CA1107211A - Method for in vitro propagation and maintenance of cells - Google Patents
Method for in vitro propagation and maintenance of cellsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1107211A CA1107211A CA203,742A CA203742A CA1107211A CA 1107211 A CA1107211 A CA 1107211A CA 203742 A CA203742 A CA 203742A CA 1107211 A CA1107211 A CA 1107211A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cells
- oxygen
- capillaries
- cell
- capillary
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M29/00—Means for introduction, extraction or recirculation of materials, e.g. pumps
- C12M29/16—Hollow fibers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
- A01N1/02—Preservation of living parts
- A01N1/0205—Chemical aspects
- A01N1/021—Preservation or perfusion media, liquids, solids or gases used in the preservation of cells, tissue, organs or bodily fluids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
- A01N1/02—Preservation of living parts
- A01N1/0205—Chemical aspects
- A01N1/0231—Chemically defined matrices, e.g. alginate gels, for immobilising, holding or storing cells, tissue or organs for preservation purposes; Chemically altering or fixing cells, tissue or organs, e.g. by cross-linking, for preservation purposes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M25/00—Means for supporting, enclosing or fixing the microorganisms, e.g. immunocoatings
- C12M25/10—Hollow fibers or tubes
Abstract
METHOD FOR IN VITRO PROPAGATION
AND MAINTENANCE OF CELLS
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The propagation and/or maintenance of living cells in vitro is accomplished by attaching and growing cells on one side or surface of a hollow fiber membrane. The attached cells are propagated and/or maintained by passing oxygen through the membrane from the other side and into contact with the cells and simultaneously incubating the cells in a nutrient medium.
This method is employed in tissue and cell culturing of altered and unaltered cells which attach to a surface for maintenance and growth.
By: Jacques J. Delente
AND MAINTENANCE OF CELLS
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The propagation and/or maintenance of living cells in vitro is accomplished by attaching and growing cells on one side or surface of a hollow fiber membrane. The attached cells are propagated and/or maintained by passing oxygen through the membrane from the other side and into contact with the cells and simultaneously incubating the cells in a nutrient medium.
This method is employed in tissue and cell culturing of altered and unaltered cells which attach to a surface for maintenance and growth.
By: Jacques J. Delente
Description
7;2~
This invention relates to a method for propagating and/or maintalning cells in vitro. More specifically this invention relates to a method for propagating cells on a surface of a hollow fiber membrane.
The cultivation of vertebrate animal cells in vitro i.e. apart from the host animal has long been known. It is generally considered that the first such cultivation was per-formed in the first decade of this century and involved the growth of infectious canine lymphosarcoma in blood.
In spite of long e~perience this art or science has come into prominence only in recent years. This prominence is mainly due to the demand for many types of vertebrate animal cells for use in medical and veterinary research and diagnosis~ in culturing of infectious agents such as viruses, and the production of hormones and other biological products.
Presently this demand is especially high for mammalian cells, particularly normal mammalian cells ~hich must be attached to a surface for growth, as opposed to growth in a suspension culture~
Numerous procedures have been developed for propa-gating and/or maintaining attached cells in vitro. Perhaps the most successful prior method involves attaching and growing cells on the interior surface of glass and plastic roller tubes and bottles. Another successful method is by attaching and growing cells on the flat side of appropriately shaped stationary bottles. Many types of cells have been grown by these and other prior art methods with such methods being most successful in growing abnormal or altered cells, that is, cells which possess an abnormal or different number of chrom-: ~ ' 37Z~l osomes from normal cells of the same type and which have the ability to regenerate,an indefinite number of times. However, these and other prior methods possess several serious draw-backs, especially in the economical production of large quan-tities of normal or unaltered mammalian cells. Normal cells in contrast to abnormal cells possess the normal number of chromo-somes for the species and regenerate only a relatively predic-table number of times before senescence or death.
The principal dxawback of prior methods in the prop-agation of normal mammalian cells ar~ses from the fact that with such methods it is difficult to provide aerobic conditions.
Stated otherwise unless the oxygen supply is properly provided in adequate quantities to normal cells the cells will not main-tain their normal, differentiated functional state. An addi-tional drawback of prior methods in propagating attached cells, whether normal or abnormal, is the difficulty encountered in attaining tissue-like densities on the growing surface be-cause of problems pertaining to nutrient diffusion within the tissues. Further, prior art methods are not readily adapted to large scale operations and thus are not economically suited for producing large quantities of cells. Others have recently published a procedure for utilizing hollow fibers,for cell culturing, see Science~ October 6, 1972, pp 65-67~ However the conditions described there are not such as to produce . ., aerobic growth. The publication describes use of the nutrient medium as the oxygen carrier. With a described flow rate of 5 ml/minute and oxygen solubility in such media estimated at 3 micrograms/ml, the oxygen provided would be inadequate for the resulting cell culture of 2.17 x 108 cells. This only provides 7 x 10 grams oxygen/minute/cell. The oxygen requirement of aerobic cells is generally in the range of 2.8 x 10 14 to
This invention relates to a method for propagating and/or maintalning cells in vitro. More specifically this invention relates to a method for propagating cells on a surface of a hollow fiber membrane.
The cultivation of vertebrate animal cells in vitro i.e. apart from the host animal has long been known. It is generally considered that the first such cultivation was per-formed in the first decade of this century and involved the growth of infectious canine lymphosarcoma in blood.
In spite of long e~perience this art or science has come into prominence only in recent years. This prominence is mainly due to the demand for many types of vertebrate animal cells for use in medical and veterinary research and diagnosis~ in culturing of infectious agents such as viruses, and the production of hormones and other biological products.
Presently this demand is especially high for mammalian cells, particularly normal mammalian cells ~hich must be attached to a surface for growth, as opposed to growth in a suspension culture~
Numerous procedures have been developed for propa-gating and/or maintaining attached cells in vitro. Perhaps the most successful prior method involves attaching and growing cells on the interior surface of glass and plastic roller tubes and bottles. Another successful method is by attaching and growing cells on the flat side of appropriately shaped stationary bottles. Many types of cells have been grown by these and other prior art methods with such methods being most successful in growing abnormal or altered cells, that is, cells which possess an abnormal or different number of chrom-: ~ ' 37Z~l osomes from normal cells of the same type and which have the ability to regenerate,an indefinite number of times. However, these and other prior methods possess several serious draw-backs, especially in the economical production of large quan-tities of normal or unaltered mammalian cells. Normal cells in contrast to abnormal cells possess the normal number of chromo-somes for the species and regenerate only a relatively predic-table number of times before senescence or death.
The principal dxawback of prior methods in the prop-agation of normal mammalian cells ar~ses from the fact that with such methods it is difficult to provide aerobic conditions.
Stated otherwise unless the oxygen supply is properly provided in adequate quantities to normal cells the cells will not main-tain their normal, differentiated functional state. An addi-tional drawback of prior methods in propagating attached cells, whether normal or abnormal, is the difficulty encountered in attaining tissue-like densities on the growing surface be-cause of problems pertaining to nutrient diffusion within the tissues. Further, prior art methods are not readily adapted to large scale operations and thus are not economically suited for producing large quantities of cells. Others have recently published a procedure for utilizing hollow fibers,for cell culturing, see Science~ October 6, 1972, pp 65-67~ However the conditions described there are not such as to produce . ., aerobic growth. The publication describes use of the nutrient medium as the oxygen carrier. With a described flow rate of 5 ml/minute and oxygen solubility in such media estimated at 3 micrograms/ml, the oxygen provided would be inadequate for the resulting cell culture of 2.17 x 108 cells. This only provides 7 x 10 grams oxygen/minute/cell. The oxygen requirement of aerobic cells is generally in the range of 2.8 x 10 14 to
2.6 x 10 grams oxygen/minute/cell. Thus the described pro-cedure only provided about one-fourth to one-fortieth of the oxygen demand ~1 .
11~7Zll C~ 21-0228 ~ the cells produced, depending upon the particular oxygen requirements of the cell utilized. While this might achieve some aerobic growth during initial growth stages, or in the initial contact portion of a reactor, this does not really demonstrate capability to achieve aerobic growth, as it has long been possible by other methods to culture a limited number of cells under aerobic conditions.
It has been discovered in accordance with the present invention that cells are propagated by aseptically attaching cells to one wall of an oxygen permeable hollow fiber membrane and contacting the opposite wall of the hollow fiber membrane with an oxygen carrier thereby to cause oxygen to permeate through tile membrane and to bring it into contact with the attached cells under aerobic conditions, while simultaneously incubating the attacned cells in a nutrient cell culture medium. ~ -.
i 1~ 7Z ~ 21-0228 ~y continuously passin~ oxygen through the membrane from tne side opposite tnat on which cells are attached the method of the present invention permits a continuous and, if desired, uniform supply of ox~gen tO reach and nourish the cells thereby fac-ilitating aero~ic propagation of the cells in desired tissue densities. 1'he oxygen for aerobic growth is suitably supplied by utilizing a gaseous carrier containing oxygen in sufficient amount to satisfy the demand therefor.
In carrying out the method of the present invention the cells are aseptically attacned to one wall or surface (exterior or interior) of the nollow fiber membrane by contacting cells sus-pended in a cell culture medium with the desired membrane wall.
For tne purpose oî attacnment tne "cell culture medium" will typically be a nutrient medium for the cells, however a non-nutrient pnysiologically compatible medium such as physiological saline can also be employed if desired. Upon attachement (and during attacnment if desired) oxygen is supplied to the cells by contacting the opposite side -of the membrane with an oxygen carrier Simultaneously the cells are incubated in a nutrient cell culture medium.
In a preferred embodiment the cells are attached to and grown on the exterior wall of a hollow fiber which is preferably open at both ends. ~y this procedure it is possible to con-tinuously pass a stream of an oxygen carrier through the hollow core of the fiber. 'rhe continuous passage of oxygen carrier through the core of a continuously hollow fiber may be accomplished by passing the oxygen carrier through the fiber in uniform amounts or by pulsating the oxygen carrier through the fiber. Pulsation is 2referred in order to ODtain optimuM distribution of oxygen to all cells and to minimize channeling of oxygen.
In an alternate procedure the continuously hollow fiber may be closed at one end. In this procedure tile oxygen carrier is passed into the core of the fiber and oxygen is diffused " 11~7Zll C-11-21-0228 through the wall and thus brought into contact with the cells.
A procedure and apparatus for carrying out the process is illustrated in tne flow diagram of the figure. In the figure, a reactor 1 comprises a container 2 containing a large number of nollow fibers 3 longitudinally placed in said chamber, with upper ends 4 projecting into a chamber 5 formed above gasket 6, and lower ends 7 projecting into chamber 8 below gasket 9. The nutrient medium is pumped from reservoir 10 through pump 11 to the reactor at inlet 12 into container 2 externally of the fibers, and can be removed from the container through outlet 13 and pump 14 can be operated at a flow rate slower than that of pump 11, so that less medium is removed through outlet 13 than enters through inlet 12, causing the excess to penetrate through the fiber wall and flow through the hollow fiber. The reactor is provided with oxygen by pumping air from cylinder 16, containing air and 3~ carbon dioxide, through pump 17 and conduit 18 to chamber 5 of container 2, so that the air enters the open ends 4 of the hollow fibers. A pulser 19 is connected to conduit 18 The pulser 19, comprises a chamber 20 containing a diaphragm 21 separating upper and lower portions of said chamber and preventing movement of air thereDetween. The upper part of the pulser is connected to a valve 22 which can be positioned to provide access to a vacuum, or to a source of air pressure, and which is controlled by a solenoid electrically connected to a timer 23.
~nen valve 22 is open to the air source, the diaphra~m 19 is distended downward to substantially fill tne lower part of chamber 20 to provide a surge of air entering chamber 5 and flowing throug~ the hollow fibers. Tne chamber 20 and diaphragm 1'~ are preferably sizcd to have sufficient volume in the surge to slightly exceed tne total internal volume of the hollow ~ibers in the reactors, so that the surge of air can substantially remove all tne materials from the cores of the ~1~)72il flbers. Tile diaphragm can be made of rubber or other suitable material. The air and other material leaves the fibers through their lower ends 7 and chamber 8 through conduit 24 to overflow vessel 25. Since liquid may have penetrated the fiber, by diffUSion, or because more liquid was pumped into the reactor than removed therefrom through outlet 13, liquid is generally removed and conveyed through conduit 24 to overflow vessel 25.
Conduit 24 is also connected through valve 26 to cylinder 16, but this is only for the purpOGe of using the cylinder as an oxygen source for calibration purposes, and valve 26 is normally closed. The overflow vessel 25 is connected to a reservoir 27, and is provided with instruments 28 and 29 to provide pH and oxygen measurements at instruments 30 and 31. The reactor is provided with means for temperature control by controller 32.
Refrigerator 33 provides refrigeration of components 10, 15, and 27.
The described apparatus can, for example, be operated with a 5 ml/minute air flow rate, and a liquid medium input of 0.4 ml/minute and output through outlet 13 of 0.1 ml/minute. This leaves 0.3 ml~minute of liquid medium to penetrate the fibers and to exit with 5 mlJminute of gases. In addition to the gaskets 6 and 9, the fiber~ are sealed to each other near their ends by a resinuous compound to prevent movement of material from the interstices of the fibers into chambers 5 and 8.
The parts of the apparatus can, of course, be varied in size. However, a reactor of overall length 25 cm. with fiber length of about 20 cm. can be employed, with about 15 cm of the fiber available for cell growth. Such a reactor may have about 5 cm. overall diameter, with container 2 having an outer diameter of 2.38 cm. and inner diameter of 1.9 cm. The container can contain about 1000 fibers of 360 micrometer outer diameter and 200 micrometer inner diameter, for a total effective hollow core ll'rJ7211 . .
volume of about 6.3 ml. rne pulser 19 has an internal volume of about 28 ml. and the diaphragm can displace about 8 ml.
of the lower portion of the chamber 20, so that the surge is adequate to sweep out the fibers. The surge gives a pressure differential of 3 to 5 psi. The pulse can be operated at various frequencies, for example a cycle of 10 seconds on vacuum and 10 seconds on air pressure, with repetition of the cycle. If desired, the cycle can be varied by using a different duration for the air pressure and vacuum phases of the pulser, and the pulser can also be operated to provide irregular surges of air, rather than a regular cycle. Also, the surge may have varying forms, for example a short sharp rise in pre5sure, followed by a slow fall, or a regular moderate rise and moderate fall, etc., sine wave characteristics, etc. It is not necessary to have the flow fall to zero between surges, although this provides acceptable results, and in fact, the flow can even be reversed, if desired, at some stages of the pulsation. rhe reactor can be operated at varying rates, etc., but illustrative rates are, for example, 5 ml/minute air flow and .4 ml/minute liquid input, with 0.3 ml of the liquid penetrating the fibers and exiting frorn the ends thereof.
In the method of the present invention any suitable oxygen carrier may be employed. Generally air is the preferred oxygen carrier however carriers containing dissolved oxygen such as silicone polymers, hemoglobin, fluorocarbons, and oxygenated nutrient medium may also be used with desired results, although special procedures or conditions may then be necessary to satisfy the oxygen demand to obtain aerobic growth. When air or other suitable gaseous mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen are em~loyed it is also preferred tnat the gas con~ain small amounts of carbon dioxide e.g. on the order of 2-5~. The carbon dioxide serves to provide carbonate buffering and thereby assists in maintaining the p~i of the medi~l on the other side of the membrane within the desired range.
1~37Zll The oells are incubated in a nutrient cell culture medium under cell growth maintenance conditions of pH and te~perature. Suitable nutrient cell culture media are known to the art and such may be used in the method of the present . ..
invention. Typically such nutrient culture media contain the known essential amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, mineral salts and, preferably, blood serum. Fungicides and bacteria-cides may also be included in such media in desired amounts to prevent the growth of undesired microorganisms. As indicated abo~e the pH of the nutrient medium is advantageously con-trolled within the desired range (typically in the range of 6.8-8.2) by including small amounts of carbon dioxide in the oxygen carTier. However if desired the pH can be controlled by including a suitable buffer such as HEPES buffer (a mixture of N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazineand N'-2-ethane sulfonic acid) in the nutrient cell culture medium itself. Other suitable methods for controlling pH such as passing the medium over ionic exchange resins may also be employed.
The choice o temperature for incubation of cells is within the skill of the worker in the field of cell and tissue culturing and will depend principally upon t~e physiological temperature for the particular cells to be propagated, that is the optimum temperature at which growth or maintenance of the cells occurs. For example when normal mammalian cells are propagated a narro~ temperature range of from about 35-40C
is typically employed whereas, for exa~ple, if the cells are reptilian in origin lower or higher temperatuTes may be employ-ed.
The method of the present invention utilizes hollow fiber membranes. The hollow fiber membranes may be employed in any suitable fashion such as for example in ~undles, in single strands or in mesh relationship. The hollow fiber is, of course, designed to be permeable to gas, but impermeable ~ g _ 7Zll C~ 0228 to the cells. ~he membrane can be of a dense or of a "Loeb"
structure. The hollow fiber may be produced from any suitable material which is non-toxic to the cells which can be approp-riately spun into fibers and which permitscell attachment there-to. Examples of such materials include polyolefins such as polyacrylonitrile and polystyrene, polyionic polymers, poly-carbohydrates such as cellulose~ and cellulose derivatives, for example, cellulose esters, polypeptides such as collagen, silicone rubber polymers, fluorocarbon polymers etc. and the like. It has been found that cell attachment to the surface of the membrane is promoted when the membrane possesses in-creased surface energy as is evidenced by the presence of pos^
itive or negative charges. Attachment of cells to an otherwise suitable membrane may be promoted by coating the surface to which the cells are to be attached with collagen ; The optimum dimensions for the hollow fibers may vary depending among other things on the apparatus and the oxygen carrier employed. Generally the inside diameter of the hollow fiber is in the rangs of from about 10 to about 300 microns with an inside diameter of 50-100 microns being pre-ferred. The membrane wall must of course be sufficiently thin to permit permeation as deslred and sufficiently thick so as to not rupture under the conditions employed. Typically suitable membranes have an effective wall thickness of from abou~ 10 to about 100 microns.
Suitable cells for propagation in accordance with the method of the present invention include tissue cells from vertebTate animals which are capable of attachment and growth or maintenance on a surface. Of course cells which are inher-en~y incapable of proliferation such as erythrocytes cannot ~7Zll C~ 21-0228 be employed in the method of this invention. Examples o such suitable cells include diploid cell lines such as ~1-38 human lung fibrablasts, hlRC-S male human fetal lung fibroblasts and DBS-FRh L-Z rhesus monkey fetal lung fibroblasts; primary cells such as boYine and human anterior pituitary cells, chicken embryo, frog epithelium and rat liver; and established cell lines such as Hela human cervix (carcinoma~cells, rhesus monkey kidney cells (LIC-MK2) Syrian baby hampster kidney cells(BHK-21) etc. and the like.
It will be appreciated that the above list of cells is given for illustrative purposes and that other cells from other sources including avian, mammalian, reptilian and amphib-ian sources including normal and abnormal cells can be propa-gated and maintained in accordance with the method of the pre-sent invention. ` ;
The following examples illustrate specific embodi-ments of the invention. In the examples the preparation of the cells, the preparation of the innoculum, and the cell cul-turing experiments were carried out under sterile conditions.
Preparation of Cells One calf pituitary obtained by dissection from a freshly slaughtered animal was stored approximately four hours in phosphate buffered salts (PBS) medium of the following composi tion: ~
NACl---~ --------grams - 8, n KCl--------~ ---- " - 0.2 Na2HPO4----------------- l _ 1.15 CaC12-------------------- 1- - 0.1 KH2PO4------------------- ~ 0.2 MgC12 6H20-- " 0.1 Penicillin--------------- * 100,000 11~7Zl~
Streptomycin--------------grams - 0.1 Distilled Water-----------mls. 900 *I.U.
The temperature of the medium during storage was about 25C. The anterior portion was dissected from the gland, cleaned to remove connective tissue and minced. The minced anterior gland was gently mixed with an aqueous solution of trypsin in a Petri dish and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand under sterile conditions for 18 hours at room temper-ature to obtain release of individual cells into the fluid.
The aqueous trypsin solution was prepared by mixing 10 milli-leters of PBS with 250,000 units of dry powdered trypsin en-~ ., ; zyme sold under the trade mark "TRYPTAR" by Armour and Co., ~; Chicago, Illinois and 0.75 ml. of 0.5 normal sodium hydroxy.
The released pituitary cells (epithelia) were separated from re-maining connective tissue by repeated centrifugation, filtration and washing. It was determined from a cell count (with a hemocytometer) that the resulting washed cell suspension con-tained 1.37 x 106 cells per ml.
Preparation of Innoculum To prepare the innoculum 30 mls. of the washed cell suspension were diluted to 150 mls. with the product mar-keted under the trade mark "Basal Medium Eagle's" (BME) con-taining 10% fetal calf serum. The composition of the Basal Medium Eagle's (BME) constituting 90" of the BMEgo fetal calf10 was as follows:
Mg/l.
l-arginine chlorhydrate 105 l-cystine 24 l-histidine monohydrochlorhydrate 31 l-isoleucine 52 l-lysine chlorhydrate 58 - l-leucine 52 l-methiomine 15 l-phenylalanine 32 l-threonine 48 l-tryptophan ~ 10 l-tyrosine 36 11~7Z~l Mg/l.
l-valine 46 choline chloride 1.00 Folic acid 1.00 Isoinositol 1.00 Nicotinamide 1.00 Pantothenic acid 1.00 Pyridoxal 1.00 Thiamine 1.00 Riboflavin 0.10 NaCl 6800 KCl 400 NaH2PO4-2H2o 150 NaHCO3 2000 CaC12 200 MgC12 200 Glucose 1000 l-glutamine 212 Phenol ured 20 Penicillin (1) Streptomycin 50 (1) 50,000 I.U.
Reactor The culturing of cells was carried out using a cell culture reactor consisting of a bundle of 100 open ended con-tinuously hollow polymeric fibers, in a U position in a 10 ml.
glass flask. The two ends of the fiber bundles are fitted in separate holes of a three-holed rubber stopper with the stopper being positioned in the neck of the flask. The third hole of the stopper is available for introduction and extraction of medium. The hollow fiber material is a commercial polyiomic polymer material sold under the trade mark "Amicon X M-50" by Amicon Corp., Lexington, Massachusetts. Each fiber is 10 cms. in length and has approximately 1/2 sq. cm. of cell growing surface.
Each fiber has an internal diameter of 360 microns and a wall thickness of 80 microns with the wall having a "Loeb" configuration.
Cell Culturing The reactor was sterilized using Beta-propiolactone vapors and then rinsed with phosphate buffer. Innoculum (8 millileters) prepared above was introduced into the reactor 7~
C-11-21-022~
to attach cells to the outer walls of the fibers. The reactor was placed in a jacketed carbon,dioxide incubator and the contents were incubated for 49 days at 37C. Throughout the 49 day incubation period a filtered mixture of air with 3%
carbon dioxide was pumped (with an air pump) through the in-terior of the hollow fibers. During incubation the medium was changed at two day intervals. The withdrawn medium was collec-ted and retained for analysis. On completion of the incubation period the medium was withdrawn from the reactor and a heavy confluent growth of cells on the hollow fibers was observed.
The cells were then prepared for microscopic examination by formaldehyde fixation and staining on the fibers. It was ob-served by microscopic examination that the cells were normal.
The retained media was analyzed for lactic acid and growth hormone. The analysis showed that the total retained media contained 700 nanograms of growth hormone and that the media were substantially free of lactic acid. The substantial ahsence of lactic acid indicates that the cell growth was achieved under ~ aerobic conditions.
; 20 As a control 10 mls. of the above-prepared cell inn-oculum medium was placed in each of two "T" flasks and the ~edium was incubated in the jacketed carbon dioxide reactor at 37C for 49 days tsimultaneously with the cell culture re-actor). l~edium was changed at two day intervals and the with-drawn medium was collected and retained. The area of growth for each "T" flask was 50 sq. cms. The retained media was analyzed for ~rowth hormone and lactic acid. The analysis showed that the combined media from both flasks contained 800 nanograms of growth hormone, (an average of 400 nanograms per flask) and that the production of lactic acid (based on glu-cose) was quantitative. The quantitative production of lactic 11`~7Zl~
scid indicates anaerobic cell growth condition.
EXA~IPLE 2 =~ .
In this example the cell culture reactor employed is of the type described in the United Sta~es patent 3,228,877 issued January 11, 1966 to H. I. ~Sahon. The reactor consists of a bundle of lOQ0 continuously hollow fibers (Amicon XM-50) havîng a total external surface area of about 900 sq. cms.
contained in a tubular casing. The hollow fibers are open at each end to permit continuous flow of the oxygen carrier. A
cell innoculum medium of porcine pituitary celis ~7.6 X 105 cells per ml) was prepared following the procedure of Example 1.
The cell culture reactor was innoculated with 33 mls. of in-noculum medium to attach cells to the outer surface of the fibers. Incubation at 37C was conducted for six days to pro-duce a confluent growth of cells under aerobic conditions on the fibers. During the six day period air with 3~ carbon dioxide was passed through the fibexs.in a pulsating manner - tl pulse every 10 seconds) at a rate of S cc. per minute.
Throughout the six day period the cell culture medium was con-tinuously charged. After initial introduction of the innoculum the medium change was accomplished by continuously pumping medium (BMEggPetal Calfl) into the reactor in contact with the ~x~erior walls of the fibers at the rate of 4 mls. per minute and out of the reactor (excluding medium discharged through the fibers) at the rate of 1 ml. per minute. By this procedure medium flows radially through the cell layers, through the walls of the fibers and into the hollow cores of the fibers.
Discharged mediu~ was analyzed and found to contain growth hor-mone.
Radial flow of medium as in the procedure of this Example provides for the optimum distribution of nutrients to `` 11'~37Zl~
C-ll-21-0228 the cells thus aiding in the formation of dense cell layers.
Since with radial flow the smaller molecules more readily , ,.
permeate the hollow fiber membrane *han do the laTger mole-cules, the procedure further serves to concentrate large molecules (fetal calf serum, hormones and other metabolites) on the other side of the membrane.
The general procedure of Example 2 was Tepeated with the exception that the oxygen carrier was oxygenated Basal Medium Eagle's without serum which was pumped through the interior of the hollow fibers at the rate of 12 mls. per min-ute. The incubation was carried out for 12 days. Heavy con-fluent cell growth was observed on the fibers. Cell growth was aerobic during the first four days and anaerobic thereafter.
EXA~IPLE 4 Human embryonic lung fibroblasts (WI-38 cells at 26th generation isolated by L. Hayflick) were incubated following the general procedure of Examples 2 and 3 for 24 days ~t 37C in a cell culture reactor consisting of a bundle of polymeric zo hollow fibers (Amicon XM-50 polymer) in a rectangular casing.
The fibers are open at each end ~o permit continuous flow of oxygen carrier. The pH of the cell culture medium throughout the 24 day incubation period fluctuated in the range of from about 7.2 to about 7.9. The hollow fiber bundle had a total external surface area of about 85 cm2~ of which about 65 cm2 of the surface area was continuously immersed in medium through-out the 24 day incubation period. The cells were attached to the external walls of the fibers as in Example 2 with approx-imately 58% of the cells being attached to the external walls 30 of thc fibers after 18 hours. The cell density on the fibers after the 18 hour pcrio~ was 1.56 X 104/cm2 of surface. On - 16 ~
llf~Zll C~ Zl-0228 completion of the 18 hour attachment period medium was pumped into and through the reactor in contact with the exterior walls of the fibers at the rate of 4 mls/hour and oxygen carrier (air + 3% C02) was passed through the fibers at the rate of 40 mls/hour. To obtain optimum contact of medium with the cells the fibers in the bundle were maintained in a spread position and the medium was pumped into the reactor perpendic-ular to the fibers. Confluent growth of cells on the fibers was obtained after 10 days of incubation with a cell density of 1 - 1.5 X 105 being observed. After the 14th day of incu-bation the cell density ~as 7.5 X 105 cells/cm2. The cells were maintained for an additional 10 days with no increase in cell density being observed after the 14th day of incubation.
After the 24 day incubatio~ period the cells were removed from the fibers by trypsinization. The cells gave a normal appearance upon microscopic examination.
It is greatly advantageous to operate the present process under conditions which insure adequate oxygen for cell maintenance or growth under aerobic conditions. By use of air or other gases in the fiber, it is possible to supply oxygen at a much greater rate, e.g., air has 0.0029 grams oxygen per ml., compared to much lower soluDilities of oxygen in most liquids. Also the rate of ; diffusion is rapid in gases but mucn slower in liquids. Air is about 4000 times as effective in providing oxygen as is an aqueous system saturated with oxygen. Other gaseous systems containing oxygen are suitaDly usea, and any system with a partial gas phase, sucn as a foam, is considered as a gaseous system. 'rhe amount of o~y"en needed in ti~e oxy~cn carrier will vary with the flow ra.e and otiler factors, but oxygen concentratiorls greater than 50 to 100 microrams rjer ml. are gr?nerally suitable. The practical flow ra-~es are limited or; the upper side by the strength of tne fibers, and use of high oxygen concentrations - ~7 -1~0'7211 lessens the need for high flow rates. A gaseous system can employ various otner gases, as a diluent, along with oxygen.
Generally it will be desireable that such diluents be relatively inert, or at least not known to have any strong adverse effect on cell cultures, and tnat such diluents not react readily with oxygen to use up the available oxygen. The present process can use atmospheric, sub-atmospheric, or super-atmospheric pressures and if, for some reason, it is desired to operate at sub-atmos-pAeric pressures, oxygen can be utilized at about 0.2 atmosphere, and it is then unnecessary to use any diluent for the oxygen.
The present process will not generally employ oxygen in such high concentrations as to cause the death of significant numbers of cells. In the production of cells, it is desirable to achieve high production and growth rates, and to do so with aerobic conditions. Thus in the present process it is desirable to supply enough oxygen in excess of the maximum demand therefor to provide aerobic growth or maintenance at the maximum cell production rate and with the rnaximum cell density ultimately achieved, and to do so under long term culturing. Of course, some of -the benefits of the process are definitely acnieved if the cell growth occurs under aerobic conditions with more than adequate oxygen for an acceptable time, even if ultimately some anaerobic growth occurs --because of the production of many layers of cells which impede oxygen diffusion. 'l'hus one of the features of the present inventior is to provide adequate oxygen for aerobic growth at maximum or high cell density, even though such growth may not be achieved under some conditions. 'l'he oxygen can suitably be supplied in concentration sufficient to exceed the demand therefor.
While the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments thereof it ~Jill be appreciated that mod-ifications and variations are possible without departing from the invention.
11~7Zll C~ 21-0228 ~ the cells produced, depending upon the particular oxygen requirements of the cell utilized. While this might achieve some aerobic growth during initial growth stages, or in the initial contact portion of a reactor, this does not really demonstrate capability to achieve aerobic growth, as it has long been possible by other methods to culture a limited number of cells under aerobic conditions.
It has been discovered in accordance with the present invention that cells are propagated by aseptically attaching cells to one wall of an oxygen permeable hollow fiber membrane and contacting the opposite wall of the hollow fiber membrane with an oxygen carrier thereby to cause oxygen to permeate through tile membrane and to bring it into contact with the attached cells under aerobic conditions, while simultaneously incubating the attacned cells in a nutrient cell culture medium. ~ -.
i 1~ 7Z ~ 21-0228 ~y continuously passin~ oxygen through the membrane from tne side opposite tnat on which cells are attached the method of the present invention permits a continuous and, if desired, uniform supply of ox~gen tO reach and nourish the cells thereby fac-ilitating aero~ic propagation of the cells in desired tissue densities. 1'he oxygen for aerobic growth is suitably supplied by utilizing a gaseous carrier containing oxygen in sufficient amount to satisfy the demand therefor.
In carrying out the method of the present invention the cells are aseptically attacned to one wall or surface (exterior or interior) of the nollow fiber membrane by contacting cells sus-pended in a cell culture medium with the desired membrane wall.
For tne purpose oî attacnment tne "cell culture medium" will typically be a nutrient medium for the cells, however a non-nutrient pnysiologically compatible medium such as physiological saline can also be employed if desired. Upon attachement (and during attacnment if desired) oxygen is supplied to the cells by contacting the opposite side -of the membrane with an oxygen carrier Simultaneously the cells are incubated in a nutrient cell culture medium.
In a preferred embodiment the cells are attached to and grown on the exterior wall of a hollow fiber which is preferably open at both ends. ~y this procedure it is possible to con-tinuously pass a stream of an oxygen carrier through the hollow core of the fiber. 'rhe continuous passage of oxygen carrier through the core of a continuously hollow fiber may be accomplished by passing the oxygen carrier through the fiber in uniform amounts or by pulsating the oxygen carrier through the fiber. Pulsation is 2referred in order to ODtain optimuM distribution of oxygen to all cells and to minimize channeling of oxygen.
In an alternate procedure the continuously hollow fiber may be closed at one end. In this procedure tile oxygen carrier is passed into the core of the fiber and oxygen is diffused " 11~7Zll C-11-21-0228 through the wall and thus brought into contact with the cells.
A procedure and apparatus for carrying out the process is illustrated in tne flow diagram of the figure. In the figure, a reactor 1 comprises a container 2 containing a large number of nollow fibers 3 longitudinally placed in said chamber, with upper ends 4 projecting into a chamber 5 formed above gasket 6, and lower ends 7 projecting into chamber 8 below gasket 9. The nutrient medium is pumped from reservoir 10 through pump 11 to the reactor at inlet 12 into container 2 externally of the fibers, and can be removed from the container through outlet 13 and pump 14 can be operated at a flow rate slower than that of pump 11, so that less medium is removed through outlet 13 than enters through inlet 12, causing the excess to penetrate through the fiber wall and flow through the hollow fiber. The reactor is provided with oxygen by pumping air from cylinder 16, containing air and 3~ carbon dioxide, through pump 17 and conduit 18 to chamber 5 of container 2, so that the air enters the open ends 4 of the hollow fibers. A pulser 19 is connected to conduit 18 The pulser 19, comprises a chamber 20 containing a diaphragm 21 separating upper and lower portions of said chamber and preventing movement of air thereDetween. The upper part of the pulser is connected to a valve 22 which can be positioned to provide access to a vacuum, or to a source of air pressure, and which is controlled by a solenoid electrically connected to a timer 23.
~nen valve 22 is open to the air source, the diaphra~m 19 is distended downward to substantially fill tne lower part of chamber 20 to provide a surge of air entering chamber 5 and flowing throug~ the hollow fibers. Tne chamber 20 and diaphragm 1'~ are preferably sizcd to have sufficient volume in the surge to slightly exceed tne total internal volume of the hollow ~ibers in the reactors, so that the surge of air can substantially remove all tne materials from the cores of the ~1~)72il flbers. Tile diaphragm can be made of rubber or other suitable material. The air and other material leaves the fibers through their lower ends 7 and chamber 8 through conduit 24 to overflow vessel 25. Since liquid may have penetrated the fiber, by diffUSion, or because more liquid was pumped into the reactor than removed therefrom through outlet 13, liquid is generally removed and conveyed through conduit 24 to overflow vessel 25.
Conduit 24 is also connected through valve 26 to cylinder 16, but this is only for the purpOGe of using the cylinder as an oxygen source for calibration purposes, and valve 26 is normally closed. The overflow vessel 25 is connected to a reservoir 27, and is provided with instruments 28 and 29 to provide pH and oxygen measurements at instruments 30 and 31. The reactor is provided with means for temperature control by controller 32.
Refrigerator 33 provides refrigeration of components 10, 15, and 27.
The described apparatus can, for example, be operated with a 5 ml/minute air flow rate, and a liquid medium input of 0.4 ml/minute and output through outlet 13 of 0.1 ml/minute. This leaves 0.3 ml~minute of liquid medium to penetrate the fibers and to exit with 5 mlJminute of gases. In addition to the gaskets 6 and 9, the fiber~ are sealed to each other near their ends by a resinuous compound to prevent movement of material from the interstices of the fibers into chambers 5 and 8.
The parts of the apparatus can, of course, be varied in size. However, a reactor of overall length 25 cm. with fiber length of about 20 cm. can be employed, with about 15 cm of the fiber available for cell growth. Such a reactor may have about 5 cm. overall diameter, with container 2 having an outer diameter of 2.38 cm. and inner diameter of 1.9 cm. The container can contain about 1000 fibers of 360 micrometer outer diameter and 200 micrometer inner diameter, for a total effective hollow core ll'rJ7211 . .
volume of about 6.3 ml. rne pulser 19 has an internal volume of about 28 ml. and the diaphragm can displace about 8 ml.
of the lower portion of the chamber 20, so that the surge is adequate to sweep out the fibers. The surge gives a pressure differential of 3 to 5 psi. The pulse can be operated at various frequencies, for example a cycle of 10 seconds on vacuum and 10 seconds on air pressure, with repetition of the cycle. If desired, the cycle can be varied by using a different duration for the air pressure and vacuum phases of the pulser, and the pulser can also be operated to provide irregular surges of air, rather than a regular cycle. Also, the surge may have varying forms, for example a short sharp rise in pre5sure, followed by a slow fall, or a regular moderate rise and moderate fall, etc., sine wave characteristics, etc. It is not necessary to have the flow fall to zero between surges, although this provides acceptable results, and in fact, the flow can even be reversed, if desired, at some stages of the pulsation. rhe reactor can be operated at varying rates, etc., but illustrative rates are, for example, 5 ml/minute air flow and .4 ml/minute liquid input, with 0.3 ml of the liquid penetrating the fibers and exiting frorn the ends thereof.
In the method of the present invention any suitable oxygen carrier may be employed. Generally air is the preferred oxygen carrier however carriers containing dissolved oxygen such as silicone polymers, hemoglobin, fluorocarbons, and oxygenated nutrient medium may also be used with desired results, although special procedures or conditions may then be necessary to satisfy the oxygen demand to obtain aerobic growth. When air or other suitable gaseous mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen are em~loyed it is also preferred tnat the gas con~ain small amounts of carbon dioxide e.g. on the order of 2-5~. The carbon dioxide serves to provide carbonate buffering and thereby assists in maintaining the p~i of the medi~l on the other side of the membrane within the desired range.
1~37Zll The oells are incubated in a nutrient cell culture medium under cell growth maintenance conditions of pH and te~perature. Suitable nutrient cell culture media are known to the art and such may be used in the method of the present . ..
invention. Typically such nutrient culture media contain the known essential amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, mineral salts and, preferably, blood serum. Fungicides and bacteria-cides may also be included in such media in desired amounts to prevent the growth of undesired microorganisms. As indicated abo~e the pH of the nutrient medium is advantageously con-trolled within the desired range (typically in the range of 6.8-8.2) by including small amounts of carbon dioxide in the oxygen carTier. However if desired the pH can be controlled by including a suitable buffer such as HEPES buffer (a mixture of N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazineand N'-2-ethane sulfonic acid) in the nutrient cell culture medium itself. Other suitable methods for controlling pH such as passing the medium over ionic exchange resins may also be employed.
The choice o temperature for incubation of cells is within the skill of the worker in the field of cell and tissue culturing and will depend principally upon t~e physiological temperature for the particular cells to be propagated, that is the optimum temperature at which growth or maintenance of the cells occurs. For example when normal mammalian cells are propagated a narro~ temperature range of from about 35-40C
is typically employed whereas, for exa~ple, if the cells are reptilian in origin lower or higher temperatuTes may be employ-ed.
The method of the present invention utilizes hollow fiber membranes. The hollow fiber membranes may be employed in any suitable fashion such as for example in ~undles, in single strands or in mesh relationship. The hollow fiber is, of course, designed to be permeable to gas, but impermeable ~ g _ 7Zll C~ 0228 to the cells. ~he membrane can be of a dense or of a "Loeb"
structure. The hollow fiber may be produced from any suitable material which is non-toxic to the cells which can be approp-riately spun into fibers and which permitscell attachment there-to. Examples of such materials include polyolefins such as polyacrylonitrile and polystyrene, polyionic polymers, poly-carbohydrates such as cellulose~ and cellulose derivatives, for example, cellulose esters, polypeptides such as collagen, silicone rubber polymers, fluorocarbon polymers etc. and the like. It has been found that cell attachment to the surface of the membrane is promoted when the membrane possesses in-creased surface energy as is evidenced by the presence of pos^
itive or negative charges. Attachment of cells to an otherwise suitable membrane may be promoted by coating the surface to which the cells are to be attached with collagen ; The optimum dimensions for the hollow fibers may vary depending among other things on the apparatus and the oxygen carrier employed. Generally the inside diameter of the hollow fiber is in the rangs of from about 10 to about 300 microns with an inside diameter of 50-100 microns being pre-ferred. The membrane wall must of course be sufficiently thin to permit permeation as deslred and sufficiently thick so as to not rupture under the conditions employed. Typically suitable membranes have an effective wall thickness of from abou~ 10 to about 100 microns.
Suitable cells for propagation in accordance with the method of the present invention include tissue cells from vertebTate animals which are capable of attachment and growth or maintenance on a surface. Of course cells which are inher-en~y incapable of proliferation such as erythrocytes cannot ~7Zll C~ 21-0228 be employed in the method of this invention. Examples o such suitable cells include diploid cell lines such as ~1-38 human lung fibrablasts, hlRC-S male human fetal lung fibroblasts and DBS-FRh L-Z rhesus monkey fetal lung fibroblasts; primary cells such as boYine and human anterior pituitary cells, chicken embryo, frog epithelium and rat liver; and established cell lines such as Hela human cervix (carcinoma~cells, rhesus monkey kidney cells (LIC-MK2) Syrian baby hampster kidney cells(BHK-21) etc. and the like.
It will be appreciated that the above list of cells is given for illustrative purposes and that other cells from other sources including avian, mammalian, reptilian and amphib-ian sources including normal and abnormal cells can be propa-gated and maintained in accordance with the method of the pre-sent invention. ` ;
The following examples illustrate specific embodi-ments of the invention. In the examples the preparation of the cells, the preparation of the innoculum, and the cell cul-turing experiments were carried out under sterile conditions.
Preparation of Cells One calf pituitary obtained by dissection from a freshly slaughtered animal was stored approximately four hours in phosphate buffered salts (PBS) medium of the following composi tion: ~
NACl---~ --------grams - 8, n KCl--------~ ---- " - 0.2 Na2HPO4----------------- l _ 1.15 CaC12-------------------- 1- - 0.1 KH2PO4------------------- ~ 0.2 MgC12 6H20-- " 0.1 Penicillin--------------- * 100,000 11~7Zl~
Streptomycin--------------grams - 0.1 Distilled Water-----------mls. 900 *I.U.
The temperature of the medium during storage was about 25C. The anterior portion was dissected from the gland, cleaned to remove connective tissue and minced. The minced anterior gland was gently mixed with an aqueous solution of trypsin in a Petri dish and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand under sterile conditions for 18 hours at room temper-ature to obtain release of individual cells into the fluid.
The aqueous trypsin solution was prepared by mixing 10 milli-leters of PBS with 250,000 units of dry powdered trypsin en-~ ., ; zyme sold under the trade mark "TRYPTAR" by Armour and Co., ~; Chicago, Illinois and 0.75 ml. of 0.5 normal sodium hydroxy.
The released pituitary cells (epithelia) were separated from re-maining connective tissue by repeated centrifugation, filtration and washing. It was determined from a cell count (with a hemocytometer) that the resulting washed cell suspension con-tained 1.37 x 106 cells per ml.
Preparation of Innoculum To prepare the innoculum 30 mls. of the washed cell suspension were diluted to 150 mls. with the product mar-keted under the trade mark "Basal Medium Eagle's" (BME) con-taining 10% fetal calf serum. The composition of the Basal Medium Eagle's (BME) constituting 90" of the BMEgo fetal calf10 was as follows:
Mg/l.
l-arginine chlorhydrate 105 l-cystine 24 l-histidine monohydrochlorhydrate 31 l-isoleucine 52 l-lysine chlorhydrate 58 - l-leucine 52 l-methiomine 15 l-phenylalanine 32 l-threonine 48 l-tryptophan ~ 10 l-tyrosine 36 11~7Z~l Mg/l.
l-valine 46 choline chloride 1.00 Folic acid 1.00 Isoinositol 1.00 Nicotinamide 1.00 Pantothenic acid 1.00 Pyridoxal 1.00 Thiamine 1.00 Riboflavin 0.10 NaCl 6800 KCl 400 NaH2PO4-2H2o 150 NaHCO3 2000 CaC12 200 MgC12 200 Glucose 1000 l-glutamine 212 Phenol ured 20 Penicillin (1) Streptomycin 50 (1) 50,000 I.U.
Reactor The culturing of cells was carried out using a cell culture reactor consisting of a bundle of 100 open ended con-tinuously hollow polymeric fibers, in a U position in a 10 ml.
glass flask. The two ends of the fiber bundles are fitted in separate holes of a three-holed rubber stopper with the stopper being positioned in the neck of the flask. The third hole of the stopper is available for introduction and extraction of medium. The hollow fiber material is a commercial polyiomic polymer material sold under the trade mark "Amicon X M-50" by Amicon Corp., Lexington, Massachusetts. Each fiber is 10 cms. in length and has approximately 1/2 sq. cm. of cell growing surface.
Each fiber has an internal diameter of 360 microns and a wall thickness of 80 microns with the wall having a "Loeb" configuration.
Cell Culturing The reactor was sterilized using Beta-propiolactone vapors and then rinsed with phosphate buffer. Innoculum (8 millileters) prepared above was introduced into the reactor 7~
C-11-21-022~
to attach cells to the outer walls of the fibers. The reactor was placed in a jacketed carbon,dioxide incubator and the contents were incubated for 49 days at 37C. Throughout the 49 day incubation period a filtered mixture of air with 3%
carbon dioxide was pumped (with an air pump) through the in-terior of the hollow fibers. During incubation the medium was changed at two day intervals. The withdrawn medium was collec-ted and retained for analysis. On completion of the incubation period the medium was withdrawn from the reactor and a heavy confluent growth of cells on the hollow fibers was observed.
The cells were then prepared for microscopic examination by formaldehyde fixation and staining on the fibers. It was ob-served by microscopic examination that the cells were normal.
The retained media was analyzed for lactic acid and growth hormone. The analysis showed that the total retained media contained 700 nanograms of growth hormone and that the media were substantially free of lactic acid. The substantial ahsence of lactic acid indicates that the cell growth was achieved under ~ aerobic conditions.
; 20 As a control 10 mls. of the above-prepared cell inn-oculum medium was placed in each of two "T" flasks and the ~edium was incubated in the jacketed carbon dioxide reactor at 37C for 49 days tsimultaneously with the cell culture re-actor). l~edium was changed at two day intervals and the with-drawn medium was collected and retained. The area of growth for each "T" flask was 50 sq. cms. The retained media was analyzed for ~rowth hormone and lactic acid. The analysis showed that the combined media from both flasks contained 800 nanograms of growth hormone, (an average of 400 nanograms per flask) and that the production of lactic acid (based on glu-cose) was quantitative. The quantitative production of lactic 11`~7Zl~
scid indicates anaerobic cell growth condition.
EXA~IPLE 2 =~ .
In this example the cell culture reactor employed is of the type described in the United Sta~es patent 3,228,877 issued January 11, 1966 to H. I. ~Sahon. The reactor consists of a bundle of lOQ0 continuously hollow fibers (Amicon XM-50) havîng a total external surface area of about 900 sq. cms.
contained in a tubular casing. The hollow fibers are open at each end to permit continuous flow of the oxygen carrier. A
cell innoculum medium of porcine pituitary celis ~7.6 X 105 cells per ml) was prepared following the procedure of Example 1.
The cell culture reactor was innoculated with 33 mls. of in-noculum medium to attach cells to the outer surface of the fibers. Incubation at 37C was conducted for six days to pro-duce a confluent growth of cells under aerobic conditions on the fibers. During the six day period air with 3~ carbon dioxide was passed through the fibexs.in a pulsating manner - tl pulse every 10 seconds) at a rate of S cc. per minute.
Throughout the six day period the cell culture medium was con-tinuously charged. After initial introduction of the innoculum the medium change was accomplished by continuously pumping medium (BMEggPetal Calfl) into the reactor in contact with the ~x~erior walls of the fibers at the rate of 4 mls. per minute and out of the reactor (excluding medium discharged through the fibers) at the rate of 1 ml. per minute. By this procedure medium flows radially through the cell layers, through the walls of the fibers and into the hollow cores of the fibers.
Discharged mediu~ was analyzed and found to contain growth hor-mone.
Radial flow of medium as in the procedure of this Example provides for the optimum distribution of nutrients to `` 11'~37Zl~
C-ll-21-0228 the cells thus aiding in the formation of dense cell layers.
Since with radial flow the smaller molecules more readily , ,.
permeate the hollow fiber membrane *han do the laTger mole-cules, the procedure further serves to concentrate large molecules (fetal calf serum, hormones and other metabolites) on the other side of the membrane.
The general procedure of Example 2 was Tepeated with the exception that the oxygen carrier was oxygenated Basal Medium Eagle's without serum which was pumped through the interior of the hollow fibers at the rate of 12 mls. per min-ute. The incubation was carried out for 12 days. Heavy con-fluent cell growth was observed on the fibers. Cell growth was aerobic during the first four days and anaerobic thereafter.
EXA~IPLE 4 Human embryonic lung fibroblasts (WI-38 cells at 26th generation isolated by L. Hayflick) were incubated following the general procedure of Examples 2 and 3 for 24 days ~t 37C in a cell culture reactor consisting of a bundle of polymeric zo hollow fibers (Amicon XM-50 polymer) in a rectangular casing.
The fibers are open at each end ~o permit continuous flow of oxygen carrier. The pH of the cell culture medium throughout the 24 day incubation period fluctuated in the range of from about 7.2 to about 7.9. The hollow fiber bundle had a total external surface area of about 85 cm2~ of which about 65 cm2 of the surface area was continuously immersed in medium through-out the 24 day incubation period. The cells were attached to the external walls of the fibers as in Example 2 with approx-imately 58% of the cells being attached to the external walls 30 of thc fibers after 18 hours. The cell density on the fibers after the 18 hour pcrio~ was 1.56 X 104/cm2 of surface. On - 16 ~
llf~Zll C~ Zl-0228 completion of the 18 hour attachment period medium was pumped into and through the reactor in contact with the exterior walls of the fibers at the rate of 4 mls/hour and oxygen carrier (air + 3% C02) was passed through the fibers at the rate of 40 mls/hour. To obtain optimum contact of medium with the cells the fibers in the bundle were maintained in a spread position and the medium was pumped into the reactor perpendic-ular to the fibers. Confluent growth of cells on the fibers was obtained after 10 days of incubation with a cell density of 1 - 1.5 X 105 being observed. After the 14th day of incu-bation the cell density ~as 7.5 X 105 cells/cm2. The cells were maintained for an additional 10 days with no increase in cell density being observed after the 14th day of incubation.
After the 24 day incubatio~ period the cells were removed from the fibers by trypsinization. The cells gave a normal appearance upon microscopic examination.
It is greatly advantageous to operate the present process under conditions which insure adequate oxygen for cell maintenance or growth under aerobic conditions. By use of air or other gases in the fiber, it is possible to supply oxygen at a much greater rate, e.g., air has 0.0029 grams oxygen per ml., compared to much lower soluDilities of oxygen in most liquids. Also the rate of ; diffusion is rapid in gases but mucn slower in liquids. Air is about 4000 times as effective in providing oxygen as is an aqueous system saturated with oxygen. Other gaseous systems containing oxygen are suitaDly usea, and any system with a partial gas phase, sucn as a foam, is considered as a gaseous system. 'rhe amount of o~y"en needed in ti~e oxy~cn carrier will vary with the flow ra.e and otiler factors, but oxygen concentratiorls greater than 50 to 100 microrams rjer ml. are gr?nerally suitable. The practical flow ra-~es are limited or; the upper side by the strength of tne fibers, and use of high oxygen concentrations - ~7 -1~0'7211 lessens the need for high flow rates. A gaseous system can employ various otner gases, as a diluent, along with oxygen.
Generally it will be desireable that such diluents be relatively inert, or at least not known to have any strong adverse effect on cell cultures, and tnat such diluents not react readily with oxygen to use up the available oxygen. The present process can use atmospheric, sub-atmospheric, or super-atmospheric pressures and if, for some reason, it is desired to operate at sub-atmos-pAeric pressures, oxygen can be utilized at about 0.2 atmosphere, and it is then unnecessary to use any diluent for the oxygen.
The present process will not generally employ oxygen in such high concentrations as to cause the death of significant numbers of cells. In the production of cells, it is desirable to achieve high production and growth rates, and to do so with aerobic conditions. Thus in the present process it is desirable to supply enough oxygen in excess of the maximum demand therefor to provide aerobic growth or maintenance at the maximum cell production rate and with the rnaximum cell density ultimately achieved, and to do so under long term culturing. Of course, some of -the benefits of the process are definitely acnieved if the cell growth occurs under aerobic conditions with more than adequate oxygen for an acceptable time, even if ultimately some anaerobic growth occurs --because of the production of many layers of cells which impede oxygen diffusion. 'l'hus one of the features of the present inventior is to provide adequate oxygen for aerobic growth at maximum or high cell density, even though such growth may not be achieved under some conditions. 'l'he oxygen can suitably be supplied in concentration sufficient to exceed the demand therefor.
While the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments thereof it ~Jill be appreciated that mod-ifications and variations are possible without departing from the invention.
Claims (15)
1. A method for propagating or maintaining cells from vertebrate animals in vitro which comprises (a) contacting a suspension of cells in a cell culture medium with one wall of a non-toxic, oxygen permeable, hollow, fiber membrane thereby to attach cells to said wall of said hollow fiber membrane and (b) contacting the opposite wall of same membrane with an oxygen carrier thereby to cause passage of oxygen through the said mem-brane and bring said oxygen into contact with the attached cells on the other side of the membrane and simultaneously incubating the cells in a nutrient cell culture medium under cell growth or maintenance conditions of pH and temperature.
2. A method for propagating or maintaining cells from vertebrate animals in vitro which comprises (a) providing a suspension of cells in a cell culture medium (b) contacting said suspension with the exterior wall of a non-toxic, oxygen permeable, continuously hollow, fiber membrane, said hollow fiber membrane having open ends, said open ends being inaccessible to said suspension, thereby to attach cells to said exterior wall of said fiber membrane and (c) passing an oxygen carried through the interior of said hollow fiber thereby to cause permeation of oxygen through the said fiber membrane and bring said oxygen into contact with the attached cells and simultaneously incubating the cells in a nutrient cell culture medium under cell growth or maintenance conditions of pH and temperature.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the cells are nor-mall mammalian cells.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the normal mammalian cells are human cells.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein the normal mammalian cells are pituitary cells.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the oxygen carrier comprises air.
7. The method of claim 2 wherein the oxygen carrier is oxygenated nutrient medium.
8. The method of claim 2 wherein the method is carried out under aerobic conditions.
9. The process of Claim 2 in which oxygen is supplied in a gaseous system.
10. The method of Claim 2 in which the flow of the oxygen carrier is characterized by intermittent surges.
11. The method of Claim 2 wherein nutrient medium is provided externally to the fibers in a manner so that medium flows through the walls of the fibers and into the hollow cores.
12. The method of Claim 11 in which air with pul-sated flow is utilized as the oxygen carrier.
A method for the formation and maintenance of solid tissues in vitro comprising:
a. arranging a multiplicity of capillaries within a chamber simulating a vascular network, the capillaries having walls which are permeable to nutrients required for cell growth and/or cell products and being arranged with individual capillaries extending in substantially parallel relationship to each other within the chamber, dividing the chamber by the walls of the capillaries into an intracapillary space within the capillaries and an extracapillary space outside the cap-illaries, the intracapillary space and the extracapillary space communicating with each other only through the walls of the capillaries, the capillaries being spaced from each other so as to provide sufficient extracapillary space for three-dimensional growth of a large number of cells, with the capillaries being in sufficient proximity that when the depth of cell growth on one capillary is such that the cells growing on that capillary farthest from that capillary can no longer obtain nourishment from perfusate passing through that capillary and/or removal of waste products by perfusate passing through that capillary, such cells will be influenced by perfusate passing through at least one other capillary;
b. introducing living cells into the extracapillary space so that the cells will settle onto the capillaries; and c. passing perfusate through the intracapillary space.
a. arranging a multiplicity of capillaries within a chamber simulating a vascular network, the capillaries having walls which are permeable to nutrients required for cell growth and/or cell products and being arranged with individual capillaries extending in substantially parallel relationship to each other within the chamber, dividing the chamber by the walls of the capillaries into an intracapillary space within the capillaries and an extracapillary space outside the cap-illaries, the intracapillary space and the extracapillary space communicating with each other only through the walls of the capillaries, the capillaries being spaced from each other so as to provide sufficient extracapillary space for three-dimensional growth of a large number of cells, with the capillaries being in sufficient proximity that when the depth of cell growth on one capillary is such that the cells growing on that capillary farthest from that capillary can no longer obtain nourishment from perfusate passing through that capillary and/or removal of waste products by perfusate passing through that capillary, such cells will be influenced by perfusate passing through at least one other capillary;
b. introducing living cells into the extracapillary space so that the cells will settle onto the capillaries; and c. passing perfusate through the intracapillary space.
14. The method of claim 13 further including the step of recovering cell products passing from the cells through the capillary walls to the perfusate.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the perfusate is oxygenated and pH controlled prior to being passed through the intracapillary space.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US376,038 | 1973-07-02 | ||
| US05/376,038 US3997396A (en) | 1973-07-02 | 1973-07-02 | Method for the in vitro propagation and maintenance of cells |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1107211A true CA1107211A (en) | 1981-08-18 |
Family
ID=23483444
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA203,742A Expired CA1107211A (en) | 1973-07-02 | 1974-06-28 | Method for in vitro propagation and maintenance of cells |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3997396A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS554395B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE817119A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1107211A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH593339A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2431450C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2236004B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1448176A (en) |
| IL (1) | IL45168A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1015692B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL179923C (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA744208B (en) |
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| US3027305A (en) * | 1959-01-16 | 1962-03-27 | Robert R Freeman | Apparatus for the cultivation of microorganisms |
| DE2128744C3 (en) * | 1971-06-09 | 1979-03-29 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Wissenschaften E.V., 3400 Goettingen | Process for the mass cultivation of cells and tissues |
| US3821087A (en) * | 1972-05-18 | 1974-06-28 | Dedrick R | Cell culture on semi-permeable tubular membranes |
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1973
- 1973-07-02 US US05/376,038 patent/US3997396A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1973-07-02 CH CH911774A patent/CH593339A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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1974
- 1974-06-28 CA CA203,742A patent/CA1107211A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-07-01 IT IT24684/74A patent/IT1015692B/en active
- 1974-07-01 ZA ZA00744208A patent/ZA744208B/en unknown
- 1974-07-01 FR FR7422835A patent/FR2236004B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-07-01 BE BE146108A patent/BE817119A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-07-01 JP JP7439374A patent/JPS554395B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1974-07-01 NL NLAANVRAGE7408821,A patent/NL179923C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-07-01 DE DE2431450A patent/DE2431450C2/en not_active Expired
- 1974-07-01 GB GB2907974A patent/GB1448176A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-07-02 IL IL45168A patent/IL45168A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1448176A (en) | 1976-09-02 |
| DE2431450C2 (en) | 1986-10-16 |
| FR2236004A1 (en) | 1975-01-31 |
| US3997396A (en) | 1976-12-14 |
| NL7408821A (en) | 1975-01-06 |
| JPS5036684A (en) | 1975-04-05 |
| NL179923B (en) | 1986-07-01 |
| IL45168A0 (en) | 1974-10-22 |
| JPS554395B2 (en) | 1980-01-30 |
| FR2236004B1 (en) | 1978-11-24 |
| DE2431450A1 (en) | 1975-01-23 |
| BE817119A (en) | 1975-01-02 |
| NL179923C (en) | 1986-12-01 |
| IL45168A (en) | 1976-10-31 |
| IT1015692B (en) | 1977-05-20 |
| CH593339A5 (en) | 1977-11-30 |
| AU7066174A (en) | 1976-01-08 |
| ZA744208B (en) | 1975-06-25 |
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