CA1093182A

CA1093182A - Refrigeration control system

Info

Publication number: CA1093182A
Application number: CA292,486A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Kenneth J. Kountz
Original assignee: Borg Warner Corp
Current assignee: Borg Warner Corp
Priority date: 1976-12-27
Filing date: 1977-12-06
Publication date: 1981-01-06
Also published as: IT1089180B; AU513723B2; DE2757832C2; FR2375559A1; JPS5383242A; AU3140677A; US4112703A; JPS617367B2; GB1586809A; DE2757832A1; BR7708677A; FR2375559B1; MX143450A

Abstract

ABSTRACT

A controlled space is maintained at a desired set point temperature by adjusting the refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet in a refrigeration system, thereby controlling the evaporator effectiveness or capacity which is inversely proportional to the outlet temperature. When the space temperature tends to vary from the desired set point due to a changing heat load, the control system automatically changes the refrigerant flow through the evaporator to establish the evaporator outlet temperature at the control point required to maintain the controlled space at the desired temperature. More specifically, in response to a space temperature increase, the flow rate of the refrigerant increases; and in response to a drop below the set point, the refrigerant flow decreases. Such control of the flow rate is achieved by varying the actuation of an electromechanical valve, such as a solenoid valve, interposed between the condenser and evaporator in the refrigeration system, the valve also serving as the system's expansion device. When the heat load on the evaporator is constant, the refrigerant flow is controlled in order to hold the evaporator outlet temperature fixed at the required control point.

Description

~4196~
~9i3~8;~

This invention relates to a control system for controlling the operaeion of a refrigeration system, particularly an automotive air-conditioning system, to obtain maximum efficiency and to conserve energy.
Air-conditioning systems for automotive vehicles, such as automobiies, trucks and buses, are subject to widely varying operating conditions (for e~ample, heat loads and compressor speeds), and are usually inefficient in that their system capacities do not always match their loads. Such inefficient operation wastes energy and significantly affects the vehicle's fuel consumption. The control arrangement of the present invention, on the other hand, controls ~he operation of a refrigeration system in a unique way, and with a relatively simple structure, so that the system capacity is regulated to just meet the needs of the vehicle compartment to be cooled. By maintaining a correct balance between system capacity and refrigeration load at all times, no energy is wasted and fuel economy is enchanced.
The control system of the invention is incorporated in a refrigeration system where refrigerant flows through a closed vapor cycle refrigeration circuit having in series an evaporator, a compressor and a condenser. The operation of the refrigeration system is controlled to vary the effectiveness of the evaporator in order to maintain a substantially constant desired temperature in a space to which cooled ~ir is supplied by the refrigeration system. The control system comprises first monitoring means for monitoring the ambient ~emperature in the space to be temperature controlled, and second monitoring means ~or monitoring the temperature of the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet.
~n electromechanical valve is included in series with the refrigeration circuit between the condenser and evaporator for controlling the refrigerant flow rate through the circuit. Control means respond to both the first and second monitoring means for varying the actuation of the electromechanical valve to modulate the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator to adjust the refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet as required to maintain the controlled space at the desired temperature.
The features of the invention which are believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention~
together with further advantages and features thereof, may best be understood, however, by reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which:
FIGURE 1 schematically illustrates a control system, constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, and the manner in which it is incorporated in a refrigeration system, shown specifically as an automotive air-conditioning system, and FIGURE 2 is a characteristic curve that will be helpful in underseanding the operation of the control system.
The disclosed air-conditioning system includes a compressor 10, a condenser 12, an expansion device 13 and an evaporator 15, the ~our components being intercoupled in series to form a conventional closed vapor cycle refrigeration circuit. For reasons to become apparent, compressor 10 is preferably a controlled displacement compressor, and a~pansion device 13 takes the form of an electromechanical valve, such as a solenoid operated valve. Refrigerant gas is compressed in compressor 10 and supplied to condenser 12 where it is condensed to liquid refrigerant and delivered to solenoid expansion valve 13. The refri~erant expands as it flows through valve 13 and emerges as a two-phase mix~ure of liquid and gas but primarily a liquid. As the two-phase mixture then flows through evaporator 15, which is in heat exchange relation with air ~74196-BI~L

