CA1227945A - Method and apparatus for measuring chromatic dispersion coefficient - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for measuring chromatic dispersion coefficientInfo
- Publication number
- CA1227945A CA1227945A CA000463874A CA463874A CA1227945A CA 1227945 A CA1227945 A CA 1227945A CA 000463874 A CA000463874 A CA 000463874A CA 463874 A CA463874 A CA 463874A CA 1227945 A CA1227945 A CA 1227945A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- chromatic dispersion
- dispersion coefficient
- optical signal
- signal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
- G01M11/30—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides
- G01M11/33—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face
- G01M11/335—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face using two or more input wavelengths
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
- G01M11/30—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides
- G01M11/33—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face
- G01M11/333—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face using modulated input signals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M11/00—Testing of optical apparatus; Testing structures by optical methods not otherwise provided for
- G01M11/30—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides
- G01M11/33—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face
- G01M11/338—Testing of optical devices, constituted by fibre optics or optical waveguides with a light emitter being disposed at one fibre or waveguide end-face, and a light receiver at the other end-face by measuring dispersion other than PMD, e.g. chromatic dispersion
Abstract
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING
CHROMATIC DISPERSION COEFFICIENT
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A measuring system operated by an optical trans-mitter; an optical spectrum analyzing part receiving an input optical signal branched from the optical trans-mitter; an optical receiver for connecting with, via an optical fiber to be measured, the optical transmitter;
and a data processing part operative to produce a chromatic dispersion coefficient to be measured, by comparing a calculated baseband characteristic, derived from data concerning the optical transmitter and the optical spectrum analyzing part, with an actual baseband characteristic obtained in the optical receiver.
CHROMATIC DISPERSION COEFFICIENT
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A measuring system operated by an optical trans-mitter; an optical spectrum analyzing part receiving an input optical signal branched from the optical trans-mitter; an optical receiver for connecting with, via an optical fiber to be measured, the optical transmitter;
and a data processing part operative to produce a chromatic dispersion coefficient to be measured, by comparing a calculated baseband characteristic, derived from data concerning the optical transmitter and the optical spectrum analyzing part, with an actual baseband characteristic obtained in the optical receiver.
Description
~d945 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING
CHROMATIC DISPERSION COEFFICIENT
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion Coffey client, particularly that of an optical fiber.
Advances in performance of optical fibers have led to the realization of actual long-distance fiber optical communication systems. A fiber optical communication system, particularly one using a single mode optical fiber for the optical transmission line, has the ad van-tare of extremely small expansion of the pulse width during transmission of the pulses from the transmitter side to the receiver side. Accordingly, such a system is suitable for the transmission of high frequency data, i.e., large amounts of data. With a transmitter using a semiconductor laser as a light source, however, the emission spectrum distribution may be considerably wide and jitter of the pulses may occur. In such a case, with a transmission distance over 50 km, reliable data transmission at a high transmission speed of over 400 Mobs cannot be ensured since both the expansion of the pulse width and variations in the optical pulses, caused by so-called "chromatic dispersion", reach non-negligible levels. That is, inter-symbol interference and mode dispersion noise increase significantly.
"Chromatic dispersion" specifically refers to the dispersion of the optical pulse distribution at the receiver side and is caused by the inevitable differences in arrival times of various optical pulses at the receiver side in accordance with their respective wavelengths Al , A A and so on. For example, when a semiconductor laser is used as the light source, I
three or four wavelengths of light are generated therefrom.
In view of the above, it is very important in the design and construction of a fiber optical communication system to determine the degree of chromatic dispersion of the optical fiber, inn, the chromatic dispersion coefficient. The chromatic dispersion coefficient determines the quality of the optical fiber transmission line and is used as a standard to determine the data transmission capability.
Various types of systems for measuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient are known, for example, a measuring system utilizing the Reman effect and a measuring system operated under a frequency sweep method. Each of the prior art measuring systems have their own shortcomings, however.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for treasuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient without the shortcomings of the prior art measuring systems.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising the steps of:
(a) measuring an actual base band characteristic of an optical fiber in accordance with a received optical signal level at an output end of the optical fiber, wherein the received optical signal corresponds to an input optical signal, having components of respective amplitudes in its optical spectrum corresponding to a plurality of oscillation modes, that is provided to an input end of the optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated in amplitude with an AC signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies;
I
- pa -(b) obtaining a calculated base band characteristic having a profile fitting closest to the actual base band characteristic, by using data concerning the wavelengths and amplitudes of the components corresponding to the oscillation modes in the optical spectrum of the input optical signal, data concerning the modulation frequencies, and data concerning a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient; and (c) determining the provisional chromatic lo dispersion coefficient providing the closest fitting profile as the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising the steps of:
(a) projecting an input optical signal, having a plurality of components in its optical spectrum corresponding to a plurality of oscillation modes, onto one end of an optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated by an AC signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies;
(b) measuring an actual base band characteristic through detection, by means of an optical receiver, of an output optical signal received at another end of the optical fiber corresponding to the input optical signal at each modulation frequency;
(c) detecting the wavelength and amplitude owe each component corresponding to each oscillation mode owe the input optical signal with the aid of an optical spectrum analyzing part;
(d) deriving a calculated base band characteristic fitting closest -to the measured base band characteristic by using data concerning the modulation : I
7~1~S
-- 2b -frequency, the wavelengths and the amplitudes detected by the optical spectrum analyzer, and a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient; and (e) determining the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing the closest fitting of the actual and calculated base band characteristics to be the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
In accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising:
means for measuring an actual base band characteristic of an optical fiber in accordance with the level of an output optical signal received at an output end of the optical fiber, the output optical signal corresponding to an input optical signal having a plurality of components corresponding to respective oscillation modes in its power spectrum and which is provided to an input end of the optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated in amplitude with an AC
signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies; and means for obtaining a calculated base band characteristic having a profile fitting closest to the measured actual base band characteristic, by using data concerning the wavelengths and amplitudes of each of -the components corresponding to the oscillation modes of -the input optical signal data concerning the modulation frequencies, and data concerning a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient;
wherein the value of the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing the closest fitting profile is determined to be the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will be more apparent from the ensuing description with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
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Fig. 1 is a general vie of an example of a prior art apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispel-soon coefficient;
Fig. 2 is a general view of an example of an apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion Coffey-client according to the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a graph of a light source emission spectrum distribution in terms of wavelength A and amplitude at;
Fig, 4 is a graph of a chromatic dispersion characteristic in terms of wavelength and chromatic diversion characteristics;
Fig. 5 is a vector diagram of a receiving optical signal A expressed by using complex amplitude notation;
Fig. PA is a graph of a first example of both the measured base band characteristic and the calculated base band characteristic;
Fig. 6B depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. PA;
Fig. PA is a graph of a second example of both the measured base band characteristic and the calculated base and characteristic;
Fig. 7B depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. PA;
Fig. 8 is a graph for schematically explaining a calculation algorithm of a least squares approximation procedure;
Fig. 9 is a general block diagram of a precut-eel apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient according to the present invention;
Fig. 10 is a general block diagram of an actually built apparatus based on the apparatus shown in Fig. 9;
Fig. lea is a graph of a third example of both I to , .
the measured base band characteristic an the calculated base band characteristic;
Fig. lob depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. lea;
Fig. 12 is a graph of an example representing the actual relationship between the chromatic dispersion coefficient M and the wavelength I; and Fox and 13B show a flow chart of the operation achieved in the chromatic dispersion coefficient measure in apparatus shown in Fig. 10.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Before describing the preferred embodiments, a discussion is presented of the prior art measuring system for reference purposes.
The chromatic dispersion coefficient M may be generally expressed by the following equation:
PA x L (1) where L denotes a length in km of an optical fiber transmission line, the difference between wavelengths in mm, corresponding to the aforesaid differences in wavelengths, i.e., it Al IAN Al I the difference in arrival times in pus at the receiver side between each pair of signals having the respective different wavelengths. The unit of M is ps/km/nm. That is, M specifies the arrival time delay IT (pus) that would be included per 1 km of the transmission line it the wavelength deviates by 1 no.
Figure 1 is a general view of an example of a prior art apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient. In Fig. 1, reference numeral 14 indicates an optical fiber to be measured for the chromatic dispersion coefficient. At the optical input side of the optical fiber I yttrium aluminum garnet (YAW) laser source 11, a short optical fiber 12, and a spectra-scope 13 are located. At the optical output side thereof, a measuring apparatus 15 is located. Eighth the 79~
YAW laser source 11 and the optical fiber 12 form, as one body, a fiber Reman laser utilizing the Reman effect, where oscillations of various frequencies take place with the wavelengths of 2 I , and so on-Then, light beams having these various wavelengths are selected one by one by means of the spectroscopes 13, so that an arrival time if for the light of I an arrival time to for the light of I and so on are sequentially obtained by means of the measuring appear-tusk 15. Trust AT and PA for defining the above recited equation (1) are actually measured, and then the chromatic dispersion coefficient M can be obtained with the known value of L.
The measuring system of Fig. 1 has the serious shortcoming that it is almost impossible to measure the coefficient when the optical fiber I is actually laid.
First, it is essential to maintain synchronization between the sending time of the light from the spectra-scope 13 and the measuring time for the sent light at the measuring apparatus 15. Accordingly, both ends of the optical fiber 14 must be located close to each other, preferably at the same site. This means the measurement is only effective for inspections of the manufactured optical fiber before shipment from the factory. Second, the fiber Reman laser system (11, 12, 13) is too heavy for operators to carry.
Because the coefficient M measured in a reshipment inspection differs from that measured in the field, it is meaningless to find the coefficient M in the factory.
The difference between the coefficient M measured in the factory and the field results from the difference in stresses applied to the optical fiber laid in the factory and installed the field, and in the difference in the arrangements of the optical fiber laid in the factory and installed the field.
In another prior art measuring system based on the Reman effect, two light sources having different wave-I
lengths are used and the difference in arrival times beneath two corresponding optical signals is obtained by measuring the difference in phase there between. It is clear that a single light source is preferable for the measurement in view of cost and easy setting of the measuring system.
Another prior art measuring apparatus utilizes the frequency sweep method There are two types of this apparatus. The first type assumes that the light source spectrum exhibits a so-called Gaussian distribution. In the system, the following well known equation is used for deriving M:
M = 0 442 I
where, f6dB denotes a modulation frequency at which the value of the base band characteristic is reduced by 6 dub, and ~1/2 denotes the wavelength pitch in the light source spectrum for which the amplitude of the light is halved with respect to the amplitude observed at the center of the Gaussian distribution, i.e., the half width of the spectrum.
This first type of apparatus, however, has the shortcoming of a relatively large error in the measure Ed M. This error is caused by the fact that the spectrum of light from a semiconductor laser does not actually exhibit a Gaussian distribution.
The second type of apparatus takes note of the fact that modulation frequencies at which the attenuation reaches almost 0 dub occur periodically, and derives M by the following equation:
M = 1 = _ 1 fT~L ft~L
where fit denotes the frequency at which the attenuation again reaches almost 0 dub in the high frequency range, and thaoscillation mode interval (corresponding to the difference in wavelength between two adjacent line spectra) with which the line spectra periodically appear . , .
The second type of apparatus, however, has the shortcoming of requiring a very expensive, special measuring instrument which can respond to signals having a high frequency, defined previously as fit.
Figure 2 is a general view of an example of an apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion Coffey-client according to the present invention. In Fig. 2, an oscillator 21 and a selective level meter 24 are con-netted, via an electro-optic converter (E/O) 22 and an opto-electric converter (O/E) 23, to the ends of the optical fiber 14 to be measured. The oscillator 21 produces an AC signal, such as a sine wave signal, with a variable frequency f. The AC signal modulates the optical output in the E/O 22, which is made of, for example, a semiconductor laser.
Now, the term "base band characteristic" is generally defined as an amplitude response characteristic of received light with respect to a variation of the modulation frequency f, which received light is measured at the optical output side of the optical fiber 14 when an optical signal, which is the transmitted light from the semiconductor laser as directly modulated in amplitude by the oscillator 21, is input to the optical input side ox the optical fiber 14. To be more specific, for an optical fiber having a vector Pin as an input and a vector Pout as an output thereon, these vectors can be expressed as follows:
Pin = Pinej~t (4) P (t) = P text (5 where denotes angular frequency. Since the signal Pin is input to the optical fiber with the angular frequency and the signal Pout is output therefrom, a transfer function Ho ox the optical fixer can be expressed, in terms of the above equations (4) and I as follows:
.......
I
(t) Pout = out (6) Pint) Pin Thus, the attenuation of a signal having the angular frequency can be defined as follows:
lo ligate)¦ = LO log ¦ Utl(dB) (7) Generally, the signal attenuation given by the above equation (7) is a function of the angular frequency and is called the "base band characteristic". That is, the base band characteristic of the optical fiber is given by the following expression (8) lo log (dub) (8) to Jo l This can be rewritten as -~o-log¦.Utl LO log out¦ (do) (9) in in I
where I' denotes an arbitrary angular frequency, but I' O. The second term in the above expression no-presents the optical power loss.
According Jo the present invention, to suppress deterioration of linearity due to the wide variation in the optical power level at the O/E 23, an optical attenuator (ATT) 101 is introduced in the apparatus and level adjustment, i.e., pun I outyell achieved thereby in advance. Therefore, the value of the second term in the above expression (9) finally becomes zero.
The relationship between a light souse spectrum and the base band characteristic will be detailed below.
The term "light source spectrum" is defined as an optical spectrum of the output light from the E/O 22 of Fig. 2. Considering here an optical emission spectrum distribution of the light source and the chromatic 9 _ dispersion characteristic, these exhibit properties as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Figure 3 is a graph of a light source emission spectrum distribution in terms of wavelength and amplitude at. Figure 4 is a graph of a chromatic dispersion characteristic in terms of wavelength and the chromatic dispersion kirk-touristic The light source emission spectrum disturb-lion is expressed by aye where i = O, +1, +2 ---. The chromatic dispersion coefficient m is approximated to be a constant (my) in the range of the light source spectrum, because the expansion of the light source spectrum, in case of a laser diode (LO), is very narrow, e.g., several no at most.
In Fig. 4, the solid line curve 41 exhibits an actually obtained characteristic. For m - mow the difference it in the time delay between the arrival time of a signal of wavelength I and an arrival time of a signal consisting of wavelength I, both at the receiver side, is expressed as follows:
it Jo m d x L -I Mecca x L (10) O
where aye is represented by o- A signal having a spectrum intensity of the aforesaid at is modulated by the sine wave signal produced from the oscillator 21 at the E/O 22 and transmitted along the optical fiber I
Then, the transmitted signal reaches the O/E 23 as a received optical signal A. The signal A can be expressed as follows by using the aforesaid angular frequency ~(= of A exp~j~t) = fat exp{j~t-ti)} (11) i where it denotes a delay time of the signal in the it spectrum mode. From the above equation (11), A = fat expiate) (12) is obtained.
I.
. . . , I, I, ~22~
Figure 5 is a vector diagram of a received optical signal A expressed by using complex amplitude notation. Each vector shown in Fig. 5 is expressed rota-live to a signal of wavelength I and amplitude a as a reference vector. In Fig. S, the abscissa R represents a real component and the ordinate I an imaginary come potent.
Accordingly, the base band characteristic of the above recited expression I is then expressed as 10 follows:
-10 log 10 log Lowe eXP~
I I 1 i l (13) This equation (13) provides a theoretical approximate function. On the other hand, the theoretical approxi-mate function can be expressed as the following equal lion (14) in relation to the selective level meter 24:
¦ . 1 i eXp(-i2~f my I L) ¦
Ho = -20-log 1- (do) - i fat (14) As seen from equation (14), the amplitude is taken into consideration as at forever oscillation mode, therefore enabling a highly accurate measurement never before obtained.
In equation (14), the parameters at f, aye i and L are all known values. The chromatic dispersion coefficient my is unknown Under these circumstances, on one hand, a measured base band characteristic is obtained by plotting data produced from the selective level meter, while, on the other hand, a calculated base band characteristic is obtained through computer Somali-lion by inputting a variety of values for my to equation (sequential. Specifically, the calculated base band characteristic can be obtained with the use of a process 'I` I , son 25 shown in Fig. 2. Next, a search is run for the calculated base band characteristic with a profile most suited to a profile of the measured base band kirk-touristic. Then, a chromatic dispersion coefficient M to be finally obtained is derived from m, which specifies the thus searched calculated base band characteristic.
Figure PA is a graph of a first example of the measured base band characteristic and calculated base band characteristic. Figure 6B depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. PA. similarly, Figure PA is a graph of a second example of the measured base band characteristic and calculated base band characteristic. Figure 7B depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. PA.
In Fig. PA (same for Fig. PA), the abscissa repro-sets a modulat;onfrequency f (MHz) in logarithmic terms, and the ordinate an attenuation loss (Loss in dub. The readings of the ordinate correspond to the readings of the selective level meter 24 shown in Fig. 2. In the graph, each small circle (o) indicates the measured data. A curve H represents a curve cowlick-fated in accordance with the above recited equation (14) while varying the value my and corresponds to the curve which most closely approximates to the measured data. Accordingly, the value Messiah simulates the curve H, becomes the chromatic dispersion coefficient M to be finally ox-twined.
In Fig. 6B (same for Fig. 7B), the ordinate repro-sets the amplitude at and the abscissa the wavelength regrading the wavelength, each graduation defines 1 no.
Therefore, the I in Fig. 6B equals about 0.73 x (i - 1) no and, in Fig. 7B, about 1.43 x (i - 1) no.
Computer simulation is most effective for searching for a desired curve H having a profile closest to a profile defined by the measured data displayed in Figs. PA and I Concretely speaking, the closest curve I Jo 'I
can be found by, for example, a least squares approximation method. That is, a certain value m is searched for which will make the value of an a~reciation function A be a minimum. The appreciation function A is defined as follows:
A = I - H(fk)) (15) where Ok denotes the base band value (corresponding to the value of Loss in Figs. PA and PA) measured at the modulation frequency ok N is the number of measuring points, an Hlfk) denotes the calculated value at that frequency ok according to the theoretically approximated function according to equation (14). Incidentally, it should be understood that no expensive measuring unit is needed, because the frequency ok is about 1000 MHz (1 GO at most.
Figure 8 is a graph for schematically explaining the calculation algorithm of a least squares approximation procedure. In Fig. 8, the abscissa represents the chromatic dispersion coefficient m, while the ordinate represents the value of the appreciation function A
given by equation (15). The unit amount for varying the chromatic dispersion coefficient is indicated as em.
The procedure in Fig. 8 is basically as follows.
(1) If the value of A under the present value of m is smaller than the value of A under the preceding value of m, the related calculation is continued under the hollowing value of m; m m + em.
CHROMATIC DISPERSION COEFFICIENT
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion Coffey client, particularly that of an optical fiber.
Advances in performance of optical fibers have led to the realization of actual long-distance fiber optical communication systems. A fiber optical communication system, particularly one using a single mode optical fiber for the optical transmission line, has the ad van-tare of extremely small expansion of the pulse width during transmission of the pulses from the transmitter side to the receiver side. Accordingly, such a system is suitable for the transmission of high frequency data, i.e., large amounts of data. With a transmitter using a semiconductor laser as a light source, however, the emission spectrum distribution may be considerably wide and jitter of the pulses may occur. In such a case, with a transmission distance over 50 km, reliable data transmission at a high transmission speed of over 400 Mobs cannot be ensured since both the expansion of the pulse width and variations in the optical pulses, caused by so-called "chromatic dispersion", reach non-negligible levels. That is, inter-symbol interference and mode dispersion noise increase significantly.
"Chromatic dispersion" specifically refers to the dispersion of the optical pulse distribution at the receiver side and is caused by the inevitable differences in arrival times of various optical pulses at the receiver side in accordance with their respective wavelengths Al , A A and so on. For example, when a semiconductor laser is used as the light source, I
three or four wavelengths of light are generated therefrom.
In view of the above, it is very important in the design and construction of a fiber optical communication system to determine the degree of chromatic dispersion of the optical fiber, inn, the chromatic dispersion coefficient. The chromatic dispersion coefficient determines the quality of the optical fiber transmission line and is used as a standard to determine the data transmission capability.
Various types of systems for measuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient are known, for example, a measuring system utilizing the Reman effect and a measuring system operated under a frequency sweep method. Each of the prior art measuring systems have their own shortcomings, however.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for treasuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient without the shortcomings of the prior art measuring systems.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising the steps of:
(a) measuring an actual base band characteristic of an optical fiber in accordance with a received optical signal level at an output end of the optical fiber, wherein the received optical signal corresponds to an input optical signal, having components of respective amplitudes in its optical spectrum corresponding to a plurality of oscillation modes, that is provided to an input end of the optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated in amplitude with an AC signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies;
I
- pa -(b) obtaining a calculated base band characteristic having a profile fitting closest to the actual base band characteristic, by using data concerning the wavelengths and amplitudes of the components corresponding to the oscillation modes in the optical spectrum of the input optical signal, data concerning the modulation frequencies, and data concerning a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient; and (c) determining the provisional chromatic lo dispersion coefficient providing the closest fitting profile as the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising the steps of:
(a) projecting an input optical signal, having a plurality of components in its optical spectrum corresponding to a plurality of oscillation modes, onto one end of an optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated by an AC signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies;
(b) measuring an actual base band characteristic through detection, by means of an optical receiver, of an output optical signal received at another end of the optical fiber corresponding to the input optical signal at each modulation frequency;
(c) detecting the wavelength and amplitude owe each component corresponding to each oscillation mode owe the input optical signal with the aid of an optical spectrum analyzing part;
(d) deriving a calculated base band characteristic fitting closest -to the measured base band characteristic by using data concerning the modulation : I
7~1~S
-- 2b -frequency, the wavelengths and the amplitudes detected by the optical spectrum analyzer, and a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient; and (e) determining the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing the closest fitting of the actual and calculated base band characteristics to be the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
In accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising:
means for measuring an actual base band characteristic of an optical fiber in accordance with the level of an output optical signal received at an output end of the optical fiber, the output optical signal corresponding to an input optical signal having a plurality of components corresponding to respective oscillation modes in its power spectrum and which is provided to an input end of the optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated in amplitude with an AC
signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies; and means for obtaining a calculated base band characteristic having a profile fitting closest to the measured actual base band characteristic, by using data concerning the wavelengths and amplitudes of each of -the components corresponding to the oscillation modes of -the input optical signal data concerning the modulation frequencies, and data concerning a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient;
wherein the value of the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing the closest fitting profile is determined to be the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will be more apparent from the ensuing description with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
'?
Jo ~22~9~
Fig. 1 is a general vie of an example of a prior art apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispel-soon coefficient;
Fig. 2 is a general view of an example of an apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion Coffey-client according to the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a graph of a light source emission spectrum distribution in terms of wavelength A and amplitude at;
Fig, 4 is a graph of a chromatic dispersion characteristic in terms of wavelength and chromatic diversion characteristics;
Fig. 5 is a vector diagram of a receiving optical signal A expressed by using complex amplitude notation;
Fig. PA is a graph of a first example of both the measured base band characteristic and the calculated base band characteristic;
Fig. 6B depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. PA;
Fig. PA is a graph of a second example of both the measured base band characteristic and the calculated base and characteristic;
Fig. 7B depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. PA;
Fig. 8 is a graph for schematically explaining a calculation algorithm of a least squares approximation procedure;
Fig. 9 is a general block diagram of a precut-eel apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient according to the present invention;
Fig. 10 is a general block diagram of an actually built apparatus based on the apparatus shown in Fig. 9;
Fig. lea is a graph of a third example of both I to , .
the measured base band characteristic an the calculated base band characteristic;
Fig. lob depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. lea;
Fig. 12 is a graph of an example representing the actual relationship between the chromatic dispersion coefficient M and the wavelength I; and Fox and 13B show a flow chart of the operation achieved in the chromatic dispersion coefficient measure in apparatus shown in Fig. 10.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Before describing the preferred embodiments, a discussion is presented of the prior art measuring system for reference purposes.
The chromatic dispersion coefficient M may be generally expressed by the following equation:
PA x L (1) where L denotes a length in km of an optical fiber transmission line, the difference between wavelengths in mm, corresponding to the aforesaid differences in wavelengths, i.e., it Al IAN Al I the difference in arrival times in pus at the receiver side between each pair of signals having the respective different wavelengths. The unit of M is ps/km/nm. That is, M specifies the arrival time delay IT (pus) that would be included per 1 km of the transmission line it the wavelength deviates by 1 no.
Figure 1 is a general view of an example of a prior art apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient. In Fig. 1, reference numeral 14 indicates an optical fiber to be measured for the chromatic dispersion coefficient. At the optical input side of the optical fiber I yttrium aluminum garnet (YAW) laser source 11, a short optical fiber 12, and a spectra-scope 13 are located. At the optical output side thereof, a measuring apparatus 15 is located. Eighth the 79~
YAW laser source 11 and the optical fiber 12 form, as one body, a fiber Reman laser utilizing the Reman effect, where oscillations of various frequencies take place with the wavelengths of 2 I , and so on-Then, light beams having these various wavelengths are selected one by one by means of the spectroscopes 13, so that an arrival time if for the light of I an arrival time to for the light of I and so on are sequentially obtained by means of the measuring appear-tusk 15. Trust AT and PA for defining the above recited equation (1) are actually measured, and then the chromatic dispersion coefficient M can be obtained with the known value of L.
The measuring system of Fig. 1 has the serious shortcoming that it is almost impossible to measure the coefficient when the optical fiber I is actually laid.
First, it is essential to maintain synchronization between the sending time of the light from the spectra-scope 13 and the measuring time for the sent light at the measuring apparatus 15. Accordingly, both ends of the optical fiber 14 must be located close to each other, preferably at the same site. This means the measurement is only effective for inspections of the manufactured optical fiber before shipment from the factory. Second, the fiber Reman laser system (11, 12, 13) is too heavy for operators to carry.
Because the coefficient M measured in a reshipment inspection differs from that measured in the field, it is meaningless to find the coefficient M in the factory.
The difference between the coefficient M measured in the factory and the field results from the difference in stresses applied to the optical fiber laid in the factory and installed the field, and in the difference in the arrangements of the optical fiber laid in the factory and installed the field.
In another prior art measuring system based on the Reman effect, two light sources having different wave-I
lengths are used and the difference in arrival times beneath two corresponding optical signals is obtained by measuring the difference in phase there between. It is clear that a single light source is preferable for the measurement in view of cost and easy setting of the measuring system.
Another prior art measuring apparatus utilizes the frequency sweep method There are two types of this apparatus. The first type assumes that the light source spectrum exhibits a so-called Gaussian distribution. In the system, the following well known equation is used for deriving M:
M = 0 442 I
where, f6dB denotes a modulation frequency at which the value of the base band characteristic is reduced by 6 dub, and ~1/2 denotes the wavelength pitch in the light source spectrum for which the amplitude of the light is halved with respect to the amplitude observed at the center of the Gaussian distribution, i.e., the half width of the spectrum.
This first type of apparatus, however, has the shortcoming of a relatively large error in the measure Ed M. This error is caused by the fact that the spectrum of light from a semiconductor laser does not actually exhibit a Gaussian distribution.
The second type of apparatus takes note of the fact that modulation frequencies at which the attenuation reaches almost 0 dub occur periodically, and derives M by the following equation:
M = 1 = _ 1 fT~L ft~L
where fit denotes the frequency at which the attenuation again reaches almost 0 dub in the high frequency range, and thaoscillation mode interval (corresponding to the difference in wavelength between two adjacent line spectra) with which the line spectra periodically appear . , .
The second type of apparatus, however, has the shortcoming of requiring a very expensive, special measuring instrument which can respond to signals having a high frequency, defined previously as fit.
Figure 2 is a general view of an example of an apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion Coffey-client according to the present invention. In Fig. 2, an oscillator 21 and a selective level meter 24 are con-netted, via an electro-optic converter (E/O) 22 and an opto-electric converter (O/E) 23, to the ends of the optical fiber 14 to be measured. The oscillator 21 produces an AC signal, such as a sine wave signal, with a variable frequency f. The AC signal modulates the optical output in the E/O 22, which is made of, for example, a semiconductor laser.
Now, the term "base band characteristic" is generally defined as an amplitude response characteristic of received light with respect to a variation of the modulation frequency f, which received light is measured at the optical output side of the optical fiber 14 when an optical signal, which is the transmitted light from the semiconductor laser as directly modulated in amplitude by the oscillator 21, is input to the optical input side ox the optical fiber 14. To be more specific, for an optical fiber having a vector Pin as an input and a vector Pout as an output thereon, these vectors can be expressed as follows:
Pin = Pinej~t (4) P (t) = P text (5 where denotes angular frequency. Since the signal Pin is input to the optical fiber with the angular frequency and the signal Pout is output therefrom, a transfer function Ho ox the optical fixer can be expressed, in terms of the above equations (4) and I as follows:
.......
I
(t) Pout = out (6) Pint) Pin Thus, the attenuation of a signal having the angular frequency can be defined as follows:
lo ligate)¦ = LO log ¦ Utl(dB) (7) Generally, the signal attenuation given by the above equation (7) is a function of the angular frequency and is called the "base band characteristic". That is, the base band characteristic of the optical fiber is given by the following expression (8) lo log (dub) (8) to Jo l This can be rewritten as -~o-log¦.Utl LO log out¦ (do) (9) in in I
where I' denotes an arbitrary angular frequency, but I' O. The second term in the above expression no-presents the optical power loss.
According Jo the present invention, to suppress deterioration of linearity due to the wide variation in the optical power level at the O/E 23, an optical attenuator (ATT) 101 is introduced in the apparatus and level adjustment, i.e., pun I outyell achieved thereby in advance. Therefore, the value of the second term in the above expression (9) finally becomes zero.
The relationship between a light souse spectrum and the base band characteristic will be detailed below.
The term "light source spectrum" is defined as an optical spectrum of the output light from the E/O 22 of Fig. 2. Considering here an optical emission spectrum distribution of the light source and the chromatic 9 _ dispersion characteristic, these exhibit properties as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Figure 3 is a graph of a light source emission spectrum distribution in terms of wavelength and amplitude at. Figure 4 is a graph of a chromatic dispersion characteristic in terms of wavelength and the chromatic dispersion kirk-touristic The light source emission spectrum disturb-lion is expressed by aye where i = O, +1, +2 ---. The chromatic dispersion coefficient m is approximated to be a constant (my) in the range of the light source spectrum, because the expansion of the light source spectrum, in case of a laser diode (LO), is very narrow, e.g., several no at most.
In Fig. 4, the solid line curve 41 exhibits an actually obtained characteristic. For m - mow the difference it in the time delay between the arrival time of a signal of wavelength I and an arrival time of a signal consisting of wavelength I, both at the receiver side, is expressed as follows:
it Jo m d x L -I Mecca x L (10) O
where aye is represented by o- A signal having a spectrum intensity of the aforesaid at is modulated by the sine wave signal produced from the oscillator 21 at the E/O 22 and transmitted along the optical fiber I
Then, the transmitted signal reaches the O/E 23 as a received optical signal A. The signal A can be expressed as follows by using the aforesaid angular frequency ~(= of A exp~j~t) = fat exp{j~t-ti)} (11) i where it denotes a delay time of the signal in the it spectrum mode. From the above equation (11), A = fat expiate) (12) is obtained.
I.
. . . , I, I, ~22~
Figure 5 is a vector diagram of a received optical signal A expressed by using complex amplitude notation. Each vector shown in Fig. 5 is expressed rota-live to a signal of wavelength I and amplitude a as a reference vector. In Fig. S, the abscissa R represents a real component and the ordinate I an imaginary come potent.
Accordingly, the base band characteristic of the above recited expression I is then expressed as 10 follows:
-10 log 10 log Lowe eXP~
I I 1 i l (13) This equation (13) provides a theoretical approximate function. On the other hand, the theoretical approxi-mate function can be expressed as the following equal lion (14) in relation to the selective level meter 24:
¦ . 1 i eXp(-i2~f my I L) ¦
Ho = -20-log 1- (do) - i fat (14) As seen from equation (14), the amplitude is taken into consideration as at forever oscillation mode, therefore enabling a highly accurate measurement never before obtained.
In equation (14), the parameters at f, aye i and L are all known values. The chromatic dispersion coefficient my is unknown Under these circumstances, on one hand, a measured base band characteristic is obtained by plotting data produced from the selective level meter, while, on the other hand, a calculated base band characteristic is obtained through computer Somali-lion by inputting a variety of values for my to equation (sequential. Specifically, the calculated base band characteristic can be obtained with the use of a process 'I` I , son 25 shown in Fig. 2. Next, a search is run for the calculated base band characteristic with a profile most suited to a profile of the measured base band kirk-touristic. Then, a chromatic dispersion coefficient M to be finally obtained is derived from m, which specifies the thus searched calculated base band characteristic.
Figure PA is a graph of a first example of the measured base band characteristic and calculated base band characteristic. Figure 6B depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. PA. similarly, Figure PA is a graph of a second example of the measured base band characteristic and calculated base band characteristic. Figure 7B depicts the distribution of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. PA.
In Fig. PA (same for Fig. PA), the abscissa repro-sets a modulat;onfrequency f (MHz) in logarithmic terms, and the ordinate an attenuation loss (Loss in dub. The readings of the ordinate correspond to the readings of the selective level meter 24 shown in Fig. 2. In the graph, each small circle (o) indicates the measured data. A curve H represents a curve cowlick-fated in accordance with the above recited equation (14) while varying the value my and corresponds to the curve which most closely approximates to the measured data. Accordingly, the value Messiah simulates the curve H, becomes the chromatic dispersion coefficient M to be finally ox-twined.
In Fig. 6B (same for Fig. 7B), the ordinate repro-sets the amplitude at and the abscissa the wavelength regrading the wavelength, each graduation defines 1 no.
Therefore, the I in Fig. 6B equals about 0.73 x (i - 1) no and, in Fig. 7B, about 1.43 x (i - 1) no.
Computer simulation is most effective for searching for a desired curve H having a profile closest to a profile defined by the measured data displayed in Figs. PA and I Concretely speaking, the closest curve I Jo 'I
can be found by, for example, a least squares approximation method. That is, a certain value m is searched for which will make the value of an a~reciation function A be a minimum. The appreciation function A is defined as follows:
A = I - H(fk)) (15) where Ok denotes the base band value (corresponding to the value of Loss in Figs. PA and PA) measured at the modulation frequency ok N is the number of measuring points, an Hlfk) denotes the calculated value at that frequency ok according to the theoretically approximated function according to equation (14). Incidentally, it should be understood that no expensive measuring unit is needed, because the frequency ok is about 1000 MHz (1 GO at most.
Figure 8 is a graph for schematically explaining the calculation algorithm of a least squares approximation procedure. In Fig. 8, the abscissa represents the chromatic dispersion coefficient m, while the ordinate represents the value of the appreciation function A
given by equation (15). The unit amount for varying the chromatic dispersion coefficient is indicated as em.
The procedure in Fig. 8 is basically as follows.
(1) If the value of A under the present value of m is smaller than the value of A under the preceding value of m, the related calculation is continued under the hollowing value of m; m m + em.
(2) If the value of A under the present value of m is larger than the value ox A under the preceding value of m, the related calculator is continued under the following value of m; m m - em', where em' is reduced to my where N is an arbitrary coefficient preferably selected to be a value on the order of 2 through 10.
(3) If arm < 10 3 is obtained, it is considered ~,.~ . i that the related calculation has converged.
Figure 9 is a general block diagram of a practical apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion Coffey-client according to the present invention. The construe-lion of Fix 2 can actually, as well as practically, rebuilt as shown by Fig. 9. In Fig. 9, an apparatus 90 for measuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient is classified into four parts 91, 92, 93, and 94. The first part 91 is an optical transmitter in which an amplitude-modulation optical signal modulated by an AC
signal of frequency f is generated. The amplitude-modulation optical signal is provided to one end of the optical fiber 14 whose chromatic dispersion Coffey-client M is to be measured. The second part 92 is an optical receiver for detecting the base band characteristic of an optical signal radiated from the other end of the optical fiber 14~ The third part 93 is an optical spectrum analyzing part in which spectral decomposition is performed with respect to the optical signal supplied from the optical transmitter 91 and then analysis of an optical spectrum is made for the spectrally decomposed optical signal. The fourth part I is a data processing part for calculating the chromatic dispersion Coffey-client M in cooperation with the optical transmitter 91, the optical receiver 92, and the optical spectrum analyzing part 93.
As seen from Fig. 9, the optical transmitter 91 contains therein the oscillator 21 and the electro-optic converter (E/O) 22 driven by the oscillator 21, which generates the AC signal of variable frequency f, the value of which is used as a first data Do. The optical receiver 92 contains therein the opto-electric converter (O/E) 23 for transducing the received optical signal into an electric signal and the selective level meter 24 which is connected to the opto-electric converter (Owe 23 and detects, from the electric signal, an amplitude level at each frequency f, the value of which amplitude is used as a second data Do. The optical spectrum analyzing part 93 contains therein the spectroscopes 13 for achieving spectral decomposition with respect to the optical signal produced from the optical transmitter 91 and an optical detector 95 which interlocks with the spectroscopes 13 to detect both the wavelength and the amplitude, at each oscillation mode, which are used as a third data Do. The data processing part 94 receives the first, second, and third data Do, Do, and Do end executes an arithmetic operation therewith so as to calculate the chromatic dispersion coefficient M. The above-mentioned spectroscopes 13 functions to extract an optical output, at each oscillation mode, corresponding to 2 ' 1 ' I --- in Fig. 3 or to each line spectrum shown in Figs. 6B and 7B. The above-mentioned optical detector 95 functions to detect, at each oscillation mode, the wavelength (I) and the amplitude level aye). Further, the above-mentioned data processing part 94 contains therein the processor 25 (also shown in Fig. 2), a console for control, printers (both not shown), and so on.
Figure 10 is a general block diagram of an actually built apparatus based on the apparatus 90 shown in Fig. 9. In the optical transmitter 91, the oscillator 21 is a product of And Electric Co., Ltd., referenced as GETUP, and the electro-optic converter 22 is an improved version of a product of And Electric Co., Ltd., referenced as AWOKE. In the optical receiver 92, the optical attenuator (ATT) 101 is a product of Jujitsu Lid referenced as H72M-2016-M001 (variable optical attenuator), an amplifier (AMP) 102 is a product of B & H Ltd., referenced as ASSAY, and the selective level meter 24 is a product of And Co., Ltd., referenced as SLUM SPY In the optical spectrum analyzing part 93, both the spectroscopes 13 and the optical detector 95 shown in Fig. 9 are formed, as an integral structure, with a product of And Electric Co., Ltd., I
referenced as FSM-01 (No. 105), i.e., an optical spectrum analyzer. Both the optical isolator 103 and the optical switch 104 are formed, as an integral structure, with a product of Jujitsu Ltd., referenced as H74M-5208-J003, i.e., a magneto-optic application switch. In the data processing part 94, the processor 25 is a product of Epson Ltd., referenced as HC-20.
In Fig. 10, as briefly mentioned earlier, the optical attenuator 101 is used in that, before starting the measurement, it is necessary to determine the frequency characteristic of the measuring apparatus 90 itself so as to compensate, in advance, for the data produced from the selective level meter 24 itself, i.e., to calibrate the apparatus. For this, first the optical transmitter 91 and the optical receiver 92 are optically shorted with each other, while the optical fiber 14 to be measured is left as it is. In this case, a consider-ably strong optical signal is input to the O/E trays-dicer 23, because the fiber 14 is not yet connected thereto. Therefore, during the calibration, the received optical signal at the O/E transducer 23 must be reduced in optical strength to some degree, because an O/E
transducer does not usually exhibit -the same linearity for both a strong optical signal and weak optical Signal.
On the other hand, in the optical transmitter 91, the optical isolator 103 is needed and inserted between the E/O 22 and an optical switch 104. If the semiconduc-ion laser in the E/O transducer 22 were to receive a reflected optical signal from a load, chiefly comprised of the optical fiber 14, some change in the light source spectrum would be induced. Accordingly, this must be prevented by inserting the optical isolator 103 there-between. The optical switch 104 is turned on or off in accordance with a path switch control command supplied, via a line 106, from the data processing part 94.
Turing the measurement, when the optical switch 104 is 79~
switched to connect with the optical spectrum analyze or 105, the third data Do is given to the processing part 94. The second data Do is also transferred, via a line 107, to the processing part 94. The line 107 can be a direct coupling line if the optical receiver 92 is located near the processing part I The processing part 94 is preferably located close to both the optical transmitter 91 and the optical spectrum analyzing part 93. Alternatively, if the optical receiver 92 is located far from the processing part 94, the line 107 may be substituted with a public telephone line, so that an operator transmits the data Do orally or by facsimile.
Figure lea is a graph displaying a third example of both a measured base and characteristic and calculated base band characteristic. Figure lob depicts a disturb-lion of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. lea. The data was measured not by a prototype measuring apparatus, but by an actual measuring apparatus having the arrangement shown in Fig. 10. The optical fiber 14 measured was an unprecedentedly long I km and the measuring frequency was several MHz. Thus, the data obtained was sub Stan-tidally the same as that of a commercial fiber optical communication system. The chromatic dispersion Coffey-client M to be obtained was derived as 2.1, i.e., M =2.1 ps/km/nm, from the data of Figs. lea and lob. In Fig. lea, the small circles (o) represent the measured base band characteristic, while the solid line curve represents the calculated base band characteristic.
Figure is a graph of an example representing the actual relationship between the chromatic dispersion coefficient M and the wavelength I. The data of Fig. 12 was obtained from an optical fiber having a length of 35 km, a core diameter of 8 em, a differential specific refraction index of 0.3%, and a cutoff wavelength of 1.28 em. Although only four data points are plotted (small circles) in the graph of Fig. 12, the solid line I. , Lo curve is believed to accurately reflect the chromatic dispersion coefficient throughout the range of the wavelength.
Figures AYE and 13B show a flow chart of the operation s achieved in the chromatic dispersion coefficient Moser-in apparatus 90 shown in Fig. lo At step a, the optical spectrum analysis is achieved at the optical spectrum analyzing part 93, based on the previously recited equation (lo) so that the desired third data Do is lo obtained, that is, at r and I are detected. At step b, the actual base band characteristic is measured so as to obtain the desired second data Do, i.e., ok and Ok defined by the previously recited equation (15).
At step c, the unknown number my is initially determined, which my is defined by the previously recited equal lion (14). Thereafter, the unknown number my is varied and ml , my and my are sequentially selected so as to determine the calculated base band characteristic (refer to the solid line curve in Fig. lea) having the profile which fits closest to the measured actual base band characteristic. Then, the number my which specie Eyes the thusly determined base band characteristic is determined to obtain the desired chromatic dispersion coefficient M, i.e., my M (refer to step p in Fig. 13B). It should be understood, however, that the procedure for searching for M from ml, my, and my is not limited to the manner as mentioned above with reference to the figures. For example, the calculated base band characteristic closest to the actual base band kirk-touristic can also be obtained through selection from plurality of calculated base band characteristics deter-mined corresponding to various provisional chromatic dispersion coefficients.
At step d, ml , my and my are defined to be m = my em, my = my and my my corresponds to that shown in Fig. 8. At step e, the calculated base band characteristic is created by the Jo I
data processing part 94. The calculation is performed, according to equation (14), by substituting my with ml, my, and my sequentially. Thereby, in step f, the appreciation functions Awl, AFT and AFT are derived with respect to ml, my, and my, respectively.
Thereafter, in accordance with the relative sizes of Awl, AFT, and AFT (refer to steps g and h in Fig.
13B), the values of m, ~F3 and AFT are changed and a new value for fly is derived (refer to steps i, j and k), or similarly a new value is derived for AFT (refer to steps 1, m and n). Step 0 starts when AFT < Awl, AFT is obtained, wherein if the accuracy is not sufficient, iamb ¦ > 10 is obtained, then, in step q, my and em are renewed. Then, the operation returns to step d in Fig. AYE. In step q, my is determined by _2b and em is shifted in value by ~10 . The parameters a and by of the term 2b are identical to the coefficients a and b used in a second order curve, i.e., am -I by + c, which corresponds to the solid line curve shown in Fig.
8. The coefficient c is not used here for the related calculation.
The coefficients a and b are given by the following equations (16) and tl7), respectively, pursuant to equation (15):
A - A A - A
a = _ 1 ( 1 2 1 3) (16) m - m m - m m - m b = m 1 m 2 _ Amelia my) (17) If Iamb < 10 3 is obtained at step o, the value of M is finally fixed to my at step p.
As explained above in detail, in the present invention, first, the calculated base band characteristic is obtained by means of the data processing part with data concerning the optical signal to be provided to the optical fiber. Second the actual base band kirk-touristic is obtained through the measurement of the received optical signal at the optical receiver. Third, the chromatic dispersion coefficient is determined from both the calculated and actual base band characteristics.
The above measurement is clearly different from the prior art measurement in which differences in arrival times among optical signals of different wavelengths are detected. Thus, the present invention can eliminate the troublesome operation to assure synchronization between lo the optical transmitter and the optical receiver. In addition, the present invention can measure an actually laid optical fiber.
Furthermore, in other prior art above, two light sources having different wavelengths are used. The difference in arrival times between two optical signals therefrom is obtained by measuring the differences in phase there between. In the present invention, only one light source, such as a semiconductor laser, is enough to obtain the chromatic dispersion coefficient M. Thus, in view of the above, the present invention can be put into practical use easily and at a low cost.
.
Jo .
Figure 9 is a general block diagram of a practical apparatus for measuring the chromatic dispersion Coffey-client according to the present invention. The construe-lion of Fix 2 can actually, as well as practically, rebuilt as shown by Fig. 9. In Fig. 9, an apparatus 90 for measuring the chromatic dispersion coefficient is classified into four parts 91, 92, 93, and 94. The first part 91 is an optical transmitter in which an amplitude-modulation optical signal modulated by an AC
signal of frequency f is generated. The amplitude-modulation optical signal is provided to one end of the optical fiber 14 whose chromatic dispersion Coffey-client M is to be measured. The second part 92 is an optical receiver for detecting the base band characteristic of an optical signal radiated from the other end of the optical fiber 14~ The third part 93 is an optical spectrum analyzing part in which spectral decomposition is performed with respect to the optical signal supplied from the optical transmitter 91 and then analysis of an optical spectrum is made for the spectrally decomposed optical signal. The fourth part I is a data processing part for calculating the chromatic dispersion Coffey-client M in cooperation with the optical transmitter 91, the optical receiver 92, and the optical spectrum analyzing part 93.
As seen from Fig. 9, the optical transmitter 91 contains therein the oscillator 21 and the electro-optic converter (E/O) 22 driven by the oscillator 21, which generates the AC signal of variable frequency f, the value of which is used as a first data Do. The optical receiver 92 contains therein the opto-electric converter (O/E) 23 for transducing the received optical signal into an electric signal and the selective level meter 24 which is connected to the opto-electric converter (Owe 23 and detects, from the electric signal, an amplitude level at each frequency f, the value of which amplitude is used as a second data Do. The optical spectrum analyzing part 93 contains therein the spectroscopes 13 for achieving spectral decomposition with respect to the optical signal produced from the optical transmitter 91 and an optical detector 95 which interlocks with the spectroscopes 13 to detect both the wavelength and the amplitude, at each oscillation mode, which are used as a third data Do. The data processing part 94 receives the first, second, and third data Do, Do, and Do end executes an arithmetic operation therewith so as to calculate the chromatic dispersion coefficient M. The above-mentioned spectroscopes 13 functions to extract an optical output, at each oscillation mode, corresponding to 2 ' 1 ' I --- in Fig. 3 or to each line spectrum shown in Figs. 6B and 7B. The above-mentioned optical detector 95 functions to detect, at each oscillation mode, the wavelength (I) and the amplitude level aye). Further, the above-mentioned data processing part 94 contains therein the processor 25 (also shown in Fig. 2), a console for control, printers (both not shown), and so on.
Figure 10 is a general block diagram of an actually built apparatus based on the apparatus 90 shown in Fig. 9. In the optical transmitter 91, the oscillator 21 is a product of And Electric Co., Ltd., referenced as GETUP, and the electro-optic converter 22 is an improved version of a product of And Electric Co., Ltd., referenced as AWOKE. In the optical receiver 92, the optical attenuator (ATT) 101 is a product of Jujitsu Lid referenced as H72M-2016-M001 (variable optical attenuator), an amplifier (AMP) 102 is a product of B & H Ltd., referenced as ASSAY, and the selective level meter 24 is a product of And Co., Ltd., referenced as SLUM SPY In the optical spectrum analyzing part 93, both the spectroscopes 13 and the optical detector 95 shown in Fig. 9 are formed, as an integral structure, with a product of And Electric Co., Ltd., I
referenced as FSM-01 (No. 105), i.e., an optical spectrum analyzer. Both the optical isolator 103 and the optical switch 104 are formed, as an integral structure, with a product of Jujitsu Ltd., referenced as H74M-5208-J003, i.e., a magneto-optic application switch. In the data processing part 94, the processor 25 is a product of Epson Ltd., referenced as HC-20.
In Fig. 10, as briefly mentioned earlier, the optical attenuator 101 is used in that, before starting the measurement, it is necessary to determine the frequency characteristic of the measuring apparatus 90 itself so as to compensate, in advance, for the data produced from the selective level meter 24 itself, i.e., to calibrate the apparatus. For this, first the optical transmitter 91 and the optical receiver 92 are optically shorted with each other, while the optical fiber 14 to be measured is left as it is. In this case, a consider-ably strong optical signal is input to the O/E trays-dicer 23, because the fiber 14 is not yet connected thereto. Therefore, during the calibration, the received optical signal at the O/E transducer 23 must be reduced in optical strength to some degree, because an O/E
transducer does not usually exhibit -the same linearity for both a strong optical signal and weak optical Signal.
On the other hand, in the optical transmitter 91, the optical isolator 103 is needed and inserted between the E/O 22 and an optical switch 104. If the semiconduc-ion laser in the E/O transducer 22 were to receive a reflected optical signal from a load, chiefly comprised of the optical fiber 14, some change in the light source spectrum would be induced. Accordingly, this must be prevented by inserting the optical isolator 103 there-between. The optical switch 104 is turned on or off in accordance with a path switch control command supplied, via a line 106, from the data processing part 94.
Turing the measurement, when the optical switch 104 is 79~
switched to connect with the optical spectrum analyze or 105, the third data Do is given to the processing part 94. The second data Do is also transferred, via a line 107, to the processing part 94. The line 107 can be a direct coupling line if the optical receiver 92 is located near the processing part I The processing part 94 is preferably located close to both the optical transmitter 91 and the optical spectrum analyzing part 93. Alternatively, if the optical receiver 92 is located far from the processing part 94, the line 107 may be substituted with a public telephone line, so that an operator transmits the data Do orally or by facsimile.
Figure lea is a graph displaying a third example of both a measured base and characteristic and calculated base band characteristic. Figure lob depicts a disturb-lion of a light source spectrum which is used for obtaining the graph shown in Fig. lea. The data was measured not by a prototype measuring apparatus, but by an actual measuring apparatus having the arrangement shown in Fig. 10. The optical fiber 14 measured was an unprecedentedly long I km and the measuring frequency was several MHz. Thus, the data obtained was sub Stan-tidally the same as that of a commercial fiber optical communication system. The chromatic dispersion Coffey-client M to be obtained was derived as 2.1, i.e., M =2.1 ps/km/nm, from the data of Figs. lea and lob. In Fig. lea, the small circles (o) represent the measured base band characteristic, while the solid line curve represents the calculated base band characteristic.
Figure is a graph of an example representing the actual relationship between the chromatic dispersion coefficient M and the wavelength I. The data of Fig. 12 was obtained from an optical fiber having a length of 35 km, a core diameter of 8 em, a differential specific refraction index of 0.3%, and a cutoff wavelength of 1.28 em. Although only four data points are plotted (small circles) in the graph of Fig. 12, the solid line I. , Lo curve is believed to accurately reflect the chromatic dispersion coefficient throughout the range of the wavelength.
Figures AYE and 13B show a flow chart of the operation s achieved in the chromatic dispersion coefficient Moser-in apparatus 90 shown in Fig. lo At step a, the optical spectrum analysis is achieved at the optical spectrum analyzing part 93, based on the previously recited equation (lo) so that the desired third data Do is lo obtained, that is, at r and I are detected. At step b, the actual base band characteristic is measured so as to obtain the desired second data Do, i.e., ok and Ok defined by the previously recited equation (15).
At step c, the unknown number my is initially determined, which my is defined by the previously recited equal lion (14). Thereafter, the unknown number my is varied and ml , my and my are sequentially selected so as to determine the calculated base band characteristic (refer to the solid line curve in Fig. lea) having the profile which fits closest to the measured actual base band characteristic. Then, the number my which specie Eyes the thusly determined base band characteristic is determined to obtain the desired chromatic dispersion coefficient M, i.e., my M (refer to step p in Fig. 13B). It should be understood, however, that the procedure for searching for M from ml, my, and my is not limited to the manner as mentioned above with reference to the figures. For example, the calculated base band characteristic closest to the actual base band kirk-touristic can also be obtained through selection from plurality of calculated base band characteristics deter-mined corresponding to various provisional chromatic dispersion coefficients.
At step d, ml , my and my are defined to be m = my em, my = my and my my corresponds to that shown in Fig. 8. At step e, the calculated base band characteristic is created by the Jo I
data processing part 94. The calculation is performed, according to equation (14), by substituting my with ml, my, and my sequentially. Thereby, in step f, the appreciation functions Awl, AFT and AFT are derived with respect to ml, my, and my, respectively.
Thereafter, in accordance with the relative sizes of Awl, AFT, and AFT (refer to steps g and h in Fig.
13B), the values of m, ~F3 and AFT are changed and a new value for fly is derived (refer to steps i, j and k), or similarly a new value is derived for AFT (refer to steps 1, m and n). Step 0 starts when AFT < Awl, AFT is obtained, wherein if the accuracy is not sufficient, iamb ¦ > 10 is obtained, then, in step q, my and em are renewed. Then, the operation returns to step d in Fig. AYE. In step q, my is determined by _2b and em is shifted in value by ~10 . The parameters a and by of the term 2b are identical to the coefficients a and b used in a second order curve, i.e., am -I by + c, which corresponds to the solid line curve shown in Fig.
8. The coefficient c is not used here for the related calculation.
The coefficients a and b are given by the following equations (16) and tl7), respectively, pursuant to equation (15):
A - A A - A
a = _ 1 ( 1 2 1 3) (16) m - m m - m m - m b = m 1 m 2 _ Amelia my) (17) If Iamb < 10 3 is obtained at step o, the value of M is finally fixed to my at step p.
As explained above in detail, in the present invention, first, the calculated base band characteristic is obtained by means of the data processing part with data concerning the optical signal to be provided to the optical fiber. Second the actual base band kirk-touristic is obtained through the measurement of the received optical signal at the optical receiver. Third, the chromatic dispersion coefficient is determined from both the calculated and actual base band characteristics.
The above measurement is clearly different from the prior art measurement in which differences in arrival times among optical signals of different wavelengths are detected. Thus, the present invention can eliminate the troublesome operation to assure synchronization between lo the optical transmitter and the optical receiver. In addition, the present invention can measure an actually laid optical fiber.
Furthermore, in other prior art above, two light sources having different wavelengths are used. The difference in arrival times between two optical signals therefrom is obtained by measuring the differences in phase there between. In the present invention, only one light source, such as a semiconductor laser, is enough to obtain the chromatic dispersion coefficient M. Thus, in view of the above, the present invention can be put into practical use easily and at a low cost.
.
Jo .
Claims (19)
1. A method for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising the steps of:
(a) measuring an actual baseband characteristic of an optical fiber in accordance with a received optical signal level at an output end of the optical fiber, wherein the received optical signal corresponds to an input optical signal, having components of respective amplitudes in its optical spectrum corresponding to a plurality of oscillation modes, that is provided to an input end of the optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated in amplitude with an AC signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies;
b) obtaining a calculated baseband characteristic having a profile fitting closest to the actual baseband characteristic, by using data concerning the wavelengths and amplitudes of said components corresponding to said oscillation modes in the optical spectrum of the input optical signal, data concerning the modulation frequencies, and data concerning a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient; and c) determining the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing said closest fitting profile as the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
(a) measuring an actual baseband characteristic of an optical fiber in accordance with a received optical signal level at an output end of the optical fiber, wherein the received optical signal corresponds to an input optical signal, having components of respective amplitudes in its optical spectrum corresponding to a plurality of oscillation modes, that is provided to an input end of the optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated in amplitude with an AC signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies;
b) obtaining a calculated baseband characteristic having a profile fitting closest to the actual baseband characteristic, by using data concerning the wavelengths and amplitudes of said components corresponding to said oscillation modes in the optical spectrum of the input optical signal, data concerning the modulation frequencies, and data concerning a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient; and c) determining the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing said closest fitting profile as the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
2. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein, in step (b), the calculated baseband characteristic fitting closest to the measured actual baseband characteristic is obtained through a comparison of said actual and calculated baseband characteristics while sequentially varying the value of the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient.
3. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein, in step (b), the calculated baseband characteristic fitting closest to the actual baseband characteristic is obtained through selection from a plurality of calculated baseband characteristics each having a corresponding provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient.
4. A method as set forth in claim 2, wherein the calculated baseband characteristic is defined by approximation function H(f) = -20?log (dB) where ai is the amplitude of the component corresponding to the i-th oscillation mode of said input optical signal, f is the respective modulation frequency, .DELTA..lambda.i is the difference between the wavelengths of the components corresponding to the i-th oscillation mode and a first of said oscillation modes, mo is said provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient, and L is the length of the optical fiber to be measured.
5. A method as set forth in claim 3, wherein the calculated baseband characteristic is defined by H(f) = -20?log (dB) where there are n of said components corresponding to said oscillation modes of said input optical signal, ai is the amplitude of the component corresponding to the i-th oscillation mode of said input optical signal, f is the respective modulation frequency, .DELTA..lambda.i is the difference between the wavelengths of the components corresponding to the i-th oscillation mode a first of said oscillation modes, mo is said provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient and L is the length of the optical fiber to be measured.
6. A method as set forth in claim 4, wherein the chromatic dispersion coefficient is derived through computer simulation with the aid of a processor, the processor collecting and storing therein at least two data sets, in advance, the first of said data sets specifying said function H(f), and the second of said data sets specifying the actual baseband characteristic measured.
7. A method as set forth in claim 5, wherein the chromatic dispersion coefficient is derived through computer simulation with the aid of a processor, the processor collecting and storing therein at least two data sets, in advance, the first of said data sets specifying said H(f), and the second of said data sets specifying the actual baseband characteristic measured.
8. A method as set forth in claim 6, wherein said computer simulation is performed under a least squares approximation method by employing an appreciation function where Fk denotes the value of the actual baseband characteristic measured at the respective modulation frequency fk, and N a selected number of measuring points.
9. A method as set forth in claim 7, wherein said computer simulation is performed under a least squares approximation method by employing an appreciation function wherein Fk denotes the value of the actual baseband characteristic measured at the respective modulation frequency fk, and N a selected number of measuring points.
10. method for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising the steps of:
(a) projecting an input optical signal, having a plurality of components in its optical spectrum corresponding to a plurality of oscillation modes, onto one end of an optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated by an AC signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies;
(b) measuring an actual baseband characteristic through detection, by means of an optical receiver, of an output optical signal received at another end of the optical fiber corresponding to said input optical signal at each said modulation frequency;
(c) detecting the wavelength and amplitude of each said component corresponding to each said oscillation mode of the input optical signal with the aid of an optical spectrum analyzing part;
(d) deriving a calculated baseband characteristic fitting closest to the measured baseband characteristic, by using data concerning the modulation frequency, the wavelengths and the amplitudes detected by the optical spectrum analyzer, and a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient; and (e) determining the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing said closest fitting of said actual and calculated baseband characteristics to be the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
(a) projecting an input optical signal, having a plurality of components in its optical spectrum corresponding to a plurality of oscillation modes, onto one end of an optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated by an AC signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies;
(b) measuring an actual baseband characteristic through detection, by means of an optical receiver, of an output optical signal received at another end of the optical fiber corresponding to said input optical signal at each said modulation frequency;
(c) detecting the wavelength and amplitude of each said component corresponding to each said oscillation mode of the input optical signal with the aid of an optical spectrum analyzing part;
(d) deriving a calculated baseband characteristic fitting closest to the measured baseband characteristic, by using data concerning the modulation frequency, the wavelengths and the amplitudes detected by the optical spectrum analyzer, and a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient; and (e) determining the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing said closest fitting of said actual and calculated baseband characteristics to be the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
11. An apparatus for measuring a chromatic dispersion coefficient comprising:
means for measuring an actual baseband characteristic of an optical fiber in accordance with the level of an output optical signal received at an output end of the optical fiber, the output optical signal corresponding to an input optical signal having a plurality of components corresponding to respective oscillation modes in its power spectrum and which is provided to an input end of the optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated in amplitude with an AC
signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies; and means for obtaining a calculated baseband characteristic having a profile fitting closest to the measured actual baseband characteristic, by using data concerning the wavelengths and amplitudes of each of said components corresponding to said oscillation modes of the input optical signal, data concerning the modulation frequencies, and data concerning a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient;
wherein the value of the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing said closest fitting profile is determined to be the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
means for measuring an actual baseband characteristic of an optical fiber in accordance with the level of an output optical signal received at an output end of the optical fiber, the output optical signal corresponding to an input optical signal having a plurality of components corresponding to respective oscillation modes in its power spectrum and which is provided to an input end of the optical fiber, the input optical signal being modulated in amplitude with an AC
signal which is varied to provide a plurality of modulation frequencies; and means for obtaining a calculated baseband characteristic having a profile fitting closest to the measured actual baseband characteristic, by using data concerning the wavelengths and amplitudes of each of said components corresponding to said oscillation modes of the input optical signal, data concerning the modulation frequencies, and data concerning a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient;
wherein the value of the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient providing said closest fitting profile is determined to be the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
12. An apparatus as set forth in claim 11, wherein the two means comprise:
an optical transmitter operative to modulate an optical signal with said AC signal to provide said input optical signal;
an optical receiver for detecting said level of the output optical signal at each of the modulation frequencies for the measuring of said actual baseband characteristic of the optical fiber;
an optic spectrum analyzing part for detecting the wavelengths and amplitudes of said components corresponding to said oscillation modes of the input optical signal; and a data processing part for computing said calculated baseband characteristic by using said data concerning the modulation frequency, the wavelength, and the amplitude produced from the optic spectrum analyzer, and a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient and to set the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient corresponding to the calculated baseband characteristic as the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
an optical transmitter operative to modulate an optical signal with said AC signal to provide said input optical signal;
an optical receiver for detecting said level of the output optical signal at each of the modulation frequencies for the measuring of said actual baseband characteristic of the optical fiber;
an optic spectrum analyzing part for detecting the wavelengths and amplitudes of said components corresponding to said oscillation modes of the input optical signal; and a data processing part for computing said calculated baseband characteristic by using said data concerning the modulation frequency, the wavelength, and the amplitude produced from the optic spectrum analyzer, and a provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient and to set the provisional chromatic dispersion coefficient corresponding to the calculated baseband characteristic as the actual chromatic dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber.
13. An apparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein said optical transmitter contains therein both an oscillator for producing the variable frequency AC
signal and an electro-optic converter driven by said AC
signal from the oscillator for providing said input optical signal.
signal and an electro-optic converter driven by said AC
signal from the oscillator for providing said input optical signal.
14. An apparatus as set forth in claim 13, wherein said electro-optic converter is provided with an optical isolator to prevent feedback of its output as an input.
15. An apparatus as set forth in claim 14, wherein an optical switch is located between said optical isolator and said input end of the optical fiber, said optical spectrum analyzing part comprises a spectroscope, and the optical switch is operative to selectively supply the input optical signal to said spectroscope and to said input end of the optical fiber.
16. An apparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein said optical receiver comprises an opto-electric converter for transducing the output optical signal from the output end of the optical fiber to a corresponding electric signal, and a selective level meter which is supplied with said electric signal so as to detect the level of the output optical signal at each said modulation frequency.
17. An apparatus as set forth in claim 16, wherein said opto-electric converter is provided at its input with an optical attenuator for attenuating said output optical signal.
18. An apparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein said optical spectrum analyzing part comprises a spectroscope to perform spectral decomposition of said input optical signal and an optical detector for detecting both the wavelength and amplitude of each said component corresponding to each said oscillation mode.
19. An apparatus as set forth in claim 18, comprising an optical spectrum analyzer which includes said spectroscope and said optical detector as an integral structure.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP58202706A JPS60115818A (en) | 1983-10-31 | 1983-10-31 | Measuring device of wavelength dispersion coefficient |
| JP58-202706 | 1983-10-31 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1227945A true CA1227945A (en) | 1987-10-13 |
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ID=16461801
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000463874A Expired CA1227945A (en) | 1983-10-31 | 1984-09-24 | Method and apparatus for measuring chromatic dispersion coefficient |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4710022A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0147251B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS60115818A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1227945A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3480730D1 (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4750833A (en) * | 1985-12-03 | 1988-06-14 | Princeton Applied Research Corp. | Fiber optic dispersion method and apparatus |
| US4829596A (en) * | 1987-02-09 | 1989-05-09 | Allen-Bradley Company, Inc. | Programmable controller with fiber optic input/output module |
| JPH079386B2 (en) * | 1988-05-18 | 1995-02-01 | 国際電信電話株式会社 | Optical fiber dispersion characteristics measurement method |
| US5189483A (en) * | 1989-02-28 | 1993-02-23 | Fujitsu Limited | Apparatus for measurement of chromatic dispersion in a single mode optical fiber |
| US6252692B1 (en) * | 1996-06-07 | 2001-06-26 | Nortel Networks Limited | Optical fibre transmission systems |
| US5825479A (en) * | 1997-06-16 | 1998-10-20 | Verifiber Technologies, Inc. | Apparatus for detecting fibers with different dispersion characteristics and method |
| US6323950B1 (en) * | 1999-09-28 | 2001-11-27 | Lucent Technologies, Inc. | Chromatic dispersion measurement for optical components |
| US7116848B2 (en) | 2000-04-07 | 2006-10-03 | Exfo Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. | Optical spectrum analyzer using a diffraction grating and multi-pass optics |
| US6819429B2 (en) | 2000-04-07 | 2004-11-16 | Exfo Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. | Multi-pass optical spectrum analyzer having a polarization-dependent tunable filter |
| JP2002228550A (en) * | 2001-02-02 | 2002-08-14 | Ando Electric Co Ltd | Wavelength dispersion distribution measuring apparatus and measuring method |
| JP2002257682A (en) * | 2001-03-02 | 2002-09-11 | Ando Electric Co Ltd | Device for measuring wavelength dispersion distribution and its measuring method |
| AU2003220596A1 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-13 | Celion Networks, Inc. | Distributed terminal optical transmission system |
| US7164692B2 (en) | 2002-04-08 | 2007-01-16 | Jeffrey Lloyd Cox | Apparatus and method for transmitting 10 Gigabit Ethernet LAN signals over a transport system |
| US6965738B2 (en) * | 2002-04-16 | 2005-11-15 | Eiselt Michael H | Chromatic dispersion compensation system and method |
| WO2003090035A2 (en) * | 2002-04-22 | 2003-10-30 | Celion Networks, Inc. | Automated optical transport system |
| US6847678B2 (en) * | 2002-04-25 | 2005-01-25 | Raytheon Company | Adaptive air interface waveform |
| US7711271B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2010-05-04 | Eiselt Michael H | Wave division multiplexed optical transport system utilizing optical circulators to isolate an optical service channel |
| US7460296B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2008-12-02 | Pivotal Decisions Llc | Compensation for spectral power tilt from scattering |
| US7206516B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2007-04-17 | Pivotal Decisions Llc | Apparatus and method for measuring the dispersion of a fiber span |
| US8494372B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2013-07-23 | Pivotal Decisions Llc | Apparatus and method for optimizing optical and electrical filtering of optical signals |
| US7593637B2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2009-09-22 | Angela Chiu | Optical transport system architecture for remote terminal connectivity |
| US7603042B2 (en) * | 2002-06-04 | 2009-10-13 | Eiselt Michael H | Apparatus and method for optimum decision threshold setting |
| US6920277B2 (en) | 2002-06-04 | 2005-07-19 | Marvin R. Young | Optical bypass method and architecture |
| AU2003273529A1 (en) | 2002-06-04 | 2003-12-19 | Celion Networks, Inc. | Flexible, dense line card architecture |
| US20050226630A1 (en) * | 2003-06-03 | 2005-10-13 | Celion Networks Inc. | Optical bypass method and architecture |
| US7924496B2 (en) * | 2002-06-04 | 2011-04-12 | Pivotal Decisions Llc | Apparatus and method for Raman gain control |
| US7440164B2 (en) * | 2002-06-04 | 2008-10-21 | Pivotal Decisions Llc | Apparatus and method for Raman gain spectral control |
| US7460745B2 (en) * | 2002-06-04 | 2008-12-02 | Pivotal Decisions Llc | Configurable dispersion compensation trimmer |
| EP1554619B1 (en) | 2002-07-16 | 2008-10-22 | Chromatic Micro Optics, Inc. | Compensating for chromatic dispersion in optical fibers |
| US7421207B2 (en) | 2002-12-13 | 2008-09-02 | Pivotal Decisions Llc | Single fiber duplex optical transport |
| US7656905B2 (en) | 2002-12-24 | 2010-02-02 | Samir Sheth | Apparatus and method for aggregation and transportation of gigabit ethernet and other packet based data formats |
| US7782778B2 (en) | 2002-12-24 | 2010-08-24 | Samir Satish Sheth | Apparatus and method for fibre channel distance extension embedded within an optical transport system |
| US6898347B2 (en) * | 2003-05-30 | 2005-05-24 | Intel Corporation | Monitoring power in optical networks |
| JP4065229B2 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2008-03-19 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Power supply noise analysis method for semiconductor integrated circuit |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS56115926A (en) * | 1980-02-18 | 1981-09-11 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Measuring method for dispersion of wavelength |
| JPS5730925A (en) * | 1980-08-04 | 1982-02-19 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Device for measuring optical cable transmission characteristics |
-
1983
- 1983-10-31 JP JP58202706A patent/JPS60115818A/en active Granted
-
1984
- 1984-09-24 CA CA000463874A patent/CA1227945A/en not_active Expired
- 1984-09-25 US US06/654,158 patent/US4710022A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1984-09-27 DE DE8484401930T patent/DE3480730D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1984-09-27 EP EP84401930A patent/EP0147251B1/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3480730D1 (en) | 1990-01-18 |
| EP0147251A3 (en) | 1987-04-15 |
| EP0147251A2 (en) | 1985-07-03 |
| JPH04215B2 (en) | 1992-01-06 |
| JPS60115818A (en) | 1985-06-22 |
| US4710022A (en) | 1987-12-01 |
| EP0147251B1 (en) | 1989-12-13 |
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