CA1086844A - Electrophoretic image display device - Google Patents
Electrophoretic image display deviceInfo
- Publication number
- CA1086844A CA1086844A CA292,202A CA292202A CA1086844A CA 1086844 A CA1086844 A CA 1086844A CA 292202 A CA292202 A CA 292202A CA 1086844 A CA1086844 A CA 1086844A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- transparent
- display device
- mesh
- segmented
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
- G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
Electrophoretic image display device comprising a transparent front electrode, segmented rear electrode(s), an isolating layer covering the rear electrode(s) and a mesh electrode in the shape of the segmented electrode(s) on said insulating layer. Swit-ching takes place between the rear electrode(s) and the mesh electrode resulting in greatly reduced switching times. The suspension medium may be a clear liquid in which the charged pigment particles are suspended.
Electrophoretic image display device comprising a transparent front electrode, segmented rear electrode(s), an isolating layer covering the rear electrode(s) and a mesh electrode in the shape of the segmented electrode(s) on said insulating layer. Swit-ching takes place between the rear electrode(s) and the mesh electrode resulting in greatly reduced switching times. The suspension medium may be a clear liquid in which the charged pigment particles are suspended.
Description
L PITA 20.760 CB
1 0 . îl O . 1 9 77 1086~344 E]ec~rophoretic Image D~splay Device.
The invention relates to an electrophoretic image display device comprising: an electrophoret~c suspension comprising a dispersion of pigment particles in a dielectric suspending liquid and a charging material for introducing a charge on the pigment particles;
a fir.st transparent electrode on a first substrate;
at least one segmented electrode on a second substrate having a major surface in opposition to the maJor sur-face of said first transparent electrode, the space - between said substrates forming a cell for containing said electrophoretic suspension.
Electrophoretic image display devices herein-after termed EPID cells, have been described in the art, 15; for example in Evans, United States Patent 3,612,758 and ; Ota, United States Patent 3,668,106.
Generally, an EPID cell comprises firstly a dispersion of pigment particles in a dielectric liquid dispersion medium to which is added a dye to cause the dispersion medium to have a contrasting color to that .
of the pigment particIes and a charging material for introducing a charge on the pigment particles.
; - The dispersion is contained in a cell - formed by two closely spaced electrodes joined together by a thin section of insulating material. One of the electrodes, the front or viewing electrode is trans-,-- ~ ' .
.... . .
L I'~-l~ 20.760 10. 10. 1977 10868~4 parent and tl1e rear electrode, which is made to conform to the desired image or i~na~es desircd to be displayed, may or may not be transparent.
An electroc field is created across the suspension by means of a D.C. voltage applied to the front and rear electrodes.
- Depending upon the charge on the pigment ~particles and the electrodes, the pigment particles are attracted to either the front or rear electrode.
If the pigment particles are ~egative, the front electrode is positive and the rear electrode is negative the pigment particles are attracted to the front electrode in the shape of the rear electrode. The observer sees an image of the color of the pigment against the color of the dispersion medium. Reversal of the polarity between the electrodes causes the pigment to go to the rear electrode where it is hided behind the dispersion medium.
Removal of the electric field does not cause disruption of the image, as the pigment particles remain in the previously acti~ated position for a period of time.
Thus the cell exhibits some memory function.
One problem with the known EPID cells is ~ that they have relatively slow switching times, that is, the time it takes pigment particles to move from the front to the rear electrodes or the reverse. The relationship of the switching time to the applied voltage and distance between the electrodes is determined accarding to the formula t = 6 ~r d2 ~ / V
' ''' ' ''' ~ ' , L PIIA 20.7f,0 10. 10. 1977 108~44 where t is the switching time, d is the distance betwecll the rront and rcar electrodes, ~ is the dielectric constant and ~ is the viscosity of the suspending medium, ~ is the ze-ta potential and V i9 the applied voltage.
As can be seen, the switching time is largely dependent on the distance between the electrodes as it increases with the square of this distance, Due to practical considerations, there is a minimum limit on the distance between the electrodes and thus the minimum switching time for a given potential difference is limited for a particular suspension.
For many purposes a faster switching time then is achieved with the presently known EPID cells is highly desirable.
An additional problem is the need for use of dyes in order to hide the pigment when it is on the rear electrode.
It is an object of the invention to provide an EPID cell having a faster switching time than those EPID cells known from the prior art.
An other ohject of the invention is to provide an EPID cell capable of operating at a reduced voltage.
- Still another object of the invention is to provide an EPID cell wherein the suspension is free of dyes.
These and other objects of the invent~n will be appar~nt from the description that ~ollows :
L PIT~ 20.7~0 10.10.1977 1~86844 According to the ltlvention, an electrophoretic image display device as mentioned in the preamble is charac-terized in that a transparent insulating layer is positioned on the maJor surface of said segmented e~ectrode opposed to 5 said first transparent electrode;
a mesh electrode in the shape of the segmentedelectrode having holes barely visible to the naked eye is positioned on said transparent insulating layer, one of said mesh electrode and said segmented electrode being formed of light reflective metal, the device further comprising . electrical supply means for supplying a reversible voltage between.said mesh electrode and said segmented electrode.
The operation of the EPID cell of the invention . is as follows: .
Emplying a reflective mesh electrode and a black negatively charged pigment suspended in a clear liquid, with the rear and front electrodes negative in relation to the mesh electrode, all the pigment is depo-sited on the mesh electrode and the observer looking through the transparent front electrode sees only black, since the - spaces within the mesh are made to look black.
;~ When the charge on the mesh electrode and the back electrode are reversed, the pigment is deposited in the mesh holes and the observer sees the exposed reflective metal of the mesh.
Due to the fact that the pigment must travel : only between the mesh surface and the holes in the mesh to ~5-:. :
,.: ' . ................ , ' , . .
L Pl-l~ 20.760 10~844 10.10.1977 cause switching ratller than the much longer distancc between the f`ront and rear electrodes, switching time - is greatly reduced in the ~PID cells of the invention.
Similarly the voltage required to operate the cell i9 greatly reduced since the pigment only has to travel a much smaller distance for switching to occur.
The invention will now be described with reference to the drawing, the sole figure of which is a cross-sectional view of an ~PI~ cell of the inventiDn.
Referring to the drawing, front transparent electrode 1 such as indium oxide having a thickness of about 1000 A supported by transparent substrate 2 such as glass or methyl methacrylate resin is opposed by rear transparent electrode 3 such as indium oxide which has a thickness of about 1000 A.
Rear electrode 3 is supported by transparent substrate 4 which may be made of glass or another suitable non-conducting transparent material. The rear surface of substrate 4 is colored black by means of a black paint layer 5.
The front and rear electrode 1 and 3 are "
separated from each other by a 50/um thick epoxy resin seal 6.
On the surface of rear electrode 3, facing front electrode 1, is a thin transparent dielectric layer 7 formed of a photoresist such as AZ 1350J made by Shipley Co. and 5000 ~ thick. The surface of the dielec-- .
~ -6-. ~ ` .
L PHA 20.7Go 10~6844 10.10.1977 tric layer 7 facin~ the front electrode 1 is covered with a thin re~lective metal mesh 8 of reflective aluminium or other metal. The mesh 8 has holes of 8/u diameter on 19/u cent~rs.
An opaque mask 12 formed of a thin black paint layer is present on the surface of the front electrode 1 - opposing rear electrode 3.
The me~al mesh 8 is formed by evaporating a thin layer Or aluminium on the dielectric layer 7 and then etching the aluminium layer with an etch such as phosphoric and nitric acids through a photoresist mask to provide the holes in the aluminium layer and the resultant mesh 8.
An electrophoretic suspension comprising a mix-- ture of perchloroethylene and xylene in a volume ratio of 7 to 3 to which there is added two percent by weight of diarylide yellow pigment and one percent by weight of Chevron OLOA-370 to stabilize the dispersion and negatively charge the pigment, was injected into the cell which was then sealed. D.C. voltages were applied through lead lines 9,-10 and 11 to the rear, front and mesh electrodes respec-tively.
Application of -100 volts to the mesh electrode 8 and the front electrode 1 with respect to ground (rear electrode 3) resulted in the negatively charged pigment being mostly in the mesh holes allowing the reflective surface of the mesh electrode 8 to be visible through front electrode 1. Reversing the polarity between electrodes 8 and .
7~
L PIIA 20.760 10.10.1977 10~6844 3 so that the front electrode 1 and rear electrode 3 ~Yere at -100 vo].ts and mesh electrode 8 was at ground most of -the pigment particles covered thè aluminium surface of the mesh electrode 8 thus destroying the visibility of this electrode through the front electrode 1. Repeated changes in polarity between electrodes 3 and 8 resulted in repeated changes of reflectivity of the ' mesh electrode 8.
The device operated successfuly with voltagés as low as 20 volts.
.
.
.
' ~ :
1 0 . îl O . 1 9 77 1086~344 E]ec~rophoretic Image D~splay Device.
The invention relates to an electrophoretic image display device comprising: an electrophoret~c suspension comprising a dispersion of pigment particles in a dielectric suspending liquid and a charging material for introducing a charge on the pigment particles;
a fir.st transparent electrode on a first substrate;
at least one segmented electrode on a second substrate having a major surface in opposition to the maJor sur-face of said first transparent electrode, the space - between said substrates forming a cell for containing said electrophoretic suspension.
Electrophoretic image display devices herein-after termed EPID cells, have been described in the art, 15; for example in Evans, United States Patent 3,612,758 and ; Ota, United States Patent 3,668,106.
Generally, an EPID cell comprises firstly a dispersion of pigment particles in a dielectric liquid dispersion medium to which is added a dye to cause the dispersion medium to have a contrasting color to that .
of the pigment particIes and a charging material for introducing a charge on the pigment particles.
; - The dispersion is contained in a cell - formed by two closely spaced electrodes joined together by a thin section of insulating material. One of the electrodes, the front or viewing electrode is trans-,-- ~ ' .
.... . .
L I'~-l~ 20.760 10. 10. 1977 10868~4 parent and tl1e rear electrode, which is made to conform to the desired image or i~na~es desircd to be displayed, may or may not be transparent.
An electroc field is created across the suspension by means of a D.C. voltage applied to the front and rear electrodes.
- Depending upon the charge on the pigment ~particles and the electrodes, the pigment particles are attracted to either the front or rear electrode.
If the pigment particles are ~egative, the front electrode is positive and the rear electrode is negative the pigment particles are attracted to the front electrode in the shape of the rear electrode. The observer sees an image of the color of the pigment against the color of the dispersion medium. Reversal of the polarity between the electrodes causes the pigment to go to the rear electrode where it is hided behind the dispersion medium.
Removal of the electric field does not cause disruption of the image, as the pigment particles remain in the previously acti~ated position for a period of time.
Thus the cell exhibits some memory function.
One problem with the known EPID cells is ~ that they have relatively slow switching times, that is, the time it takes pigment particles to move from the front to the rear electrodes or the reverse. The relationship of the switching time to the applied voltage and distance between the electrodes is determined accarding to the formula t = 6 ~r d2 ~ / V
' ''' ' ''' ~ ' , L PIIA 20.7f,0 10. 10. 1977 108~44 where t is the switching time, d is the distance betwecll the rront and rcar electrodes, ~ is the dielectric constant and ~ is the viscosity of the suspending medium, ~ is the ze-ta potential and V i9 the applied voltage.
As can be seen, the switching time is largely dependent on the distance between the electrodes as it increases with the square of this distance, Due to practical considerations, there is a minimum limit on the distance between the electrodes and thus the minimum switching time for a given potential difference is limited for a particular suspension.
For many purposes a faster switching time then is achieved with the presently known EPID cells is highly desirable.
An additional problem is the need for use of dyes in order to hide the pigment when it is on the rear electrode.
It is an object of the invention to provide an EPID cell having a faster switching time than those EPID cells known from the prior art.
An other ohject of the invention is to provide an EPID cell capable of operating at a reduced voltage.
- Still another object of the invention is to provide an EPID cell wherein the suspension is free of dyes.
These and other objects of the invent~n will be appar~nt from the description that ~ollows :
L PIT~ 20.7~0 10.10.1977 1~86844 According to the ltlvention, an electrophoretic image display device as mentioned in the preamble is charac-terized in that a transparent insulating layer is positioned on the maJor surface of said segmented e~ectrode opposed to 5 said first transparent electrode;
a mesh electrode in the shape of the segmentedelectrode having holes barely visible to the naked eye is positioned on said transparent insulating layer, one of said mesh electrode and said segmented electrode being formed of light reflective metal, the device further comprising . electrical supply means for supplying a reversible voltage between.said mesh electrode and said segmented electrode.
The operation of the EPID cell of the invention . is as follows: .
Emplying a reflective mesh electrode and a black negatively charged pigment suspended in a clear liquid, with the rear and front electrodes negative in relation to the mesh electrode, all the pigment is depo-sited on the mesh electrode and the observer looking through the transparent front electrode sees only black, since the - spaces within the mesh are made to look black.
;~ When the charge on the mesh electrode and the back electrode are reversed, the pigment is deposited in the mesh holes and the observer sees the exposed reflective metal of the mesh.
Due to the fact that the pigment must travel : only between the mesh surface and the holes in the mesh to ~5-:. :
,.: ' . ................ , ' , . .
L Pl-l~ 20.760 10~844 10.10.1977 cause switching ratller than the much longer distancc between the f`ront and rear electrodes, switching time - is greatly reduced in the ~PID cells of the invention.
Similarly the voltage required to operate the cell i9 greatly reduced since the pigment only has to travel a much smaller distance for switching to occur.
The invention will now be described with reference to the drawing, the sole figure of which is a cross-sectional view of an ~PI~ cell of the inventiDn.
Referring to the drawing, front transparent electrode 1 such as indium oxide having a thickness of about 1000 A supported by transparent substrate 2 such as glass or methyl methacrylate resin is opposed by rear transparent electrode 3 such as indium oxide which has a thickness of about 1000 A.
Rear electrode 3 is supported by transparent substrate 4 which may be made of glass or another suitable non-conducting transparent material. The rear surface of substrate 4 is colored black by means of a black paint layer 5.
The front and rear electrode 1 and 3 are "
separated from each other by a 50/um thick epoxy resin seal 6.
On the surface of rear electrode 3, facing front electrode 1, is a thin transparent dielectric layer 7 formed of a photoresist such as AZ 1350J made by Shipley Co. and 5000 ~ thick. The surface of the dielec-- .
~ -6-. ~ ` .
L PHA 20.7Go 10~6844 10.10.1977 tric layer 7 facin~ the front electrode 1 is covered with a thin re~lective metal mesh 8 of reflective aluminium or other metal. The mesh 8 has holes of 8/u diameter on 19/u cent~rs.
An opaque mask 12 formed of a thin black paint layer is present on the surface of the front electrode 1 - opposing rear electrode 3.
The me~al mesh 8 is formed by evaporating a thin layer Or aluminium on the dielectric layer 7 and then etching the aluminium layer with an etch such as phosphoric and nitric acids through a photoresist mask to provide the holes in the aluminium layer and the resultant mesh 8.
An electrophoretic suspension comprising a mix-- ture of perchloroethylene and xylene in a volume ratio of 7 to 3 to which there is added two percent by weight of diarylide yellow pigment and one percent by weight of Chevron OLOA-370 to stabilize the dispersion and negatively charge the pigment, was injected into the cell which was then sealed. D.C. voltages were applied through lead lines 9,-10 and 11 to the rear, front and mesh electrodes respec-tively.
Application of -100 volts to the mesh electrode 8 and the front electrode 1 with respect to ground (rear electrode 3) resulted in the negatively charged pigment being mostly in the mesh holes allowing the reflective surface of the mesh electrode 8 to be visible through front electrode 1. Reversing the polarity between electrodes 8 and .
7~
L PIIA 20.760 10.10.1977 10~6844 3 so that the front electrode 1 and rear electrode 3 ~Yere at -100 vo].ts and mesh electrode 8 was at ground most of -the pigment particles covered thè aluminium surface of the mesh electrode 8 thus destroying the visibility of this electrode through the front electrode 1. Repeated changes in polarity between electrodes 3 and 8 resulted in repeated changes of reflectivity of the ' mesh electrode 8.
The device operated successfuly with voltagés as low as 20 volts.
.
.
.
' ~ :
Claims (7)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Electrophoretic image display device com-prising : an electrophoretic suspension comprising a dispersion of pigment particles in a dielectric suspending liquid and a charging material for introducing a charge on the pigment particles; a first transparent electrode on a first substrate; at least one segmented electrode on a second substrate having a major surface in opposition to the major surface of said first transparent electrode, the space between said substrates forming a cell for con-taining said electrophoretic suspension; characterized in that a transparent insulating layer is positioned on the major surface of said segmented electrode opposed to said first transparent electrode; a mesh electrode in the shape of the segmented electrode having holes barely visible to the naked eye is positioned on said transparent insulating layer, one of said mesh electrode and said segmented electrode being formed of light reflective metal, the device further comprising electrical supply means for supplying a reversible voltage between said mesh elec-trode and said segmented electrode.
2. Display device according to Claim 1 characterized.
in that the mesh electrode is formed of a light reflective metal.
in that the mesh electrode is formed of a light reflective metal.
3. Display device according to Claim 2, characte-rized in that the first transparent electrode is a thin coating of a transparent electrically conductive material on the surface of a transparent electrically insulating substrate.
4. Display device according to Claim 3, charac-terized in that the segmented electrode is transparent.
5. Display device according to Claim 1, charac-terized in that the segmented electrode is supported by a transparent electrically insulating substrate.
6. Display device according to Claim 3, charac-terized in that the reflective mesh electrode is formed of aluminium.
7. Display device according to Claim 1, charac-terized in that a opaque mask is positioned on the major surface of said first transparent electrode opposed to said segmented electrode, said opaque mask having light transmissive areas in the shape of said segmented elec-trode.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/747,559 US4071430A (en) | 1976-12-06 | 1976-12-06 | Electrophoretic image display having an improved switching time |
| US747,559 | 1976-12-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1086844A true CA1086844A (en) | 1980-09-30 |
Family
ID=25005628
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA292,202A Expired CA1086844A (en) | 1976-12-06 | 1977-12-01 | Electrophoretic image display device |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4071430A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5845027B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1086844A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2752191C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2373115A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1567708A (en) |
Families Citing this family (149)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH617281A5 (en) * | 1977-07-29 | 1980-05-14 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
| CH625073A5 (en) * | 1977-11-11 | 1981-08-31 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
| US4203106A (en) * | 1977-11-23 | 1980-05-13 | North American Philips Corporation | X-Y addressable electrophoretic display device with control electrode |
| FR2432194A1 (en) * | 1978-06-19 | 1980-02-22 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | METHOD FOR CONTROLLING AN ELECTROLYTIC DISPLAY CELL AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING IT |
| US4218302A (en) * | 1979-08-02 | 1980-08-19 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Electrophoretic display devices |
| US4408202A (en) * | 1979-11-13 | 1983-10-04 | Fales John D | Electrokinetic display system |
| US4305807A (en) * | 1980-03-13 | 1981-12-15 | Burroughs Corporation | Electrophoretic display device using a liquid crystal as a threshold device |
| US4655897A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1987-04-07 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panels and associated methods |
| US4741604A (en) * | 1985-02-01 | 1988-05-03 | Kornfeld Cary D | Electrode arrays for cellular displays |
| US5041824A (en) * | 1989-03-02 | 1991-08-20 | Copytele, Inc. | Semitransparent electrophoretic information displays (EPID) employing mesh like electrodes |
| US5223823A (en) * | 1991-03-11 | 1993-06-29 | Copytele, Inc. | Electrophoretic display panel with plural electrically independent anode elements |
| US7106296B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2006-09-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electronic book with multiple page displays |
| US6515649B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2003-02-04 | E Ink Corporation | Suspended particle displays and materials for making the same |
| US7023420B2 (en) * | 2000-11-29 | 2006-04-04 | E Ink Corporation | Electronic display with photo-addressing means |
| US7167155B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2007-01-23 | E Ink Corporation | Color electrophoretic displays |
| US6664944B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2003-12-16 | E-Ink Corporation | Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays |
| US7304634B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2007-12-04 | E Ink Corporation | Rear electrode structures for electrophoretic displays |
| US7109968B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2006-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Non-spherical cavity electrophoretic displays and methods and materials for making the same |
| US6727881B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2004-04-27 | E Ink Corporation | Encapsulated electrophoretic displays and methods and materials for making the same |
| US7583251B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2009-09-01 | E Ink Corporation | Dielectrophoretic displays |
| US6124851A (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2000-09-26 | E Ink Corporation | Electronic book with multiple page displays |
| US7352353B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2008-04-01 | E Ink Corporation | Electrostatically addressable electrophoretic display |
| US6262706B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2001-07-17 | E Ink Corporation | Retroreflective electrophoretic displays and materials for making the same |
| US7071913B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2006-07-04 | E Ink Corporation | Retroreflective electrophoretic displays and materials for making the same |
| US8139050B2 (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2012-03-20 | E Ink Corporation | Addressing schemes for electronic displays |
| US6710540B1 (en) | 1995-07-20 | 2004-03-23 | E Ink Corporation | Electrostatically-addressable electrophoretic display |
| US6120839A (en) * | 1995-07-20 | 2000-09-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-osmotic displays and materials for making the same |
| US6177921B1 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2001-01-23 | E Ink Corporation | Printable electrode structures for displays |
| US7247379B2 (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2007-07-24 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles, and processes for the production thereof |
| US7002728B2 (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2006-02-21 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic particles, and processes for the production thereof |
| US6839158B2 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2005-01-04 | E Ink Corporation | Encapsulated electrophoretic displays having a monolayer of capsules and materials and methods for making the same |
| US6300932B1 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2001-10-09 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays with luminescent particles and materials for making the same |
| US7242513B2 (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2007-07-10 | E Ink Corporation | Encapsulated electrophoretic displays having a monolayer of capsules and materials and methods for making the same |
| US6232950B1 (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2001-05-15 | E Ink Corporation | Rear electrode structures for displays |
| US6067185A (en) | 1997-08-28 | 2000-05-23 | E Ink Corporation | Process for creating an encapsulated electrophoretic display |
| US6753999B2 (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 2004-06-22 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays in portable devices and systems for addressing such displays |
| AU3190499A (en) | 1998-03-18 | 1999-10-11 | E-Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays and systems for addressing such displays |
| US6704133B2 (en) | 1998-03-18 | 2004-03-09 | E-Ink Corporation | Electro-optic display overlays and systems for addressing such displays |
| WO1999053371A1 (en) | 1998-04-10 | 1999-10-21 | E-Ink Corporation | Electronic displays using organic-based field effect transistors |
| US7075502B1 (en) * | 1998-04-10 | 2006-07-11 | E Ink Corporation | Full color reflective display with multichromatic sub-pixels |
| AU3987299A (en) | 1998-05-12 | 1999-11-29 | E-Ink Corporation | Microencapsulated electrophoretic electrostatically-addressed media for drawing device applications |
| AU5094699A (en) * | 1998-07-08 | 2000-02-01 | E-Ink Corporation | Methods for achieving improved color in microencapsulated electrophoretic devices |
| USD485294S1 (en) | 1998-07-22 | 2004-01-13 | E Ink Corporation | Electrode structure for an electronic display |
| US7256766B2 (en) | 1998-08-27 | 2007-08-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic display comprising optical biasing element |
| US6271823B1 (en) | 1998-09-16 | 2001-08-07 | International Business Machines Corporation | Reflective electrophoretic display with laterally adjacent color cells using a reflective panel |
| US6144361A (en) * | 1998-09-16 | 2000-11-07 | International Business Machines Corporation | Transmissive electrophoretic display with vertical electrodes |
| US6225971B1 (en) | 1998-09-16 | 2001-05-01 | International Business Machines Corporation | Reflective electrophoretic display with laterally adjacent color cells using an absorbing panel |
| US6184856B1 (en) | 1998-09-16 | 2001-02-06 | International Business Machines Corporation | Transmissive electrophoretic display with laterally adjacent color cells |
| WO2000020921A1 (en) | 1998-10-07 | 2000-04-13 | E Ink Corporation | Capsules for electrophoretic displays and methods for making the same |
| JP4679726B2 (en) | 1998-10-07 | 2011-04-27 | イー インク コーポレイション | Lighting system for non-luminous electronic display |
| WO2000026761A1 (en) * | 1998-11-02 | 2000-05-11 | E Ink Corporation | Broadcast system for display devices made of electronic ink |
| US20070285385A1 (en) * | 1998-11-02 | 2007-12-13 | E Ink Corporation | Broadcast system for electronic ink signs |
| US6312304B1 (en) | 1998-12-15 | 2001-11-06 | E Ink Corporation | Assembly of microencapsulated electronic displays |
| US6724519B1 (en) | 1998-12-21 | 2004-04-20 | E-Ink Corporation | Protective electrodes for electrophoretic displays |
| CA2365847A1 (en) | 1999-04-06 | 2000-10-12 | Gregg M. Duthaler | Methods for producing droplets for use in capsule-based electrophoretic displays |
| US6842657B1 (en) | 1999-04-09 | 2005-01-11 | E Ink Corporation | Reactive formation of dielectric layers and protection of organic layers in organic semiconductor device fabrication |
| US6498114B1 (en) | 1999-04-09 | 2002-12-24 | E Ink Corporation | Method for forming a patterned semiconductor film |
| US6504524B1 (en) | 2000-03-08 | 2003-01-07 | E Ink Corporation | Addressing methods for displays having zero time-average field |
| US6531997B1 (en) | 1999-04-30 | 2003-03-11 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for addressing electrophoretic displays |
| US7038655B2 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2006-05-02 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic ink composed of particles with field dependent mobilities |
| US6693620B1 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2004-02-17 | E Ink Corporation | Threshold addressing of electrophoretic displays |
| US8115729B2 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2012-02-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic display element with filler particles |
| US7030412B1 (en) | 1999-05-05 | 2006-04-18 | E Ink Corporation | Minimally-patterned semiconductor devices for display applications |
| JP5394601B2 (en) | 1999-07-01 | 2014-01-22 | イー インク コーポレイション | Electrophoretic medium provided with spacer |
| AU6365900A (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2001-02-13 | E-Ink Corporation | Use of a storage capacitor to enhance the performance of an active matrix drivenelectronic display |
| US6672921B1 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-01-06 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Manufacturing process for electrophoretic display |
| US6933098B2 (en) | 2000-01-11 | 2005-08-23 | Sipix Imaging Inc. | Process for roll-to-roll manufacture of a display by synchronized photolithographic exposure on a substrate web |
| US6930818B1 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2005-08-16 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US7715088B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2010-05-11 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display |
| US6885495B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2005-04-26 | Sipix Imaging Inc. | Electrophoretic display with in-plane switching |
| US6831770B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-12-14 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US6865012B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2005-03-08 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US7557981B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2009-07-07 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and process for its manufacture |
| US7052571B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2006-05-30 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and process for its manufacture |
| US6947202B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2005-09-20 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with sub relief structure for high contrast ratio and improved shear and/or compression resistance |
| US6788449B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-09-07 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US7233429B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2007-06-19 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display |
| US6829078B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2004-12-07 | Sipix Imaging Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US7408696B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2008-08-05 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Three-dimensional electrophoretic displays |
| US7158282B2 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2007-01-02 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US20070237962A1 (en) * | 2000-03-03 | 2007-10-11 | Rong-Chang Liang | Semi-finished display panels |
| US6833943B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2004-12-21 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US7893435B2 (en) * | 2000-04-18 | 2011-02-22 | E Ink Corporation | Flexible electronic circuits and displays including a backplane comprising a patterned metal foil having a plurality of apertures extending therethrough |
| DE60139463D1 (en) | 2000-04-18 | 2009-09-17 | E Ink Corp | PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THIN FILM TRANSISTORS |
| US20020060321A1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2002-05-23 | Kazlas Peter T. | Minimally- patterned, thin-film semiconductor devices for display applications |
| US7236290B1 (en) | 2000-07-25 | 2007-06-26 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic medium with improved stability |
| US6816147B2 (en) * | 2000-08-17 | 2004-11-09 | E Ink Corporation | Bistable electro-optic display, and method for addressing same |
| US8282762B2 (en) * | 2001-01-11 | 2012-10-09 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Transmissive or reflective liquid crystal display and process for its manufacture |
| US6795138B2 (en) | 2001-01-11 | 2004-09-21 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Transmissive or reflective liquid crystal display and novel process for its manufacture |
| TW556044B (en) | 2001-02-15 | 2003-10-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Process for roll-to-roll manufacture of a display by synchronized photolithographic exposure on a substrate web |
| US20050156340A1 (en) * | 2004-01-20 | 2005-07-21 | E Ink Corporation | Preparation of capsules |
| US7230750B2 (en) * | 2001-05-15 | 2007-06-12 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media and processes for the production thereof |
| US6753067B2 (en) | 2001-04-23 | 2004-06-22 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Microcup compositions having improved flexure resistance and release properties |
| US20100148385A1 (en) * | 2001-05-15 | 2010-06-17 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media and processes for the production thereof |
| US7205355B2 (en) * | 2001-06-04 | 2007-04-17 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Composition and process for the manufacture of an improved electrophoretic display |
| US20020188053A1 (en) * | 2001-06-04 | 2002-12-12 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Composition and process for the sealing of microcups in roll-to-roll display manufacturing |
| US8361356B2 (en) * | 2001-06-04 | 2013-01-29 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Composition and process for the sealing of microcups in roll-to-roll display manufacturing |
| TW527529B (en) * | 2001-07-27 | 2003-04-11 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved electrophoretic display with color filters |
| US6967640B2 (en) * | 2001-07-27 | 2005-11-22 | E Ink Corporation | Microencapsulated electrophoretic display with integrated driver |
| US7038670B2 (en) * | 2002-08-16 | 2006-05-02 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with dual mode switching |
| US7492505B2 (en) * | 2001-08-17 | 2009-02-17 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with dual mode switching |
| TW550529B (en) * | 2001-08-17 | 2003-09-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved electrophoretic display with dual-mode switching |
| TW539928B (en) * | 2001-08-20 | 2003-07-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved transflective electrophoretic display |
| TWI308231B (en) * | 2001-08-28 | 2009-04-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Electrophoretic display |
| TW573204B (en) * | 2001-09-12 | 2004-01-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved electrophoretic display with gating electrodes |
| WO2003023511A2 (en) * | 2001-09-13 | 2003-03-20 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Three-dimensional electrophoretic displays |
| TWI229763B (en) | 2001-10-29 | 2005-03-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved electrophoretic display with holding electrodes |
| WO2003050607A1 (en) * | 2001-12-13 | 2003-06-19 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic electronic displays with films having a low index of refraction |
| TWI229776B (en) * | 2002-01-03 | 2005-03-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | A novel electrophoretic dispersion with a fluorinated solvent and a charge controlling agent |
| TWI250894B (en) * | 2002-01-03 | 2006-03-11 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Functionalized halogenated polymers for microencapsulation |
| US6900851B2 (en) | 2002-02-08 | 2005-05-31 | E Ink Corporation | Electro-optic displays and optical systems for addressing such displays |
| US7382514B2 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2008-06-03 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Core-shell particles for electrophoretic display |
| TWI229115B (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2005-03-11 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Core-shell particles for electrophoretic display |
| TWI268813B (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2006-12-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Process for forming a patterned thin film conductive structure on a substrate |
| TWI240842B (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2005-10-01 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Matrix driven electrophoretic display with multilayer back plane |
| US7156945B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2007-01-02 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Process for forming a patterned thin film structure for in-mold decoration |
| US7972472B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2011-07-05 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Process for forming a patterned thin film structure for in-mold decoration |
| US7261920B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2007-08-28 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Process for forming a patterned thin film structure on a substrate |
| US8002948B2 (en) * | 2002-04-24 | 2011-08-23 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Process for forming a patterned thin film structure on a substrate |
| TWI310098B (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2009-05-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | Methods of surface modification for improving electrophoretic display performance |
| US7312916B2 (en) * | 2002-08-07 | 2007-12-25 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic media containing specularly reflective particles |
| US7038656B2 (en) * | 2002-08-16 | 2006-05-02 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with dual-mode switching |
| US7271947B2 (en) | 2002-08-16 | 2007-09-18 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Electrophoretic display with dual-mode switching |
| US20130063333A1 (en) | 2002-10-16 | 2013-03-14 | E Ink Corporation | Electrophoretic displays |
| TWI229230B (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2005-03-11 | Sipix Imaging Inc | An improved electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture |
| US8023071B2 (en) * | 2002-11-25 | 2011-09-20 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Transmissive or reflective liquid crystal display |
| TWI297089B (en) * | 2002-11-25 | 2008-05-21 | Sipix Imaging Inc | A composition for the preparation of microcups used in a liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal display comprising two or more layers of microcup array and process for its manufacture |
| US6831771B2 (en) * | 2003-01-08 | 2004-12-14 | Sipix Imaging Inc. | Electronic whiteboard using electrophoretic display |
| JP4149888B2 (en) * | 2003-09-30 | 2008-09-17 | 株式会社東芝 | Electrophoretic display device |
| US8625188B2 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2014-01-07 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays |
| US7374634B2 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2008-05-20 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Process for the manufacture of electrophoretic displays |
| US11250794B2 (en) | 2004-07-27 | 2022-02-15 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays using dielectrophoretic forces |
| US8159636B2 (en) * | 2005-04-08 | 2012-04-17 | Sipix Imaging, Inc. | Reflective displays and processes for their manufacture |
| KR101281885B1 (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2013-07-03 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | electrophoretic display device |
| US7957054B1 (en) | 2009-12-21 | 2011-06-07 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Electro-optical display systems |
| US8089687B2 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2012-01-03 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Electro-optical display systems |
| US9939706B2 (en) | 2013-03-26 | 2018-04-10 | Clearink Displays, Inc. | Displaced porous electrode for frustrating TIR and returning light through exit pupil |
| US9280029B2 (en) | 2013-05-13 | 2016-03-08 | Clearink Displays, Inc. | Registered reflective element for a brightness enhanced TIR display |
| JP6469656B2 (en) | 2013-05-22 | 2019-02-13 | クリアインク ディスプレイズ, インコーポレイテッドClearink Displays, Inc. | Method and apparatus for improved color filter saturation |
| US10705404B2 (en) | 2013-07-08 | 2020-07-07 | Concord (Hk) International Education Limited | TIR-modulated wide viewing angle display |
| WO2015005899A2 (en) | 2013-07-08 | 2015-01-15 | Clearink Displays Llc | Tir-modulated wide viewing angle display |
| US9740075B2 (en) | 2013-09-10 | 2017-08-22 | Clearink Displays, Inc. | Method and system for perforated reflective film display device |
| KR101869172B1 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2018-06-19 | 클리어잉크 디스플레이스, 인코포레이티드 | Method and apparatus for front-lit semi-retro-reflective display |
| US9897890B2 (en) | 2014-10-07 | 2018-02-20 | Clearink Displays, Inc. | Reflective image display with threshold |
| JP6688291B2 (en) | 2014-10-08 | 2020-04-28 | クリアインク ディスプレイズ, インコーポレイテッドClearink Displays, Inc. | Reflective display with color filters aligned |
| US10386691B2 (en) | 2015-06-24 | 2019-08-20 | CLEARink Display, Inc. | Method and apparatus for a dry particle totally internally reflective image display |
| US10261221B2 (en) | 2015-12-06 | 2019-04-16 | Clearink Displays, Inc. | Corner reflector reflective image display |
| US10386547B2 (en) | 2015-12-06 | 2019-08-20 | Clearink Displays, Inc. | Textured high refractive index surface for reflective image displays |
| WO2017105443A1 (en) * | 2015-12-16 | 2017-06-22 | Clearink Displays Llc | Method and apparatus for driving a reflective image display |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL285527A (en) * | 1961-11-15 | |||
| US3511651A (en) * | 1966-08-22 | 1970-05-12 | Owens Illinois Inc | Persistent internal polarization imaging system with electrophoretic development |
| US3607256A (en) * | 1968-07-19 | 1971-09-21 | Xerox Corp | Fully enclosed electrophoretic-imaging system |
| US3689399A (en) * | 1969-09-20 | 1972-09-05 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Photoelectrophoretic image reproduction device |
| US3612758A (en) * | 1969-10-03 | 1971-10-12 | Xerox Corp | Color display device |
| US3890039A (en) * | 1969-12-08 | 1975-06-17 | Marcus Cantarano | Electrographic devices for the development composition and transfer of particles images |
| US3668106A (en) * | 1970-04-09 | 1972-06-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Electrophoretic display device |
| FR2102590A5 (en) * | 1970-08-11 | 1972-04-07 | Radiotechnique Compelec | |
| JPS4917079B1 (en) * | 1970-12-21 | 1974-04-26 | ||
| US3736043A (en) * | 1971-03-29 | 1973-05-29 | Ibm | Electrochemical molecular display and writing |
| CA1013843A (en) * | 1972-09-11 | 1977-07-12 | Tadao Kohashi | Light modulating device |
| GB1407133A (en) * | 1973-03-16 | 1975-09-24 | Ici Ltd | Devices |
| US3936172A (en) * | 1974-03-29 | 1976-02-03 | Xerox Corporation | Liquid crystalline platen for an electrophotographic printing machine |
| US3914040A (en) * | 1974-06-03 | 1975-10-21 | Xerox Corp | Reversible screen for electrophotographic printing |
-
1976
- 1976-12-06 US US05/747,559 patent/US4071430A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1977
- 1977-11-23 DE DE2752191A patent/DE2752191C2/en not_active Expired
- 1977-12-01 CA CA292,202A patent/CA1086844A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-12-02 GB GB50334/77A patent/GB1567708A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-12-02 JP JP52144063A patent/JPS5845027B2/en not_active Expired
- 1977-12-06 FR FR7736680A patent/FR2373115A1/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5845027B2 (en) | 1983-10-06 |
| US4071430A (en) | 1978-01-31 |
| DE2752191C2 (en) | 1985-06-20 |
| FR2373115A1 (en) | 1978-06-30 |
| FR2373115B1 (en) | 1984-09-21 |
| GB1567708A (en) | 1980-05-21 |
| DE2752191A1 (en) | 1978-06-08 |
| JPS5386594A (en) | 1978-07-31 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA1086844A (en) | Electrophoretic image display device | |
| CA1304484C (en) | Electrochromic device and method of making an electrochromic layer therefor | |
| US4068927A (en) | Electrophoresis display with buried lead lines | |
| EP0600878B1 (en) | Electrophoretic display panel with internal mesh background screen | |
| USRE30835E (en) | Self-supporting pigment layers for electrochromic display | |
| US5973819A (en) | Method and apparatus for controlling an electrochromic device | |
| CA1166731A (en) | Electrochromic display device | |
| US4335938A (en) | Electrochromic cells with improved electrolyte system | |
| US3892472A (en) | Self-supporting pigment layers for electrochromic display | |
| CA2152174C (en) | Electrochromic materials and displays | |
| US3998525A (en) | Edge lighted electrochromic displays | |
| US7158276B1 (en) | Pressure sensitive electrochromic device and method of fabricating the same | |
| US4571029A (en) | Electro-optical switching and memory display device | |
| US3819252A (en) | Additives that increase the stability of electrochromic films in electrochromic devices | |
| US3827784A (en) | Simple, bonded graphite counter electrode for electrochromic devices | |
| US3981560A (en) | Electrochromic display device | |
| US3973829A (en) | Electrochromic devices with partially pre-charged counterelectrodes | |
| JP2000122103A (en) | Display device | |
| US3940205A (en) | Electrochromic device having an indium electrode | |
| US4500878A (en) | Thermoelectrically controlled electrochromatic visualization device | |
| US4076386A (en) | Segmented electrochromic display general | |
| EP0084604A1 (en) | Thin film transistor-driven electrochromic display and system | |
| US4960323A (en) | Method for maintaining the electrochromic activity of an electrochromic material | |
| US4447133A (en) | Electrochromic device | |
| US4390246A (en) | Electrochromic device by oblique evaporation to improve the response of coloration and bleaching |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |