CA1173112A - Electric supply for ion therapy - Google Patents
Electric supply for ion therapyInfo
- Publication number
- CA1173112A CA1173112A CA000363198A CA363198A CA1173112A CA 1173112 A CA1173112 A CA 1173112A CA 000363198 A CA000363198 A CA 000363198A CA 363198 A CA363198 A CA 363198A CA 1173112 A CA1173112 A CA 1173112A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- electrodes
- current
- mode
- electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/20—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes continuous direct currents
- A61N1/30—Apparatus for iontophoresis, i.e. transfer of media in ionic state by an electromotoric force into the body, or cataphoresis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
- A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
- A61N1/36014—External stimulators, e.g. with patch electrodes
- A61N1/3603—Control systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
- G05F1/46—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
Abstract
Abstract A power supply provides direct current to electrodes attached to a patient. The positive electrode is at least partially silver and releases silver ions as a result of the electric current. Silver ions have known bactericidal properties and may be used to treat infected living tissue.
Tissue may, hwever, be damaged by voltages in excess of 1.1 volts. Accordingly, the power supply has two modes.
under normal conditions the power supply has a constant current output. If the voltage between the electrodes reaches a reference voltage on not more than 1.1 volt, the output is changed to a constant voltage mode, abruptly limiting the output voltage. Indicating means may be incorporated in the supply.
Tissue may, hwever, be damaged by voltages in excess of 1.1 volts. Accordingly, the power supply has two modes.
under normal conditions the power supply has a constant current output. If the voltage between the electrodes reaches a reference voltage on not more than 1.1 volt, the output is changed to a constant voltage mode, abruptly limiting the output voltage. Indicating means may be incorporated in the supply.
Description
EI,ECTRIC SUPPLY l;'OR ION TIIE'RAPY
Background of -the Invention This invention pertains to means for providing therapeutic silver ions and is more particularly concerned with a direct current source for releasing silver ions from an anodal electrode.
The bactericidal action of ionic silver has been known for years. It has been ~ound that silver ions, when applied to tissue, will kill a broad spectrum of bacteria and other microorganisms. One source of silver ions is dissociable silver compound~ which are topically applied to infected tissue.
A more effective ion source than silver compounds is a silver bearing electrode in close proximity to the tissue undergoing treatment. Usually the silver bearing electrode is positive in a direct current circuit. A return electrode, in contact with another area of the patient, provides a return path completing the circuit.
Direct current liberates ionic silver from the anodal electrode. The silver ions penetrate the infected ';issue and bactericidal contaminants to a depth oi about one centimeter.
Because of the limited penetration the infected area is usually debrided prior to treatmentO
Only small levels of direct current are neededO One worker, R.O. Becker, has found 300 ~A satisfactory for treat-ment of chronic osteomyelitis. Current was supplied by a constant current generator jrc:llf~
! 17311~
The electrical resis~.lnce o~ both the tissue heing treated and th~ ti~sue~electrode interEace is a resistive load to the D.C. generator. In accordance with Ohm's law, inter-electxode voltage will increase with resistance if a constant current c~enerator is used. At high resistance the voltaqe may exceed 1.1 volts whereupon half-cell electrolysis occurs and tissue is destroyed.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a direct current source for ionic thereapy which provides a constant level of direct current under most normal load conditions while avoiding electrode voltages suf~icient to cause electrolysis.
Another object is to provide a direct current source for ionic thereapy having as t-~o load-dependent modes constant current and constant voltage.
ummary of the Invention Briefly, the invention includes a electric power supply providing direct current through electrodes to tissue for the purpose of ionic thereapy. The supply normally gives a constant current but limits the voltage between the electrodes to 1.1 volt or less to avoid damage to tissue.
If the voltage is limited, the constant current may be divided between the elctrode path and a shunt circuit.
Indicating means may be provided to indicate if the voltage is beiny limited and to indicate the current through the electrodes. In one embodiment one of the electrodes contains silver so silver ions are released into the tissue by the electric current.
Background of -the Invention This invention pertains to means for providing therapeutic silver ions and is more particularly concerned with a direct current source for releasing silver ions from an anodal electrode.
The bactericidal action of ionic silver has been known for years. It has been ~ound that silver ions, when applied to tissue, will kill a broad spectrum of bacteria and other microorganisms. One source of silver ions is dissociable silver compound~ which are topically applied to infected tissue.
A more effective ion source than silver compounds is a silver bearing electrode in close proximity to the tissue undergoing treatment. Usually the silver bearing electrode is positive in a direct current circuit. A return electrode, in contact with another area of the patient, provides a return path completing the circuit.
Direct current liberates ionic silver from the anodal electrode. The silver ions penetrate the infected ';issue and bactericidal contaminants to a depth oi about one centimeter.
Because of the limited penetration the infected area is usually debrided prior to treatmentO
Only small levels of direct current are neededO One worker, R.O. Becker, has found 300 ~A satisfactory for treat-ment of chronic osteomyelitis. Current was supplied by a constant current generator jrc:llf~
! 17311~
The electrical resis~.lnce o~ both the tissue heing treated and th~ ti~sue~electrode interEace is a resistive load to the D.C. generator. In accordance with Ohm's law, inter-electxode voltage will increase with resistance if a constant current c~enerator is used. At high resistance the voltaqe may exceed 1.1 volts whereupon half-cell electrolysis occurs and tissue is destroyed.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a direct current source for ionic thereapy which provides a constant level of direct current under most normal load conditions while avoiding electrode voltages suf~icient to cause electrolysis.
Another object is to provide a direct current source for ionic thereapy having as t-~o load-dependent modes constant current and constant voltage.
ummary of the Invention Briefly, the invention includes a electric power supply providing direct current through electrodes to tissue for the purpose of ionic thereapy. The supply normally gives a constant current but limits the voltage between the electrodes to 1.1 volt or less to avoid damage to tissue.
If the voltage is limited, the constant current may be divided between the elctrode path and a shunt circuit.
Indicating means may be provided to indicate if the voltage is beiny limited and to indicate the current through the electrodes. In one embodiment one of the electrodes contains silver so silver ions are released into the tissue by the electric current.
2 -jrc~
t i73~12 In accordance w:i.th -the pre~sent :invent.ion the:re is provided an apl)clralals for lon L:herc.lpy charact:erized by having two modes of operation and comprised of: two electrodes for making electrical contac-t with a patient; current means electrically connected to -the electrodes for providing constant direct current flow -through the electrodes during a first mode, voltage means electricaily connected to the electrodes for providing a constant predetermined direct current voltage of less than 1.1 volts across the electrodes during a second mode; and voltage responsive means for causing an abrupt transition from the first mode to the second mode if the voltage across the electrodes reaches the predetermined voltage.
- 2a -cr/)~
Brief Description o~ the Dr~lw:ings Fi~ure 1 is a curve representing -the dual mode character~
istics of a therapeutic power supply according to the invention;
Figure 2 is a schematic of the preferred circuitr~ of a power supply which embodies the invention;
Fiqure 3 is a schematic o~ a mode indicating circuit;
ancl Figure 4 is a schematic of a current indicating circuit for use with the circuit of Figure 2.
Description of the Invention According to the invention there is provided an electrical power source for supplying direct current through two elec~rodes in electrical contact with a patient. The anode electrode is at least partially silver as it has been found that silver evolving from an electrode will have a bactericidal action to adjacent tissue when the electrode is an anode in a low current circuit.
As a feature of the invention the power source has two modes of operation determined by the voltage between the two electrodes. This voltage is important because it has been found that when the inter-electrode voltage exceeds 1.1 volts, tissue damage occurs because of electrolysis.
Referring to Figure 1, there is seen a curve representing the electrical output of the dual mode source, the independent variable being the electrical resistance between the patient electrodes.
At voltages below a predetermined limit below 1.1 volt the source will operate in a constant current mode. A current of about 300 microamperes has been successful in silver ion therapy.
During the constant current mode the source provides a direct ~ 3 --
t i73~12 In accordance w:i.th -the pre~sent :invent.ion the:re is provided an apl)clralals for lon L:herc.lpy charact:erized by having two modes of operation and comprised of: two electrodes for making electrical contac-t with a patient; current means electrically connected to -the electrodes for providing constant direct current flow -through the electrodes during a first mode, voltage means electricaily connected to the electrodes for providing a constant predetermined direct current voltage of less than 1.1 volts across the electrodes during a second mode; and voltage responsive means for causing an abrupt transition from the first mode to the second mode if the voltage across the electrodes reaches the predetermined voltage.
- 2a -cr/)~
Brief Description o~ the Dr~lw:ings Fi~ure 1 is a curve representing -the dual mode character~
istics of a therapeutic power supply according to the invention;
Figure 2 is a schematic of the preferred circuitr~ of a power supply which embodies the invention;
Fiqure 3 is a schematic o~ a mode indicating circuit;
ancl Figure 4 is a schematic of a current indicating circuit for use with the circuit of Figure 2.
Description of the Invention According to the invention there is provided an electrical power source for supplying direct current through two elec~rodes in electrical contact with a patient. The anode electrode is at least partially silver as it has been found that silver evolving from an electrode will have a bactericidal action to adjacent tissue when the electrode is an anode in a low current circuit.
As a feature of the invention the power source has two modes of operation determined by the voltage between the two electrodes. This voltage is important because it has been found that when the inter-electrode voltage exceeds 1.1 volts, tissue damage occurs because of electrolysis.
Referring to Figure 1, there is seen a curve representing the electrical output of the dual mode source, the independent variable being the electrical resistance between the patient electrodes.
At voltages below a predetermined limit below 1.1 volt the source will operate in a constant current mode. A current of about 300 microamperes has been successful in silver ion therapy.
During the constant current mode the source provides a direct ~ 3 --
3~12 current at a constant a~perage reqardlcss of variations of load between the el,~ctrocles. Load variations may be due to resist-ance changes at the elec-trode-tissue interface such as a dis-placed electrode, an electrode which has become coated or polar-ized, or change in the electro-chemical characteristics of the tissue.
If the inter-electrode voltage should slightly exceed the predetermined voltage limit the supply shifts modes into con-stant voltage operation. This prevents the inter-electrode voltage from rising to levels where tissue damaging electrolysis may occur. To provide a safety factor a voltage less than 1.1 volts is chosen to be the determinating voltage limit. A maximum voltage of 0.9 volts was selected for the preferred embodiment for safety reasons.
The power supply's output is conditioned upon the voltage between the electrodes. At voltages below 0.9 volts the power supply will operate in the,constant current mode, represented bv the portion of the curve identified as "A". In this mode the output ~urrent will not be affected by changes in the resistance or load between electrodes. The voltage will, however, increase proportionally with resistance. The current mode is maintained until the inter-electrode voltage reaches ~.9 volts whereupon there is a abrupt transition between constant current mode and constant voltage mode. The transition is the sharp knee "B", of curve of Fi~ure 1. If the resistance increased even more, the voltage remains constant "C" while the current drops in accord-ance with Ohm's law. Because the voltage is limited to below 1.1 volt, electrolysis is prevented.
The mode t^ansition between modes is much more abrupt than would occur with a diode voltage limiter which, being ~J - 4 -~ 1731~
a square law device, does not provide a sharp trans;stion.
The preferred embodiment oE the invention is i]lustrated by the circuit schematic of Figure 2. Typical component values are shown. The source 10 includes both a constant current generator 12 and a voltage limiter 14.
A suitable constant current generator is the well known arrangement of a field effect transistor 16 having its gage biased by the voltage across resistor 18. The generator current is de-termined by the value of resistor 18 and is independent of normal load variations. Resistor 18 may be a plurality of selectable re~
sistors or a varia~le resistor so that different current levels may be obtained. The preferred current is, however, about 300 microamperes. During the constant current mode the entire current from the current soilr~e generator flows through the load via the electrodes 20, 22 and resistor 24.
Voltage limiter 14 is provided in shunt with the electrodes 20, 22 for limiting the output voltage across the electrode to below 1.1 volts.
The voltage limiter 14 functions as a variable resistive path shunting the electrodes 20, 22. When the inter-electrode voltage i5 less than 0.9 volts the limiter 14 presents a high resistance and all the current from the constant current generator ~lows through the electrodes 20, 22. If the inter-electrode voltage reaches 0.9 volts the resistance of the limiter 1~ drops dividing the output of constant current generator between the electrode path and the limiter. The resistance of the limiter will decrease as necessary to limit the inter-electrode voltage to 0.9 volts.
In the circuit shown a commercially available integrated circuit 26 embodies the voltage limiter. The ICL8212 circuit manufactured by Intersil Inc., Cupertino Ca.
jrc~
was used. This circui~ is a mLcropower b-Lpolar mo11o:litt1ic integratecl circuit which :includes an internal 1.]5 vol~ voltage reference, a com-parator and a pair of oUtput buffer-drivers~ Five pins connect to the integrated circuit. These pins are "positive power supply" 28, "hysteresis"
30, "threshold" 32, "output" 34, and "minus power supply" 36. A know-ledge of the ICC8212 internal circuitry is not necessary to understand the invention.
As shown the positive power supply pin ~8 is connected to the positive terminal of a battery 38 while the minus power pin 36 is connected to battery return 40.
The output of the current generator 12, the threshold pin 32 and the output pin 34 are electrically connected in common to each other and the positive patient electrode 20. For silver ion therapy positive electrode 20 should be silver bearing. A capacitor 42 connecting the generator 12 to battery return 40 prevents oscillation. The hystere-sis pin 30 is capacitively coupled through capacitor 44 to battery return 40 to avoid noise. Two series resistors 46, 48 form a voltage divider which biases the negative patient electrode 0.25 volts above return 40.
When the inter-electrode voltage is 0.9 volts, the voltage between the positive electrode 20 and return 40 is about equal to the internal reference voltage of l.15 volts. Because this value is determined by the internal r ference voltage and a fixed bias it shall be referred to in the claims as a reference voltage. This voltage level appears at the threshold pin 32 causing current to gradually be shunted to the output pin 34 from the electrodes 20, 22. As much current will be shunted as necessary to limit the interelectrode voltage to 0.9 volts.
In keeping with the invention there are provided a LED 47 for indicating battery reversal, and a diode 49 giving protection from battery reversal. The use of zener diode 64 will be explained in connection with Figure 4.
m~h I ~, 1 17~12 As an adclit:ionnl feature n~ the invention, there may be provided means Eor ind-icating in which mode the source is ~unctionlng.
In Figure 3 there is shown a binary display 50 having two LED's 52, 54 corresponding to the two modes.
The voltage at the hysteresis pin 30 is less than 0.1 volt during constant current mode and 0.4 volt during constant voltage mode. This voltage is directed to two voltage comparators 56, 58 which compares it to a re~erence voltage of about 0.1 volt provided by resistors.
Each comparator 56, 58 has a corresponding LED 52, 54 arranged at its output. The outputs are opposite and will change accor ding to mode.
An alternative indicating means is shown in Figure 4.
digital volt meter 60 displays the treatment current passing between the electrodes 20, 22 as sensed by resistor 24 in series with the elec-trode path. The voltage across the resistor 24 corresponds to current and is directed to a A-D converter 62 such as an Intersil 5CL7106. A
zener diode 64 may be needed to bias the input to a level acceptable to the A-D converter 62. The output of the converter 62 drives a liquid crystal display 66 which continuously indicates treatment current. A
drop in current indicates such problems as a detached cable to the elec-trode, or a spent electrode.
The circuitry described is intended to be powered by a 9 volt battery. In keeping with the invention, a battery voltage indica-tor 68 may be provided. An ICL8212 circuit 70 normally enables the A-D converter 62. I~ the battery drops to approximately 7.5 volts, circuit 70 disables the A-D converter 62. The display 66 is blanked until battery voltage exceeds 8.0 volts.
mab/ ~
1 1'^~3112 The followi.ng parts li.st i(lent.ifies some of the components used in actual circuits.
Semiconductors IC 26 Intersil ICL8212CPA
Diode 49 IN 914 Comparator 56 1/2 LM 339 Comparator 58 1/2 LM 339 A/D Converter 62 Intersil ICL 7106 - ~ Zener 64 IN5231B 5.1 volt IC 70 Intersil ICL8212CPA
Resistors 18 5.6 to 6.6K
46 3.9 to 4.9k Capacitors 42 ~uf 44 .68uf jrc:Y`~
If the inter-electrode voltage should slightly exceed the predetermined voltage limit the supply shifts modes into con-stant voltage operation. This prevents the inter-electrode voltage from rising to levels where tissue damaging electrolysis may occur. To provide a safety factor a voltage less than 1.1 volts is chosen to be the determinating voltage limit. A maximum voltage of 0.9 volts was selected for the preferred embodiment for safety reasons.
The power supply's output is conditioned upon the voltage between the electrodes. At voltages below 0.9 volts the power supply will operate in the,constant current mode, represented bv the portion of the curve identified as "A". In this mode the output ~urrent will not be affected by changes in the resistance or load between electrodes. The voltage will, however, increase proportionally with resistance. The current mode is maintained until the inter-electrode voltage reaches ~.9 volts whereupon there is a abrupt transition between constant current mode and constant voltage mode. The transition is the sharp knee "B", of curve of Fi~ure 1. If the resistance increased even more, the voltage remains constant "C" while the current drops in accord-ance with Ohm's law. Because the voltage is limited to below 1.1 volt, electrolysis is prevented.
The mode t^ansition between modes is much more abrupt than would occur with a diode voltage limiter which, being ~J - 4 -~ 1731~
a square law device, does not provide a sharp trans;stion.
The preferred embodiment oE the invention is i]lustrated by the circuit schematic of Figure 2. Typical component values are shown. The source 10 includes both a constant current generator 12 and a voltage limiter 14.
A suitable constant current generator is the well known arrangement of a field effect transistor 16 having its gage biased by the voltage across resistor 18. The generator current is de-termined by the value of resistor 18 and is independent of normal load variations. Resistor 18 may be a plurality of selectable re~
sistors or a varia~le resistor so that different current levels may be obtained. The preferred current is, however, about 300 microamperes. During the constant current mode the entire current from the current soilr~e generator flows through the load via the electrodes 20, 22 and resistor 24.
Voltage limiter 14 is provided in shunt with the electrodes 20, 22 for limiting the output voltage across the electrode to below 1.1 volts.
The voltage limiter 14 functions as a variable resistive path shunting the electrodes 20, 22. When the inter-electrode voltage i5 less than 0.9 volts the limiter 14 presents a high resistance and all the current from the constant current generator ~lows through the electrodes 20, 22. If the inter-electrode voltage reaches 0.9 volts the resistance of the limiter 1~ drops dividing the output of constant current generator between the electrode path and the limiter. The resistance of the limiter will decrease as necessary to limit the inter-electrode voltage to 0.9 volts.
In the circuit shown a commercially available integrated circuit 26 embodies the voltage limiter. The ICL8212 circuit manufactured by Intersil Inc., Cupertino Ca.
jrc~
was used. This circui~ is a mLcropower b-Lpolar mo11o:litt1ic integratecl circuit which :includes an internal 1.]5 vol~ voltage reference, a com-parator and a pair of oUtput buffer-drivers~ Five pins connect to the integrated circuit. These pins are "positive power supply" 28, "hysteresis"
30, "threshold" 32, "output" 34, and "minus power supply" 36. A know-ledge of the ICC8212 internal circuitry is not necessary to understand the invention.
As shown the positive power supply pin ~8 is connected to the positive terminal of a battery 38 while the minus power pin 36 is connected to battery return 40.
The output of the current generator 12, the threshold pin 32 and the output pin 34 are electrically connected in common to each other and the positive patient electrode 20. For silver ion therapy positive electrode 20 should be silver bearing. A capacitor 42 connecting the generator 12 to battery return 40 prevents oscillation. The hystere-sis pin 30 is capacitively coupled through capacitor 44 to battery return 40 to avoid noise. Two series resistors 46, 48 form a voltage divider which biases the negative patient electrode 0.25 volts above return 40.
When the inter-electrode voltage is 0.9 volts, the voltage between the positive electrode 20 and return 40 is about equal to the internal reference voltage of l.15 volts. Because this value is determined by the internal r ference voltage and a fixed bias it shall be referred to in the claims as a reference voltage. This voltage level appears at the threshold pin 32 causing current to gradually be shunted to the output pin 34 from the electrodes 20, 22. As much current will be shunted as necessary to limit the interelectrode voltage to 0.9 volts.
In keeping with the invention there are provided a LED 47 for indicating battery reversal, and a diode 49 giving protection from battery reversal. The use of zener diode 64 will be explained in connection with Figure 4.
m~h I ~, 1 17~12 As an adclit:ionnl feature n~ the invention, there may be provided means Eor ind-icating in which mode the source is ~unctionlng.
In Figure 3 there is shown a binary display 50 having two LED's 52, 54 corresponding to the two modes.
The voltage at the hysteresis pin 30 is less than 0.1 volt during constant current mode and 0.4 volt during constant voltage mode. This voltage is directed to two voltage comparators 56, 58 which compares it to a re~erence voltage of about 0.1 volt provided by resistors.
Each comparator 56, 58 has a corresponding LED 52, 54 arranged at its output. The outputs are opposite and will change accor ding to mode.
An alternative indicating means is shown in Figure 4.
digital volt meter 60 displays the treatment current passing between the electrodes 20, 22 as sensed by resistor 24 in series with the elec-trode path. The voltage across the resistor 24 corresponds to current and is directed to a A-D converter 62 such as an Intersil 5CL7106. A
zener diode 64 may be needed to bias the input to a level acceptable to the A-D converter 62. The output of the converter 62 drives a liquid crystal display 66 which continuously indicates treatment current. A
drop in current indicates such problems as a detached cable to the elec-trode, or a spent electrode.
The circuitry described is intended to be powered by a 9 volt battery. In keeping with the invention, a battery voltage indica-tor 68 may be provided. An ICL8212 circuit 70 normally enables the A-D converter 62. I~ the battery drops to approximately 7.5 volts, circuit 70 disables the A-D converter 62. The display 66 is blanked until battery voltage exceeds 8.0 volts.
mab/ ~
1 1'^~3112 The followi.ng parts li.st i(lent.ifies some of the components used in actual circuits.
Semiconductors IC 26 Intersil ICL8212CPA
Diode 49 IN 914 Comparator 56 1/2 LM 339 Comparator 58 1/2 LM 339 A/D Converter 62 Intersil ICL 7106 - ~ Zener 64 IN5231B 5.1 volt IC 70 Intersil ICL8212CPA
Resistors 18 5.6 to 6.6K
46 3.9 to 4.9k Capacitors 42 ~uf 44 .68uf jrc:Y`~
Claims
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Apparatus for ion therapy characterized by having two modes of operation and comprised of:
two electrodes for making electrical contact with a patient;
current means electrically connected to said electrodes for providing constant direct current flow through the electrodes during a first mode;
voltage means electrically connected to said electrodes for providing a constant predetermined direct current voltage of less than 1.1 volts across the electrodes during a second mode; and voltage responsive means for causing an abrupt transition from the first mode to the second mode if the voltage across the electrodes reaches said predetermined voltage.
two electrodes for making electrical contact with a patient;
current means electrically connected to said electrodes for providing constant direct current flow through the electrodes during a first mode;
voltage means electrically connected to said electrodes for providing a constant predetermined direct current voltage of less than 1.1 volts across the electrodes during a second mode; and voltage responsive means for causing an abrupt transition from the first mode to the second mode if the voltage across the electrodes reaches said predetermined voltage.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US97,535 | 1979-11-26 | ||
| US06/097,535 US4292968A (en) | 1979-11-26 | 1979-11-26 | Electric supply for ion therapy |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1173112A true CA1173112A (en) | 1984-08-21 |
Family
ID=22263881
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000363198A Expired CA1173112A (en) | 1979-11-26 | 1980-10-24 | Electric supply for ion therapy |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4292968A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5685358A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1173112A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3044584A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2064178B (en) |
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| WO1986007269A1 (en) * | 1985-06-10 | 1986-12-18 | Drug Delivery Systems Inc. | Programmable control and mounting system for transdermal drug applicator |
| US4708716A (en) * | 1983-08-18 | 1987-11-24 | Drug Delivery Systems Inc. | Transdermal drug applicator |
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| US5591123A (en) * | 1983-08-18 | 1997-01-07 | Drug Delivery Systems Inc. | Programmable control mounting system for transdermal drug applicator |
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| US5135477A (en) * | 1984-10-29 | 1992-08-04 | Medtronic, Inc. | Iontophoretic drug delivery |
| JPS61234737A (en) * | 1985-04-12 | 1986-10-20 | House Food Ind Co Ltd | Method for improving quality of oolong tea |
| US4606354A (en) * | 1985-05-21 | 1986-08-19 | Ezekiel Jacob J | Gold coated carbon implant and method of treating arthritis therewith |
| US4752285B1 (en) * | 1986-03-19 | 1995-08-22 | Univ Utah Res Found | Methods and apparatus for iontophoresis application of medicaments |
| US4915685A (en) * | 1986-03-19 | 1990-04-10 | Petelenz Tomasz J | Methods and apparatus for iontophoresis application of medicaments at a controlled ph through ion exchange |
| US4886489A (en) * | 1986-03-19 | 1989-12-12 | Jacobsen Stephen C | Flow-through methods and apparatus for iontophoresis application of medicaments at a controlled pH |
| US6956032B1 (en) | 1986-04-18 | 2005-10-18 | Carnegie Mellon University | Cyanine dyes as labeling reagents for detection of biological and other materials by luminescence methods |
| US4911688A (en) * | 1986-07-15 | 1990-03-27 | Patent Research And Development Corp. | Fluid containing covers - with electrical circuits |
| US4725263A (en) * | 1986-07-31 | 1988-02-16 | Medtronic, Inc. | Programmable constant current source transdermal drug delivery system |
| US4931046A (en) * | 1987-05-15 | 1990-06-05 | Newman Martin H | Iontophoresis drug delivery system |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2771554A (en) * | 1950-04-11 | 1956-11-20 | Gratzl Kurt | Impulse generator for medical use |
| US3489152A (en) * | 1967-04-18 | 1970-01-13 | Louis J Barbara | Electrotherapeutic apparatus with body impedance-sensitive intensity regulation |
| US3521641A (en) * | 1967-09-14 | 1970-07-28 | Harry B Farensbach | Electronic apparatus for inducing sleep |
| US4019510A (en) * | 1975-02-10 | 1977-04-26 | Sybron Corporation | Therapeutic method of using low intensity direct current generator with polarity reversal |
| US4141359A (en) * | 1976-08-16 | 1979-02-27 | University Of Utah | Epidermal iontophoresis device |
| US4102347A (en) * | 1976-12-03 | 1978-07-25 | Yukl Tex N | Electronic pain control system |
| US4175565A (en) * | 1977-06-22 | 1979-11-27 | Oratronics, Inc. | Method and apparatus for stimulating osteogenic activity in bone structure adjacent a dental implant |
-
1979
- 1979-11-26 US US06/097,535 patent/US4292968A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1980
- 1980-10-24 CA CA000363198A patent/CA1173112A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-10-31 GB GB8035058A patent/GB2064178B/en not_active Expired
- 1980-11-26 JP JP16540580A patent/JPS5685358A/en active Pending
- 1980-11-26 DE DE19803044584 patent/DE3044584A1/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5685358A (en) | 1981-07-11 |
| GB2064178A (en) | 1981-06-10 |
| US4292968A (en) | 1981-10-06 |
| DE3044584A1 (en) | 1981-08-27 |
| GB2064178B (en) | 1983-11-23 |
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