~3~82 supplied to the vehicle compartment space to be cooled, heat is transferred from the air to the refrigerant and the entirety of the refrigerant vaporizes and assumes its gaseous state. The refrigerant gas at the evaporator outlet is then passed to ~he suction inlet of the compressor.
Preferably, compressor 10 is constructed as illustrated and described in detail in United States Pa~ent 3,861,829, issued January ~1, 1975 in the name of Richard W. Roberts et al, and assigned to the present assignee. So constructed, the compressor automatically ~aintains a constant suction pressure. To explain, in the compressor sho~ in chat patent the pressure in a crankcase cavity, which is vented to the compressor's suction inlet, determines the stroke of a plurality of pistons which in turn de~ermines the compressor displacement. The crankcase is pressurized by the leakage of high pressure gas past the pistons (called piston blow-by) and into the crankcase, and by regulating the escape of the blow-by gas from the crankcase through the vent to the suction line, the crankcase pressure may be changed to vary the compressor displacement and thus the capacity. Stroke control valve 18, in the vent from the crankcase to the suction inlet, operates in response to and is controlled by the suction pressure to provide an adjustable restriction in the vent line in order to control the crankcase pressure and ultimately to control the suction pressure. The greater the restriction in the vent line, the greater the crankcase pressure and the lower the stroke and the displacement. The restriction, introduced by valve 18, is inversely proportional to the suction pressure. In this way, the displacement of compressor 10 is a direct function of the suction pressure. As taught in the Roberts et al patent, the crankcase pressure is preferably between five and ten nercent of the difference between 074196-BI~

suction and discharge pressure. For example, when operating at 200 psig discharge pressure and 30 psig suction pressure, the crankcase pressure should be controlled between 38.5 and 47 psig.
Hence, with the Roberts et al compressor if there is any change in operating conditions, such as a variation in heat load, condenser pressure, compressor speed, etc., stroke control valve 18 operates automatically to maintain the suction pressure at the desired control pressure, such as 30 psig. If the suction pressure tends to drop below the control pressure, valve 18 increases the restriction to decrease the flow rate of the blow-by gas out of the crankcase, and this causes the crankcase pressure to increase and the displacement to decrease, thereby increasing the suction pressure back to the desired control pressure. Conversely, increased suction pressure above the control pressure reduces the restriction in the vent line between the crankcase and suction inlet thereby increasing the flow rate through valve 18, as a consequence of which the crankcase pressure lowers to effect an increase in the compressor displacement until the suction pressure is reduced back to the desired control pressure.
As will be appreciated, it is not essential that a controlled displacement compressor be employed. Regardless of the construction of the compressor, however, there should preferably be some means for maintaining the suction pressure relatively constant in spite of varying operating conditions. For example, a fixed displacement compressor could be used with some arrangement for varying the effective capacity of the compressor (such as by varying the compressor speed) to control suction pressure.

074196-BWL ~3~

While electromechanical valve 13 serves as the expansion device in the refrigeration circuit, it also functions as a flow control valve for regulating the refrigerant flow rate through the circuit to vary the evaporator effectiveness. Valve 13 may take a variety of different constructions in order to effectively provide a variable orifice the size of which is varied in response to an applied control signal. For example, valve 13 may take the form of a proportional electromechanical valve which has an orifice proportional to a char-~cteristic of an applied control signal. For simplicity and economy, however, valve 13 constitutes a relatively simple and inexpensive solenoid operated on/off valve in the illustrated embodiment.
By controlling the energization of solenoid coil 21 (by a pulse ~idth modulated signal in a manner to be described), solenoid expansion valve 13 may be modulated to effectively interpose a variable orifice in the refrigeration circuit between condenser 12 and evaporator 15. Coil 21 is alternately energized and de-energized, namely cycled on and off, in response to the pulse width modulated signal. The greater the energization of coil 21 (namely the greater the duty cycle which is the ratio of each energized interval relative to the time duration or period of a complete cycle), the less restriction introduced by valve 13 and the greater the flow rate through the valve. Thus, the flow rate of the refrigerant through the refrigeration circuit is directly proportional to the duty cycle of coil 21. Diode 23 merely provides a path in shunt ~ith coil 21 to dissipate energy developed in the coil.
Before the control system for coil 21 is discussed, it will be helpful to consider the characteristic curve 25 of Figure 2 which plots the evaporator effectiveness or capacity (on the ordinate or y-axis) as a function of the temperature of the refrigerant at the evaporator 074196-sWL
~3~

outlet (on the abscissa or x-axis). As illustrated by curve 25, the two characteristics are inversely related. As the evaporator refrigerant outlet temperature increases, the capacity of the evaporator reduces.
To esplain, the heat transfer coefficient of an evaporator is much greater when heat, from the air to be cooled, is transferred to a two-phase, liquidtgas refrigerant mixture than when the heat is transferred to refrigerant gas only. After the liquid/gas mixture vaporizes completely and becomes all gas as it travels through the evaporator, any additional heat taken from the air superheats the gas and the effectiveness of the evaporator is decreased. The lower the refrigerant flow rate through the evaporator, the greater the superheat and the greater the evaporator refrigerant outlet temperature. Hence, to maximize the evaporator capacity, the flow rate should be sufficiently high that the refrigerant remains a two-phase liquid/gas mixture throughout almost the entire evaporator. Preferably, the refrigerant should be converted entirely to sas before it reaches the end of the evaporator and a small minimum amount of superheat should then be added. The evaporator outlet temperature therefore should not drop below a predetermined minimum level. Otherwise, refri$erant liquid may flow through the suction line and into the com-pressor, causing structural damage thereof.
Dashed construction line 26 in FIGURB 2 designates the desired minimum evaporator outlet temperature in the illustrated embodiment.
Thus, the intersection of that dashed line with curve 25 indicates the masimum evaporator effectiveness at which the system will operate. When the flow rate of the refrigerant is adjusted so that the evaporator outlet temperature is at the desired minimum, a desired minimum superheat is maintained in the refrlgerant gas at the evaporator outlet. If the ~74196-BWL
~3~L~2 outlet temperature is allowed to drop below the desired minimum temperature (namely to the left of dashed line 26), insufficient superheat would be present and refrigerant liquid would flow into the compressor. As will be seen, the evaporator outlet temperature, at which the refrigeration system operates, will automatically be selected so that the refrigeration capacity is matched to the heat load at all times to provide the most efficient manner of operation and to expend the least energy. For convenience, the selected desired evaporator outlet temperature along the abscissa in FIGURE 2 will be referred to as the control point temperature. In a manner to be explained, the refrigerant flow through the evaporator will automatically be regulated to establish the evaporator outlet temperature at the appropriate control point, along the abscissa, required to maintain the vehicle compartment space at the desired space temperature.
Turning now to the control system, a temperature sensor, in the form of a thermistor 28, is located in the vehicle compartment space to be air conditioned and monitors the ambient temperature ln that space. For example, sensor 28 may be located near the vehicle's dash-board. One terminal of sensor 28 is connected to a ground plane of reference potential while its other terminal is connected through a resistor 29 to a source of positive DC voltage labelled V+. Preferably, tha magnitude of that DC voltage is around +10 volts and the ground plane of reference potential is zero volts. Of course, all of the terminals in the drawing marked "V+" are tied or connected to the same DC power source. Thermistor 28 has a negative temperature coefficient so that its resistance is an inverse function of the actual temperature of the compartment space which is to be controlled. In other words, if the space temperature increases, for example, the resistance of thermistor 28 decreases and the voltage at the junction of sensor 28 and resistor /4196-BWL ~3~

29 decreases.
The junctlon of temperature sensor 28 and resistor 29 connects through a resistor 31 to the non-inverting or t+) input of integrated circuit operational amplifier (IC op amp) 32 which preferably is a type 3401 current mode Norton amplifier. Actually, all of ther other IC op amps shown in the drawing (namely those amplifiers designated by the reference numbers 39, 51, 57, 58, 59 and 67) are also preferably type 3401 amplifiers. Ilhile not specifically illustrated, each of the op amps is connected to the V+ power supply so that its operating voltage will be +10 volts.
A type 3401 ~orton amplifier requires input currents at its inputs rather than input voltages. For this reason, resistor 31 and all of the other corresponding or equivalent resistors in series with the inputs to the operational IC amplifiers are needed to convert from input voltages to input currents. As is also characteristic of a Norton amplifier, good signal isolation is provided for summing terms since both of its inputs are at virtually ground or zero potential. Moreover, a Norton amplifier, with the addition of a polarized capacitor between its output and its inverting or (-) lnput, forms an integrator circuit ~herein the outpu~ voltage is always positive with respect to the volta~es at the inputs. As will be appreciated, all of the signal voltages in the control system will be positive with respect to ground.
Since the vo~tage at the junction of thermistor 28 and resistor 29 varies inversely with the actual ambient temperature of the air-conditioned space in the vehicle, the current signal supplied to the (+) input of amplifier 32 like~ise varies as an irlverse func~ion of the actual space temperature and thus represents that space temperature.
~The desired set point temperature for the compartment space may be : 419 6-BI~TL
~LQ93~2 established, usually by the driver of the vehicle, merely by manipulating an adjustable device in the form of a potentiometer 34 which, of course, is preferably mounted on the dashboard. Hence, the combination of thermistor 28 and potentiometer 34 effectively constitutes a thermostat.
A current signal will thus be supplied through series resistor 35 to the inverting or (-) input of amplifier 32. The amplitude level of this input current (which may be called the temperature set point signal since it represents the desired space temperature) will be directly proportional to the set point selected or thermostat setting. The higher the desired space temperature, the greater the current flowing into the (-) input.
The Norton type amplifier functions as a differential amplifier in that the output voltage is proportional to the difference between the two input current signals. Because of the presence of polarized capacitor 37, amplifier 32 also serves as an integrator. If the current entering the (+) input of amplifier 32 is greater than that flowing into the (-) input, the output voltage increases gradually in a positive direction ~(namely it integrates or sweeps upwardly to form a ramp shaped waveform) to an amplitude level determined by the difference between the two input signals. If there is then a change in either of the input signals such that the current supplied to the (-) input becomes greater than the current into the (+) input, the output voltage decreases gradually in a negative direction (namely it sweeps or integrates downwardly) toward 2ero or ground potential. As mentioned, the output voltage of amplifier 32 can never drop below the voltage at the two inputs which are essentially at ground potential.
Amplifier 32 thus compares the space temperature signal and the temperature set point signal to produce an output voltage signal 3~93~

which varies as a function of the difference between the ac~ual and desired space temperatures. This voltage signal is converted by series resistor 38 to a current signal for application to the ~-) input of amplifier 39. As will be made apparent, the current signal flowing through resistor 38 and into the (-) input effectively represents the desired evaporator refrigerant outlet temperature, referenced with respect to the predetermined desired minimum evaporator outlet temperature, and may thus be called the temperature control point signal since it indicates the desired control point on the abscissa of FIGURE 2 where the sys~em should operate in order to properly cool the controlled space. In other words, the control point temperature is a function of the output of amplifier 32.
A temperature sensor, in the form of a thermistor 41, is physically attached to or positioned adjacent to the evaporator outlet in heat e~change relation so as to monitor the temperature of the refrigerant after it leaves the evaporator. Sensor 41 is similar to sensor ~8 in that it also has a negative te~perature coefficient so that its resistance is inversely proportional to the evaporator refrigerant outlet temperature. If the temperature of the refrigerant decreases, ~or e~ample, the resistance of thermistor 41 increases and the voltage at the junction of resistor 42 and temperature sensor 41 increases. The voltage signal produced at the junction thus represents the actual temperature of the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet and the amplitude of this voltage signal varies inversely with the temperature. By virtue of series resistor 43, the voltage signal is converted to a current signal and supplied to the (-) input of amplifier 39. The current flowing through resistor 43 may therefore be referred to as the evapora~or ~93~

outlet temperature signal. Since there are two signals fed to the (-) input of amplifier 39, a summation or addition of those signals occurs at the input. As will be appreciated, if the compartment space becomes colder than desired or if the evaporator outlet temperature becomes colder than ~he desired control point, the effect on amplifier 39 will be the same.
The voltage divider comprising resistors 44 and 45 provides a reference voltage, at the junction of those resistors, which is converted by series resistor 46 to an input current for the (~) input of amplifier 3'3~ The current signal serves as a reference signal whose amplitude represents the desired minimum temperature for the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet. In the illus~rated case, the level of the reference signal is such that during normal operation of the air-conditioning system the refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet is prevented from dropping below the desired minimum denoted by dashed line 26 in FIGURE ~.
Amplifier 39 functions primarily as a differential amplifier, its response characteristics being determined by feedback resistor 47.
~cept when the control system is operating at the control point denoted by dashed line ~6, the amplifier's output voltage, which is always a positive voltage between æero and +10 volts and may be called the error voltage signal, varies above (in a positive direction) and below (in a negative directionj with respect to a reference level depending on the difference between the input currents. The error voltage signal therefore varies as a function of the difference between the desired control poin~
temperature, the actual evaporator outlet temperature and the desired minimum evaporator outlet temperature. The reference level of the error P74196-BI~ 3~2 signal at the output of amplifier 39 varies as the control point temperature changes, so each time a new control point is selected along the absci~sa in FIGURE 2 the error signal stabilizes around a new reference level.
~ hen the control system is operating at ~he control point indicated by dashed line 26, the input signals to amplifier 39 will be such that the reference level will have its maximum amplitude and the error signal will be limited to that amplitude. At other times when the control system is operating at some control point to the right of dashed line ~6, the error signal is permitted to vary above and below the reference level.
Under steady state conditions, the input currents supplied to amplifier 39 will be constant and have a fixed relationship to hold the error signal at the required reference level. If the current entering the (-) input of amplifier 39 then increases, the error signal decreases below its reference level. On the other hand, if the input current at the (-) input decreases, the output voltage of amplifier 39 increases above the reference level.
A pair of series-connected resistors 48 and 49 convert the error voltage signal to an error current signal for application ~o the inverting or (-) input of amplifier Sl ~hich, due to the inclusion of p~lari~ed capacitor 52, serves as an integrator. Current is fed into th~ ~+) input by means of resistors 53, 54, 55 and 56 to set the bias level for amplifier 51. The output of amplifier 51 varies from essentially zero potential to V+ (+10 volts in the illustrated case) as determined by the amplitude of the error signal supplied to the amplifier's (-) input. Of course, since amplifier 51 is an integrator, anytime there is a change in the magnitude of the error signal the output of the amplifier does not change abruptly but rather increases or decreases gradually.

1~3~

A pulse width modulated signal is produced having a waveshape dependent on the output of amplifier 51. To explain, such a signal is rectangular shaped, containing periodically recurring positive-going pulse components with intervening negative-going pulse components. The frequency will be constant but the relative widths of the positive and negative pulse components will vary depending on the output signal of amplifier 51. As the width or duration of each positive pulse component increases, each negative pulse component decreases proportionately, and vice-versa. In other words, since the period or time duration of a complete cycle is constant, when the duration of a positive pulse component changes in one sense the width of the immediately succeeding negative pulse component must change in the opposite sense. The pulse width modulated signal has a duty cycle characteristic which is the ratio of the width of each positive-going pulse compared to the duration of a complete cycle. As will be made apparent, the duty cycle of the pulse ~idth modulated signal is the same as the energizing or operating duty cycle of solenoid coil 21.
The pulse width modulated signal is developed at the output of amplifier 57 which functions as a comparator. Amplifiers 58 and 59, and their associated circuit elements, form a well-known triangular wave ~enerator or oscillator for supplying a triangular shaped current signal through series resistor 61 to the (-) input of amplifier 57. Preferably, the frequency of the signal is around one cycle per second or one hertz.
In addition, the voltage signal at the output of amplifier 51 is applied, via resistor 62, as a current signal to the (-) input. Summation of the t~o current signals occurs at the (-) input. In other words, the triangular wave is essentially superimposed on the output signal from amplifier 51. A fixed reference level is established at the (+) input 4196-BI~L ~3~z of amplifier 57. The net current flowing into the (-) input varies alternately (at the frequency of the triangular wave) above and below the level of the reference current entering the (+) input. Each time the input current at the (-) input drops below the input current at the (+) input, the output voltage of amplifier 57 abruptly switches from ground or æero to V~ or +lO volts, where it remains until the current at the (-) input becomes greater than the reference current at the (+) input. At that instant, the output voltage switches from its high level back to its low level or zero. The greater the current flowing from the output of amplifier 51, the greater the time intervals during which the output of amplifier 57 is established at zero potential. and the smaller the time intervals when the output is at its high potential level. In this way, the output of amplifier 57 provides a pulse width modulated, rectangular shaped signal having a lO volt peak-to-peak amplitude, the relative widths of the alternating positive-going and negative going pulses being modulated under the control of amplifier 51. The duty cycle of the pulse width modulated signal is the ratio of the time interval of one positive pulse component compared to a complete cycle, namely the total time duration of one positive pulse component and one negativa pulse component.
The pulse width modulated signal operates the solenoid driver, comprising transistors 64 and 65 and their associated circuit elements, to effectively apply that signal to solenoid coil 24. Preferably, the ~12 volts at the right terminal of coil 21 is derived from the vehicle's voltage regulator. During each positive-going pulse when the output of amplifier 57 is established at its high level, transistors 64 and 65 conduct and the left terminal of coil 21 will be essentially grounded, ~g3~

thereby applying a full 12 volts DC across the coil. During the intervening negative-going pulses, when the output of amplifier 57 is at its low or zero level, transistors 64 and 65 will be non-conductive and coil 21 will be de-energized. Since coil 21 is energized only by the positive-going pulses, it is apparent that the duty cycle of coil 21 is the same as, and is determined by, the duty cycle of the pulse width modulated signal. The greater the duty cycle, the less ~he restriction introduced by valve 13 and the greater the refrigerant flow rate through the refrigeration circuit. Since the duration of the intervals, when the output of amplifier 57 is at its high level, is inversely proportional to the output signal of amplifier 51, the duty cycle, and consequently the refrigerant flow rate, likewise vary inversely with the output of amplifier 51.
Under normal conditions, the input current at the (+) input of amplifier 39 prevents the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet from decreasing belo~ the desired minimum indicated by dashed line 26 in FIGURE 2. Since the compressor in an automotive air-conditioning system is usually driven or rotated by the vehicle's engine, during high speed operation (for example, during downshift conditions when there is a rapid increase in engine speed) the refrigerant flow rate will increase and the temperature at the evaporator outlet may drop below the desired minimum. In order to prevent the temperature from dropping so low that liquid refrigerant is fed into the suction inlet of the compressor, a protection circuit is included in the control system. More particularly, an amplifier 67, which operates as a comparator, has its non-inverting or (+) input connected through series resistor 68 to receive the evaporator outlet temperature signal. Resistors 71, 72 and 73 supply to the inverting or (-) input a reference current signal which represents an absolute 074196-BI~L

~3~1~il2 minimum level allowed for the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet.
This temperature will, of course, be below the desired minimum, and thus will be to the left of dashed line 26 in FIGURE 2, but it will still be high enough so that all of the refrigerant liquid flowing through the evaporator vaporizes.
Under normal conditions, the current entering the (~) input of amplifier 67 will be less than the reference current flowing into the (-) input and the output of the amplifier will be at essentially zero or ground potential. If the evaporator outlet temperature drops to the absolute minimum level, the current into the (+) input will then be greater than that fed into the (-) input and the output voltage of amplifier 67 will abruptly switch from zero to V+ or +10 volts. This output voltage is applied through resistors 74 and 75 to the bases of transistors 76 and 77, respectively. Resistors 78, 79 and 81 convert the output voltage to an input current for the (+) input of amplifier 51. ~hen the output of a~plifier 67 is V~, transistors 76 and 77 will be rendered conductive thereby grounding the junction of resistors 55 and 56 and also the junction of resistors 48 and 49. ~t the same time, current is supplied to the (+) input of amplifier 51 of an ampli~ude sufficient to cause the output of the amplifier to integrate upwardly tor positively) to V+ where it levels off.
In describing the operation of the control system it will be assumed that when the air-conditioning apparatus is initially turned on the ambient temperature in the vehicle compartment space to be air-conditioned is substantially higher than the desired set point temperature established by the ~hermostat setting, namely by the adjustment of potentiometer 34. At this time, the current entering the (-) input of amplifier 32 will be substantially greater than the current into the (+) ~74196-s~L

input, thereby causing the output of the a~plifier to remain at essentially zero voltage. ~eanwhile, since the refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet is relatively warm at start-up the voltage at the junction of temperature sensor 41 and resistor 42 will be relatively low. Hence, both the temperature control point signal (flowing through resistor 38) and the evaporator outlet temperature signal (flowing through resistor 43) will be of low amplitude and substantially less than the reference current (which represents the desired minimum evaporator outlet temperature) entering the (+) input of amplifier 39. As a result, the error voltage signal produced at the output of amplifier 39 will be established at its maximum level, thereby causing the error current signal entering the (-) input of amplifier 51 to be substantially greater than the current into the (+) input. Of course, at this time transistors 76 and 77 are non-conductive since the output voltage of amplifier 67 will be zero. The output of amplifier 51 thus remains at ~ero potential, as a consequence of which the pulse width modulated signal developed at the output of amplifier 57 will exhibit its maximum duty cycle which in turn maximi2es the refrigerant flow through the closed vapor cycle refrigeration circuit. The high refrigerant flow rate causes the evaporator outlet temperature to decrease until it reaches the desired minimum, as denoted by dashed line 26. I~hen that occurs, the current entering the (-) input of amplifier 39 automatically adjusts in order to hold the evaporator outlet temperature at the desired minimum. If that temperature tends to become colder than the desired minimum, the input current at the (-) input increases causing the error signal to decrease and reduce the duty cycle as required to return the evaporator outlet temperature to the desired minimum.

The control system will continue to operate at the control point indicated by dashed line 26 and cooling will be imparted to the ~ 3~

air delivered to the controlled space until that space cools down to the desired set point temperature. This cooling down period is sometimes called the "pull-down period". When the desired space temperature is eventually reached, the two input currents to amplifier 32 will be equal and the output will be zero at that instant. ~owever, as the controlled space then becomes slightly colder, the current entering the (+) input of amplifier 32 will exceed that into the (-) input and the output integrates upwardly, thereby increasing the current flowing through resis~or 38 and into the (-) input of amplifier 39. The error voltage signal at the output of amplifier 3g therefore decreases to a new reference level, causing the duty cycle to decrease and the refrigerant flow rate to drop so that the controlled space does not become colder than the set point.
Steady state conditions have now been reached and the control system is in balance. The output voltage of amplifier 32 has integrated upwardly from zero to a constant positive level where it will remain as long as the actual space temperature equals the desired space temperature.
S~nce the refrigerant flow rate through the evaporator is now less than that which prevailed during the pull-down period, the evaporator cutlet temperature increases and the control point now shifts to the right along the abscissa in FIGURE 2. For illustrative purposes it will be assumed that the new control point temperature is that which is indicated by dashed construction line 84. The output of amplifier 32 thus effectively represents the desired evaporator refrigerant outlet temperature, referenced with respect to the predetermined desired minimum evaporator temperature, since the actual evaporator outlet temperature i6 a function of the amplitude`of the output voltage produced by amplifier 32. ~ccordingly, the output signal of amplifier 32 may be referred to as the temperature control point signal.
The new control point (dashed line 84) matches the heat load 074196-BI~L
3~3Z

requirements and the control system will stabilize around that control point to automatically hold the controlled space at the desired set polnt temperature, while at the same time maintaining the refrigerant flow only as high as necessary to satisfy the heat load. Hence, energy will be conserved and the vehicle's fuel consumption, attributable to powering the air conditioning system, will be minimized. As long as the heat load is constant, and the thermostat remains at the same setting, che output voltage of amplifier 32 will be constant and the error signal will remain at the same reference level. If anything tends to upset or unbalance the steady state conditions, the control system automatically re-adjusts itself to maintain those conditions.
If there is now an increase in the heat load (assume the outside temperature increases) and the space tends to become warmer than desired, the output voltage of amplifier 32 begins to decrease gradually (namely it integrates downwardly) and the error signal at the output of amplifier 39 increases to a new reference l~vel, thereby to increase the duty cycle and consequently the flow rate of the refrigerant. This lowers the evaporator outlet temperature to return the controlled space to the desired temperature. The control point will now be established to the left of dashed line 84 and the positive output voltage of amplifier 3~ will level off at a new amplitude in order to hold the evaporator outlet at the necessary control point. Of course, the same sequence would occur if the driver of the vehicle lowered the thermostat.
On the other hand, if there is a decrease in the heat load, or the driver increases the thermosta~ setting, the output of amplifier 32 integrates upwardly to a new amplitude level and the refrigerant flow decreases to increase the evaporator outlet temperature (moving the control point to the right) and provide less cooling for the controlled space, as a consequence of which the space will be maintained at the desired temperature.
During steady state conditions when the thermostat setting is not changed and the heat load remains constant, the temperature control point signal produced by amplifier 32 thereby remaining constant, the evaporator outlet temperature will be held fixed at the desired control point. This is achieved in the control system by regulating the refrigerant flow so that the control point always remains fixed if the information received from amplifier 32 is constant. If the evaporator outlet te~perature tands to increase, for example, the current flowing through resistor 43 and into the (-) input of amplifier 39 decreases and the output of that amplifier increases to increase the refrigerant flow and maintain the evaporator outlet temperature at the desired control point. Likewise, if the evaporator outlet tends to become too cold, the output of amplifier 39 decreases to lower the refrigerant flow so that the evaporator outlet remains at the desired control point temperature. Thus, when the heat load requirements that must be satisfied by the evaporator are essentially constant, the control system automatically maintains both the evaporator outlet temperature and the space temperature at constant desired levels, ~he refrigerant flow rate being only as high as necessary to maintain these constant temperatures.
Of course, since compressor 10 is usually rotated by the vehicle's engine, the RPM of the compressor will be a function of ellgine speed and the refrigerant flow rate will tend to change as the engine speed varies. The control system, however, automatically compensates for any RPM change. As the refrigerant flow tends to increase, for example, the evaporator outlet temperature decreases and this causes the error signal, at the output of amplifier 39, to decrease, the result of n74l96~ .Q~3~82 which is that the duty cycle reduces to the extent necessary to decreasethe flow rate to a level that will hold the space temperature at the desired set point. Conversely, in the presence of a reduction in engine speed, solenoid expansion valve 13 is automatically controlled in order to increase the refrigerant flow as required to maintain the desired space temperature.
Under abnormal conditions when there is a sudden increase in engine speed, such as when the engine is downshifted, the protection circuit included in the contr~l system prevents the refrigerant flow from increasing to the extent that wet vapor would enter the compressor's suction inlet. When the compressor is driven so fast that the evaporator outlet temperature drops to the absolute minimum level allowed (which will be to the left of dashed line 26), the input current at the (+) input of amplifier 67 will exceed the current entering the (-) input, with the result that the output of amplifier 67 switches abruptly from zero volts to V+ or +10 volts. Transistors 76 and 77 i~mediately conduct and ground the junction of resistors 55 and 56 and the junction of resistors 48 and 49 (thereby overriding the error signal and rendering it ineffective), while at the same time current is supplied to the (+) input of amplifier 51 to cause the output to integrate upwardly and reduce the duty cycle. The flow rate of the refrigerant is thus significantly reduced so that no unvaporized refrigerant reaches the suction inlet.
~hen the evaporator outlet temperature increases above the absolute minimum, amplifier 67 returns to its normal condi~ion (wherein its output is zero) and normal operation of the control system occurs.

Claims

AUSTRALIA

GREAT BRITAIN

CLAIMS:

l. In a refrigeration system in which refrigerant flows through a closed vapor cycle refrigeration circuit having in series an evaporator, a compressor and a condenser, a control system for controlling the operaton of the refrigeration system to vary the effectiveness of the evaporator in order to maintain a substantially constant desired temperature in a space to which cooled air is supplied by the refrigeration system, characterized by:

means for providing a space temperature signal representing the actual ambient temperature in the space to be temperature controlled;

means for providing a temperature set point signal representing the desired temperature for the temperature controlled space, means for providing an evaporator outlet temperature signal representing the actual temperature of the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet;

an electromechanical valve included in series with the refrigeration circuit between the condenser and evaporator for controlling the refrigerant flow rate through the circuit;

and control means responsive to said space temperature signal, said temperature set point signal, and said evaporator outlet temperature signal for varying the actuation of said electromechanical valve to modulate the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator to adjust the refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet to vary the evaporator effectiveness as required to maintain the controlled space at the desired temperature.
2. A control system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that said electromechanical valve also functions as the expansion device in the refrigeration circuit.
3. A control system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that said electromechanical valve is a solenoid expansion valve that serves as both a flow control device and as an expansion device.
4. A control system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that said electromechanical valve is a solenoid operated valve controlled by a pulse width modulated signal produced by said control means, the refrigerant flow rate through the valve being determined by the signal's duty cycle.
5. A control system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by means for maintaining the suction pressure at the inlet of the compressor relatively constant.
6. A control system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by means for controlling the effective capacity of the compressor to maintain a constant suction pressure at the compressor's inlet.
7. A control system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized by the compressor having a controlled displacement compressor whose displacement is regulated to maintain a constant suction pressure at the compressor's inlet.
8. A control system according to Claim 1 and in which said control means includes means responsive to said space temperature signal and to said temperature set point signal for providing a temperature control point signal which presents a desired evaporator refrigerant outlet temperature, referenced with respect to a predetermined desired minimum evaporator out temperature; and characterized in that said control means also includes means responsive to said temperature control point signal and to said evaporator outlet temperature signal for providing an error signal which varies as a function of the difference between the desired control point temperature and the actual evaporator outlet temperature, said electromechanical valve being actuated in response to said error signal to modulate the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator to establish the evaporator outlet temperature at said control point, thereby to maintain the controlled space at the desired temperature.
9. A control system according to Claim 8, characterized by means for preventing the temperature of the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet from dropping below said predetermined desired minimum evaporator outlet temperature.
10. A control system according to Claim 8, characterized by means for providing a first reference signal representing said pre-determined desired minimum evaporator outlet temperature for the refrigerant at the evaporator outlet, and wherein, during periods when the actual space temperature is substantially greater than the desired space temperature, said first reference signal limits said error signal to restrict the refrigerant flow rate through said electromechanical valve to a level that results in the evaporator refrigerant outlet temperature dropping only to the desired minimum.
11. A control system according to Claim 10, characterized in that said error signal is produced by a differential amplifier to one input of which is applied said first reference signal, the other input of said differential amplifier receiving the sum of said temperature control point signal and said evaporator outlet temperature signal.
12. A control system according to Claim 8, characterized in that said temperature control point signal is produced by an integrator which compares said space temperature signal and said temperature set point signal.
13. A control system according to Claim 8, characterized in that said means for providing said error signal also causes said error signal to vary as a function of the difference between the desired control point temperature and the actual evaporator outlet temperature, the refrigerant flow being controlled in accordance with the difference between the desired and actual evaporator outlet temperatures to auto-matically maintain the evaporator outlet at the desired control point temperature during steady state conditions when the heat load on the evaporator is unchanged.
14. A control system according to Claim 8, characterized by a protection circuit for decreasing the refrigerant flow rate through said electromechanical valve in the event that the refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet drops to a predetermined absolute minimum level.
15. A control system according to Claim 8, characterized in that the refrigeration system is an automotive air-conditioning system in a vehicle, the compressor being driven by the vehicle's engine, and wherein a protection circuit, which operates in response to said evaporator outlet temperature signal, prevents the refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet from decreasing below a predetermined absolute minimum level which could otherwise occur as a result of high speed operation of the compressor during periods when the engine speed is high.
16. A control system according to Claim 15, characterized in that said protection circuit, in response to the evaporator refrigerant outlet temperature dropping to said predetermined absolute minimum level, overrides said error signal and causes said electromechanical valve to reduce the refrigerant flow rate to the extent necessary to prevent the refrigerant temperature from decreasing below said absolute minimum level.
17. A control system according to Claim 16, characterized in that said protection circuit includes means for providing a second reference signal, representing said predetermined absolute minimum level, which is compared with said evaporator outlet temperature signal in a comparator to produce a control signal which renders said error signal ineffective and causes said electromechanical valve to decrease the refrigerant flow rate.
18. A control system according to Claim 8, characterized in that said electromechanical valve is a solenoid operated off-on valve and wherein said error signal determines the duty cycle of a pulse width modulated signal which in turn operates said solenoid valve, the flow rate through said solenoid valve being directly proportional to the duty cycle.
19. A control system according to Claim 18, characterized in that said error signal is applied to an integrator the output of which is applied to a comparator which also receives a triangular shaped signal, said pulse width modulated signal being produced at the output of said comparator.