CA1184283A - Digital switching over pam bus system - Google Patents
Digital switching over pam bus systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA1184283A CA1184283A CA000410309A CA410309A CA1184283A CA 1184283 A CA1184283 A CA 1184283A CA 000410309 A CA000410309 A CA 000410309A CA 410309 A CA410309 A CA 410309A CA 1184283 A CA1184283 A CA 1184283A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- time slot
- bus
- operational amplifier
- transmit
- summing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K5/00—Manipulating of pulses not covered by one of the other main groups of this subclass
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/04—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems for time-division multiplexing
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Interface Circuits In Exchanges (AREA)
- Analogue/Digital Conversion (AREA)
- Amplitude Modulation (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
- Dc Digital Transmission (AREA)
- Use Of Switch Circuits For Exchanges And Methods Of Control Of Multiplex Exchanges (AREA)
Abstract
DIGITAL SWITCHING OVER PAM BUS SYSTEM
Abstract In a PAM bus switching bus which normally handles analog voice signals, the different DC offsets caused by the different buffing, summing and distribution amplifiers cause no ill effects because DC voltages are not passed by the remainder of the support elements. However, when it is attempted to switch logic level DC signals through such a PAM bus network, the DC offset which is an indeterminate function of the particular switching path established, makes it impossible to establish a uniform slicing level.
in the illustrative embodiment a uniform slicing level is achieved by clamping the summing bus of the PAM system during a preamble of the time slot, measuring the offset on the distribution bus and then applying the measured offset to compensate the distribution bus during the remainder of the time slot when the actual data signal is allowed to be applied to the summing bus.
Abstract In a PAM bus switching bus which normally handles analog voice signals, the different DC offsets caused by the different buffing, summing and distribution amplifiers cause no ill effects because DC voltages are not passed by the remainder of the support elements. However, when it is attempted to switch logic level DC signals through such a PAM bus network, the DC offset which is an indeterminate function of the particular switching path established, makes it impossible to establish a uniform slicing level.
in the illustrative embodiment a uniform slicing level is achieved by clamping the summing bus of the PAM system during a preamble of the time slot, measuring the offset on the distribution bus and then applying the measured offset to compensate the distribution bus during the remainder of the time slot when the actual data signal is allowed to be applied to the summing bus.
Description
L~IGITAL S~IT(~ING OVEX PA~ B~IS ~YST~
~ac_round of the Invention 1. Field of the Inveiltiorl ~his invention relates to digital switc~ing systelns and more particularly to the swi tchinc3 of di~i tal signals ~hrough a PAI~ (~ulse arnplicude modulated) bus network .
~ac_round of the Invention 1. Field of the Inveiltiorl ~his invention relates to digital switc~ing systelns and more particularly to the swi tchinc3 of di~i tal signals ~hrough a PAI~ (~ulse arnplicude modulated) bus network .
2 . e~cri~tion Q:E tne Prior Art A well known prior art urivate branch exchange uses a PAM L~us network to establish voice frequency connections among plurali ties of lines and trunks . Some of the dif~erent kinds oi~ connection paths that can be establisned in such a P~X are illustrated in U.S. patent
3,93~,091. Different amplification or ~ain factors are ~resent on line-to-line, line-to-trunk and trunk-to-line connections. The gain that is provided when a voice connection is made between two lines appearing in the same 1 ine carrier (wnere they are served by -the sarne line sum,ning arnpl if ier input for the PAi~l bus) is somewhat different ~han the gain provided wherl the connection is made between two lines that appear in different line carriers (where each line is served by a separate input of the 1ine sulllmlny amylil ier) .
~n that prior-art system, the voice ~orts assigned to lines and trunks are sampled by the PAI~ bus at a~proximately twice the Nyquist rate, i.e., at aç,proximac~ly 16.2 k~z, so chat simpler passive filters can ~e ein~loyed than would be required if these ports were saill,ole.l dt the conventional l~lyquist rate~ Since this san~pl ing rate exceeds the conventional data modem translnissiorl rates o 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 kilobaud, the ~o~iLJility ~reserlts itself of a~lyirly the di~ital data strealll directly co the PAM bus, i.eO, without e,nploying a nodell to first nave the data stream Inodulate a voice-~and carrier signdl and to thell apply the composite signal to the P~M ~us. ~nile modems rnight still be required to perforln the usua:L modulation, wave shapinc3, and e~ualization ~rocesses ~vhen the digital data transmission patll e~tends beyond the P~X, if mo~elns could be eliminated on lntra-~X cails tne to~al number of ~nodems required at d P~X could be reducéd by the ratio that intra-PBX data traffic ~ears co total data traffic.
hhen digital data signals are received it is enerdlly necessary to determine whether ti~e received signdl level corresponds to a "1 , to a 0', or to some other ~redeterinirled sigrlal level. For example, if a positive voltage of some magnitude is intended to signify a 1 and d negatlve voltage is intended to signify a 0' the zero-voltaye level is the obvious threshold or slicing level upon Wl~iC~I to base the decision of what the signal nlealls~ In the above-mencioned PAi~ bus system, however, tne DC out~uc level delivered by the PA~ bus to tne called ~ort circuit varies de~ending upon the ~articular connection ~ath that may have oeell establisiled throu~n the network on the ~articular call. This variation in ~C level is of no consequence on a voice connection because un analog voice signal has no DC colnporlent. The DC
ofLset in the PAM bus network is ~resent because each of the buffer alilplifiers employed in the PAM bus syst~rn contains a deliberate DC offset (approximately 50 millivolts) for the purpose of mitigating crossover distortion. Crossover distortion is caused when an analog 3U al[lpli~ier elnploys se~arate transistor amplifier sections for handling positivè and negative input signals~ Wl-)en the input signal cl)arlyes polarity a transition is made from one alnplifier section to the other. To avoid having ihis transition take ~lace at very low signal levels, which lilignt lead to uncertainty as to which (or bo~h) sections would be opera~ive, a deliberate DC offset is employed so ~nat one set of am~ iers will nandle all low level signals without regard to polarity.
While the nominal DC offset level produces no ill-effects in voice communications, the normal variation in the nominal level exhibited by different combinations of such summing amplifiers means that the ultimate DC
voltage output level cannot accurately be predictedD When additional stages of switching, each including a buffer amplifier, are added to the aforementioned type of switching system to accommodate greater numbers of lines and trunks, the gain (and output level) on each voice connection from an original source port to a final destination port will also vary according to the number of summing amplifiers included in the connection.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to establish a uniform DC output level on the distribution bus so that a predictable slicing level for digi~al signals could be achieved regardless of the particular connection path that may be taken through the PAM bus network on any call.
Summary of the Invention _ In accordance with an aspect of the invention there is provided an arrangement for establishing a uniform slicing level in a PAM bus time division switching system serving a plurality of ports and including means for defining a repetitive sequence of time slots, a summing bus for receiving a signal sample from one of said ports and a distribution hus for deliverins said signal sample to one of said ports during each of said time slots, com prising means for clamping said summing bus to a reference potential during a predetermined preamble portion of each of said time slots, means for measuring the voltage appearing on said distribution bus during each said time slot preamble, differential slicing means having an input connected to said distribution bus, and means controlled by said measuring means for adjusting the slicing level of said slicing means during the remainder of each said time slot.
a2~3~
~ 3a -I have discovered that a uniform ~C slicing level can be established by clamping the summing input to the PAM bus during a predetermined preamble fraction of each time slot and by measuring the voltage which then appears on the distribution output from the PAM bus. This measurement is the actual DC offset present on the particular connection that has been established for the call during the time slot. During the active interval of the time slot, when the actual data signal is applied to lQ the summing input of the PAM bus, the DC offset level determined during the preamble fraction of the time slot is applied to a compensation circuit associated with the distribution output of the PAM bus. The DC reference level for digital data signals thereby becomes uniform and predictable and is independent of the particular connection path established. Advantageously the preamble portion of the time slot so employed may comprise part of the normal guard interval that precedes the active portion of the time slot.
~, 9 3 ~ 3 ~rief ~eSCrl~tiOn of the Drawing . .
The foreyoin~ an~ other objectives and features vf ti,is invelltion l[lay becolne more apparent frorn the ensuing d~tailed descrip~ion and drawinys in whicn:
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a prior art PAM
bus switching system employing a plurdlity of ouffer a~lpliiiers an~ interbus swiLc~les;
~ . 2 sno~s the circuitry of ti~is invention includin~J nlodi~ied ~uffer dmpli~iers for the switcl~lng systeln of EIG. 1 so ti~at a uniform slicing level ~or digital data si~ndLs is achieved;
EI~. 3 9hows wave forms occurrincJ duriny a time slot assigned for digital datd transmission when the arrangemerlt of FIG. 2 is employed in the system of ~IG. 1. 5 Vetailed Description large prior art switchilly system en~ploying ~ulse amplitude modulated (PAM) busses and five levels of sulll[l~in~, buffering and distribution amplifiers is sho~n in E~ . 1. The switc~iny system permits the establishment of local analoy voice connections amony a larye ~lurality of telephone lines, trunks, and links. ~ telephone set, such as analoy teLe~hone set 104, is served by a respective anulog line ~ort WiliCh is mounted in a line yort carrier 106 of the P~ switchiny e~uipmentO Each analog line port sucn as ~ort 10~ has a 12~ bit recirculating shift register 11~ which may be instructed by a central processor (not showrl) to store a bit that operates transmi-t time slot switch 116 and receive time slot switch 117 durin~ a ~articular one of 64 time slots available to the SUlII and distribution busses 120, 122 serviny the line port carrier.
time slot lasts approximately 1 microsecond.
~ ac.l analog line port 108 includes an interface circuit 110 sucn as tilat shown in U.S. patent 3~934,099 and an active hy~rid arrangement. The active hybrid has a transmit section and a receive section. The transmit section includes operational amplifier 112, outyoiny sa[nple capacitor 114, and translnit time slot switch 116. The receive sectiorl includes receive time slot switcil 117, receive sample eapacitor 115, and receive operational amplifier 113.
During the time slot assigned to analog line S ~ort lOc3, reeirculatin~ s`ilift register 119 simultaneousl~
activates botn transmit time slot switch 116 and receive time slot switch 117. The time slot reeurs at a 16.2 kHz rate. When transmit till~e slot switch 116 is closed, -the voltage on outgolng sample capacitor 114 is delivered tilrough summing resistor 118 to summing bus 120. When receive time slot switch 117 is closed, the voltage on distributio~ us 122 is applied to ineoming sample cai~acitor 115. The voltage on capacitor 115 is conveyed by ami~lifier 113 via interface circuit 110 to tip and ring conductors ~1, Rl, and the signal on the tip and ring conductors is conveyed via interface circuit 110 and amplifier 112 to cai~acitor 114.
Another line ~ort carrier 107 llas access to a differellt group of 64 time slots. For example, line port carrier 106 normally ~las access to the 64 time slots of bus 0 over a ~atn includiny carrier suinmiilg dmplifier 1~4, bus routing switcn 12~b, group summinc~ amplifier 132, central buf~er amplifier 146, yroup distributlncJ amplifier 152, switcn 1~6b and carrier distributing amplifier 162. If all of the time slots of distribution bus 0 are busy, line port carrier 106 may be accorded access to the 64 time slots of bus 1 via a ~ath includin~ intramodule bus 126, and bus routing sWitCil 131a, group su~nming amplifier 133, central buffer amplifier 143, group distributing amplifier 153, swite~l 157b andi carrier distributinc3 amplifier 163. Line port carrier 107 ~las normal access to the time slots of bus 1 and alternate access, via intramodule bus 127 and bus routing sWitCil 12~a, to the set of 64 time slots of DUS 0.
A group of line, link and trunk port carriers havirlg access to an overlapping group of 128 time slots is called a ~ dule.
A certain percentage of the calls originated by line port carriers 106 and 107 will be intramodule calls.
These calls will be completed either over a path involving central buffer amplifier 146 associated with distribution bus 0 or via central buffer amplifier 143 associated with distribution bus 1. Outgoing calls from the module will usually be capable of completion over a path including either central trunk amplifier 144 or 147. However, when all of the trunks in the groups associated with central amplifiers 144 or 147 are busy, a link path may be established via central link amplifiers 142 or 145 to the trunk groups ~not shown) serving some other module (not shown). If 1 percent of the calls can be handled within a given module, then mml percent of the calls will involve a link connection made through the use of a second module.
The oommunication paths that may so be established will typically traverse five different amplifier stages and may be carried over different sets of intermodule switches.
For example, a connection from the tip and ring conductors Tn, Rn of analog telephone set 104 to analog telephone set 105 may be carried from the line port (not shown, but similar to analog line port 108) serving set 104 to s~ning bus 120 and then by line carrier summing amplifier 124, line group summing amplifier 132l central buffer amplifier 146, line group distributing amplifier 152, intramodule bus 154, bus routing switch 157a, line carrier distributing amplifier 163 and distribution bus 123 to the line port (not shown, but similar to analog line port 108) serving telephone set 105. Alternatively, the connection could have been made via summing bus 120, summing amplifier 124, intramodule bus 126, switch 131a, amplifiers 133, 143, 153, switch 157b, amplifier 163 and distribution bus 123. Each of the aforementioned paths will exhibit a different DC
offset. Summing, buffer and distributing amplifiers each typically exhibit a slew rate of 10 volts per micrvsecond and a DC
.~, ,, "
ofLset of 50 I,lillivolts llne port time slot switcs~es 116, 117 an~ tne routlng swi~ches 128a, b; 131a, b; 156a, b;
and :L57a) b each exhiblts a non~ina1 DC of~set of 25 InilLivo1tsO Summiny busses 120, 121 are designed to harldle a Inaxilllum analoy signal anlplitude of 5 volts Witil 0.3d~
co~npressioll; S volts corresporldiny to an e~uivalent of ~lOd~ill at the ti~ and riny conductors T, R.
~ o long as analog voice connections are beiny made the different ~C off~ets slave no noticeable effest.
~v~n wl~en di~ital datd is to be switched, tne indeter~ninate DC offset level is of no consequence so long as analog modems are elllployed. The analog Ino~em sslapes tsle digital data strea~n and then ~nodulates a carrler to place the resultdnt siglldl in the nominal 3 k~z voice Erequency band.
In addition to the dif~erent accumulation of DC
offset voltayes that occurs when different connection paths establisned trlrougll the PA~I bus network, different am~ ier gains are deliberately employed on àifferent kinds of connectiolls. These different gains are dictated ~y the insertion connection loss standards for the various types of analog connections. For example, to provide loss contrast between line-to-line connections witilin the PBX
and line-lo~truilK connections going out of the P~X, the transmission loss on line-to-line connectiorls is set at 5dB
wslereas lisle-to-trunk connections slave a trans[nission loss of zero d~. In an illus~rative installation the peak signdl voltage level on the PA~I distribution bus for a line-to-trunk connectiorl may be approximately 935 millivolts, for a trunk~to-line connection approximately 1212 millivol~s, and only 752 .nillivolts for a line~to-line conslection. I~ can therefore readily be appreciated that when an unrnodulated digital data signal naviny a zero volta~e reference is attempted to be s~itciled through the P~M ~us network, the accumulated DC offsets can be an a~precias~le fraction of any of the differerlt peak signal levels ~ictated ~y t~e different am~lifier gains on the differellt kinds oL connectiorls.
~ 8 ln ~IG. 2, a mo~lification tO the circuitry of L~ ustrates a digital data ~ort arrangement for overcolniny tlle uncertainty ir. slicing tnresrlold. Digital data I~OL~ 2U~ may be e~ loyed in F~G. 1 eitl.er in a line ~ort carrier ~ch as line port carrier 106 or irl one of the trunk port carriers. When inserted in a line ~ort carrier, conventional 48 volt ~a~tery is ap~lied to port 20~ via bac~ plalle plrl conrlection patn 2LP, and when inserted into a trunk port carrierr 48 voLt ~attery is a~plied via ~ath 2T~. In the latter case, relay 2~r is o~erated, closillg its contacts 2T-1 and 2r-2, the ~urpose of wllich will hereinafter be described.
