CA1218704A - Assay systems using more than one enzyme - Google Patents
Assay systems using more than one enzymeInfo
- Publication number
- CA1218704A CA1218704A CA000453583A CA453583A CA1218704A CA 1218704 A CA1218704 A CA 1218704A CA 000453583 A CA000453583 A CA 000453583A CA 453583 A CA453583 A CA 453583A CA 1218704 A CA1218704 A CA 1218704A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- enzyme
- mediator
- electrode
- nad
- compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1486—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using enzyme electrodes, e.g. with immobilised oxidase
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
- A61B5/6846—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive
- A61B5/6847—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive mounted on an invasive device
- A61B5/6848—Needles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/001—Enzyme electrodes
- C12Q1/004—Enzyme electrodes mediator-assisted
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/817—Enzyme or microbe electrode
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
This specification discloses methods of detection or measurement of an enzyme or of its specific substrate, and sensors used in such methods. The present invention is concerned with a multi-enzyme system, and the specification discloses, as one aspect of the invention a method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contacted with a system comprising a first enzyme, a cofactor linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound which transfers charge to the electrode from the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by reaction of cofactor material. The cofactor may be NAD, NAD(P) (both collectively referred to herein as NAD (P) cAMP ATP GTP TTP
CTP. The specification particularly illustrates a method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contact with a system comprising a first enzyme a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide compound N linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound F which transfers charge to the electrodes from the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by a NAD(P) NAD(P)H reaction. The NAD
compound may act as a "bridge" between the said enzyme/mediator system and further NAD utilizing enzymes E2.
This specification discloses methods of detection or measurement of an enzyme or of its specific substrate, and sensors used in such methods. The present invention is concerned with a multi-enzyme system, and the specification discloses, as one aspect of the invention a method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contacted with a system comprising a first enzyme, a cofactor linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound which transfers charge to the electrode from the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by reaction of cofactor material. The cofactor may be NAD, NAD(P) (both collectively referred to herein as NAD (P) cAMP ATP GTP TTP
CTP. The specification particularly illustrates a method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contact with a system comprising a first enzyme a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide compound N linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound F which transfers charge to the electrodes from the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by a NAD(P) NAD(P)H reaction. The NAD
compound may act as a "bridge" between the said enzyme/mediator system and further NAD utilizing enzymes E2.
Description
~2~1~37(~a~
Thls invention relates to methods of detection or mea-surement of an enzyme or of its specific substrate, an~ to sen-sors used in such methods.
Our European Patent Application 82305597 published May ,11, 1983 describes and claims a sensor electrode which comprises at least at an external surface thereof a combination of an enzyme and a mediato~r compound which transfers charge to the electrode when the enzyme is catalytically active. Such an elec-trode, when contacting the specific substrate for the enzyme and poised at a sui-table potential gives a signal responsive to the presence of, or indicative of the extent of, the enzyme/substrate reaction, even in a complex mixture of substrates since the enzyme is specific to the desired substrate component.
The practical operation of such a system depends upon the incorporation of the mediator compound. A number of types of such compounds are disclosed in that Application, such as polyvi-ologens, fluoroanil, chloroanil, etc; but the mediators with best characteristics are metallocenes.
~2~817~
Ferrocenes (bi~-cyclopentadienyl iron and its derivatives) fall within the last above named group and have advantages over other mediators used with enzyme/substrate reactions for charge-transfer purposes. The unique structure and properties of ferrocene and its derivatives have resulted in a considerable amount of theoretical and experimental study, First synthesised in 1951, ferrocene was the earliest example of the now well-known metallocene Compounds, Whilst ferrocenes had been found to be of limited value in spectrophotometric assays as a result of their poor solubility in aqueous solution and low extinction coefficients, they have been found to be more suited to a bio-electrochemical system. Ferrocenes have:
(a) a wide range of redox potentials accessible through subs~itution of the cyclopentadienyl rings which can be functionalised;
(b) electrochemically reversible one-electron redox properties;
, 37Q~
(c) the pH-independent redox potential and the slow autoxidation of the reduced form, These compound~ lend themselves to the formation of derivatives, e.g. by substitution of one or both cylopentadienyl rings and/or by polymerisation. We have studied a number of derivatives of ferrocene such as tho~e listed in the table below;
-Ferrocene derivative Eo Solubility $
l,l'-dimethyl- 100 I,D
10 acetic acid - 124 S 370 hydroxyethyl- 161 S
ferrocene 165 I,D 33S
l,l'bis(hydroxymethyl)- 224 S 385 monocarboxylic acid 275 S 420 15 l,l'-dicarboxyli~ acid 385 S
chloro- 345 I,D
methyl trimethylamino- 400 S
S indicates wa~er solubility; I,~ means respectively insoluble and detergent-solubilised in 3% Tween-20.
20 E iY in mV v~ a standard calomel electrode, E is measured in cm lM 1.
The E values of various ferrocenes in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 given in the above table, span a ranye sf potentials, E = l~O to ~OOmV vs SCE. The trend in E values is in agreement with that expected on the basis of substituent effects. In general electron-donating groups stabilize the positive char~3e and hence promote oxidation more so than electron withdrawing groups.
Of these we find l,l-dimethylferrocene and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid to be generally preferable because of their particularly wide range of accessible enzymes.
Although the invention described in our earlier Application was particularly adapted to the use of glucose as the substrate and of glucose oxidase or dehydrogenase as the enzyme (thereby to provide, for example, a glucose sensor of use in the diagnosis of diabetic conditions), other enzyme/substrate pairs whose electrochemical behaviour in association with media~or compounds which have been studied by the Applicants include the followin~:-Enzyme Substrate Flavo-proteins _ Pyruvate Oxidase Pyruvate L-Amino Acid Oxidase L-Amino Acids Aldehyde oxidase Aldehydes 87U~
Xanthine Oxidase Xanthines Glucose Oxidase Glucose Glycollate Oxidase Glycollate Sarcosine Oxidase Sarcosine Lactate Oxidase Lactate Glutathione Reductase NAD(P)H
Lipoamide Dehydrogenase NAPH
PQQ Enzymes Glucose Dehydrogenase - Glucose Methanol Dehydrogenase Methanol and other Alkanols Methylamine Dehydrogenase Methylamine Haem-Containing Enzymes Lactate Dehydrogenase Lactate Horseradish Pero~idase Hydrogen Peroxide 20 Yeast Cytochrome C Peroxidase Hydrogen Peroxide Metalloflavoproteins Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Oxidoreductase Cuproproteins Galactose Oxidase Galactose Of these, it was found clearly advantageous to utilise those enz~yme/substrate pairs whose behaviour was established in most detail and which give good, preferably linear, response over the expected measurement range.
That earlier Application was predominantly concerned with sensors where mediator and enzyme were both present Y~
on the electrode for contact with the subs-trate.
However, the system is the same if all the mediator, enzyme, and substrate are in solution, or if the sensor only car-ries mediator and enzyme, or even only mediator alone.
Our co-pending Canadian Appli.cation 453,584 of May 4, 1984 entitled "Assay Techniques Utilising Speci.fic Binding Systems" utilises the basic system on a solution basis and assays specific binding reactions (e.g. antigen/antibody reactions or reactions of nucleic acid probe/target sequence) by their effect on the electrochemical availability of enzyme or mediator or both.
All of the above Applications are primarily concerned with single enzyme systems. Our further copending Application 453,582 entitled "Assay System Utilising More Than One. Enzyme~
describes and claims an invention in which a further enzyme (in the liquid or on the electrode) acts on its specific ~ - 6 -substrate to affect the level oE the mediator-linked-en~yme substrate. This can be done by complete conversion, in one or more stages e.g. from a subs-trate such as creatinine via creatlne to sarcosine, which can be acted on by its mediator/linked oxidase to give a reading from which the creatinine level can be derived. It can also be done by more or less complex schemes of competitive reaction for the same substrate e.g. by mediator-linked glucose oxidase competing with an ATP- driven kinase yielding a glucose phosphate; the extent of competitive reaction being a measure of ATP or kinase whichever is unknown.
37~
In one aspect the invention provide~ a method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contacted with a system comprising a first enzyme, a cofactor linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound which transfers charge to the electrode Erom the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by reaction of coEactor material.
The cofactor may be NAD, NAD(P) (both collectively referred to herein as NAD (P) cAMP ATP GTP TTP or CTP.
10 In a further aspect the invention consist~ in a method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contacted with a system comprising a first enzyme, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide compound linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound which transfers charge to the electrode from the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by a NAD(P~/NAD(P)H
reaction.
In the practical operation of the invention it is preferred to operate 90 that a second enzyme is also linked with the NAD(P) compound and a substrate for said second en7yme is present in the said system so that the substrate/second reaction causes the NAD(P) co~pound to undergo its reversible reaction and thus affect the first enzyme and transfer charge to the electrode in an 37~
amount correlated with the exten-t of second enzyme/substrate reaction so as to perrnit assay of elther i~ the other is known.
As with our copending Canadlan applications ~53~582 and 453,584 referred to herein, there are various modes of operation, with the active components variously distributed in the solution or on the electrode. Thus, a metal electrode may be dipped into a solution containing the mediator, both enzymes, the NAD~P) com-pound and the substrate. Alternatively, an electrode may be coated with mediator, both enzymes and the NAD~P) compound and is dipped into solution containing the substrate to detect substrate or measure its concentration. Alternatively again, an electrode may be coated with mediator, the first enzyme, the NAD~P) com-pound, and the substrate is dipped into a solution containing the second enzyme to detect the enzyme or measure its concentration.
Examples of specific enzymes, cofactors, mediators and substrates are given below. Moreover, -the electrode, if made of noble metal such as gold, may be linked with thiol ~or like sulphur) substituted ferrocenes, or the mediator may be chemi-cally linked with its enzyme; both of these expedients are described in detail, with examples in our copending Canadian application 453,584 entitled "Assays Systems Utilising Specific Binding Agents" referred to above.
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Figure 1 shows a general scheme of linked enzymes usedin the method of the invention;
Figure la shows an assay system as part of the above methods;
Figure 2 shows a particular embodiment of the scheme utilising glutathione reductase as the linking enzyme; and g ~Z~87~
Figure 3 shows another particular embodlment of the scheme utilising diaphorase as the l.lnklng enzyme. The scheme shown in Figure l shows an electrode 1 and four molecular species, namely: a mediator such as a ferrocene (F) preferably l,l'dimethylferrocene in an immobilized systern of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid in a freely diffusing system; an enzyme El capable of linking with the ferrocene electrochemical.ly whereby the ferrocene transfers charge from the enzyrne to the electrode;
a nicotinamide adenihe dinucleotide material N, as discussed in lO more detail below, and a second 37~
en~yme E2 specific to the substrate S which it converts to the reacted substrate RS.
A difference between the invention as snown in Figure l and the invention described in our earlier applications resides in the linkage between El and N. Hitherto, our inventions have involved the transfer of charge from El to the electrode l whenever the enzyme El has been catalytically active upon its specific substrate. With the present invention there is no substrate for El, but it is linked, as part of a chain of transfer of charge, to enzyme E2 by compound N whereby, when E~ acts on its substrate S, charge is eventually transferred down the chain to electrode l.
The system can be embodied in many different ways. For example, a simple gold electrode l can be dipped into a mixed solution of F, El, N, E2 and S to give, when poised against a reference electrode, a current dependent upon the extent of the enzyme cat~lysed S - RS
reaction.
20 At the other extreme, F, El, N and E2 can all be present at the surface of a composite electrode, to provide a sensor electrode to detect, or measure the level of, substrate S in a solution~ If desired, the composite electrode could comprise F, El, N, S, thereby giving a -~2~
sensor whereby E2 can be assayed. Moreover, an electrode could comprise F, El and N only, to give an assay for the existence of an E2-catalysed S - SR reaction. Other combinations of immobilised and dissolved components, can also be envisaged by the man skilled in the art.
The system can also be simplified as an assay for compound N, by omitting E2 and S, as shown in Figure la.
Figure 2 shows a particular example of the invention. In this example, F is, as described above, 1,1 dimethylferrocene. The enæyme El of Figure 1 is embodied as glutathione oxidoreductase GR (E.C. 1.6.4.2). The compound N is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The enzyme E2 is D-iso-citrate dehydrogenase (CD) EC 1.1.1.42, and its substrate S is accordingly D-iso citrate (C) which is converted by the enzyme to¢C-ketoglutarate (KG).
The system can be embodied using a gold electrode poised against SCE and in a solution containing ferrocence monocarboxlyic acid, glutathione reductase, D-isocitrate 20 dehydrogenase and NADP. Such a solution does not generate an electrode current, the gold giving no detectable side reactiGns.
1'2~
When D-isocitrate was added, however, dehydrogenation took place to give ~ -keto glutarate, and yield the reduced form of the ~ADP i.e. NADPH. This in turn was reoxidised by the glutathione reductase, giving the reduced form of the GR enzyme, and thiA in turn reduced the ferricinium mediator ion which transfer~ charge to the electrode indicative of the D-isocitrate concentration.
Conversely, the system was also made up containing F~GR~NADP~substrate C, and provided an assay system for the enzyme D-isocitrate dehydrogenase.
An assay system could also be constructed with cholesterol in solution thereby providing an assay for the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase.
A similar choice of enzyme or substrate assay is possible with any of the following list of enzyme/substrate pairs.
Enzyme Substrate D-isocitrate dehydrogenase D-Isocitrate 20 Glutamate dehydrogenase Glutamate 7(~
1~
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glucose-6-phosphate 20-~ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 20 ~-hydroxysteroids Glycerol dehydrogenase Glycerol Glycerol dehydrogenase Triglycerides (when coupled v1a lipase) Aldehyde dehydrogenase Aldehydes The particular enzymes selected may be employed in solution or may be chemically bound to the surface of the electrode~ The glutathione reductase may also be chemically bound to the surface of the electrode in certain embodiments.
The assay may be extended to a wide range of NADP-linked enzymes or other co-factor linked systems and this allows the construction of sensors over such a wide range of enzyme-catalysed reactions thereby allowing a corresponding wide range of equipment and end uses to be envisaged.
Thus, since many of the listed enzymes involve substrates other than naturally-occuring substrates, the use of the ferrocene-type mediators particularly assists the production of sensors for process control generally, including fermentation control, for incorporating in side-stream continous monitoring and control systems.
~2~87~'~
Figure 3 shows another particular example of the invention.
F is as before, ferrocene monocarboxylic acid. ~1 is the enzyme diaphorase (D), otherwise known as dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase E.C~ 1.6. 4.3.), is isolated from Clostridium Klugvini, and is available from soehringer. N -is the nocotinamide adeni ne dinucleotide , NAD and E2 is a glycerol dehydrogenase GD. The system of Figure 2 further comprises the 10 provision of the necessary glycerol substrate of an enzyma catalysed reaction whereby triglycerides T are reacted with a lipase (glycerol ester hydrolase GEH) to a glycerol/fatty acid mixture.
A mixed solution was made up containing a soluble 15 ferrocene monocarboxylic acid, diaphorase, NAD, glycerol dehydrogenase and glycerol ester hydro]ase. ~o current was observed when the solution was contacted with a gold electrode poised at 150mV vs. SCE. Addition of triglyceride led to the conversion by means of the GEH
20 enzyme to glycerol and fatty acids and the glycerol component of this mixture was thereafter oxidised by enzyme GD to dihydroxyace~one ~DHA). An electrical charge arising in dependence on the progress of this latter reaction was transferred down the chain of 25 components and thus .gave a measurable current~ related l~æ~
to the original triglyceride level at the electrode.
It will be observed that the reactio~ of triglyceride to glycerol/fatty acid, and further reaction to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is of itself an example of the invention in our copending Application also entitled "Assay system using more than one enzyme". In this earlier invention the two enzymes are "substrate linked"
i.e. the product of one reaction is the substrate of the next. In the present invention, the two enzymes are linked e.g. by NAD or NADP giving a cyclic reaction whereby the El and E2 are electrically linked.
Example 3 1,1 -dimethylferrocene was deposited from toluene ~r~e ~
-^~ solution on to a carbon foil (GRAPHOIL)~ and diaphorase enzyme immobilised over the ferrocene using the carbodiimide material DCC (l-cyclohexyl-3(2-morpholino ethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulphonate). This composite electrode was poised at +150 mv against SCE
and immersed in a ~AD/glycerol dehydrogenase solution which was quantitatively sensitive, as a current readout at the electrode, to glycerol additions.
other NAD-linked enzymes used in this invention include the following list of enzymes given with their ll37~
corresponding substrates:
Enzymes Substrate Formate dehydrogenase Formate ~ -Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase Blood ketones Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate (either NAD-linked or cytochrome linked) Alcohol dehydrogenase Alcohols Malate dehydrogenase Malates Glycerate-1,3,-phosphate 10 dehydrogenase Glycerate-1,3-phosphate Galactose dehydrogenase Galactose Sorbitol dehydrogenase Sorbitol Glucose dehydrogenase (NADPH- de~endent) Glucose 15 Cholesterol reductase Cholesterol NAD-linked Cholesterol dehy- Cholesterol -drogenase ~87~
S~eroi d dehydrogenases NAD-or NADPH-dependent steroi ds The invention in this instance always comprises a mediator compound and an enzyme in the system. It does particularly lend itself to the provision of a chemically modified enzyme, that is to say, an enzyme which the mediator group is chemically linked to the enzyme structure in such a way as not to destroy its enzymatic activity. We have found by way Of example, 10 that it is possible to introduce up to eight or even twelve ferrocene groups into a glucose oxidase enzyme, and that by analogy such chemical modification of enzymes can readily take place in the other possible enzymes used in this invention.
Thls invention relates to methods of detection or mea-surement of an enzyme or of its specific substrate, an~ to sen-sors used in such methods.
Our European Patent Application 82305597 published May ,11, 1983 describes and claims a sensor electrode which comprises at least at an external surface thereof a combination of an enzyme and a mediato~r compound which transfers charge to the electrode when the enzyme is catalytically active. Such an elec-trode, when contacting the specific substrate for the enzyme and poised at a sui-table potential gives a signal responsive to the presence of, or indicative of the extent of, the enzyme/substrate reaction, even in a complex mixture of substrates since the enzyme is specific to the desired substrate component.
The practical operation of such a system depends upon the incorporation of the mediator compound. A number of types of such compounds are disclosed in that Application, such as polyvi-ologens, fluoroanil, chloroanil, etc; but the mediators with best characteristics are metallocenes.
~2~817~
Ferrocenes (bi~-cyclopentadienyl iron and its derivatives) fall within the last above named group and have advantages over other mediators used with enzyme/substrate reactions for charge-transfer purposes. The unique structure and properties of ferrocene and its derivatives have resulted in a considerable amount of theoretical and experimental study, First synthesised in 1951, ferrocene was the earliest example of the now well-known metallocene Compounds, Whilst ferrocenes had been found to be of limited value in spectrophotometric assays as a result of their poor solubility in aqueous solution and low extinction coefficients, they have been found to be more suited to a bio-electrochemical system. Ferrocenes have:
(a) a wide range of redox potentials accessible through subs~itution of the cyclopentadienyl rings which can be functionalised;
(b) electrochemically reversible one-electron redox properties;
, 37Q~
(c) the pH-independent redox potential and the slow autoxidation of the reduced form, These compound~ lend themselves to the formation of derivatives, e.g. by substitution of one or both cylopentadienyl rings and/or by polymerisation. We have studied a number of derivatives of ferrocene such as tho~e listed in the table below;
-Ferrocene derivative Eo Solubility $
l,l'-dimethyl- 100 I,D
10 acetic acid - 124 S 370 hydroxyethyl- 161 S
ferrocene 165 I,D 33S
l,l'bis(hydroxymethyl)- 224 S 385 monocarboxylic acid 275 S 420 15 l,l'-dicarboxyli~ acid 385 S
chloro- 345 I,D
methyl trimethylamino- 400 S
S indicates wa~er solubility; I,~ means respectively insoluble and detergent-solubilised in 3% Tween-20.
20 E iY in mV v~ a standard calomel electrode, E is measured in cm lM 1.
The E values of various ferrocenes in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 given in the above table, span a ranye sf potentials, E = l~O to ~OOmV vs SCE. The trend in E values is in agreement with that expected on the basis of substituent effects. In general electron-donating groups stabilize the positive char~3e and hence promote oxidation more so than electron withdrawing groups.
Of these we find l,l-dimethylferrocene and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid to be generally preferable because of their particularly wide range of accessible enzymes.
Although the invention described in our earlier Application was particularly adapted to the use of glucose as the substrate and of glucose oxidase or dehydrogenase as the enzyme (thereby to provide, for example, a glucose sensor of use in the diagnosis of diabetic conditions), other enzyme/substrate pairs whose electrochemical behaviour in association with media~or compounds which have been studied by the Applicants include the followin~:-Enzyme Substrate Flavo-proteins _ Pyruvate Oxidase Pyruvate L-Amino Acid Oxidase L-Amino Acids Aldehyde oxidase Aldehydes 87U~
Xanthine Oxidase Xanthines Glucose Oxidase Glucose Glycollate Oxidase Glycollate Sarcosine Oxidase Sarcosine Lactate Oxidase Lactate Glutathione Reductase NAD(P)H
Lipoamide Dehydrogenase NAPH
PQQ Enzymes Glucose Dehydrogenase - Glucose Methanol Dehydrogenase Methanol and other Alkanols Methylamine Dehydrogenase Methylamine Haem-Containing Enzymes Lactate Dehydrogenase Lactate Horseradish Pero~idase Hydrogen Peroxide 20 Yeast Cytochrome C Peroxidase Hydrogen Peroxide Metalloflavoproteins Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Oxidoreductase Cuproproteins Galactose Oxidase Galactose Of these, it was found clearly advantageous to utilise those enz~yme/substrate pairs whose behaviour was established in most detail and which give good, preferably linear, response over the expected measurement range.
That earlier Application was predominantly concerned with sensors where mediator and enzyme were both present Y~
on the electrode for contact with the subs-trate.
However, the system is the same if all the mediator, enzyme, and substrate are in solution, or if the sensor only car-ries mediator and enzyme, or even only mediator alone.
Our co-pending Canadian Appli.cation 453,584 of May 4, 1984 entitled "Assay Techniques Utilising Speci.fic Binding Systems" utilises the basic system on a solution basis and assays specific binding reactions (e.g. antigen/antibody reactions or reactions of nucleic acid probe/target sequence) by their effect on the electrochemical availability of enzyme or mediator or both.
All of the above Applications are primarily concerned with single enzyme systems. Our further copending Application 453,582 entitled "Assay System Utilising More Than One. Enzyme~
describes and claims an invention in which a further enzyme (in the liquid or on the electrode) acts on its specific ~ - 6 -substrate to affect the level oE the mediator-linked-en~yme substrate. This can be done by complete conversion, in one or more stages e.g. from a subs-trate such as creatinine via creatlne to sarcosine, which can be acted on by its mediator/linked oxidase to give a reading from which the creatinine level can be derived. It can also be done by more or less complex schemes of competitive reaction for the same substrate e.g. by mediator-linked glucose oxidase competing with an ATP- driven kinase yielding a glucose phosphate; the extent of competitive reaction being a measure of ATP or kinase whichever is unknown.
37~
In one aspect the invention provide~ a method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contacted with a system comprising a first enzyme, a cofactor linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound which transfers charge to the electrode Erom the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by reaction of coEactor material.
The cofactor may be NAD, NAD(P) (both collectively referred to herein as NAD (P) cAMP ATP GTP TTP or CTP.
10 In a further aspect the invention consist~ in a method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contacted with a system comprising a first enzyme, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide compound linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound which transfers charge to the electrode from the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by a NAD(P~/NAD(P)H
reaction.
In the practical operation of the invention it is preferred to operate 90 that a second enzyme is also linked with the NAD(P) compound and a substrate for said second en7yme is present in the said system so that the substrate/second reaction causes the NAD(P) co~pound to undergo its reversible reaction and thus affect the first enzyme and transfer charge to the electrode in an 37~
amount correlated with the exten-t of second enzyme/substrate reaction so as to perrnit assay of elther i~ the other is known.
As with our copending Canadlan applications ~53~582 and 453,584 referred to herein, there are various modes of operation, with the active components variously distributed in the solution or on the electrode. Thus, a metal electrode may be dipped into a solution containing the mediator, both enzymes, the NAD~P) com-pound and the substrate. Alternatively, an electrode may be coated with mediator, both enzymes and the NAD~P) compound and is dipped into solution containing the substrate to detect substrate or measure its concentration. Alternatively again, an electrode may be coated with mediator, the first enzyme, the NAD~P) com-pound, and the substrate is dipped into a solution containing the second enzyme to detect the enzyme or measure its concentration.
Examples of specific enzymes, cofactors, mediators and substrates are given below. Moreover, -the electrode, if made of noble metal such as gold, may be linked with thiol ~or like sulphur) substituted ferrocenes, or the mediator may be chemi-cally linked with its enzyme; both of these expedients are described in detail, with examples in our copending Canadian application 453,584 entitled "Assays Systems Utilising Specific Binding Agents" referred to above.
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Figure 1 shows a general scheme of linked enzymes usedin the method of the invention;
Figure la shows an assay system as part of the above methods;
Figure 2 shows a particular embodiment of the scheme utilising glutathione reductase as the linking enzyme; and g ~Z~87~
Figure 3 shows another particular embodlment of the scheme utilising diaphorase as the l.lnklng enzyme. The scheme shown in Figure l shows an electrode 1 and four molecular species, namely: a mediator such as a ferrocene (F) preferably l,l'dimethylferrocene in an immobilized systern of ferrocene monocarboxylic acid in a freely diffusing system; an enzyme El capable of linking with the ferrocene electrochemical.ly whereby the ferrocene transfers charge from the enzyrne to the electrode;
a nicotinamide adenihe dinucleotide material N, as discussed in lO more detail below, and a second 37~
en~yme E2 specific to the substrate S which it converts to the reacted substrate RS.
A difference between the invention as snown in Figure l and the invention described in our earlier applications resides in the linkage between El and N. Hitherto, our inventions have involved the transfer of charge from El to the electrode l whenever the enzyme El has been catalytically active upon its specific substrate. With the present invention there is no substrate for El, but it is linked, as part of a chain of transfer of charge, to enzyme E2 by compound N whereby, when E~ acts on its substrate S, charge is eventually transferred down the chain to electrode l.
The system can be embodied in many different ways. For example, a simple gold electrode l can be dipped into a mixed solution of F, El, N, E2 and S to give, when poised against a reference electrode, a current dependent upon the extent of the enzyme cat~lysed S - RS
reaction.
20 At the other extreme, F, El, N and E2 can all be present at the surface of a composite electrode, to provide a sensor electrode to detect, or measure the level of, substrate S in a solution~ If desired, the composite electrode could comprise F, El, N, S, thereby giving a -~2~
sensor whereby E2 can be assayed. Moreover, an electrode could comprise F, El and N only, to give an assay for the existence of an E2-catalysed S - SR reaction. Other combinations of immobilised and dissolved components, can also be envisaged by the man skilled in the art.
The system can also be simplified as an assay for compound N, by omitting E2 and S, as shown in Figure la.
Figure 2 shows a particular example of the invention. In this example, F is, as described above, 1,1 dimethylferrocene. The enæyme El of Figure 1 is embodied as glutathione oxidoreductase GR (E.C. 1.6.4.2). The compound N is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The enzyme E2 is D-iso-citrate dehydrogenase (CD) EC 1.1.1.42, and its substrate S is accordingly D-iso citrate (C) which is converted by the enzyme to¢C-ketoglutarate (KG).
The system can be embodied using a gold electrode poised against SCE and in a solution containing ferrocence monocarboxlyic acid, glutathione reductase, D-isocitrate 20 dehydrogenase and NADP. Such a solution does not generate an electrode current, the gold giving no detectable side reactiGns.
1'2~
When D-isocitrate was added, however, dehydrogenation took place to give ~ -keto glutarate, and yield the reduced form of the ~ADP i.e. NADPH. This in turn was reoxidised by the glutathione reductase, giving the reduced form of the GR enzyme, and thiA in turn reduced the ferricinium mediator ion which transfer~ charge to the electrode indicative of the D-isocitrate concentration.
Conversely, the system was also made up containing F~GR~NADP~substrate C, and provided an assay system for the enzyme D-isocitrate dehydrogenase.
An assay system could also be constructed with cholesterol in solution thereby providing an assay for the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase.
A similar choice of enzyme or substrate assay is possible with any of the following list of enzyme/substrate pairs.
Enzyme Substrate D-isocitrate dehydrogenase D-Isocitrate 20 Glutamate dehydrogenase Glutamate 7(~
1~
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glucose-6-phosphate 20-~ -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 20 ~-hydroxysteroids Glycerol dehydrogenase Glycerol Glycerol dehydrogenase Triglycerides (when coupled v1a lipase) Aldehyde dehydrogenase Aldehydes The particular enzymes selected may be employed in solution or may be chemically bound to the surface of the electrode~ The glutathione reductase may also be chemically bound to the surface of the electrode in certain embodiments.
The assay may be extended to a wide range of NADP-linked enzymes or other co-factor linked systems and this allows the construction of sensors over such a wide range of enzyme-catalysed reactions thereby allowing a corresponding wide range of equipment and end uses to be envisaged.
Thus, since many of the listed enzymes involve substrates other than naturally-occuring substrates, the use of the ferrocene-type mediators particularly assists the production of sensors for process control generally, including fermentation control, for incorporating in side-stream continous monitoring and control systems.
~2~87~'~
Figure 3 shows another particular example of the invention.
F is as before, ferrocene monocarboxylic acid. ~1 is the enzyme diaphorase (D), otherwise known as dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase E.C~ 1.6. 4.3.), is isolated from Clostridium Klugvini, and is available from soehringer. N -is the nocotinamide adeni ne dinucleotide , NAD and E2 is a glycerol dehydrogenase GD. The system of Figure 2 further comprises the 10 provision of the necessary glycerol substrate of an enzyma catalysed reaction whereby triglycerides T are reacted with a lipase (glycerol ester hydrolase GEH) to a glycerol/fatty acid mixture.
A mixed solution was made up containing a soluble 15 ferrocene monocarboxylic acid, diaphorase, NAD, glycerol dehydrogenase and glycerol ester hydro]ase. ~o current was observed when the solution was contacted with a gold electrode poised at 150mV vs. SCE. Addition of triglyceride led to the conversion by means of the GEH
20 enzyme to glycerol and fatty acids and the glycerol component of this mixture was thereafter oxidised by enzyme GD to dihydroxyace~one ~DHA). An electrical charge arising in dependence on the progress of this latter reaction was transferred down the chain of 25 components and thus .gave a measurable current~ related l~æ~
to the original triglyceride level at the electrode.
It will be observed that the reactio~ of triglyceride to glycerol/fatty acid, and further reaction to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is of itself an example of the invention in our copending Application also entitled "Assay system using more than one enzyme". In this earlier invention the two enzymes are "substrate linked"
i.e. the product of one reaction is the substrate of the next. In the present invention, the two enzymes are linked e.g. by NAD or NADP giving a cyclic reaction whereby the El and E2 are electrically linked.
Example 3 1,1 -dimethylferrocene was deposited from toluene ~r~e ~
-^~ solution on to a carbon foil (GRAPHOIL)~ and diaphorase enzyme immobilised over the ferrocene using the carbodiimide material DCC (l-cyclohexyl-3(2-morpholino ethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulphonate). This composite electrode was poised at +150 mv against SCE
and immersed in a ~AD/glycerol dehydrogenase solution which was quantitatively sensitive, as a current readout at the electrode, to glycerol additions.
other NAD-linked enzymes used in this invention include the following list of enzymes given with their ll37~
corresponding substrates:
Enzymes Substrate Formate dehydrogenase Formate ~ -Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase Blood ketones Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate (either NAD-linked or cytochrome linked) Alcohol dehydrogenase Alcohols Malate dehydrogenase Malates Glycerate-1,3,-phosphate 10 dehydrogenase Glycerate-1,3-phosphate Galactose dehydrogenase Galactose Sorbitol dehydrogenase Sorbitol Glucose dehydrogenase (NADPH- de~endent) Glucose 15 Cholesterol reductase Cholesterol NAD-linked Cholesterol dehy- Cholesterol -drogenase ~87~
S~eroi d dehydrogenases NAD-or NADPH-dependent steroi ds The invention in this instance always comprises a mediator compound and an enzyme in the system. It does particularly lend itself to the provision of a chemically modified enzyme, that is to say, an enzyme which the mediator group is chemically linked to the enzyme structure in such a way as not to destroy its enzymatic activity. We have found by way Of example, 10 that it is possible to introduce up to eight or even twelve ferrocene groups into a glucose oxidase enzyme, and that by analogy such chemical modification of enzymes can readily take place in the other possible enzymes used in this invention.
Claims (23)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEDGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contacted with a system comprising a first enzyme, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide compound linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound which transfers charge to the electrode from the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by a NAD(P) NAD(P)H reaction.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which a second enzyme is also linked with the NAD(P) compound and a substrate for said second enzyme is present in the said system so that the substrate/second enzyme reaction causes the NAD(P) compound to undergo its reversible reaction and thus affect the first enzyme and transfer charge to the electrode in an amount correlated with the extent of second enzyme/substrate reaction so as to permit assay of either if the other is known.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which a metal electrode is dipped into a solution containing the mediator, both enzymes, the NAD(P) compound and the substrate.
4. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which an electrode is coated with mediator, both enzymes and the NAD(P) compound and is dipped into solution containing the substrate to detect substrate or measure its concentration.
5. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which an electrode coated with mediator, the first enzyme, the NAD(P) compound, and the substrate is dipped into a solution containing the second enzyme to detect the enzyme or measure its concentration.
6. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which the first enzyme is glutathione oxido-reductase, the NAD(P) compound is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the second enzyme is D-iso-citrate dehydrogenase and the substrate is D-iso-citrate, whereby the extent of the catatylic conversion of the substrate to .alpha.-ketoglutarate is measured.
7. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which the first enzyme is diaphorase (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase), the NAD(P) compound is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, the second enzyme is a glycerol dehydrogenase, and the substrate is glycerol, whereby the extent of the catalytic conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone is measured.
8. A method as claimed in claim 7 in which glycerol ester hydrolase is present together with a triglyceride material so as to yield on enzyme catalysed reaction fatty acids and glycerol as a substrate for the said second enzyme.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, in which the mediator compound is a ferrocene.
10. A method as claimed claim 1, 2 or 3, in which the mediator is coated on the electrode and is 1,1'-dimethylfer-rocene.
11. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, in which the mediator is present in solution as a carboxy-substituted ferrocene.
12. A sensor electrode coated with a ferrocene media-tor, glutathione reductase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
13. A sensor electrode coated with a ferrocene mediator, diaphorase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
14. A sensor electrode as claimed in claim 12 or 13 in which the ferrocene is 1,1 -dimethylferrocene.
15. A sensor electrode as claimed in claim 12 or 13 in which the ferrocene and enzyme are chemically linked together.
16. A method of assay in which an electrode poised at a suitable potential is contacted with a system comprising a first enzyme, a cofactor linked with said enzyme and a mediator compound which transfers charge to the electrode from the first enzyme when its electrical state is changed by reaction of cofactor material.
17. A method as claimed in claim 4, 5 or 6 in which the mediator compound is a ferrocene.
18. A method as claimed in claim 7 or 8 in which the mediator is a ferrocene.
19. A method as claimed in claim 4, 5 or 6 in which the mediator is coated on the electrode and is 1,1'-dimethylferrocene.
20. A method as claimed in claim 7 or 8 in which the mediator ls coated on the electrode and is 1,1'-dimethylferrocene.
21. A method as claimed in claim 4, 5 or 6 in which the mediator is present in a solution as a carboxy-substituted ferrocene.
22. A method as claimed in claim 7 or 8 in which the media-tor is present in a solution as a carboxy-substituted ferrocene.
23. A sensor electrode coated with a ferrocene mediator and either (b) glutathione reductase and nicoti-namide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or (c) diaphorase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Applications Claiming Priority (12)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB838312259A GB8312259D0 (en) | 1983-05-05 | 1983-05-05 | Enzyme-containing sensors |
| GB8312259 | 1983-05-05 | ||
| GB838312265A GB8312265D0 (en) | 1983-05-05 | 1983-05-05 | Chemically modified enzyme |
| GB8312265 | 1983-05-05 | ||
| GB8323800 | 1983-09-06 | ||
| GB838323801A GB8323801D0 (en) | 1983-09-06 | 1983-09-06 | Enzyme-containing sensors |
| GB8323801 | 1983-09-06 | ||
| GB838323800A GB8323800D0 (en) | 1983-09-06 | 1983-09-06 | Enzyme-containing sensors |
| GB848405262A GB8405262D0 (en) | 1984-02-29 | 1984-02-29 | Electrode systems |
| GB8405262 | 1984-02-29 | ||
| GB848405263A GB8405263D0 (en) | 1984-02-29 | 1984-02-29 | Electrode systems |
| GB8405263 | 1984-02-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1218704A true CA1218704A (en) | 1987-03-03 |
Family
ID=27546842
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000453583A Expired CA1218704A (en) | 1983-05-05 | 1984-05-04 | Assay systems using more than one enzyme |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4758323A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0125867A3 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1218704A (en) |
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| JPS5912135B2 (en) * | 1977-09-28 | 1984-03-21 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | enzyme electrode |
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| WO1980000453A1 (en) * | 1978-08-15 | 1980-03-20 | Nat Res Dev | Enzymatic processes |
| JPS584982B2 (en) * | 1978-10-31 | 1983-01-28 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | enzyme electrode |
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| DE3046741A1 (en) * | 1980-12-11 | 1982-07-15 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh, 6800 Mannheim | DETECTION OF NAD (P) H OR SALICYLATE |
| US4490464A (en) * | 1981-04-08 | 1984-12-25 | Gorton Lo G | Electrode for the electrochemical regeneration of coenzyme, a method of making said electrode, and the use thereof |
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-
1984
- 1984-05-04 CA CA000453583A patent/CA1218704A/en not_active Expired
- 1984-05-07 US US06/607,698 patent/US4758323A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1984-05-08 EP EP84303085A patent/EP0125867A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0125867A2 (en) | 1984-11-21 |
| US4758323A (en) | 1988-07-19 |
| EP0125867A3 (en) | 1987-01-07 |
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