material must be handled SA977010 _3_ 1 without exposure to water. The vapor over this liquid at 2 room temperature is ~ransported to a coating box by an inert 3 dry carrier gas, for example nitrogen or a noble gas.
4 The metal or metal oxide surface to be coated is pre-pared by washing with a mixture of iso propyl alcohol and 6 acetone at room temperature, followed by washing with 7 distilled water, with ammonium hydroxide at p~ 10, and then 8 with dist'illed water again. All washings are carried out at g room temperature and are of approximately 3 minutes duration.
The surface is then dried rigorously by passing very dry 11 nitrogen gas over the surface while it is heated to about 12 80C.
13 The prepared surface is then placed in a deposition ~4 chamber and heated to about 80C. This heating is con-veniently accomplished by means of a heat lamp. The silane 16 gas is introduced for 15 minutes using dry nitrogen gas as a 17 carrier. The metal or metal oxide surface to be coated is 18 maintained at 80C. Excess silane gas is flushed out with 19 dry nitrogen and the coated surface is then cooled in ambient air.
21 The resulting coating has a very low surface energy.
22 The wetting angle for water is 105 ~ 5 compared to 100 ~
23 5 for polytetrafluoroethylene. The coating is in'the form 24 of a very thin film less than about 50A. The coating is in-soluble in Freon. The fact that the coating is tightly 26 bonded is a'lso~ demonstrated by the fact that it is not 27 removed by ultra high vacuum. ,Furthermore, the coating 28 angle is not changed by prolonged exposure such as several , 29 hours contact with liquid water or 32 hours in air having a ~' '-relative humidity of 80%.
~' SA977010 -4- - '' ~Lo~34t~
1 When the coating was applied to a magnetic disk, it was 2 not removed by rubbing a ferrite recording head in contact 3 wi-th the surface at high speed for 4 hours follo~ed by 4 starting and stopping the same head in a test designed to test the life performance of a recording disk. The surface 6 does not have such a low surface energy that it cannot be 7 lubricated. It is, however, extremely hydrophobic and this 8 property reauces the tendency of water to displace the g lubricant.
, ' .
~. ' ' ~ SA977010 -5-. ~
Claims (6)
1. A process for bonding a durable low surface energy coating to a metal or oxide surface, said process comprising treating said surface with an alkali and then contacting the rigorously dry surface with a fluorinated material having the formula Rf - O - (CH2)n - SiX3 wherein Rf is a fluorinated lower alkyl group, n in an integer from 2 to 10, and X is halogen, cyanide or alkoxy group.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the alkali is ammonium hydroxide.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fluor-inated material is contacted with the metal or metal oxide surface at a temperature of about 80°C.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fluor-inated material is transported as a gas mixed with a dry inert gas carrier.
5. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fluor-inated material is perfluoro-isopropoxy-propyl-trichloro-silane.
6. A process for bonding a durable, low surface energy coating to a metal or metal oxide surface, said process comprising treating said surface with ammonium hydroxide, and then contacting the rigorously dry surface at about 80°C with perfluoro-isopropoxy-propyl-trichloro-silane in the vapor state mixed with dry nitrogen gas.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US843,194 | 1977-10-18 | ||
| US05/843,194 US4120995A (en) | 1977-10-18 | 1977-10-18 | Process for bonding a durable low surface energy coating |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1084784A true CA1084784A (en) | 1980-09-02 |
Family
ID=25289298
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA306,041A Expired CA1084784A (en) | 1977-10-18 | 1978-06-22 | Process for bonding a durable low surface energy coating |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4120995A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5458736A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7806882A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1084784A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2842134A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2435536A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1582818A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1159133B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7809119A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7809866L (en) |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4446193A (en) * | 1983-04-29 | 1984-05-01 | International Business Machines Corporation | Process for chemically bonding lubricant to an information carrier and products thereof |
| JPS6034772A (en) * | 1983-08-05 | 1985-02-22 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | Painting method of metallic surface |
| US4529659A (en) * | 1983-11-05 | 1985-07-16 | Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corporation | Magnetic recording member and process for manufacturing the same |
| DE3407093A1 (en) * | 1984-02-28 | 1985-08-29 | Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt | Method for passivating a metallic surface |
| DE3473958D1 (en) * | 1984-10-31 | 1988-10-13 | Ibm Deutschland | Magnetic disc and process for producing it |
| DE3543875A1 (en) * | 1985-01-17 | 1986-07-17 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 8000 München | Anti-corrosive coating for metallic workpieces, especially for fine mechanical precision parts |
| JPS62102424A (en) * | 1985-10-29 | 1987-05-12 | Hitachi Maxell Ltd | Magnetic recording medium |
| US5223342A (en) * | 1986-02-04 | 1993-06-29 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Magnetic recording medium having a lubricating layer comprising a binder and specified perfluoro polyoxyalkyl lubricant |
| US5071715A (en) * | 1986-02-04 | 1991-12-10 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Magnetic recording medium with a lubricant layer containing a perfluoro polyoxyalkyl compound |
| JP2550031B2 (en) * | 1986-09-10 | 1996-10-30 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Magnetic recording media |
| JPS63220420A (en) * | 1987-03-09 | 1988-09-13 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Recording medium and production thereof |
| DE3711225A1 (en) * | 1987-04-03 | 1988-10-13 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | METHOD FOR REINFORCING THE ADHESION OF POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES |
| JPH073689B2 (en) * | 1987-10-27 | 1995-01-18 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Magnetic recording medium |
| JP2912694B2 (en) * | 1990-09-07 | 1999-06-28 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Recording and playback device |
| US6503567B2 (en) | 1990-12-25 | 2003-01-07 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Transparent substrate and method of manufacturing the same |
| DE69129145T2 (en) | 1990-12-25 | 1998-07-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Transparent substrate with applied monomolecular film and process for its production |
| JPH06274859A (en) * | 1993-03-18 | 1994-09-30 | Hitachi Ltd | Magnetic recording medium and magnetic recording and reproducing device |
| US5962141A (en) * | 1996-06-04 | 1999-10-05 | Seagate Technology, Inc. | Polymeric perfluoro polyether silyl ether lubricant topcoat |
| JP3605512B2 (en) * | 1998-05-29 | 2004-12-22 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Combustion chamber component for an internal combustion engine having a water / oil repellent film and a method of forming the film |
| US6379801B1 (en) | 1998-12-07 | 2002-04-30 | Seagate Technology, Llc | Silane derivatized lubricants for magnetic recording media |
| GB2362846A (en) * | 2000-06-02 | 2001-12-05 | Baco Consumer Prod Ltd | Coated baking foil |
| EP1513688B1 (en) * | 2002-06-20 | 2006-11-29 | Obducat AB | Mold tool method of manufacturing a mold tool and storage medium formed by use of the mold tool |
| US7132840B2 (en) * | 2004-07-29 | 2006-11-07 | Agere Systems Inc | Method of electrical testing |
| EP2077132A1 (en) | 2008-01-02 | 2009-07-08 | Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG | Dispensing device, storage device and method for dispensing a formulation |
| US10011906B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 | 2018-07-03 | Beohringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Method for coating a surface of a component |
| US10016568B2 (en) | 2009-11-25 | 2018-07-10 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Nebulizer |
| WO2011064163A1 (en) | 2009-11-25 | 2011-06-03 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Nebulizer |
| US9943654B2 (en) | 2010-06-24 | 2018-04-17 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Nebulizer |
| US9827384B2 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2017-11-28 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Nebulizer |
| WO2013152894A1 (en) | 2012-04-13 | 2013-10-17 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Atomiser with coding means |
| PL2835146T3 (en) | 2013-08-09 | 2021-04-06 | Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh | Nebulizer |
| TWI594020B (en) * | 2016-07-20 | 2017-08-01 | 台達電子工業股份有限公司 | Stereo display device |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3422131A (en) * | 1966-02-10 | 1969-01-14 | Us Agriculture | Fluoroalkoxyalkyl silanes |
| JPS5124292B2 (en) * | 1972-10-06 | 1976-07-23 |
-
1977
- 1977-10-18 US US05/843,194 patent/US4120995A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1978
- 1978-05-12 GB GB19319/78A patent/GB1582818A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-06-22 CA CA306,041A patent/CA1084784A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-09-07 NL NL7809119A patent/NL7809119A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1978-09-08 JP JP10988078A patent/JPS5458736A/en active Granted
- 1978-09-08 FR FR7826228A patent/FR2435536A1/en active Granted
- 1978-09-20 SE SE7809866A patent/SE7809866L/en unknown
- 1978-09-27 IT IT2812878A patent/IT1159133B/en active
- 1978-09-28 DE DE19782842134 patent/DE2842134A1/en active Granted
- 1978-10-18 BR BR7806882A patent/BR7806882A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR7806882A (en) | 1979-07-17 |
| IT1159133B (en) | 1987-02-25 |
| DE2842134A1 (en) | 1979-04-19 |
| NL7809119A (en) | 1979-04-20 |
| IT7828128A0 (en) | 1978-09-27 |
| FR2435536B1 (en) | 1983-10-07 |
| SE7809866L (en) | 1979-04-19 |
| US4120995A (en) | 1978-10-17 |
| DE2842134C2 (en) | 1988-12-08 |
| FR2435536A1 (en) | 1980-04-04 |
| JPS5436171B2 (en) | 1979-11-07 |
| JPS5458736A (en) | 1979-05-11 |
| GB1582818A (en) | 1981-01-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |