CA1090293A - Device for the production of ozone - Google Patents
Device for the production of ozoneInfo
- Publication number
- CA1090293A CA1090293A CA287,673A CA287673A CA1090293A CA 1090293 A CA1090293 A CA 1090293A CA 287673 A CA287673 A CA 287673A CA 1090293 A CA1090293 A CA 1090293A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- current
- conductive
- plates
- alternating
- inner walls
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T19/00—Devices providing for corona discharge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/10—Preparation of ozone
- C01B13/11—Preparation of ozone by electric discharge
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B13/00—Oxygen; Ozone; Oxides or hydroxides in general
- C01B13/10—Preparation of ozone
- C01B13/11—Preparation of ozone by electric discharge
- C01B13/115—Preparation of ozone by electric discharge characterised by the electrical circuits producing the electrical discharge
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T23/00—Apparatus for generating ions to be introduced into non-enclosed gases, e.g. into the atmosphere
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2201/00—Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge
- C01B2201/10—Dischargers used for production of ozone
- C01B2201/12—Plate-type dischargers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2201/00—Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge
- C01B2201/20—Electrodes used for obtaining electrical discharge
- C01B2201/22—Constructional details of the electrodes
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An apparatus for the production of ozone employing three parallel spaced plate shaped electrodes having electrically conductive surfaces and joining the ends thereof electrically non-conductive members. A pulsating voltage is applied to the outer plates causing ions to collect along the non-conductive members and a corona to form. An oxygen bearing gas stream passes through the chamber and ozone forms therein.
An apparatus for the production of ozone employing three parallel spaced plate shaped electrodes having electrically conductive surfaces and joining the ends thereof electrically non-conductive members. A pulsating voltage is applied to the outer plates causing ions to collect along the non-conductive members and a corona to form. An oxygen bearing gas stream passes through the chamber and ozone forms therein.
Description
"`` 1~3~3~ 3 BACKCROUND OF THE INVENTION
.
For the synthesis of ozone molecules energy is necessary which can be provided by photons or electrons. The apparatus using photons of 03 synthesis are ultra-violet lamps, X-ray equipment or chemico-nuclear reactors. The present ap-paratus in which electrons are used for 03 synthesis generates alternating-current or direct-current dis~harge coronas. Hither-to, there has been only one viable utilization of the direct-current discharge corona, namely as disclosed in applicant's U.S. Patent No. 4,062,748, granted December 13, 1977.
Alternating-current corona instruments to produce ozone have been known since the beginning of this century by the name "Siemens ozonisers". The basic principle of these alternating-current ozonisers is the known alternating-current corona which is generated in the space between the electrodes covered with dielectrics. Ozonisers with plate electrodes or tubular electrodes are based on this principle. In "Siemens ozonisers" the use of a dielectric is absolutely essential for generating the alternating-current corona. It has not been possible heretofore to generate an alternating-current corona without the said dielectric. Joule's heat which has to be dissipated from the ozoniser by cooling is produced in the dielectric. Further, the Siemens ozoniser requires dry gas in the space between the electrodes. Water has to be extracted ~rom the oxygen-containing gas down to 0.01 g of H20 per m3, which corresponds to a dew point of approximately -60C. It is impossible to generate an alternating-current corona if the humidity of the gas is at e.g. a dew point of ~20CI which corresponds to 17.5 g of H20 per m3. The problem of the invention ~' ~
~. -1-is to creat a device for the production of ozone, namely on the basis of an alternating-current high voltage, excluding a dielectric, cooling of the device and prior dehydration of the oxygen-containing gas for conversion into ozone.
This problem is solved with a device of the above-mentioned type by the fact that there are arranged spaced and standing opposite one another in the discharge tube whose walls consist of electrically-non-conductive material, two plate electrodes which are connected to an alternating-current high-voltage source and/or high-voltage source for pulsating direct current and between which at least one bipolar electrode is arranged free of current connectioh.
This solution is based on the following:
Atmospheric air or oxygen is partly ionised by cosmic radiation or by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. When such partly ionized air flows through the discharge tube of the device and when alternating-current voltage oscillates between the electrodes, the ions migrate by the known "skin effect" from the center of the discharge tube between the electrodes to its walls where a thin layer of electrically charges gas molecules or gas atoms accumulates. This layer is two to three times more electrically conductive than the total gas in the discharge tube.
On a further increase in the voltage, current begins to flow on the surface through the thin layer of ions, i.e. an alternating-current corona is generated which, in turn, generates many more ions from the molecular gas. These ions continue to collect by skin effect on the walls of the discharge tube. The )2~3 alternating-current of the corona (in the order of milliamperes) along the walls of the discharge tube can be controlled by the adjustable alternatin~current voltage.
If, on the other hand, a direct-current voltage is generated between the electrodes, no current at all flows between the electrodes and thus none either on the walls and none either between the plate electrodes.
When direct current flows through a homogeneous conductor the current distribution through the cross section is homogeneous, hence uniform. In the case of alternating-current or pulsating direct-current, the density of the current is displaced to the surface of the conductor. This "skin effect"
is utilized in the solution according to the invention, thereby presenting the following advantages:
The arrangement of a dielectric is superfluous and Joule's heat which otherwise occurs does not have to be dissipated.
At the relatively low temperature of the alternating-current corona no nitrous gases arise.
The device according to the invention requires no pre-dried air and consequently no additional energy.
In comparison with the device in the above-referenced U.S. Patent 4,062,748, there are, besides, the following advantages:
The electrodes and bipolar electrodes do not need any discharge points and an alternating-current transformer is used which is less expensive than a direct-current generator. The alternating-current corona starts at a substantially lower volt-age than does a direct-current corona, i.e. the voltage of the alternating-current corona lies between 5,000 and 40,000, i.e., it is controllable within a range of 35,000 volts. The direct-current corona on the device according to applicant's aforesaid~S. Patent 4j062,748, has a voltage of 2~,000 to 40,000 volts, i.e., twice as narrow a control range is present therewith as with the alternating-current corona. The breadth of the controll-~ sa2s3 able voltage of the corona is o~ importance for the electroniccontrol of the ozoniser.
A further important advantage of the present device over that according to applicant's aforesaid U.S. Patent 4,062,748 lies in the fact that with this alternating-current corona many more bipolar electrodes can be used than with the direct-current corona and, therefore, the ozone yield in g/kWh is even larger than that indeed obtained on the device operated by direct cur-rent in comparison with the known state of the art.
More specifically, then the present invention relates to an apparatus for production of ozone comprising:
(a) a tube, having a central axis, open at each end and having electrically non-conductive inner walls, (b) first and second electrically conductive plates aligned with each other in spaced relationship and with the said axis, and extending to said inner walls, (c) a first bipolar electrode interposed between said first and second conductive plates and extending to said inner walls, (d) a source of pulsating current connected to said Eirst and said second conductive plates; and (e) means for introducing oxygen containing gas into said tube.
The device according to the invention is explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
Figure 1 is a perspective and sectional view of the device according to the invention with two discharge tubes ar-ranged next to one another and comprising multiple members;
Figure 2 is a side view of a discharge tube partly in longitudinal section and partly in elevation;
Figure 3 is a cross section of a discharge tube in a special form of construction;
Figure 4 is a cross section of a further form of con-struction of discharge tubes arranged in a block;
Figure 5 is a top view of a special form of construc-tion of a bipolar electrode;
Figure 6 is the sine curve of an alternating-current in conjunction with a pulsating direct-current; and Figure 7 is the electrical circuit for generating the alternating current with pulsating direct current.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT:
The discharge tubes 1 consist of an electrically non-conductive material, for example PVC or the like. Grooves 5 have inserted in them metal plates which form the discharge electrode 4, the earthed electrode 3 and the bipolar electrodes 2.
An impedance 9 is connected in series between electrode 3 and the output of high-voltage transformer 11, the input there-of being connected to alternating-current source 13. With an alternating-current output from the transformer 11 of about 7,000 volts an alternating-current corona 7 appears on the inner sur-face of the walls of the discharge tube 1. The alternating-cur-rent corona 7 start directly at the points where the walls ofthe discharge tube 1 meet the surfaces of the electrodes 2, 3 or 4. The length of the light-emitting alternating-current coronas 7 is approximately 2 to 3 mm at any given time. With a further increase of the alternating-current voltage the alternating-cur-rent of the corona rises and the corona 7 remains stable up to approximately 1000 V of voltage per mm of length of the gap be-tween electrodes 3, 4. I, however, the alternating-current voltage is increased still further, short-circuits start immed-iately between the electrodes 2,3,4, which means that the current ought not to be increased further. The impedance 9 improves in-ductive reactance in the discharge channels 1', although it is not important for the principle of the generation of alter-nating-current coronas. Each corona 7 is 39(~Z93 constantly retained on the corresponding inner faces of the channels 1' and never jumps into the middle of the individual channels 1'. Additional grooves 6 (Fig. 1) are not essential to the operating principle, although they represent an advantageous development with regard to possible dust deposits over a lengthy period of operation. If dust were to settle on the walls of the channel 1' after a long time, conductivity on the walls of the channels 1' could be prejudiced. The grooves 6 break up the possible layer of dust on the inner walls, however, and forestall the additional conductivity of the possible layer of dust.
Fig. 2 shows that the bipolar electrodes 2 cease a little before the ends of the discharge tube 1, while the electrodes 3, 4 are carried on the connection side as far as the appropriate end of the discharge tube 1. Direct discharges between the ends of the electrodes 3, 4 are thereby avoided.
Fig. 3 shows another form of construction of the discharge tube consisting of a metal profile 14 which has inserted on the inside plates 15 consisting of an electrically non-conductive material. These plates 15 are formed from PVC, ceramic, glass or the like. Here, the high-voltage electrode 4 rests in the middle of the tube and the upper and lower walls of the metal profile 14 simultaneously form the earthed electrodes 3. To a certain degree such a tube forms in itself a double channel where material is saved on the electrodes 4, as well as one wall of the discharge tube, in comparison with an arrangement according to Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 represents a block of several discharge tubes arranged in parallel. The entire block is composed of metal plates, insulated plates and screws. The metal plates 16, 17 engage over several channel~ and form the electrodes 3, 4 and 02~3 bipolar electrodes 2. The vertical insulator plates 18 are fixed with screws 19 or connected in another way to the metal plates 16, 17. The complete block is tightened with screw bolts 20. The bolts 20 pass through walls 21 which consist of an electrically non-conductive material, hence are electrical insulators.
The electrodes 2, 3, 4 normally consist of simple metal strips, such as stainless steel or the like, which slip into grooves 5. As shown in Fig. 5, the metal strips for the bipolar electrodes 2 can be provided with small holes 22 which improve the exchange of metastable ions in the channels 1' be-tween the b ~ lar electrodes 2.
A sine-wave current with a frequency of 50Hz can be used to generate the alternating-current coronas. Other frequencies, such as to 10 K~z, are likewise useful. A sine-wave form of the alternating-current is not absolutely necessary.
In ozone production, with the device described, a mixture of alternating current and pulsating direct current can also be utiliæed. Such a wave form is represented in Fig. 6. The amplitude of the alternating-current varies from the negative half cycle 23 to the positive half cycle 25 etc. If, for example, a semi-amplitude is filtered off from the positive half cycle 25, the entire sine-wave form of the alternating current is distorted, as shown in Fig. 6, i.e. the negative half cycle 23 remains unaffected and the positive half cycle is reduced to the semi-amplitude 24. Such a wave form of the current can be achieved, for example, with the circuit represented in Fig. 7. The high-voltage transformer 11 serves as a source for the alternating-current. A half-wave rectifier 26 is inserted in series with the high-voltage cable 8. The electtical circuit is closed via ()2~83 the channel 1 and the earthed cable 10 back to the high-voltage transformer 11. A pulsating direct-current with only the half cycle 23 (Fig. 6) is generated in such an electrical circuit.
If, however, for example, a capacitor 27, an impedance 28 or an ohmic resistor 30 is connected in parallel to the rectifier 26, another positive half cycle with reduced amplitude 24 flows through capacitor 27, impedance 28 or resistor 30. The ampli-tude of the pulse 24 can be controlled by varying the capacit-ance of the capacitor 27, the inductive resistance of the imped-ance 28 or resistance of the resistor 30. The term "pulsatingcurrent" as employed in the claims is intended to encompass alternating, half-wave and pulsating direct-current.
The said electrical elements can be selectively inserted in the circuit by means of an appropriate one of the switches 29. With the circuit according to Fig. 7 the form of the current can, therefore, be varied from 100% pulsating direct-current to a mixture of direct-current and alternating-current and, further, to 100% alternating-current. The circuit represented in Fig. 7 is useful for varying the corona para-meters, for the kinetics of ozone synthesis, and also for other chemical syntheses conducted with corona discharges.
The discharge tube 1 (Fig. 1) consists of hard PVC.
The inside width of the channels 1' is 14 mm and the inside height of all channels 1' is around 40 to 60 mm. The thickness of the PVC walls of the discharge tube 1 is 7 mm. The axial length of the discharge tube 1 is about 1 to 3 mm. The depth of the grooves 5 is 2.5 mm and their height is 0.8 mm. The width of the electrodes 2, 3, 4 is 18 mm and their thickness is around 0.6 mm. The gap between the electrodes 2, 3, 4 is 7 to 20 mm. The electrodes 2, 3 4 consist of aluminum, stain-~09~ 3 less steel or the like. Particularly suitable is stainless steel grade X8 Cr 17, material number 14016. The electrodes
.
For the synthesis of ozone molecules energy is necessary which can be provided by photons or electrons. The apparatus using photons of 03 synthesis are ultra-violet lamps, X-ray equipment or chemico-nuclear reactors. The present ap-paratus in which electrons are used for 03 synthesis generates alternating-current or direct-current dis~harge coronas. Hither-to, there has been only one viable utilization of the direct-current discharge corona, namely as disclosed in applicant's U.S. Patent No. 4,062,748, granted December 13, 1977.
Alternating-current corona instruments to produce ozone have been known since the beginning of this century by the name "Siemens ozonisers". The basic principle of these alternating-current ozonisers is the known alternating-current corona which is generated in the space between the electrodes covered with dielectrics. Ozonisers with plate electrodes or tubular electrodes are based on this principle. In "Siemens ozonisers" the use of a dielectric is absolutely essential for generating the alternating-current corona. It has not been possible heretofore to generate an alternating-current corona without the said dielectric. Joule's heat which has to be dissipated from the ozoniser by cooling is produced in the dielectric. Further, the Siemens ozoniser requires dry gas in the space between the electrodes. Water has to be extracted ~rom the oxygen-containing gas down to 0.01 g of H20 per m3, which corresponds to a dew point of approximately -60C. It is impossible to generate an alternating-current corona if the humidity of the gas is at e.g. a dew point of ~20CI which corresponds to 17.5 g of H20 per m3. The problem of the invention ~' ~
~. -1-is to creat a device for the production of ozone, namely on the basis of an alternating-current high voltage, excluding a dielectric, cooling of the device and prior dehydration of the oxygen-containing gas for conversion into ozone.
This problem is solved with a device of the above-mentioned type by the fact that there are arranged spaced and standing opposite one another in the discharge tube whose walls consist of electrically-non-conductive material, two plate electrodes which are connected to an alternating-current high-voltage source and/or high-voltage source for pulsating direct current and between which at least one bipolar electrode is arranged free of current connectioh.
This solution is based on the following:
Atmospheric air or oxygen is partly ionised by cosmic radiation or by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. When such partly ionized air flows through the discharge tube of the device and when alternating-current voltage oscillates between the electrodes, the ions migrate by the known "skin effect" from the center of the discharge tube between the electrodes to its walls where a thin layer of electrically charges gas molecules or gas atoms accumulates. This layer is two to three times more electrically conductive than the total gas in the discharge tube.
On a further increase in the voltage, current begins to flow on the surface through the thin layer of ions, i.e. an alternating-current corona is generated which, in turn, generates many more ions from the molecular gas. These ions continue to collect by skin effect on the walls of the discharge tube. The )2~3 alternating-current of the corona (in the order of milliamperes) along the walls of the discharge tube can be controlled by the adjustable alternatin~current voltage.
If, on the other hand, a direct-current voltage is generated between the electrodes, no current at all flows between the electrodes and thus none either on the walls and none either between the plate electrodes.
When direct current flows through a homogeneous conductor the current distribution through the cross section is homogeneous, hence uniform. In the case of alternating-current or pulsating direct-current, the density of the current is displaced to the surface of the conductor. This "skin effect"
is utilized in the solution according to the invention, thereby presenting the following advantages:
The arrangement of a dielectric is superfluous and Joule's heat which otherwise occurs does not have to be dissipated.
At the relatively low temperature of the alternating-current corona no nitrous gases arise.
The device according to the invention requires no pre-dried air and consequently no additional energy.
In comparison with the device in the above-referenced U.S. Patent 4,062,748, there are, besides, the following advantages:
The electrodes and bipolar electrodes do not need any discharge points and an alternating-current transformer is used which is less expensive than a direct-current generator. The alternating-current corona starts at a substantially lower volt-age than does a direct-current corona, i.e. the voltage of the alternating-current corona lies between 5,000 and 40,000, i.e., it is controllable within a range of 35,000 volts. The direct-current corona on the device according to applicant's aforesaid~S. Patent 4j062,748, has a voltage of 2~,000 to 40,000 volts, i.e., twice as narrow a control range is present therewith as with the alternating-current corona. The breadth of the controll-~ sa2s3 able voltage of the corona is o~ importance for the electroniccontrol of the ozoniser.
A further important advantage of the present device over that according to applicant's aforesaid U.S. Patent 4,062,748 lies in the fact that with this alternating-current corona many more bipolar electrodes can be used than with the direct-current corona and, therefore, the ozone yield in g/kWh is even larger than that indeed obtained on the device operated by direct cur-rent in comparison with the known state of the art.
More specifically, then the present invention relates to an apparatus for production of ozone comprising:
(a) a tube, having a central axis, open at each end and having electrically non-conductive inner walls, (b) first and second electrically conductive plates aligned with each other in spaced relationship and with the said axis, and extending to said inner walls, (c) a first bipolar electrode interposed between said first and second conductive plates and extending to said inner walls, (d) a source of pulsating current connected to said Eirst and said second conductive plates; and (e) means for introducing oxygen containing gas into said tube.
The device according to the invention is explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
Figure 1 is a perspective and sectional view of the device according to the invention with two discharge tubes ar-ranged next to one another and comprising multiple members;
Figure 2 is a side view of a discharge tube partly in longitudinal section and partly in elevation;
Figure 3 is a cross section of a discharge tube in a special form of construction;
Figure 4 is a cross section of a further form of con-struction of discharge tubes arranged in a block;
Figure 5 is a top view of a special form of construc-tion of a bipolar electrode;
Figure 6 is the sine curve of an alternating-current in conjunction with a pulsating direct-current; and Figure 7 is the electrical circuit for generating the alternating current with pulsating direct current.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT:
The discharge tubes 1 consist of an electrically non-conductive material, for example PVC or the like. Grooves 5 have inserted in them metal plates which form the discharge electrode 4, the earthed electrode 3 and the bipolar electrodes 2.
An impedance 9 is connected in series between electrode 3 and the output of high-voltage transformer 11, the input there-of being connected to alternating-current source 13. With an alternating-current output from the transformer 11 of about 7,000 volts an alternating-current corona 7 appears on the inner sur-face of the walls of the discharge tube 1. The alternating-cur-rent corona 7 start directly at the points where the walls ofthe discharge tube 1 meet the surfaces of the electrodes 2, 3 or 4. The length of the light-emitting alternating-current coronas 7 is approximately 2 to 3 mm at any given time. With a further increase of the alternating-current voltage the alternating-cur-rent of the corona rises and the corona 7 remains stable up to approximately 1000 V of voltage per mm of length of the gap be-tween electrodes 3, 4. I, however, the alternating-current voltage is increased still further, short-circuits start immed-iately between the electrodes 2,3,4, which means that the current ought not to be increased further. The impedance 9 improves in-ductive reactance in the discharge channels 1', although it is not important for the principle of the generation of alter-nating-current coronas. Each corona 7 is 39(~Z93 constantly retained on the corresponding inner faces of the channels 1' and never jumps into the middle of the individual channels 1'. Additional grooves 6 (Fig. 1) are not essential to the operating principle, although they represent an advantageous development with regard to possible dust deposits over a lengthy period of operation. If dust were to settle on the walls of the channel 1' after a long time, conductivity on the walls of the channels 1' could be prejudiced. The grooves 6 break up the possible layer of dust on the inner walls, however, and forestall the additional conductivity of the possible layer of dust.
Fig. 2 shows that the bipolar electrodes 2 cease a little before the ends of the discharge tube 1, while the electrodes 3, 4 are carried on the connection side as far as the appropriate end of the discharge tube 1. Direct discharges between the ends of the electrodes 3, 4 are thereby avoided.
Fig. 3 shows another form of construction of the discharge tube consisting of a metal profile 14 which has inserted on the inside plates 15 consisting of an electrically non-conductive material. These plates 15 are formed from PVC, ceramic, glass or the like. Here, the high-voltage electrode 4 rests in the middle of the tube and the upper and lower walls of the metal profile 14 simultaneously form the earthed electrodes 3. To a certain degree such a tube forms in itself a double channel where material is saved on the electrodes 4, as well as one wall of the discharge tube, in comparison with an arrangement according to Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 represents a block of several discharge tubes arranged in parallel. The entire block is composed of metal plates, insulated plates and screws. The metal plates 16, 17 engage over several channel~ and form the electrodes 3, 4 and 02~3 bipolar electrodes 2. The vertical insulator plates 18 are fixed with screws 19 or connected in another way to the metal plates 16, 17. The complete block is tightened with screw bolts 20. The bolts 20 pass through walls 21 which consist of an electrically non-conductive material, hence are electrical insulators.
The electrodes 2, 3, 4 normally consist of simple metal strips, such as stainless steel or the like, which slip into grooves 5. As shown in Fig. 5, the metal strips for the bipolar electrodes 2 can be provided with small holes 22 which improve the exchange of metastable ions in the channels 1' be-tween the b ~ lar electrodes 2.
A sine-wave current with a frequency of 50Hz can be used to generate the alternating-current coronas. Other frequencies, such as to 10 K~z, are likewise useful. A sine-wave form of the alternating-current is not absolutely necessary.
In ozone production, with the device described, a mixture of alternating current and pulsating direct current can also be utiliæed. Such a wave form is represented in Fig. 6. The amplitude of the alternating-current varies from the negative half cycle 23 to the positive half cycle 25 etc. If, for example, a semi-amplitude is filtered off from the positive half cycle 25, the entire sine-wave form of the alternating current is distorted, as shown in Fig. 6, i.e. the negative half cycle 23 remains unaffected and the positive half cycle is reduced to the semi-amplitude 24. Such a wave form of the current can be achieved, for example, with the circuit represented in Fig. 7. The high-voltage transformer 11 serves as a source for the alternating-current. A half-wave rectifier 26 is inserted in series with the high-voltage cable 8. The electtical circuit is closed via ()2~83 the channel 1 and the earthed cable 10 back to the high-voltage transformer 11. A pulsating direct-current with only the half cycle 23 (Fig. 6) is generated in such an electrical circuit.
If, however, for example, a capacitor 27, an impedance 28 or an ohmic resistor 30 is connected in parallel to the rectifier 26, another positive half cycle with reduced amplitude 24 flows through capacitor 27, impedance 28 or resistor 30. The ampli-tude of the pulse 24 can be controlled by varying the capacit-ance of the capacitor 27, the inductive resistance of the imped-ance 28 or resistance of the resistor 30. The term "pulsatingcurrent" as employed in the claims is intended to encompass alternating, half-wave and pulsating direct-current.
The said electrical elements can be selectively inserted in the circuit by means of an appropriate one of the switches 29. With the circuit according to Fig. 7 the form of the current can, therefore, be varied from 100% pulsating direct-current to a mixture of direct-current and alternating-current and, further, to 100% alternating-current. The circuit represented in Fig. 7 is useful for varying the corona para-meters, for the kinetics of ozone synthesis, and also for other chemical syntheses conducted with corona discharges.
The discharge tube 1 (Fig. 1) consists of hard PVC.
The inside width of the channels 1' is 14 mm and the inside height of all channels 1' is around 40 to 60 mm. The thickness of the PVC walls of the discharge tube 1 is 7 mm. The axial length of the discharge tube 1 is about 1 to 3 mm. The depth of the grooves 5 is 2.5 mm and their height is 0.8 mm. The width of the electrodes 2, 3, 4 is 18 mm and their thickness is around 0.6 mm. The gap between the electrodes 2, 3, 4 is 7 to 20 mm. The electrodes 2, 3 4 consist of aluminum, stain-~09~ 3 less steel or the like. Particularly suitable is stainless steel grade X8 Cr 17, material number 14016. The electrodes
2 are provided in the middle with holes approximately 2mm in diameter and with a spaciny between them of 8 mm. The high-voltage transformer 11 has to generate a voltage of up to 40,000 Volts, controllable from zero to 40,000 Volts. The choke 9 inserted in series with the cable 10 lies in the millihenry (mH) range. The energy input for a discharge tube 1 m long is between 30 to 50 watts. The energy input for a discharge tube 1 with a length of 3 m is approximately 100 watts. The energy input for a double discharge tube, as represented in Fig. 3, is twice that mentioned above. The channels can be composed in parallel in any number desired. With an energy input of 1 Kilowatt approximately 30 discharge tubes, each 1 m long, or 10 discharge tubes, each 3 m long, can be fed. For double tubes, each 1 m long, 15 channels are required for 1 Kilowatt of energy input.
The oxygen-containing gas must be cleaned of large dust particles. The size of the dust particles present may not exceed 3 microns. The humidity of the oxygen-containing gas can lie between minus 41 dew point and plus 46 dew point, i.e., between 0.1 g H20/M3 and 70g H2O/M . This air humidity is approximately 2000 times greater than that required by present-day Siemens ozonisers, i.e. the device described requires no dry air, generates no heat and, consequently, needs no cooling.
At an energy input of 0.5kw, for example, the temperature of the oxygen-containing gas is 23C at the entrance of the discharge tube and 24C at the exlt. The absolute pressure of the oxygen-containing gas supplied by a gas feeder 31 can lie between 0.6 atm. and 2 atm. A higher gas pressure will not disturb the corona, however. The concentration of ozone per litre of air at dew point plus 20C. (17.5 g ~20/M3) is between 1 mg/l and 02~3 25 mg/l. With a constant energy input, variation of the ozone concentration depends on the air volume only.
The efficiency of the device described, defined as grams of ozone per kilowatt-hour, depends on the electrical grad-ient across the total gap of electrodes 3, 4 (defined as volts per millimeter - V/mm), as well as on the number of bipolar elec-trodes 2 (Nbi) and on a constant (C). The ollowing mathemati-cal relation is obtained:
g 03/kWh = (V/mm). (Nbi + 1) With this equation the ozone production per kilowatt-hour can be calculated from the experimental data given in the following tables 1 and 2:
2~3 . I
rEST GAP CURREN ¦ 1 bipolar ¦ 2 bip lar 13 bip ~lar (mm) (mA) KV ¦V/mm ¦ KV V/mm KV V/mm C
~UMBER
I
1 40 0,126,2 1 655 29,5737 31,0775 110 _ l _ 2 40 0,229,0 1 725 31,6790 33,2830 50 _ ....... ~ _ .. _
The oxygen-containing gas must be cleaned of large dust particles. The size of the dust particles present may not exceed 3 microns. The humidity of the oxygen-containing gas can lie between minus 41 dew point and plus 46 dew point, i.e., between 0.1 g H20/M3 and 70g H2O/M . This air humidity is approximately 2000 times greater than that required by present-day Siemens ozonisers, i.e. the device described requires no dry air, generates no heat and, consequently, needs no cooling.
At an energy input of 0.5kw, for example, the temperature of the oxygen-containing gas is 23C at the entrance of the discharge tube and 24C at the exlt. The absolute pressure of the oxygen-containing gas supplied by a gas feeder 31 can lie between 0.6 atm. and 2 atm. A higher gas pressure will not disturb the corona, however. The concentration of ozone per litre of air at dew point plus 20C. (17.5 g ~20/M3) is between 1 mg/l and 02~3 25 mg/l. With a constant energy input, variation of the ozone concentration depends on the air volume only.
The efficiency of the device described, defined as grams of ozone per kilowatt-hour, depends on the electrical grad-ient across the total gap of electrodes 3, 4 (defined as volts per millimeter - V/mm), as well as on the number of bipolar elec-trodes 2 (Nbi) and on a constant (C). The ollowing mathemati-cal relation is obtained:
g 03/kWh = (V/mm). (Nbi + 1) With this equation the ozone production per kilowatt-hour can be calculated from the experimental data given in the following tables 1 and 2:
2~3 . I
rEST GAP CURREN ¦ 1 bipolar ¦ 2 bip lar 13 bip ~lar (mm) (mA) KV ¦V/mm ¦ KV V/mm KV V/mm C
~UMBER
I
1 40 0,126,2 1 655 29,5737 31,0775 110 _ l _ 2 40 0,229,0 1 725 31,6790 33,2830 50 _ ....... ~ _ .. _
3 40 0,3 30,8 770 33,2830 34,8870 36 . , _ .~ . . _
4 40 0,4 32,1 802 34,7867 36,2905 32 . . .. ..
0,5 33,5 837 36,0900 37,3932 30 ~ . ........... . _ 6 40 0,6 35,0 875 36,9922 38,2955 33 ,: ; . _ 7 -i 40 0,7 35,9 897 38,0950 39,2980 45 _ _ 8 40 0,8 36,7 917 39,0975 40,01000 66 9 40 0,9 37,5 937 39,7992 ___ ___ 100 1,0 38,4 960 ______ ___ ___ 140 .
11 40 1,1 39,0 975 ~- ___ ___ ___ ___ 165 _.
~l2L~ ~ ~ L
lt~()2~3 _ TEST- GAP CURRENT 1 bipolar 3 bipolar 5 bipolar C
NUMB3R (mm) (m~) KV V/mm KV V/mm KV V/mm 1 45 0,1 11, 1 262 12,0 266 12,3 273 37 2 45 0,215,/ 34916,0355 16,2 360 70 3 45 0,319,8 44020,0444 20,5 455 56 4 45 0,423,0 51123,2515 23,5 522 40 105 45 0,525,2 56025,6568 25,8 573 30 _ 6 45 0,627,4 60827,7615 28,0 622 22 _ _ 7 45 0,729,3 65129,8-662 30,1 668 20 _ __ ___ 8 45 0,831,0 68831,4697 31,5 700 19 9 45 0,932,7 72633,0733 33,3 740 19 _ 1,034,_ 76234,6769 34,8 773 24 : 11 45 1,135,6 79136,0800 36,2 804 40 2012 45 1,236,8 81737,2826 37.5 833 65 __ __ __ .
13 45 1,337,5 83338,0844 38,3 851 95 __ __ _ _ . .
14 45 1,438,8 86238.8862 39,0 866 123 . _ __ 1,539,5 87739,7882 40,0 888 133 ~0~3 By the gap in mm in the attached Tables 1 and 2 is meant the gap between electrodes 3,4. The current (mA) is the corona current ana the voltage (kV) is given for the appropriate bipolar electrode 2 and the gradient of the corona indicated in V/mm. The data in Tables 1, 2 relate to a discharge tube 1 m in length. Table 1 contains for comparison the data for a direct-current corona discharge with tooth-shaped bipolar electrodes according to applicant's copending application Serial Number 717,190. Table 2 contains the data for alternating-current coronas with bipolar electrodes 2, hence the data which is obtainable with the p~esent device.
The constant C in the tables is an experimental constant which can be calculated according to the above-mentioned formula.
The constant C is a function of several physical parameters which represent mathematically a non-linear system.
The data in Tables 1 and 2 are measured at an air pressure of 760 torr and at a dew point between plus 15 and plus 20C.
The values of the ozone yield at any given time can be calculated in g/kWh directly from the volumes in the table according to the above-mentioned formula.
0,5 33,5 837 36,0900 37,3932 30 ~ . ........... . _ 6 40 0,6 35,0 875 36,9922 38,2955 33 ,: ; . _ 7 -i 40 0,7 35,9 897 38,0950 39,2980 45 _ _ 8 40 0,8 36,7 917 39,0975 40,01000 66 9 40 0,9 37,5 937 39,7992 ___ ___ 100 1,0 38,4 960 ______ ___ ___ 140 .
11 40 1,1 39,0 975 ~- ___ ___ ___ ___ 165 _.
~l2L~ ~ ~ L
lt~()2~3 _ TEST- GAP CURRENT 1 bipolar 3 bipolar 5 bipolar C
NUMB3R (mm) (m~) KV V/mm KV V/mm KV V/mm 1 45 0,1 11, 1 262 12,0 266 12,3 273 37 2 45 0,215,/ 34916,0355 16,2 360 70 3 45 0,319,8 44020,0444 20,5 455 56 4 45 0,423,0 51123,2515 23,5 522 40 105 45 0,525,2 56025,6568 25,8 573 30 _ 6 45 0,627,4 60827,7615 28,0 622 22 _ _ 7 45 0,729,3 65129,8-662 30,1 668 20 _ __ ___ 8 45 0,831,0 68831,4697 31,5 700 19 9 45 0,932,7 72633,0733 33,3 740 19 _ 1,034,_ 76234,6769 34,8 773 24 : 11 45 1,135,6 79136,0800 36,2 804 40 2012 45 1,236,8 81737,2826 37.5 833 65 __ __ __ .
13 45 1,337,5 83338,0844 38,3 851 95 __ __ _ _ . .
14 45 1,438,8 86238.8862 39,0 866 123 . _ __ 1,539,5 87739,7882 40,0 888 133 ~0~3 By the gap in mm in the attached Tables 1 and 2 is meant the gap between electrodes 3,4. The current (mA) is the corona current ana the voltage (kV) is given for the appropriate bipolar electrode 2 and the gradient of the corona indicated in V/mm. The data in Tables 1, 2 relate to a discharge tube 1 m in length. Table 1 contains for comparison the data for a direct-current corona discharge with tooth-shaped bipolar electrodes according to applicant's copending application Serial Number 717,190. Table 2 contains the data for alternating-current coronas with bipolar electrodes 2, hence the data which is obtainable with the p~esent device.
The constant C in the tables is an experimental constant which can be calculated according to the above-mentioned formula.
The constant C is a function of several physical parameters which represent mathematically a non-linear system.
The data in Tables 1 and 2 are measured at an air pressure of 760 torr and at a dew point between plus 15 and plus 20C.
The values of the ozone yield at any given time can be calculated in g/kWh directly from the volumes in the table according to the above-mentioned formula.
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An apparatus for production of ozone comprising:
(a) a tube, having a central axis, open at each end and having electrically non-conductive inner walls;
(b) first and second electrically conductive plates aligned with each other in spaced relationship and with the said axis, and extending to said inner walls;
(c) a first bipolar electrode interposed between said first and second conductive plates and extending to said inner walls, (d) a source of pulsating current connected to said first and said second conductive plates; and (e) means for introducing oxygen containing gas into said tube.
(a) a tube, having a central axis, open at each end and having electrically non-conductive inner walls;
(b) first and second electrically conductive plates aligned with each other in spaced relationship and with the said axis, and extending to said inner walls;
(c) a first bipolar electrode interposed between said first and second conductive plates and extending to said inner walls, (d) a source of pulsating current connected to said first and said second conductive plates; and (e) means for introducing oxygen containing gas into said tube.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 including slots in the said inner walls for receiving said plates.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 including a third electri-cally conductive plate spaced from the said first electrically conductive plate and electrically connected to said second elec-trically conductive plate and a second bipolar electrode inter-posed between said first and third plates.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said first bi-polar electrode is perforated.
5. An apparatus for production of ozone comprising:
(a) a tube, having a central axis, open at each end and formed of an electrically conductive material, having a first pair of opposed faces and a second pair of opposed electrically non-conductive inner walls, (b) an electrode interposed between said pair of opposed faces and extending between said second pair of opposed elec-trically non-conductive inner walls, (c) a source of pulsating current connected between said electrode and said tube, (d) a bipolar electrode interposed between said electrode and each of said opposed faces; and (e) means for introducing oxygen containing gas into said tube.
(a) a tube, having a central axis, open at each end and formed of an electrically conductive material, having a first pair of opposed faces and a second pair of opposed electrically non-conductive inner walls, (b) an electrode interposed between said pair of opposed faces and extending between said second pair of opposed elec-trically non-conductive inner walls, (c) a source of pulsating current connected between said electrode and said tube, (d) a bipolar electrode interposed between said electrode and each of said opposed faces; and (e) means for introducing oxygen containing gas into said tube.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said bipolar electrode is perforated.
7. The apparatus of claim 3, including a plurality of electrically non-conductive members extending between the elec-trically conductive plates and bipolar electrodes defining a plur-ality of parallel chambers.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein grooves are located in said non-conductive side walls between said plates and said bipolar electrodes.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2644978A DE2644978C3 (en) | 1976-10-06 | 1976-10-06 | Device for the production of ozone |
| DEP2644978.5 | 1976-10-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1090293A true CA1090293A (en) | 1980-11-25 |
Family
ID=5989748
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA287,673A Expired CA1090293A (en) | 1976-10-06 | 1977-09-28 | Device for the production of ozone |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4152603A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS53114797A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE858796A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1090293A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2644978C3 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI772854A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2367017A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1589394A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1088502B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7710889A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO773398L (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7711015L (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5094822A (en) * | 1989-06-20 | 1992-03-10 | Dunder Ove K | Ozone generator |
| US5578280A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1996-11-26 | Americal Environmental Technologies, Inc. | Ozone generator with a generally spherical corona chamber |
Families Citing this family (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3043176A1 (en) * | 1980-11-15 | 1982-10-07 | Krauss, Ralf Horst, Palma de Mallorca | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING OZONE |
| JPS58155643A (en) * | 1982-03-10 | 1983-09-16 | Toshiba Corp | Glow-like discharge generator |
| CH660475A5 (en) * | 1984-06-27 | 1987-04-30 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | HIGH PERFORMANCE OZONIZER. |
| US4859429A (en) * | 1988-06-30 | 1989-08-22 | Technological Resources Corp. | Ozone generating device |
| US5008087A (en) * | 1990-06-06 | 1991-04-16 | American Ozone Systems, Inc. | Ozone generator apparatus and method |
| US5169606A (en) * | 1990-06-06 | 1992-12-08 | American Ozone Systems, Inc. | Ozone generator apparatus |
| DE4141025C2 (en) * | 1991-12-12 | 1996-01-18 | Manfred Prof Dr Rer Na Rimpler | Device for generating ozone |
| CA2072828A1 (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1993-12-31 | Richard Luscombe-Mills | Ozone generator |
| GB9719858D0 (en) | 1997-09-19 | 1997-11-19 | Aea Technology Plc | Corona discharge reactor |
| US6464945B1 (en) * | 1999-03-11 | 2002-10-15 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Non-thermal plasma exhaust NOx reactor |
| US6338827B1 (en) * | 1999-06-29 | 2002-01-15 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Stacked shape plasma reactor design for treating auto emissions |
| JP2016037420A (en) * | 2014-08-08 | 2016-03-22 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Ozone generator and fault diagnosis method for the same |
| JP2016037419A (en) * | 2014-08-08 | 2016-03-22 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Ozone generator |
| JP2016042752A (en) * | 2014-08-15 | 2016-03-31 | 日本碍子株式会社 | Ozone generator |
| RU2660870C2 (en) * | 2016-05-18 | 2018-07-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Чувашский государственный университет имени И.Н. Ульянова" | Ozonator |
| WO2018178732A1 (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-10-04 | Rebek Laszlo | Device with improved characteristics to facilitate the production of ozone, instrument for the production of ozone equipped with a special device, and equipment for increasing the effectiveness of ozone treatment |
| RU2699265C1 (en) * | 2019-01-09 | 2019-09-04 | федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Ставропольский государственный аграрный университет" | Portable self-contained ozone generation device |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB189405656A (en) * | 1894-03-17 | 1895-01-12 | August Schneller | Improvements in the Production of Ozone and in Apparatus therefor. |
| FR1584554A (en) * | 1968-06-17 | 1969-12-26 | ||
| DE2539715C3 (en) * | 1975-09-06 | 1978-06-22 | Pavel Dr. 3257 Springe Imris | Device for the production of ozone |
-
1976
- 1976-10-06 DE DE2644978A patent/DE2644978C3/en not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-09-16 BE BE180986A patent/BE858796A/en unknown
- 1977-09-28 FI FI772854A patent/FI772854A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-09-28 CA CA287,673A patent/CA1090293A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-10-03 SE SE7711015A patent/SE7711015L/en unknown
- 1977-10-04 NL NL7710889A patent/NL7710889A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-10-05 GB GB41473/77A patent/GB1589394A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-10-05 US US05/839,440 patent/US4152603A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1977-10-05 NO NO773398A patent/NO773398L/en unknown
- 1977-10-05 JP JP11910477A patent/JPS53114797A/en active Pending
- 1977-10-05 IT IT28292/77A patent/IT1088502B/en active
- 1977-10-06 FR FR7730081A patent/FR2367017A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5094822A (en) * | 1989-06-20 | 1992-03-10 | Dunder Ove K | Ozone generator |
| US5578280A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1996-11-26 | Americal Environmental Technologies, Inc. | Ozone generator with a generally spherical corona chamber |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL7710889A (en) | 1978-04-10 |
| DE2644978C3 (en) | 1980-10-30 |
| DE2644978A1 (en) | 1978-04-13 |
| FR2367017A1 (en) | 1978-05-05 |
| NO773398L (en) | 1978-04-07 |
| FI772854A (en) | 1978-04-07 |
| BE858796A (en) | 1978-01-16 |
| DE2644978B2 (en) | 1980-03-06 |
| SE7711015L (en) | 1978-04-07 |
| IT1088502B (en) | 1985-06-10 |
| JPS53114797A (en) | 1978-10-06 |
| GB1589394A (en) | 1981-05-13 |
| US4152603A (en) | 1979-05-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 19971125 |