Assul,ling for the momen~ that digital data ~ort 20~ is serving a line associated Witil a data terminal 100 shown at the leLt~ the data terminal lOU will be connected to digital ~atd port 20~ over a 4-wire ~ath Tl, Rlt and r2, R2 via interface receiver/trdnsrnitter circuits 202, 210.
Interface circuit 202 is physically locate~ adjact~nt to data terminal 100 and simply converts the logic level data strearn frorn terminal 100 to a bipolar signal for trarlsmission over conductors Tl, ~1 and converts bipolar ~iynals received over conductors ~2, R2 to 1O(3ic level signdls for delivery to terminal 100. Interface circuit 202 advânta~eously need contain no ap~aratus or causing the data si~nal to ulodulate a voiceband carrier. Interface circuit 210 lS physically located ad~acent to the P~X
switcilin~ e~ui~ment and performs the corresponding bipolar signal to logic level signal conversions. Interface circuit ~lU also controls the openiny and closing of switch 211 in accordance with the digital data stream received froM terlninal 100 over conductors Tl, Rl. Switch 211 is associated with the inverting input of ~ransmit operational arn~lifier 212.
Digi~al data port 208 includes a transmit and a receive o~erational amplifier 212, 213 which are located in res~ect of sulnminy and distri~utiny busses 120, 122 in ~enerally the ~ame fashion as transmit and receive o~erational arnplifiers 112, 113 of t~le analog ~ort of FI~. 1. Thu~, the out~ut of transmit o~erational anlplifier 212 is connected to sumlning bus 120 over a patll involving outgoing sample ca~acitor 114, transmit time slot switcn 11~' and sumnling resistor 218. When time slot SwitCh 116' is clo~ed i~ applies the voltage on capacitor 114 to summirly bus 120. Receive time slot switch 117' ap~lies the voltage on distribution bus 122 to inconling sam~le ca~)acitor 115 at the non-inverting in~ut of receive amplifier 213. Switches 116' and 117' occupy ~ositions on busses 120 and 122 generally corres~ondin~ to the switches ~earing the same but unprimed reference numbers in FIG. 1.
Outgoing s~mple capacitor 114, outgoing summing resis~or 218 and incoming sam~le capacitor 115 occupy similar ~ositions to the correspondingly numbered devices of ~I~. 1.
Briefly; in prior art ~IG. 1, switches 116 and 117 were both closed for -the entire active interval of the time slot interval. As shown in wa~efor~n ~A) of E~I~o 3, the time slot of the prior art systeln is divided into three intervals, an active interval, when switches 116 and 117 are both closed and guard intervals which krecede alld follow tne active interval. Eor exam~le, the active interval lasting 625 nansseconds follows a preliminary guard interval of 200 nanosecorlds and in turn is followed by a trailing guard interval of 175 nanoseconds. However, in accordance with one aspect of my invention, new switches 221 and 223 are provided whicn open and close as shown at ~aveforms (E) and (~). The pur~ose of these new switches will be explained shortly.
~ WitCII 211, which o~ens and closes in step wi tn the digital data stream received from terminal 100, is connected to ~otential divider 204, 205, 206 lying between ~ositive voltage reference source V~+ and e~ual-n~agnitude but o~oslte-~olarity reference sourc~ VR~ voltage divider ~04, 205, 206 and switch 211 ap~ly a si~nal at t~le inverting in~ut of am~ ier 212 such tnat aln~lifier 212 2~3 will a~ly a voltage to summiny bus 120 whe-i switch 211 is operl (da~a 0 ) that will be e~ual in maynitude but o~,poslte in ~olarity to the voltage applied when switch 211 is closed (data ~ his condition establishes a sy~ etrical data 'eye" on summing b~s 120. In order to establish the symmetrical data eye, the values of voltage ~ivider resistors 204, 205, 206 and of feedback resistor 215 should be related to each ot~er according to the followi-ly expression:
R215 Cl d R215 2 R206 VR R204+R205 VR VCl where l~20~1 is the resistance of resistor 204 ~205 is the resistance of resi5tor 205 R206 is the resistance of resistor 206 R215 is the resistance of resistor 215, Vcl is the peak signal voltage on capacitor 114 and V~ is the absolute magnitude of voltage reference V~.
he above relationships may be derived as Eollows:
w~len ~witch 211 is closed, (logic 1 ) +V R215 ~V
R R206 Cl thus R215 Cl '~nen Switch 211 is open, (loyic '0') -V R215 ~` R215 = -V
R R204+R205 ~ R206 Cl ~ubstitutin~3 from above and dividing both sides by VR results in -R215 ~ Cl Cl R204+R205 VR VR
or R204+R205 VR
A-nplifier 212 will a?~ly a volta~3e of +Vcl volts to ca~Jacitor 114 when SwitCil 211 is closed, and -Vcl volts Whell switcn 211 iS opened by time slot swi~cn control 220.
Tne Inagnitude of Vcl should be such that an equivalent signdl level of Odbm would appear at the tip and ring conductors at the remote port circuit (not si~own in FIG. 2) but corres~onding to port circuit 20~ and located at the called end of the data connection and receiviny the data si~nal froln dis~ribution bus 122 transmitted by termindl 100. The symmetrical data eye established Oll sunlminy bus 120 would be conveyed to distribution bus 122 by the PAM bus switchin~ network of ~IG~ 1 indicated by the com~osite aln~-lifier symbol 12~-162 shown ~otted, if the ampliflers and switclles of the PA~vl network exhibited no DC
effect. Since these amplifiers and switches do exhibit DC
effects which accumulate in different ways depending on the actual alnpliLiers and switcnes brought into use on a yiven connectiorl, it is necessary to colnpensate for the DC
offsets so that a symmetrical data eye can be recovered from bus 122.
Waveform (A) of FIG. 3 shows a symmetrical data eye that occ~rs on summing bus 120 where level 305 corresponds to translnission of a logic "1" and level 306 corres~onds to translnission of a logic "0". WaveLorm l~) shows a data eye that would occur on distribution bus 122 under full duplex conditions. Level 309 occurs when the ~ort circuits at each end of a data connection si,l~ultaneously ~rans~nit logic "1" siynals while level 310 occurs when bot~ ~.ort circuits transmit loyic "0" signals.
Level 300 occurs when one ,oort circuit transmits a logic "1" sigllal and the other ~ort circuit transmits a logic "o"
5 s i~ al .
lo colnpensate for the accumulated DC voltage ofiset ~c~siQ~d by the varying characteristics of the amplifier~ and switches thac may be encountered Detween summiny bus 120 and distribution bus 122 on different connection paths (gellerally indicated by the dotted amplifier 124-162) tiine slot switch control 22~, in addition to control1ing outgoiny and incoming time slot switches 116' and 117' as snOwn in waYe~orins (F) and (~) of ~IG. 3, also controls two additional time slot switcnes, 221 and 223. Time slot ~witch 221 is closed earliest duriny d first portion of the normal guard interval as shown in ~ave~orm (E) of FI~. 3. During this "preamble"
interval, outyoinc3 time slot switch 116' is not yet closed as shown in waveform (F). Wrlerl switch 221 is closed, 2U summiny bus 120 is connected to standard reference (ground) through resistor 222. Durin~ this preamble interval, wnatever DC offsets are accumulated by amplifiers and switches 124-162, together with any noise that is picked up on the PAM bus system, a~pear on summing ~us 122.
Time slot SWitCil 223 is closed during ~oost but, advanta~eously, not all of the preamble interval that switch 221 is closed. During the time that switch 223 is closed the accumulated offset voltage (and any noise voltage) that appears on distribution bus 122 will be ap~lied to capacitor C3 at the non-inverting input of differential ampli~ier 226. When switch 223 is opened switch 117' is closed ~ut switch 221 remains closed briefly until the start of the active interval. Switches 116' and 117' tilen remairl closed for the duration of the normal active interval w~len both are opened for the duration of the normal trailing guard interval.
2~3 The voltage at the output of co~npellsating ampli~ier 226 lS delivered to the inverling input of recei.ve o~erationdl amplifier 213 through resistor 230.
rile vo.Ltage level so delivered will be subtracted by ampliLier 213 from whatever signal level amplifier 213 would otherwise develop at its output due to the signal ap~lied at i~s non-inverting in~ut~ The siynal applied at the non-invertilly input of amplifier 213 normally consists of three compollents, the desired signal incolning on distribution bus 122 from the remote end (not shown) o~ the digital connection, the acculnulated DC offset~ and a 'side-tone" component that is desirable w~len analog speech is being carried but whlch is not desired when digital signals are ~resent. Elimination of digital side tone will ~e explained shortly.
Wnen switch 223 iS opelled, as shown in waveforlD
(~) of E`I~. 3, the accumulated DC offset voltaye remains on capacitor C3. Ampl iLier 226 continues to apply this offset voltage to the inverting input of alrlplifier 213 during the remainder of the time slot. When switch 117' is closed during tlle active interval of the time slot the incoming digitdl slgnal rrom distribution bus 122 is ap~lied to capacitor C2 at the non~inverting input of amplifier 2130 Irhe voltage applied to ca~acitor C2 will include not only the desired digital signal but also the accumulated DC
offset and noise, as well as the side-tone componentO
~ecause the DC offset had priorly been ascertained on CapaCitoL C3 during the predmble interval and continues to be a~ylied by ampli~ier 226 to the inverting input of 30 alllpliLier 213 during the remainder of the time slot, alilplifier 213 de~elops at its output d digital signal free of ~C offset and t~le noise component also accumulaced on capacitor C3 while switch 223 was closedO
In the prior art hybrid comprising amplifiers 112 and 113, a resistive path was provided ~etween the output of transmit amplifier 112 and the inverting input of receive amplifier 113 in order to subtract out all but the %83 side-torle comporlent of the talker's speech sample that is returned to the sender frorn the distribution bus. In FIG.
2 a resistive path frorn the out~ut of transmit amplifier 212 to the inverting in~ut of receive amulifier 213 is ~rovided by resistor 216 (if SWitCh 2T-l is open) to subtract out the sender's signal level that is returned to the sender from distribution bus 122. Since no side-tone com~onent would nor~ally be necessary on a data connection, resistor 214 and 216 may advantageously adjust the inv~rting gain of amplifier 213 to subtract out the entire transmiLted si~nal level of amplifier 212 that is returned ~y bus 122 to the non--invertiny input of amE)lifier 2130 ~ hen relay 2T is operated, i.ts colltact 2T-l inserts resistor 231 in parallel with resistor 216 to raise the yain of amplilier 213. This is required because GAB is higher ~hen a trunk is involved in a connection because the gairl in the central trunk amplifier 144 is conventionally set at a higher value than the gain of central line amplifier 146. corresPondir,gly, when relay 2T is operated, its contact 2T-2 inserts resistor 229 in ~arallel witl resistor 225 to raise the gain of amplifier 226.
The foregoing is illustrative of one embodiment of this invention. Furtiler and other rnodifications rnay be made by others skilled in the art without, however, departing from the spirit and scoue of the principle oE
this invention.
~n that prior-art system, the voice ~orts assigned to lines and trunks are sampled by the PAI~ bus at a~proximately twice the Nyquist rate, i.e., at aç,proximac~ly 16.2 k~z, so chat simpler passive filters can ~e ein~loyed than would be required if these ports were saill,ole.l dt the conventional l~lyquist rate~ Since this san~pl ing rate exceeds the conventional data modem translnissiorl rates o 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 kilobaud, the ~o~iLJility ~reserlts itself of a~lyirly the di~ital data strealll directly co the PAM bus, i.eO, without e,nploying a nodell to first nave the data stream Inodulate a voice-~and carrier signdl and to thell apply the composite signal to the P~M ~us. ~nile modems rnight still be required to perforln the usua:L modulation, wave shapinc3, and e~ualization ~rocesses ~vhen the digital data transmission patll e~tends beyond the P~X, if mo~elns could be eliminated on lntra-~X cails tne to~al number of ~nodems required at d P~X could be reducéd by the ratio that intra-PBX data traffic ~ears co total data traffic.
hhen digital data signals are received it is enerdlly necessary to determine whether ti~e received signdl level corresponds to a "1 , to a 0', or to some other ~redeterinirled sigrlal level. For example, if a positive voltage of some magnitude is intended to signify a 1 and d negatlve voltage is intended to signify a 0' the zero-voltaye level is the obvious threshold or slicing level upon Wl~iC~I to base the decision of what the signal nlealls~ In the above-mencioned PAi~ bus system, however, tne DC out~uc level delivered by the PA~ bus to tne called ~ort circuit varies de~ending upon the ~articular connection ~ath that may have oeell establisiled throu~n the network on the ~articular call. This variation in ~C level is of no consequence on a voice connection because un analog voice signal has no DC colnporlent. The DC
ofLset in the PAM bus network is ~resent because each of the buffer alilplifiers employed in the PAM bus syst~rn contains a deliberate DC offset (approximately 50 millivolts) for the purpose of mitigating crossover distortion. Crossover distortion is caused when an analog 3U al[lpli~ier elnploys se~arate transistor amplifier sections for handling positivè and negative input signals~ Wl-)en the input signal cl)arlyes polarity a transition is made from one alnplifier section to the other. To avoid having ihis transition take ~lace at very low signal levels, which lilignt lead to uncertainty as to which (or bo~h) sections would be opera~ive, a deliberate DC offset is employed so ~nat one set of am~ iers will nandle all low level signals without regard to polarity.
While the nominal DC offset level produces no ill-effects in voice communications, the normal variation in the nominal level exhibited by different combinations of such summing amplifiers means that the ultimate DC
voltage output level cannot accurately be predictedD When additional stages of switching, each including a buffer amplifier, are added to the aforementioned type of switching system to accommodate greater numbers of lines and trunks, the gain (and output level) on each voice connection from an original source port to a final destination port will also vary according to the number of summing amplifiers included in the connection.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to establish a uniform DC output level on the distribution bus so that a predictable slicing level for digi~al signals could be achieved regardless of the particular connection path that may be taken through the PAM bus network on any call.
Summary of the Invention _ In accordance with an aspect of the invention there is provided an arrangement for establishing a uniform slicing level in a PAM bus time division switching system serving a plurality of ports and including means for defining a repetitive sequence of time slots, a summing bus for receiving a signal sample from one of said ports and a distribution hus for deliverins said signal sample to one of said ports during each of said time slots, com prising means for clamping said summing bus to a reference potential during a predetermined preamble portion of each of said time slots, means for measuring the voltage appearing on said distribution bus during each said time slot preamble, differential slicing means having an input connected to said distribution bus, and means controlled by said measuring means for adjusting the slicing level of said slicing means during the remainder of each said time slot.
a2~3~
~ 3a -I have discovered that a uniform ~C slicing level can be established by clamping the summing input to the PAM bus during a predetermined preamble fraction of each time slot and by measuring the voltage which then appears on the distribution output from the PAM bus. This measurement is the actual DC offset present on the particular connection that has been established for the call during the time slot. During the active interval of the time slot, when the actual data signal is applied to lQ the summing input of the PAM bus, the DC offset level determined during the preamble fraction of the time slot is applied to a compensation circuit associated with the distribution output of the PAM bus. The DC reference level for digital data signals thereby becomes uniform and predictable and is independent of the particular connection path established. Advantageously the preamble portion of the time slot so employed may comprise part of the normal guard interval that precedes the active portion of the time slot.
~, 9 3 ~ 3 ~rief ~eSCrl~tiOn of the Drawing . .
The foreyoin~ an~ other objectives and features vf ti,is invelltion l[lay becolne more apparent frorn the ensuing d~tailed descrip~ion and drawinys in whicn:
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a prior art PAM
bus switching system employing a plurdlity of ouffer a~lpliiiers an~ interbus swiLc~les;
~ . 2 sno~s the circuitry of ti~is invention includin~J nlodi~ied ~uffer dmpli~iers for the switcl~lng systeln of EIG. 1 so ti~at a uniform slicing level ~or digital data si~ndLs is achieved;
EI~. 3 9hows wave forms occurrincJ duriny a time slot assigned for digital datd transmission when the arrangemerlt of FIG. 2 is employed in the system of ~IG. 1. 5 Vetailed Description large prior art switchilly system en~ploying ~ulse amplitude modulated (PAM) busses and five levels of sulll[l~in~, buffering and distribution amplifiers is sho~n in E~ . 1. The switc~iny system permits the establishment of local analoy voice connections amony a larye ~lurality of telephone lines, trunks, and links. ~ telephone set, such as analoy teLe~hone set 104, is served by a respective anulog line ~ort WiliCh is mounted in a line yort carrier 106 of the P~ switchiny e~uipmentO Each analog line port sucn as ~ort 10~ has a 12~ bit recirculating shift register 11~ which may be instructed by a central processor (not showrl) to store a bit that operates transmi-t time slot switch 116 and receive time slot switch 117 durin~ a ~articular one of 64 time slots available to the SUlII and distribution busses 120, 122 serviny the line port carrier.
time slot lasts approximately 1 microsecond.
~ ac.l analog line port 108 includes an interface circuit 110 sucn as tilat shown in U.S. patent 3~934,099 and an active hy~rid arrangement. The active hybrid has a transmit section and a receive section. The transmit section includes operational amplifier 112, outyoiny sa[nple capacitor 114, and translnit time slot switch 116. The receive sectiorl includes receive time slot switcil 117, receive sample eapacitor 115, and receive operational amplifier 113.
During the time slot assigned to analog line S ~ort lOc3, reeirculatin~ s`ilift register 119 simultaneousl~
activates botn transmit time slot switch 116 and receive time slot switch 117. The time slot reeurs at a 16.2 kHz rate. When transmit till~e slot switch 116 is closed, -the voltage on outgolng sample capacitor 114 is delivered tilrough summing resistor 118 to summing bus 120. When receive time slot switch 117 is closed, the voltage on distributio~ us 122 is applied to ineoming sample cai~acitor 115. The voltage on capacitor 115 is conveyed by ami~lifier 113 via interface circuit 110 to tip and ring conductors ~1, Rl, and the signal on the tip and ring conductors is conveyed via interface circuit 110 and amplifier 112 to cai~acitor 114.
Another line ~ort carrier 107 llas access to a differellt group of 64 time slots. For example, line port carrier 106 normally ~las access to the 64 time slots of bus 0 over a ~atn includiny carrier suinmiilg dmplifier 1~4, bus routing switcn 12~b, group summinc~ amplifier 132, central buf~er amplifier 146, yroup distributlncJ amplifier 152, switcn 1~6b and carrier distributing amplifier 162. If all of the time slots of distribution bus 0 are busy, line port carrier 106 may be accorded access to the 64 time slots of bus 1 via a ~ath includin~ intramodule bus 126, and bus routing sWitCil 131a, group su~nming amplifier 133, central buffer amplifier 143, group distributing amplifier 153, swite~l 157b andi carrier distributinc3 amplifier 163. Line port carrier 107 ~las normal access to the time slots of bus 1 and alternate access, via intramodule bus 127 and bus routing sWitCil 12~a, to the set of 64 time slots of DUS 0.
A group of line, link and trunk port carriers havirlg access to an overlapping group of 128 time slots is called a ~ dule.
A certain percentage of the calls originated by line port carriers 106 and 107 will be intramodule calls.
These calls will be completed either over a path involving central buffer amplifier 146 associated with distribution bus 0 or via central buffer amplifier 143 associated with distribution bus 1. Outgoing calls from the module will usually be capable of completion over a path including either central trunk amplifier 144 or 147. However, when all of the trunks in the groups associated with central amplifiers 144 or 147 are busy, a link path may be established via central link amplifiers 142 or 145 to the trunk groups ~not shown) serving some other module (not shown). If 1 percent of the calls can be handled within a given module, then mml percent of the calls will involve a link connection made through the use of a second module.
The oommunication paths that may so be established will typically traverse five different amplifier stages and may be carried over different sets of intermodule switches.
For example, a connection from the tip and ring conductors Tn, Rn of analog telephone set 104 to analog telephone set 105 may be carried from the line port (not shown, but similar to analog line port 108) serving set 104 to s~ning bus 120 and then by line carrier summing amplifier 124, line group summing amplifier 132l central buffer amplifier 146, line group distributing amplifier 152, intramodule bus 154, bus routing switch 157a, line carrier distributing amplifier 163 and distribution bus 123 to the line port (not shown, but similar to analog line port 108) serving telephone set 105. Alternatively, the connection could have been made via summing bus 120, summing amplifier 124, intramodule bus 126, switch 131a, amplifiers 133, 143, 153, switch 157b, amplifier 163 and distribution bus 123. Each of the aforementioned paths will exhibit a different DC
offset. Summing, buffer and distributing amplifiers each typically exhibit a slew rate of 10 volts per micrvsecond and a DC
.~, ,, "
ofLset of 50 I,lillivolts llne port time slot switcs~es 116, 117 an~ tne routlng swi~ches 128a, b; 131a, b; 156a, b;
and :L57a) b each exhiblts a non~ina1 DC of~set of 25 InilLivo1tsO Summiny busses 120, 121 are designed to harldle a Inaxilllum analoy signal anlplitude of 5 volts Witil 0.3d~
co~npressioll; S volts corresporldiny to an e~uivalent of ~lOd~ill at the ti~ and riny conductors T, R.
~ o long as analog voice connections are beiny made the different ~C off~ets slave no noticeable effest.
~v~n wl~en di~ital datd is to be switched, tne indeter~ninate DC offset level is of no consequence so long as analog modems are elllployed. The analog Ino~em sslapes tsle digital data strea~n and then ~nodulates a carrler to place the resultdnt siglldl in the nominal 3 k~z voice Erequency band.
In addition to the dif~erent accumulation of DC
offset voltayes that occurs when different connection paths establisned trlrougll the PA~I bus network, different am~ ier gains are deliberately employed on àifferent kinds of connectiolls. These different gains are dictated ~y the insertion connection loss standards for the various types of analog connections. For example, to provide loss contrast between line-to-line connections witilin the PBX
and line-lo~truilK connections going out of the P~X, the transmission loss on line-to-line connectiorls is set at 5dB
wslereas lisle-to-trunk connections slave a trans[nission loss of zero d~. In an illus~rative installation the peak signdl voltage level on the PA~I distribution bus for a line-to-trunk connectiorl may be approximately 935 millivolts, for a trunk~to-line connection approximately 1212 millivol~s, and only 752 .nillivolts for a line~to-line conslection. I~ can therefore readily be appreciated that when an unrnodulated digital data signal naviny a zero volta~e reference is attempted to be s~itciled through the P~M ~us network, the accumulated DC offsets can be an a~precias~le fraction of any of the differerlt peak signal levels ~ictated ~y t~e different am~lifier gains on the differellt kinds oL connectiorls.
~ 8 ln ~IG. 2, a mo~lification tO the circuitry of L~ ustrates a digital data ~ort arrangement for overcolniny tlle uncertainty ir. slicing tnresrlold. Digital data I~OL~ 2U~ may be e~ loyed in F~G. 1 eitl.er in a line ~ort carrier ~ch as line port carrier 106 or irl one of the trunk port carriers. When inserted in a line ~ort carrier, conventional 48 volt ~a~tery is ap~lied to port 20~ via bac~ plalle plrl conrlection patn 2LP, and when inserted into a trunk port carrierr 48 voLt ~attery is a~plied via ~ath 2T~. In the latter case, relay 2~r is o~erated, closillg its contacts 2T-1 and 2r-2, the ~urpose of wllich will hereinafter be described.
Assul,ling for the momen~ that digital data ~ort 20~ is serving a line associated Witil a data terminal 100 shown at the leLt~ the data terminal lOU will be connected to digital ~atd port 20~ over a 4-wire ~ath Tl, Rlt and r2, R2 via interface receiver/trdnsrnitter circuits 202, 210.
Interface circuit 202 is physically locate~ adjact~nt to data terminal 100 and simply converts the logic level data strearn frorn terminal 100 to a bipolar signal for trarlsmission over conductors Tl, ~1 and converts bipolar ~iynals received over conductors ~2, R2 to 1O(3ic level signdls for delivery to terminal 100. Interface circuit 202 advânta~eously need contain no ap~aratus or causing the data si~nal to ulodulate a voiceband carrier. Interface circuit 210 lS physically located ad~acent to the P~X
switcilin~ e~ui~ment and performs the corresponding bipolar signal to logic level signal conversions. Interface circuit ~lU also controls the openiny and closing of switch 211 in accordance with the digital data stream received froM terlninal 100 over conductors Tl, Rl. Switch 211 is associated with the inverting input of ~ransmit operational arn~lifier 212.
Digi~al data port 208 includes a transmit and a receive o~erational amplifier 212, 213 which are located in res~ect of sulnminy and distri~utiny busses 120, 122 in ~enerally the ~ame fashion as transmit and receive o~erational arnplifiers 112, 113 of t~le analog ~ort of FI~. 1. Thu~, the out~ut of transmit o~erational anlplifier 212 is connected to sumlning bus 120 over a patll involving outgoing sample ca~acitor 114, transmit time slot switcn 11~' and sumnling resistor 218. When time slot SwitCh 116' is clo~ed i~ applies the voltage on capacitor 114 to summirly bus 120. Receive time slot switch 117' ap~lies the voltage on distribution bus 122 to inconling sam~le ca~)acitor 115 at the non-inverting in~ut of receive amplifier 213. Switches 116' and 117' occupy ~ositions on busses 120 and 122 generally corres~ondin~ to the switches ~earing the same but unprimed reference numbers in FIG. 1.
Outgoing s~mple capacitor 114, outgoing summing resis~or 218 and incoming sam~le capacitor 115 occupy similar ~ositions to the correspondingly numbered devices of ~I~. 1.
Briefly; in prior art ~IG. 1, switches 116 and 117 were both closed for -the entire active interval of the time slot interval. As shown in wa~efor~n ~A) of E~I~o 3, the time slot of the prior art systeln is divided into three intervals, an active interval, when switches 116 and 117 are both closed and guard intervals which krecede alld follow tne active interval. Eor exam~le, the active interval lasting 625 nansseconds follows a preliminary guard interval of 200 nanosecorlds and in turn is followed by a trailing guard interval of 175 nanoseconds. However, in accordance with one aspect of my invention, new switches 221 and 223 are provided whicn open and close as shown at ~aveforms (E) and (~). The pur~ose of these new switches will be explained shortly.
~ WitCII 211, which o~ens and closes in step wi tn the digital data stream received from terminal 100, is connected to ~otential divider 204, 205, 206 lying between ~ositive voltage reference source V~+ and e~ual-n~agnitude but o~oslte-~olarity reference sourc~ VR~ voltage divider ~04, 205, 206 and switch 211 ap~ly a si~nal at t~le inverting in~ut of am~ ier 212 such tnat aln~lifier 212 2~3 will a~ly a voltage to summiny bus 120 whe-i switch 211 is operl (da~a 0 ) that will be e~ual in maynitude but o~,poslte in ~olarity to the voltage applied when switch 211 is closed (data ~ his condition establishes a sy~ etrical data 'eye" on summing b~s 120. In order to establish the symmetrical data eye, the values of voltage ~ivider resistors 204, 205, 206 and of feedback resistor 215 should be related to each ot~er according to the followi-ly expression:
R215 Cl d R215 2 R206 VR R204+R205 VR VCl where l~20~1 is the resistance of resistor 204 ~205 is the resistance of resi5tor 205 R206 is the resistance of resistor 206 R215 is the resistance of resistor 215, Vcl is the peak signal voltage on capacitor 114 and V~ is the absolute magnitude of voltage reference V~.
he above relationships may be derived as Eollows:
w~len ~witch 211 is closed, (logic 1 ) +V R215 ~V
R R206 Cl thus R215 Cl '~nen Switch 211 is open, (loyic '0') -V R215 ~` R215 = -V
R R204+R205 ~ R206 Cl ~ubstitutin~3 from above and dividing both sides by VR results in -R215 ~ Cl Cl R204+R205 VR VR
or R204+R205 VR
A-nplifier 212 will a?~ly a volta~3e of +Vcl volts to ca~Jacitor 114 when SwitCil 211 is closed, and -Vcl volts Whell switcn 211 iS opened by time slot swi~cn control 220.
Tne Inagnitude of Vcl should be such that an equivalent signdl level of Odbm would appear at the tip and ring conductors at the remote port circuit (not si~own in FIG. 2) but corres~onding to port circuit 20~ and located at the called end of the data connection and receiviny the data si~nal froln dis~ribution bus 122 transmitted by termindl 100. The symmetrical data eye established Oll sunlminy bus 120 would be conveyed to distribution bus 122 by the PAM bus switchin~ network of ~IG~ 1 indicated by the com~osite aln~-lifier symbol 12~-162 shown ~otted, if the ampliflers and switclles of the PA~vl network exhibited no DC
effect. Since these amplifiers and switches do exhibit DC
effects which accumulate in different ways depending on the actual alnpliLiers and switcnes brought into use on a yiven connectiorl, it is necessary to colnpensate for the DC
offsets so that a symmetrical data eye can be recovered from bus 122.
Waveform (A) of FIG. 3 shows a symmetrical data eye that occ~rs on summing bus 120 where level 305 corresponds to translnission of a logic "1" and level 306 corres~onds to translnission of a logic "0". WaveLorm l~) shows a data eye that would occur on distribution bus 122 under full duplex conditions. Level 309 occurs when the ~ort circuits at each end of a data connection si,l~ultaneously ~rans~nit logic "1" siynals while level 310 occurs when bot~ ~.ort circuits transmit loyic "0" signals.
Level 300 occurs when one ,oort circuit transmits a logic "1" sigllal and the other ~ort circuit transmits a logic "o"
5 s i~ al .
lo colnpensate for the accumulated DC voltage ofiset ~c~siQ~d by the varying characteristics of the amplifier~ and switches thac may be encountered Detween summiny bus 120 and distribution bus 122 on different connection paths (gellerally indicated by the dotted amplifier 124-162) tiine slot switch control 22~, in addition to control1ing outgoiny and incoming time slot switches 116' and 117' as snOwn in waYe~orins (F) and (~) of ~IG. 3, also controls two additional time slot switcnes, 221 and 223. Time slot ~witch 221 is closed earliest duriny d first portion of the normal guard interval as shown in ~ave~orm (E) of FI~. 3. During this "preamble"
interval, outyoinc3 time slot switch 116' is not yet closed as shown in waveform (F). Wrlerl switch 221 is closed, 2U summiny bus 120 is connected to standard reference (ground) through resistor 222. Durin~ this preamble interval, wnatever DC offsets are accumulated by amplifiers and switches 124-162, together with any noise that is picked up on the PAM bus system, a~pear on summing ~us 122.
Time slot SWitCil 223 is closed during ~oost but, advanta~eously, not all of the preamble interval that switch 221 is closed. During the time that switch 223 is closed the accumulated offset voltage (and any noise voltage) that appears on distribution bus 122 will be ap~lied to capacitor C3 at the non-inverting input of differential ampli~ier 226. When switch 223 is opened switch 117' is closed ~ut switch 221 remains closed briefly until the start of the active interval. Switches 116' and 117' tilen remairl closed for the duration of the normal active interval w~len both are opened for the duration of the normal trailing guard interval.
2~3 The voltage at the output of co~npellsating ampli~ier 226 lS delivered to the inverling input of recei.ve o~erationdl amplifier 213 through resistor 230.
rile vo.Ltage level so delivered will be subtracted by ampliLier 213 from whatever signal level amplifier 213 would otherwise develop at its output due to the signal ap~lied at i~s non-inverting in~ut~ The siynal applied at the non-invertilly input of amplifier 213 normally consists of three compollents, the desired signal incolning on distribution bus 122 from the remote end (not shown) o~ the digital connection, the acculnulated DC offset~ and a 'side-tone" component that is desirable w~len analog speech is being carried but whlch is not desired when digital signals are ~resent. Elimination of digital side tone will ~e explained shortly.
Wnen switch 223 iS opelled, as shown in waveforlD
(~) of E`I~. 3, the accumulated DC offset voltaye remains on capacitor C3. Ampl iLier 226 continues to apply this offset voltage to the inverting input of alrlplifier 213 during the remainder of the time slot. When switch 117' is closed during tlle active interval of the time slot the incoming digitdl slgnal rrom distribution bus 122 is ap~lied to capacitor C2 at the non~inverting input of amplifier 2130 Irhe voltage applied to ca~acitor C2 will include not only the desired digital signal but also the accumulated DC
offset and noise, as well as the side-tone componentO
~ecause the DC offset had priorly been ascertained on CapaCitoL C3 during the predmble interval and continues to be a~ylied by ampli~ier 226 to the inverting input of 30 alllpliLier 213 during the remainder of the time slot, alilplifier 213 de~elops at its output d digital signal free of ~C offset and t~le noise component also accumulaced on capacitor C3 while switch 223 was closedO
In the prior art hybrid comprising amplifiers 112 and 113, a resistive path was provided ~etween the output of transmit amplifier 112 and the inverting input of receive amplifier 113 in order to subtract out all but the %83 side-torle comporlent of the talker's speech sample that is returned to the sender frorn the distribution bus. In FIG.
2 a resistive path frorn the out~ut of transmit amplifier 212 to the inverting in~ut of receive amulifier 213 is ~rovided by resistor 216 (if SWitCh 2T-l is open) to subtract out the sender's signal level that is returned to the sender from distribution bus 122. Since no side-tone com~onent would nor~ally be necessary on a data connection, resistor 214 and 216 may advantageously adjust the inv~rting gain of amplifier 213 to subtract out the entire transmiLted si~nal level of amplifier 212 that is returned ~y bus 122 to the non--invertiny input of amE)lifier 2130 ~ hen relay 2T is operated, i.ts colltact 2T-l inserts resistor 231 in parallel with resistor 216 to raise the yain of amplilier 213. This is required because GAB is higher ~hen a trunk is involved in a connection because the gairl in the central trunk amplifier 144 is conventionally set at a higher value than the gain of central line amplifier 146. corresPondir,gly, when relay 2T is operated, its contact 2T-2 inserts resistor 229 in ~arallel witl resistor 225 to raise the gain of amplifier 226.
The foregoing is illustrative of one embodiment of this invention. Furtiler and other rnodifications rnay be made by others skilled in the art without, however, departing from the spirit and scoue of the principle oE
this invention.
Claims (9)
1. An arrangement for establishing a uniform slicing level in a PAM bus time division switching system serving a plurality of ports and including means for defining a repetitive sequence of time slots, a summing bus for receiving a signal sample from one of said ports and a distribution bus for delivering said signal sample to one of said ports during each of said time slots, comprising means for clamping said summing bus to a reference potential during a predetermined preamble portion of each of said time slots, means for measuring the voltage appearing on said distribution bus during each said time slot preamble, differential slicing means having an input connected to said distribution bus, and means controlled by said measuring means for adjusting the slicing level of said slicing means during the remainder of each said time slot.
2. An arrangement according to claim 1 wherein said means for measuring includes sample and hold means connected between said distribution bus and an inverting input of said differential slicing means.
3. A digital data port for connection to a summing and distribution bus, said port having a transmit and a receive operational amplifier, a transmit time slot switch operable to connect the output of said transmit operational amplifier to said summing bus and a receive time slot switch operable to connect an input of said receive operational amplifier to said distribution bus, a clamping time slot switch operable prior to the operation of said transmit time slot switch for clamping said summing bus and a compensating time slot switch operable during the time said clamping time slot switch is operated for connecting said distribution bus to another input of said receive operational amplifier.
4. A digital data port for connection to a summing and distribution bus, said port having a transmit and a receive operational amplifier, a transmit time slot switch opperable to connect the output of said transmit operational amplifier to said summing bus and a receive time slot switch operable to connect an input of said receive operational amplifier to said distribution bus/ a clamping time slot switch operable prior to the operation of said transmit time slot switch for clamping said summing bus, a sample and hold circuit, and a compensating time slot switch operable during the time said clamping time slot switch is operated for connecting said sample and hold circuit between said distribution bus and an inverting input of said receive operational amplifier.
5. A digital data port for connection to a summing and distribution bus, said port having a transmit and a receive operational amplifier a transmit time slot switch operable to connect the output of said transmit operational amplifier to said summing bus and a receive time slot switch operable to connect the non-inverting input of said receive operational amplifier to said distribution bus, side-tone suppression means connecting the output of said transmit operational amplifier to an inverting input of said receive operational amplifier, clamping time slot switch means operable prior to the operation of said transmit time slot switch for clamping said summing bus, and compensating time slot ]switch means operable during the time said clamping time slot switch means is operated for connecting said distribution bus to said inverting input of said receive operational amplifier.
6. A digital data port according to claim 5 wherein said compensating time slot switch means includes means for storing throughout the duration of the remainder of one of said time slots a signal sample appearing on said distribution bus when said clamping time slot switch means is operated.
7. A digital data port for placing a symmetrical data eye on the summing bus of a PAM bus system including a distribution bus connectable to said summing bus over any of a plurality of paths exhibiting different DC offsets, said data port comprising switch means opening and closing in accordance with a digital data stream, a transmit and a receive operational amplifier, a transmit time slot switch operable to connect the output of said transmit operational amplifier to said summing bus and a receive time slot switch operable to connect an input of said receive operational amplifier to said distribution bus, voltage divider means connected between switch means and an input of said transmit operational amplifier, a clamping time slot switch operable prior to the operation of said transmit time slot switch for clamping said summing bus, and a compensating time slot switch operable during the time said clamping time slot switch is operated for connecting said distribution bus to another input of said receive operational amplifier.
8. A port for serving a line or a trunk appearing in a PAM bus switching system including a summing and a distribution bus connectable to each other over any of a plurality of different paths exhibiting different DC
offsets, said port comprising switch means opening and closing in accordance with a digital data stream, a transmit and a receive operational amplifier, transmit time slot switch means operable to connect the output of said transmit operational amplifier to said summing bus, receive time slot switch means operable to connect an input of said receive operational amplifier to said distribution bus, side-tone suppression means connecting the output of said transmit operational amplifier to an inverting input of said receive operational amplifier, means for controlling said side-tone suppression means to present a first fraction of said transmit operational amplifier output to said inverting input of said receive operational amplifier when said port circuit is serving one of said trunks, and for controlling said side-tone suppresion means to present a second fraction of said transmit operational amplifier output to said inverting input of said receive operational amplifier when said port circuit is serving one of said lines, a clamping time slot switch operable prior to the operation of said transmit time slot switch for clamping said summing bus, and a compersating time slot switch operable during tile time said clamping time slot is operated for connecting said distribution bus to another input of said receive operational amplifier.
offsets, said port comprising switch means opening and closing in accordance with a digital data stream, a transmit and a receive operational amplifier, transmit time slot switch means operable to connect the output of said transmit operational amplifier to said summing bus, receive time slot switch means operable to connect an input of said receive operational amplifier to said distribution bus, side-tone suppression means connecting the output of said transmit operational amplifier to an inverting input of said receive operational amplifier, means for controlling said side-tone suppression means to present a first fraction of said transmit operational amplifier output to said inverting input of said receive operational amplifier when said port circuit is serving one of said trunks, and for controlling said side-tone suppresion means to present a second fraction of said transmit operational amplifier output to said inverting input of said receive operational amplifier when said port circuit is serving one of said lines, a clamping time slot switch operable prior to the operation of said transmit time slot switch for clamping said summing bus, and a compersating time slot switch operable during tile time said clamping time slot is operated for connecting said distribution bus to another input of said receive operational amplifier.
9. A port for serving a line or a trunk appearing in a PAM bus switching system including a summing and a distribution bus connectable to each other over any of a pluralility of different paths exhibiting different DC
offsets, said port comprising switch means opening and closing in accordance with a digital data stream, a transmit and a receive operational amplifier, a transmit time slot switch means operable to connect the output of said transmit operational amplifier to said summing bus, receive time slot switch means operable to connect an input of said receive operational amplifier to said distribution bus, clamping time slot switch means for connecting said summing bus to a reference potential during a portion of a time slot, sample and hold means, compensating time slot switch means for connecting said sample and hold means between said distribution bus and an inverting input of said receive operational amplifier, and means for causing said compensating time slot switch means to exhibit a first gain between said distribution bus and said receive amplifier input when said port is serving a line and a second gain when said port is serving said trunk.
offsets, said port comprising switch means opening and closing in accordance with a digital data stream, a transmit and a receive operational amplifier, a transmit time slot switch means operable to connect the output of said transmit operational amplifier to said summing bus, receive time slot switch means operable to connect an input of said receive operational amplifier to said distribution bus, clamping time slot switch means for connecting said summing bus to a reference potential during a portion of a time slot, sample and hold means, compensating time slot switch means for connecting said sample and hold means between said distribution bus and an inverting input of said receive operational amplifier, and means for causing said compensating time slot switch means to exhibit a first gain between said distribution bus and said receive amplifier input when said port is serving a line and a second gain when said port is serving said trunk.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US298,381 | 1981-09-01 | ||
| US06/298,381 US4398287A (en) | 1981-09-01 | 1981-09-01 | Digital switching over PAM bus system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1184283A true CA1184283A (en) | 1985-03-19 |
Family
ID=23150252
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000410309A Expired CA1184283A (en) | 1981-09-01 | 1982-08-27 | Digital switching over pam bus system |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4398287A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR900005789B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU553701B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1184283A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2105552B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1232604B (en) |
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4488294A (en) * | 1982-03-30 | 1984-12-11 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Establishing and supporting data traffic in private branch exchanges |
| US4554658A (en) * | 1983-07-07 | 1985-11-19 | Motorola, Inc. | System for producing encoded and decoded voice, internal audio tones, and data communication within a time division multiplex network |
| US4621361A (en) * | 1983-08-23 | 1986-11-04 | Jatel Communications Systems Ltd. | Communication switching system |
| US4726017A (en) * | 1985-05-21 | 1988-02-16 | Fla. | Multidrop data concentrator communication network |
| JPH10233746A (en) * | 1997-02-19 | 1998-09-02 | Saitama Nippon Denki Kk | Reception circuit for tdma radio equipment |
| US7072415B2 (en) * | 1999-10-19 | 2006-07-04 | Rambus Inc. | Method and apparatus for generating multi-level reference voltage in systems using equalization or crosstalk cancellation |
| US7124221B1 (en) | 1999-10-19 | 2006-10-17 | Rambus Inc. | Low latency multi-level communication interface |
| EP2161140A3 (en) | 2000-06-02 | 2011-01-26 | Avery Dennison Corporation | Business card |
| US8861667B1 (en) | 2002-07-12 | 2014-10-14 | Rambus Inc. | Clock data recovery circuit with equalizer clock calibration |
| US9856402B2 (en) | 2003-01-22 | 2018-01-02 | Ccl Lavel, Inc. | Adhesive label liner sheet modifications for retaining unneeded label sections on liner |
| US7063040B2 (en) | 2004-04-20 | 2006-06-20 | David Terry Woods | Portable air horn apparatus |
| EP1857935B1 (en) * | 2006-05-16 | 2013-10-23 | Saab Ab | Fault tolerant data bus node in a distributed system |
| US11049420B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 | 2021-06-29 | Ccl Label, Inc. | Label sheet assembly with surface features |
| USD841087S1 (en) | 2016-11-17 | 2019-02-19 | Ccl Label, Inc. | Label sheet with a feed edge assembly |
| USD856414S1 (en) | 2018-03-01 | 2019-08-13 | Ccl Label, Inc. | Label sheet assembly with feed edge dress |
| USD893606S1 (en) | 2018-03-23 | 2020-08-18 | Ccl Label, Inc. | Name badge sheet assembly |
| USD877241S1 (en) | 2018-06-08 | 2020-03-03 | Ccl Label, Inc. | Label sheet layout assembly |
| CA3115628A1 (en) | 2020-07-02 | 2022-01-02 | Ccl Label, Inc. | Label sheet assembly with puncture surface features |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3652800A (en) * | 1970-05-27 | 1972-03-28 | North Electric Co | Digital pulse transmission through an analog tdm switching system |
| US3934091A (en) * | 1974-12-23 | 1976-01-20 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Automatic gain compensation in time division switching system |
-
1981
- 1981-09-01 US US06/298,381 patent/US4398287A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1982
- 1982-08-25 AU AU87592/82A patent/AU553701B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1982-08-25 GB GB08224371A patent/GB2105552B/en not_active Expired
- 1982-08-27 CA CA000410309A patent/CA1184283A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-08-31 KR KR8203919A patent/KR900005789B1/en active
- 1982-08-31 IT IT8223076A patent/IT1232604B/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR900005789B1 (en) | 1990-08-11 |
| US4398287A (en) | 1983-08-09 |
| GB2105552A (en) | 1983-03-23 |
| IT1232604B (en) | 1992-02-28 |
| AU8759282A (en) | 1983-03-10 |
| AU553701B2 (en) | 1986-07-24 |
| KR840001409A (en) | 1984-04-30 |
| IT8223076A0 (en) | 1982-08-31 |
| GB2105552B (en) | 1985-02-27 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA1184283A (en) | Digital switching over pam bus system | |
| US4563547A (en) | Loop-start/ground-start line interface circuit | |
| US4604741A (en) | Voice and data interface circuit | |
| US5323460A (en) | Enhanced subscriber line interface circuit | |
| JPH11510985A (en) | Broadband digital subscriber loop system | |
| CA1047659A (en) | Active hybrid circuit | |
| EP0161253B1 (en) | Interface channel unit | |
| US6748078B1 (en) | System and method for allocating overhead voltage in the transmission of pots and XDSL signals | |
| EP0565687B1 (en) | An arrangement for the control of an echo canceller | |
| CA1111586A (en) | Circuit for electronic subscriber feed | |
| US3934091A (en) | Automatic gain compensation in time division switching system | |
| CA1171565A (en) | Transformerless hybrid circuit | |
| HUT71765A (en) | Communication channel switching arrangement having a pair of lines | |
| US5487109A (en) | End office of a telephone system with a zero loss plan | |
| US4188509A (en) | Tone signalling arrangement for a telecommunications exchange | |
| US2200817A (en) | Automatic telephone system | |
| US6625175B1 (en) | Method and an arrangement for securing an ADSL connection | |
| US2564378A (en) | Carrier system signaling circuits | |
| US4087645A (en) | Telephone switching system | |
| US3116369A (en) | Four-wire transistorized conference call telephone system | |
| CA1159540A (en) | Digital concentrator for use with a digital telephone office | |
| Crossley et al. | Speech and signalling switching equipment in the Highgate Wood electronic telephone exchange | |
| JPS6121665A (en) | Trunk circuit | |
| KAPLAN | lJECLARA'. fION | |
| JPS627760B2 (en) |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEC | Expiry (correction) | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |