CA1242537A - Multiple access communications system - Google Patents
Multiple access communications systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA1242537A CA1242537A CA000490935A CA490935A CA1242537A CA 1242537 A CA1242537 A CA 1242537A CA 000490935 A CA000490935 A CA 000490935A CA 490935 A CA490935 A CA 490935A CA 1242537 A CA1242537 A CA 1242537A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- frame
- base station
- mode
- message
- aloha
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
- H04W84/04—Large scale networks; Deep hierarchical networks
- H04W84/08—Trunked mobile radio systems
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
A flexible multiple access communications system which is particularly suitable for mobile radio systems The system comprises a base station and a plurality of substations whose mode of access is determined in response to an op-code and parameters transmitted in an Aloha invitation message. The value of the op-code and parameters and thereby the particular one of a plurality of access modes and the dynamic operation in that mode is determined from an estimate of the prevailing traffic conditions. The particular mode of access may include one of light traffic mode, dynamic frame-length mode, hybrid mode in which subsets of the population of the substations are formed, and polling mode.
A flexible multiple access communications system which is particularly suitable for mobile radio systems The system comprises a base station and a plurality of substations whose mode of access is determined in response to an op-code and parameters transmitted in an Aloha invitation message. The value of the op-code and parameters and thereby the particular one of a plurality of access modes and the dynamic operation in that mode is determined from an estimate of the prevailing traffic conditions. The particular mode of access may include one of light traffic mode, dynamic frame-length mode, hybrid mode in which subsets of the population of the substations are formed, and polling mode.
Description
Multiple access communications system.
The present invention relates to a multiple-access communications system which has particular, but not exclu-sive, applications in mobile radio dynamic channel assignment systems, local area networks (LANS) and satellite links. For convenience of description, -the invention will be described with reference to mobile radio dynamic channel assignment (trunking) systems but it is to be unders-tood that the same methods apply to other multiple-access communications systems.
Trunking systems are characterized by the problems of many users attempting to gain access to them at the same time. These attempts for access (which can be thought of as requests for service ) can clash and be mutilated and in the absence of any form of control can produce ~n unstable 15 situation where the number of requests for service which are mutilated increases, resulting in an increase in the number of requests which are retransmitted which, in turn, leads to further mutilation and ultimately results in a complete blockage of the system. The requests for service 20 are transmitted to a central system control computer, hereinafter referred to as a system controller, via a signalling channel and the system controller allocates the speech channels according to some predetermined criteria.
In the simplest case of a single channel system then -the 25 single channel has -to be used for signalling and speech In order to mitigate these problems of clashing, controlled multi-access protocols are used to discipline users trying to gain access. Also the throughput~ that is the number of successfully serviced requests per unit time, 30 of the system can be increased.
N. Abramson "The Aloha System - Another Alternative for Computer Communications " AFIPS Conference Proceedings 1970 Fall Joint Computer Conference, 37, 281_285 proposed one '~ '7 of -the first multi-access protocols termed "Pure-Aloha".
With this protocol, users transmit a request and wait for some form of acknowledgement of their request from the sys-tem controller; if no acknowledgement is heard users wait a random time before re-trying.
The throughput of "Pure Aloha" was doubled by a modified protocol, termed "Slotted Aloha", which allows users to transmit requests only within discrete timeslots, each request occupying one time slot. In spite of this improved 10 throughput, "Slotted Aloha" nevertheless has practical disadvantages for example instability during busy periods.
With -the objective of overcoming these disadvanta-ges, "Slotted Aloha" was extended by a protocol, termed "Framed Aloha", which is disclosed in British Patent Speci-5 fication 206301lA. In Framed Aloha a synchronisation ~nessage, termed "Aloha Now", is transmitted by the system controller on the signalling channel at intervals indicating that the immediately following n time slots are available for users to transmit requests (ei-ther new requests or 20 re-transmission after unsuccessful requests) to the system controller via the signalling channel. The number of time slots n is a constant determined at the system design stage. With this protocol the requests are contained within known time frames, simplifying the system control strategy 25 However a drawback to having a fixed number n of time slots is that it does not take into account the variation in the number of requests between a quiet period and a busy period and this can result in unnecessarily long message delays during quiet periods and instability during busy periods.
An attempt to match the number of time slo-ts available with the number of requests is disclosed in British Patent Specification 2069799B and is termed "Dynamic Frame Leng-th Aloha" (DFLA). This protocol includes means for dynamically controlling the frame-length, that is upda-35 ting the number n of time slots on a frame-by-frame basis.
The number n is calculated by observing the events in the previous frame such as the number of garbled (or clashed), r~3t~
empty and successful slots and from an estimate of the call arrival rate. By using feedback con-trol in this way stability can be achieved under many operating conditions and additionally the access time (the time delay between a user wishing to make a request, and the request being acknowledged) is reduced. However, this form of DFLA can only be stable provided the frame-length can be increased indefinitely to cope with very heavy demands for requests for service. In practice this is not possible because -the Aloha message contains only a finite number of data bits to specify the ~ifferent frame-lengths and therefore it follows that the throughput of DFLA can be low under heavy traffic loading. In addition there are circumstances where very long frames are undesirable. In the opposite situation under light traffic DFLA has the disadvantage that in order to minimise access times the central base station -transmit-ter normally transmits continuously. This increases the hood of interference to o-ther radio systems and also may reduce the working life of the transmitter.
Another approach to provide stability under conditions of heavy traffic is disclosed by ~ohn I.
Capetanakis in "Tree Algorithms for Packet Broadcast Channels", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol.
II-25, No. 5, September 1979 pages 5O5 to 515. In the three algorithm, a tree comprises a root node from which a pair of branches extend. Each of the said branches divides into two at respective nodes and subsequent division by two take place at further nodes until one reaches the situation of a pair of sources being connected by respective 30 minor branches to an associated node. In an example given, each of the branches from the root node are treated as two rooted subtrees. Signalling is carried out in pairs of slots, wherein each said slot has a wid-th equal to a packet which is formed by a fixed leng-th block of digital data.
In operation each of the rocted subtrees is invited to send in requests for service in its respective slot of the pair of slots. If a collision/garbling is detected then 1~
the system resolves the contention before issuing another general invitation for service. When resolving contentions, one of the two rooted subtrees is considered and the contention(s) is (or are) resolved before the other of the rooted subtrees is considered. The disadvantages of this type of tree algorithm are that an algorithm which deals sequentially with dis-tinct sub-trees may be too com-plex for practical implementation. Further if at one node there are two requests for service, one much stronger than the other, the weaker one may be overlooked due to capturing of an F~ channel. Finally by allowing only one sl~t for reply then if there is contention, a further division or subset has to be considered and in consequence time is lost through additional signalling.
An object of the present invention is to provide a multiple-access communicationssystem which is adaptable to different traffic conditions.
According to one aspect of the presen-t invention there is provided a multiple access communications system 20 comprising a base station and a plurality of substations whose mode of opera-tion is determined in response to an op~code transmitted in an Aloha invitation message, the value of -the op-code and thereby the particular one of a plurality of operating modes being determined in response 25 to an estimate of the prevailing traffic conditions.
According to another aspect of the present inven-tion there is provided a multiple access communications system comprising a base station and a plurality of substations whose mode of operation is determined in 30 response to an op-code and parameters transmitted in an Aloha invitation message, the value of the op-code and parameters and thereb~ the particular one of a plurali-ty of operating modes and the dynamic operation in that mode being determined in response to an estimate of the prevai-35 ling traffic condi-tions.
By being able to switch between different opera-ting modes, the communication system in accordance with the present in-vention is able to adapt i~elf to the prevai-ling traffic conditions.
In particular the system is able to switch be-tween two or more different operating modes which may include light traffic mode, dynamic framelength mode, hybrid mode in which subsets of the population of the sub-stations are formed and polling. In the light traffic mode, the base station transmitter is able to operate on a low duty cycle and send an Aloha invita-tion message once every five seconds for example and the substations (or mobiles) can 10 send requests for access at randomly selected times (which may be slotted) in a frame and in the event of contention or propagation errors can retransmit requests one or more times in the same frame. Normally but not exclusively the frame duration is equal to the base station 15 keying interval.
The dynamic frame length mode may be as disclosed in British Patent Specification No. 2069799B or variations thereof.
The hybrid mode may be appropriate lf the prevai-20 ling traffic conditions are such that the base stationdetermines that continued operation in the dynamic frame length mode would lead to a decreased throughput then the values of the Aloha invitation message parameters are changed so that the population of the substations is divi-25 ded into subsets and each subset is able to operata in arandom access mode such as dynamic framelength. This is considered to be more efficient than operating using a tree algorithm of the type disclosed in the paper by John I. Capetanakis because substations in a subset can 30 select randomly the time in a frame in which to transmit their requests for access.
If the number of divisions of the population reaches a point where individual substations are being addressed then the system may adopt a polling mode in which 35 individual substations are addressed and invi-ted or instruc-ted individually to make a transmission.
Thus merely by changing the value of -the op-code and parameters the access protocol can make a gradual transition from random access to polling (and back again) as the -traffic level increases (or decreases), thereby ensuring that system delays are minimised.
In the polling mode, the base station message may be configured so that an acknowledgement of a response of a previously polled substation becomes one of the message parameters. Previously acknowledgements either were not sent or, if they were, they comprised special messages which increased the duration of the poll cycle.
In operating modes other than polling, a sub-station may transmit in a time slot immediately following call initiation if said time slot is within a frame. This enables faster access than with other framing systems in which a substation has to wait for the next Aloha message before selecting a time slot in the frame randomly.
The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 illustrates in block schematic form an embodiment of a mobile radio trunking system with a single fixed site, Figure 2A indicates the different component parts of a single message, Figures 2B to 2D show the three different forms of the invitation message.
Figure 3 indicates the signalling between the system controller and the mobiles in a light traffic mode, Figures 4A to 4D illustrates a symmetrical formation of subsets in the hybrid mode, and Figures 5A -to 5D illustrates an asymmetrical formation of subse-ts in the hybrid mode.
Referring to Figure 1, the trunking system compri-ses a base station including a system controller (or central controller) 10 which is coupled by duplex or hal~-duplex links to a fixed position 12 and to -three duplex radio transceivers 14, 16,18. In the drawing four sub-r~
~ d~ f _ 7 stations constituted by four vehicles 20, 22, 24and 26 are shown each equipped with a radio transceiver 21, 23, 25 and 27, respectively, capable of maintaining a half-duplex link with any one of the transceivers 14, 16, 18. It is pointed out that there will be many more mobiles than the number of transceivers 14, 16, 18. Communication between mobiles is via the transceivers 14, 16, 18 controlled by the system control]er 10 which comprises a computer, modulators and demodulators.
In operation most signalling between the system controller 10 and the mobiles 20, 22, 24 and 26 is done on a signalling (or control) channel, which may not be a dedicated channel. Once a call has been set up by the compu-ter in the system con-troller 10 then a speech channel is 15 allocated to the mobiles involved in the calL Calls invol-ving mobiles can be arranged on a group or a selected mobile basis. Some signalling, for example that necessary to terminate a con~rsation, takes place on speech channels.
For wide area coverage, multiple fixed sites can 20 be used. Atthese sites the signalling channel may be operated for example quasi-synchronously or sequentially9 or a separate signalling channel may be used at each site.
However, for the sake of simplicity of description only a single site example will be described.
An adaptive multiple access protocol used in the system in accordance with the present inven-tion enables the system controller to estimate -the message traffic loading and to adopt an operating mode which is regarded as the most suitable at that instant. A system of the -type disclosed in 30 British Patent Specification No. 2069799B may be used -to monitor the number of garbled, successful and empty slots in each frame and the call arrival rate so that the sys-tem controller can determine9 by means of feedback, its mode of operation in the next frame. The mode of operation is sig-35 nalled to the mobiles by the content of the message.
The central controller invites mobiles to transmit messages (requests for service) by broadcasting an Aloha r-a~ J
: 8 invitation message. The message contains (A) a prcamble 30 (Figure 2A) of bit reversals, viz 101010 ..., which is required to ensure that the data modems in the mobiles acquire bit synchronisation; (B) a 16 bi-t synchronisation word 32 which is used to give framing to the information content of the message; (C) a 4 bit op-code 33 which defines the meaning of the message; (D) a section 34 made up of parameters and data which will be discussed in detail later, (E) a 16 bit cyclic redundancy check 36 which is used for error detection and/or correction; and (F) a postamble 38 comprising a sequence of random bits and/or bit reversals which normally is only transmitted by a data modem operating on the signalling (or control) channel and is an idle condi-tion filler if the transmitter remains switched on until the next message is transmitted. All signalling in the system is transmitted as a binary data stream using for example fast frequency shift keying (FFSK) at 1200 bits per second3 a binary "1" being 1200Hz and a binary "~"
being 1800 Hzo In the following description of the access protocol it is convenient to consider it operating in four modes, namely, Light Traffic Mode (LTM), Dynamic Frame Length Mode (DFM), Hybrid Mode (HM) and Polling Mode (PM). It is possible for some combinations of these modes to be used 25 simultaneously for different parts of user population. Each mobile will normally include a preprogrammed the computer having a store which retains the message from the system controller whilst operating on it -to determine if -the message is addressed to it.
The different structures ofthe parame-ter section 34 in the invitation message used in the different modes are shown in Figures 2B to 2D. The different structures are distinguished by the value of -the op-code 33. The parameter A is an address formed by fourteen binary digits 35 and specifies the mobiles who are invited to transmit messages. It may be an individual mobile address, a specific group address, or it may be used to specify a 3~.' subset of the mobile popula-tion. The data field 39 (Figures 2B to 2D) contains additional information which is not important to the current invention. The other parame-ters in Figs. 2B to 2D will be defined in the description of the various modes following.
LTM (Figure 3) is used when there are few requests for service. In this mode the system controller 10 keys the base station transmitter for the signalling channel, that is one of the transceivers 14, 16, 18 (Figure 1) periodically to transmit an Aloha message 42 with op code =
O (Fig. 2B), say once every five seconds. In this message 1 defines a frame of time slots which is available for -mobile access. Normally the frame length is equal to the keying period9 but it may be shorter. If a mobile wants to transmit a message whilst an LTM frame 44 is in progress, for example at a time denoted by the arrow 46, and the next following slot is within an LTM frame -then i-t may do so in the next following slot 48. If when a mobile wishes to transmit a message no frame is currently 20 designated then it has to wait for an Aloha message and then choose a slot randomly from among the next following k slo-ts, k being less than or equal to the frame length.
Unlike the other modes to be discussed, a mobile wishing to make a repeat transmission, due either to channel errors or 25 garbling by another transmission, can do so by choosing a slot randomly from among the next k slots following the slot in which an acknowledgement from the system controller was expected. In fact a mobile can make several transmi~ion attempts within one frame. Note however that if the chosen 30 slot is outside an LTM frame, the mobile must refrain from transmitting and instead wait for another Aloha message and choose again. In LTM the base station transmitter has a low duty cycle which helps preserve it and reduces -the likelihood of interference to other radio systems. The system controller 10 monitors the traffic and if appro-priate it may -terminate the LTM at any time, even during a frame, and enter another mode, normally the DFM, by transmi~
" ".
ting an Aloha message with the appropriate op code.
Conversely -the system controller 10 can enter LTM from other modes by transmitting an Aloha message with the op code = O.
The DFM and HM modes are both designated by the Aloha message with the op code = 1 (Figure 2C).
The parameter m comprises four binary digits and is -used to divide the mobile population into 2 subsets. It is convenient to regard the parameter m as an instruction to lO the mobile to compare the m least significant bits of its individual address with the m least significant bits of the address A, and the mobile is allowed to transmit a message in response to the invitation only if the m bits match As examples :
If m = O then no address bits are compared and so any mobile may respond; in this case the address field A is of no significance and could be used to convey data.
If m = 1 then only the least significant bit (LSB) of the address A has to be compared with the least 20 significant bit of the mobile address and in so doing one creates -two subsets each having half the population of mobile addresses.
If m = 2 then the two LSBs have to be compared so creating four subsets.
This process of sub-division continues up to m =
13.
If m = 14 then all fourteen bits of the addresses -have to be compared and this indicates that the invitation is being given to only one mobile or a specified group of 30 mObile 5 -m = 1L~ is a special case in which the mobile compares address A with each of its designated addresses not merely its individual address (each mobile may be designated several addresses, for example one individual 35 and various group addresses).
The parameter n~ which comprises four binary digits, indicates the frame length which is the number of ~ r~ ~t^~
the next following time slots from which a mobile may choose randomly in which to transmit its message. For simplicity the following description will refer to n as the number of slots in the frame. However the value of n need not relate explici-tly to the number of slots but may in fact comprise the address in a look-up table from which the explicit nurnber of slots can be derived. (Similarly, the value of k and 1 may address look up tables).
The DFM is based on the method disclosed in British 10 Patent Specification 2069799B, details of which are incor-porated by way of reference. Briefly though, in -the DFM
the system con-troller arranges for an Aloha message to be transmitted, in which the op code = 1, m = 0 and in which the value of n is determined on the basis of the number of 15 empty, unmutilated and mutilated time slots in the history of the frames and the estimated new request arrival rate.
The system controller 10 can adaptively control the frame-length as the traffic level fluctuates in order to prevent excessive garbling and to minimise delays. In the event of 20 a contention occurring, repeat messages cannot be transmitted in the same frame thus preventing repeat messages from converging at the end of a frame.
An algorithm which may be used for calculating by feedback controi the number n of time slots in each frame 25 c0mprises:
(a) keep an estimate R, of the current new request arrival rate per time slot ;
(b) calculate ng, ns and ne: the numbers of inbound time slots in the previous frame observed as garbled (ng), 30 successful (ns) and empty (n );
(c) se-t K as the number of slots since (and inclu-ding) the final slot of the previous frame;
(d) set y = ~ x n ~ s x nS ~ e x ne ~ R x K where ~, s and e are suitably chosen constants taking into 35 account the propagation conditions;
(e) se-t the required Aloha number to n = max (1, round (y/(l-R))) where max (a, b) ~L 2 ~
represents the rnaximum of a and b and round (.) represents rounding to the nearest integer.
The algorithm given above assumes that a new Aloha invitation will not be sent until after the end of the previous frame and that all slots within an Aloha frame are a~ilable for random access requests. System efficiency could be improved by allowing the transmission of a new Aloha invitation in the slot concurrent with the final slot of the previous frame and/or by allowing the reservation of some slots within an Aloha frame ~or messages from indi-vidual users specified by the system controller; in these cases a modified algorithm would be used.
Should the requests for service become excessive such -that the maximum desirable framelength is reached and yet thr~ughput is decreasing then the access protocol makes a transition to HM by changing the value of rn from zero to a value between 1 and 14 and -thereby crea-ting subsets. HM with m = 14 can also be used to invite requests from a specified user group.
H.~. may for convenience of understanding be regarded as a form of tree algorithm. However in the system in accordance with the present invention contentions can be resolved more efficiently than proposed in the cited article by John I Capetanakis. Each of the subsets formed 25 by making m have a value between 1 and 14 is invited in turn to transmit messages at random intervals in a frame having n time slots. For each subset the DFM algorithm is used to set the optimum value for n. However if the optimum frame length for a subset exceeds the maximum value of n, 30 -then m may be increased. In this way, the population of mobiles can be progressively subdivided and an optimum value for n maintained un-til with m = 14 (2 subse-ts), individual mobiles can be addressed, which corresponds to pure polling, which will be discussed later.
Reverting to the HM Figures 4A to 4D to illustrate the creation of subsets as the prevailing traffic level increases star-ting with DFM in Figure 4A. When the frame length reaches its maximum value n = 15, two subsets are formed with m = 1, each subset having for example eight slots (n = 8), (Figure 4B). With increasing traffic the framelength continues to increase until beyond n = 15 with m = 1 (Figure 4C) we further subdivide with m = 2 so that four shorter frames with _ = 8 are formed (figure 4D) and so on. If the population of mobiles making requests for access is evenly distributed then -the symmetrical sub-division shown in Figures 4A to 4D is appropriate. Howe-ver if the population of mobiles making requests for access are not 10 evenly distributed then it may happen that only one of the two subsets need be subdivided for example as shown in Figures 5A to 5D. Thus the system controller in response -to the recent history of empty, mutilated and unmutilated slots and call arrival rate can vary the value of m and n to 15 obtain optimal performance in the time domain.
Polling can be performed by using the invitation message with op-code = 1 and with m = 14 (21 subsets as above). However by adapting the message parameters the time overheads in signalling can be reduced by the system control-20 ler arranging each message word to address one mobile whilstacknowledging the response from a previously polled mobile.
Figure 2D shows the invitation message format for polling in which the op code 2 and A(ack) is the address of a previously polled mobile whose response is being acknowledgel 25 This arrangement gives the benefit of confirming to the mobile or its operator that the poll response reached the system controller successfully, without requiring a specific acknowledgement message. Whenever no mobile is to be acknowledged by a poll message, a dummy address is used.
30 Similarly it is possible to acknowledge, bu-t not poll a new mobile, bv using a dummy address.
By means of appropriate addressing and op codes it is possible to poll part of a fleet, whilst allowing the remainder of the fleet to operate in random access modes.
For the case of a multisite system in which a signalling channel is operated sequentially round the sites, a mobile may receive Aloha invitations from more than one si-te. In the DFM and HM modes, a mobile should ensure that it does not make more than one random access transmission in any one frame. Therefore, having made an unsuccessful random access request in a frame, t,he mobile should ignore Aloha invitations received from other sites which designate frames which overlap this frame. This can be achieved, for example, if the mobile counts slots to the end of the frame.
If it is decided to incorporate into the pro-tocol th0 facility to use a non-framed mode, such as l'Pure Aloha"
then this can be done by providing a suitable value for the op-code 33 (Figure 2A), say a value 3.
When implementing the present invention it is optional if all four of the operating modes are used. If desired fewer modes may be used and the op-code and para-meter value are altered as appropriate.
The present invention relates to a multiple-access communications system which has particular, but not exclu-sive, applications in mobile radio dynamic channel assignment systems, local area networks (LANS) and satellite links. For convenience of description, -the invention will be described with reference to mobile radio dynamic channel assignment (trunking) systems but it is to be unders-tood that the same methods apply to other multiple-access communications systems.
Trunking systems are characterized by the problems of many users attempting to gain access to them at the same time. These attempts for access (which can be thought of as requests for service ) can clash and be mutilated and in the absence of any form of control can produce ~n unstable 15 situation where the number of requests for service which are mutilated increases, resulting in an increase in the number of requests which are retransmitted which, in turn, leads to further mutilation and ultimately results in a complete blockage of the system. The requests for service 20 are transmitted to a central system control computer, hereinafter referred to as a system controller, via a signalling channel and the system controller allocates the speech channels according to some predetermined criteria.
In the simplest case of a single channel system then -the 25 single channel has -to be used for signalling and speech In order to mitigate these problems of clashing, controlled multi-access protocols are used to discipline users trying to gain access. Also the throughput~ that is the number of successfully serviced requests per unit time, 30 of the system can be increased.
N. Abramson "The Aloha System - Another Alternative for Computer Communications " AFIPS Conference Proceedings 1970 Fall Joint Computer Conference, 37, 281_285 proposed one '~ '7 of -the first multi-access protocols termed "Pure-Aloha".
With this protocol, users transmit a request and wait for some form of acknowledgement of their request from the sys-tem controller; if no acknowledgement is heard users wait a random time before re-trying.
The throughput of "Pure Aloha" was doubled by a modified protocol, termed "Slotted Aloha", which allows users to transmit requests only within discrete timeslots, each request occupying one time slot. In spite of this improved 10 throughput, "Slotted Aloha" nevertheless has practical disadvantages for example instability during busy periods.
With -the objective of overcoming these disadvanta-ges, "Slotted Aloha" was extended by a protocol, termed "Framed Aloha", which is disclosed in British Patent Speci-5 fication 206301lA. In Framed Aloha a synchronisation ~nessage, termed "Aloha Now", is transmitted by the system controller on the signalling channel at intervals indicating that the immediately following n time slots are available for users to transmit requests (ei-ther new requests or 20 re-transmission after unsuccessful requests) to the system controller via the signalling channel. The number of time slots n is a constant determined at the system design stage. With this protocol the requests are contained within known time frames, simplifying the system control strategy 25 However a drawback to having a fixed number n of time slots is that it does not take into account the variation in the number of requests between a quiet period and a busy period and this can result in unnecessarily long message delays during quiet periods and instability during busy periods.
An attempt to match the number of time slo-ts available with the number of requests is disclosed in British Patent Specification 2069799B and is termed "Dynamic Frame Leng-th Aloha" (DFLA). This protocol includes means for dynamically controlling the frame-length, that is upda-35 ting the number n of time slots on a frame-by-frame basis.
The number n is calculated by observing the events in the previous frame such as the number of garbled (or clashed), r~3t~
empty and successful slots and from an estimate of the call arrival rate. By using feedback con-trol in this way stability can be achieved under many operating conditions and additionally the access time (the time delay between a user wishing to make a request, and the request being acknowledged) is reduced. However, this form of DFLA can only be stable provided the frame-length can be increased indefinitely to cope with very heavy demands for requests for service. In practice this is not possible because -the Aloha message contains only a finite number of data bits to specify the ~ifferent frame-lengths and therefore it follows that the throughput of DFLA can be low under heavy traffic loading. In addition there are circumstances where very long frames are undesirable. In the opposite situation under light traffic DFLA has the disadvantage that in order to minimise access times the central base station -transmit-ter normally transmits continuously. This increases the hood of interference to o-ther radio systems and also may reduce the working life of the transmitter.
Another approach to provide stability under conditions of heavy traffic is disclosed by ~ohn I.
Capetanakis in "Tree Algorithms for Packet Broadcast Channels", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol.
II-25, No. 5, September 1979 pages 5O5 to 515. In the three algorithm, a tree comprises a root node from which a pair of branches extend. Each of the said branches divides into two at respective nodes and subsequent division by two take place at further nodes until one reaches the situation of a pair of sources being connected by respective 30 minor branches to an associated node. In an example given, each of the branches from the root node are treated as two rooted subtrees. Signalling is carried out in pairs of slots, wherein each said slot has a wid-th equal to a packet which is formed by a fixed leng-th block of digital data.
In operation each of the rocted subtrees is invited to send in requests for service in its respective slot of the pair of slots. If a collision/garbling is detected then 1~
the system resolves the contention before issuing another general invitation for service. When resolving contentions, one of the two rooted subtrees is considered and the contention(s) is (or are) resolved before the other of the rooted subtrees is considered. The disadvantages of this type of tree algorithm are that an algorithm which deals sequentially with dis-tinct sub-trees may be too com-plex for practical implementation. Further if at one node there are two requests for service, one much stronger than the other, the weaker one may be overlooked due to capturing of an F~ channel. Finally by allowing only one sl~t for reply then if there is contention, a further division or subset has to be considered and in consequence time is lost through additional signalling.
An object of the present invention is to provide a multiple-access communicationssystem which is adaptable to different traffic conditions.
According to one aspect of the presen-t invention there is provided a multiple access communications system 20 comprising a base station and a plurality of substations whose mode of opera-tion is determined in response to an op~code transmitted in an Aloha invitation message, the value of -the op-code and thereby the particular one of a plurality of operating modes being determined in response 25 to an estimate of the prevailing traffic conditions.
According to another aspect of the present inven-tion there is provided a multiple access communications system comprising a base station and a plurality of substations whose mode of operation is determined in 30 response to an op-code and parameters transmitted in an Aloha invitation message, the value of the op-code and parameters and thereb~ the particular one of a plurali-ty of operating modes and the dynamic operation in that mode being determined in response to an estimate of the prevai-35 ling traffic condi-tions.
By being able to switch between different opera-ting modes, the communication system in accordance with the present in-vention is able to adapt i~elf to the prevai-ling traffic conditions.
In particular the system is able to switch be-tween two or more different operating modes which may include light traffic mode, dynamic framelength mode, hybrid mode in which subsets of the population of the sub-stations are formed and polling. In the light traffic mode, the base station transmitter is able to operate on a low duty cycle and send an Aloha invita-tion message once every five seconds for example and the substations (or mobiles) can 10 send requests for access at randomly selected times (which may be slotted) in a frame and in the event of contention or propagation errors can retransmit requests one or more times in the same frame. Normally but not exclusively the frame duration is equal to the base station 15 keying interval.
The dynamic frame length mode may be as disclosed in British Patent Specification No. 2069799B or variations thereof.
The hybrid mode may be appropriate lf the prevai-20 ling traffic conditions are such that the base stationdetermines that continued operation in the dynamic frame length mode would lead to a decreased throughput then the values of the Aloha invitation message parameters are changed so that the population of the substations is divi-25 ded into subsets and each subset is able to operata in arandom access mode such as dynamic framelength. This is considered to be more efficient than operating using a tree algorithm of the type disclosed in the paper by John I. Capetanakis because substations in a subset can 30 select randomly the time in a frame in which to transmit their requests for access.
If the number of divisions of the population reaches a point where individual substations are being addressed then the system may adopt a polling mode in which 35 individual substations are addressed and invi-ted or instruc-ted individually to make a transmission.
Thus merely by changing the value of -the op-code and parameters the access protocol can make a gradual transition from random access to polling (and back again) as the -traffic level increases (or decreases), thereby ensuring that system delays are minimised.
In the polling mode, the base station message may be configured so that an acknowledgement of a response of a previously polled substation becomes one of the message parameters. Previously acknowledgements either were not sent or, if they were, they comprised special messages which increased the duration of the poll cycle.
In operating modes other than polling, a sub-station may transmit in a time slot immediately following call initiation if said time slot is within a frame. This enables faster access than with other framing systems in which a substation has to wait for the next Aloha message before selecting a time slot in the frame randomly.
The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 illustrates in block schematic form an embodiment of a mobile radio trunking system with a single fixed site, Figure 2A indicates the different component parts of a single message, Figures 2B to 2D show the three different forms of the invitation message.
Figure 3 indicates the signalling between the system controller and the mobiles in a light traffic mode, Figures 4A to 4D illustrates a symmetrical formation of subsets in the hybrid mode, and Figures 5A -to 5D illustrates an asymmetrical formation of subse-ts in the hybrid mode.
Referring to Figure 1, the trunking system compri-ses a base station including a system controller (or central controller) 10 which is coupled by duplex or hal~-duplex links to a fixed position 12 and to -three duplex radio transceivers 14, 16,18. In the drawing four sub-r~
~ d~ f _ 7 stations constituted by four vehicles 20, 22, 24and 26 are shown each equipped with a radio transceiver 21, 23, 25 and 27, respectively, capable of maintaining a half-duplex link with any one of the transceivers 14, 16, 18. It is pointed out that there will be many more mobiles than the number of transceivers 14, 16, 18. Communication between mobiles is via the transceivers 14, 16, 18 controlled by the system control]er 10 which comprises a computer, modulators and demodulators.
In operation most signalling between the system controller 10 and the mobiles 20, 22, 24 and 26 is done on a signalling (or control) channel, which may not be a dedicated channel. Once a call has been set up by the compu-ter in the system con-troller 10 then a speech channel is 15 allocated to the mobiles involved in the calL Calls invol-ving mobiles can be arranged on a group or a selected mobile basis. Some signalling, for example that necessary to terminate a con~rsation, takes place on speech channels.
For wide area coverage, multiple fixed sites can 20 be used. Atthese sites the signalling channel may be operated for example quasi-synchronously or sequentially9 or a separate signalling channel may be used at each site.
However, for the sake of simplicity of description only a single site example will be described.
An adaptive multiple access protocol used in the system in accordance with the present inven-tion enables the system controller to estimate -the message traffic loading and to adopt an operating mode which is regarded as the most suitable at that instant. A system of the -type disclosed in 30 British Patent Specification No. 2069799B may be used -to monitor the number of garbled, successful and empty slots in each frame and the call arrival rate so that the sys-tem controller can determine9 by means of feedback, its mode of operation in the next frame. The mode of operation is sig-35 nalled to the mobiles by the content of the message.
The central controller invites mobiles to transmit messages (requests for service) by broadcasting an Aloha r-a~ J
: 8 invitation message. The message contains (A) a prcamble 30 (Figure 2A) of bit reversals, viz 101010 ..., which is required to ensure that the data modems in the mobiles acquire bit synchronisation; (B) a 16 bi-t synchronisation word 32 which is used to give framing to the information content of the message; (C) a 4 bit op-code 33 which defines the meaning of the message; (D) a section 34 made up of parameters and data which will be discussed in detail later, (E) a 16 bit cyclic redundancy check 36 which is used for error detection and/or correction; and (F) a postamble 38 comprising a sequence of random bits and/or bit reversals which normally is only transmitted by a data modem operating on the signalling (or control) channel and is an idle condi-tion filler if the transmitter remains switched on until the next message is transmitted. All signalling in the system is transmitted as a binary data stream using for example fast frequency shift keying (FFSK) at 1200 bits per second3 a binary "1" being 1200Hz and a binary "~"
being 1800 Hzo In the following description of the access protocol it is convenient to consider it operating in four modes, namely, Light Traffic Mode (LTM), Dynamic Frame Length Mode (DFM), Hybrid Mode (HM) and Polling Mode (PM). It is possible for some combinations of these modes to be used 25 simultaneously for different parts of user population. Each mobile will normally include a preprogrammed the computer having a store which retains the message from the system controller whilst operating on it -to determine if -the message is addressed to it.
The different structures ofthe parame-ter section 34 in the invitation message used in the different modes are shown in Figures 2B to 2D. The different structures are distinguished by the value of -the op-code 33. The parameter A is an address formed by fourteen binary digits 35 and specifies the mobiles who are invited to transmit messages. It may be an individual mobile address, a specific group address, or it may be used to specify a 3~.' subset of the mobile popula-tion. The data field 39 (Figures 2B to 2D) contains additional information which is not important to the current invention. The other parame-ters in Figs. 2B to 2D will be defined in the description of the various modes following.
LTM (Figure 3) is used when there are few requests for service. In this mode the system controller 10 keys the base station transmitter for the signalling channel, that is one of the transceivers 14, 16, 18 (Figure 1) periodically to transmit an Aloha message 42 with op code =
O (Fig. 2B), say once every five seconds. In this message 1 defines a frame of time slots which is available for -mobile access. Normally the frame length is equal to the keying period9 but it may be shorter. If a mobile wants to transmit a message whilst an LTM frame 44 is in progress, for example at a time denoted by the arrow 46, and the next following slot is within an LTM frame -then i-t may do so in the next following slot 48. If when a mobile wishes to transmit a message no frame is currently 20 designated then it has to wait for an Aloha message and then choose a slot randomly from among the next following k slo-ts, k being less than or equal to the frame length.
Unlike the other modes to be discussed, a mobile wishing to make a repeat transmission, due either to channel errors or 25 garbling by another transmission, can do so by choosing a slot randomly from among the next k slots following the slot in which an acknowledgement from the system controller was expected. In fact a mobile can make several transmi~ion attempts within one frame. Note however that if the chosen 30 slot is outside an LTM frame, the mobile must refrain from transmitting and instead wait for another Aloha message and choose again. In LTM the base station transmitter has a low duty cycle which helps preserve it and reduces -the likelihood of interference to other radio systems. The system controller 10 monitors the traffic and if appro-priate it may -terminate the LTM at any time, even during a frame, and enter another mode, normally the DFM, by transmi~
" ".
ting an Aloha message with the appropriate op code.
Conversely -the system controller 10 can enter LTM from other modes by transmitting an Aloha message with the op code = O.
The DFM and HM modes are both designated by the Aloha message with the op code = 1 (Figure 2C).
The parameter m comprises four binary digits and is -used to divide the mobile population into 2 subsets. It is convenient to regard the parameter m as an instruction to lO the mobile to compare the m least significant bits of its individual address with the m least significant bits of the address A, and the mobile is allowed to transmit a message in response to the invitation only if the m bits match As examples :
If m = O then no address bits are compared and so any mobile may respond; in this case the address field A is of no significance and could be used to convey data.
If m = 1 then only the least significant bit (LSB) of the address A has to be compared with the least 20 significant bit of the mobile address and in so doing one creates -two subsets each having half the population of mobile addresses.
If m = 2 then the two LSBs have to be compared so creating four subsets.
This process of sub-division continues up to m =
13.
If m = 14 then all fourteen bits of the addresses -have to be compared and this indicates that the invitation is being given to only one mobile or a specified group of 30 mObile 5 -m = 1L~ is a special case in which the mobile compares address A with each of its designated addresses not merely its individual address (each mobile may be designated several addresses, for example one individual 35 and various group addresses).
The parameter n~ which comprises four binary digits, indicates the frame length which is the number of ~ r~ ~t^~
the next following time slots from which a mobile may choose randomly in which to transmit its message. For simplicity the following description will refer to n as the number of slots in the frame. However the value of n need not relate explici-tly to the number of slots but may in fact comprise the address in a look-up table from which the explicit nurnber of slots can be derived. (Similarly, the value of k and 1 may address look up tables).
The DFM is based on the method disclosed in British 10 Patent Specification 2069799B, details of which are incor-porated by way of reference. Briefly though, in -the DFM
the system con-troller arranges for an Aloha message to be transmitted, in which the op code = 1, m = 0 and in which the value of n is determined on the basis of the number of 15 empty, unmutilated and mutilated time slots in the history of the frames and the estimated new request arrival rate.
The system controller 10 can adaptively control the frame-length as the traffic level fluctuates in order to prevent excessive garbling and to minimise delays. In the event of 20 a contention occurring, repeat messages cannot be transmitted in the same frame thus preventing repeat messages from converging at the end of a frame.
An algorithm which may be used for calculating by feedback controi the number n of time slots in each frame 25 c0mprises:
(a) keep an estimate R, of the current new request arrival rate per time slot ;
(b) calculate ng, ns and ne: the numbers of inbound time slots in the previous frame observed as garbled (ng), 30 successful (ns) and empty (n );
(c) se-t K as the number of slots since (and inclu-ding) the final slot of the previous frame;
(d) set y = ~ x n ~ s x nS ~ e x ne ~ R x K where ~, s and e are suitably chosen constants taking into 35 account the propagation conditions;
(e) se-t the required Aloha number to n = max (1, round (y/(l-R))) where max (a, b) ~L 2 ~
represents the rnaximum of a and b and round (.) represents rounding to the nearest integer.
The algorithm given above assumes that a new Aloha invitation will not be sent until after the end of the previous frame and that all slots within an Aloha frame are a~ilable for random access requests. System efficiency could be improved by allowing the transmission of a new Aloha invitation in the slot concurrent with the final slot of the previous frame and/or by allowing the reservation of some slots within an Aloha frame ~or messages from indi-vidual users specified by the system controller; in these cases a modified algorithm would be used.
Should the requests for service become excessive such -that the maximum desirable framelength is reached and yet thr~ughput is decreasing then the access protocol makes a transition to HM by changing the value of rn from zero to a value between 1 and 14 and -thereby crea-ting subsets. HM with m = 14 can also be used to invite requests from a specified user group.
H.~. may for convenience of understanding be regarded as a form of tree algorithm. However in the system in accordance with the present invention contentions can be resolved more efficiently than proposed in the cited article by John I Capetanakis. Each of the subsets formed 25 by making m have a value between 1 and 14 is invited in turn to transmit messages at random intervals in a frame having n time slots. For each subset the DFM algorithm is used to set the optimum value for n. However if the optimum frame length for a subset exceeds the maximum value of n, 30 -then m may be increased. In this way, the population of mobiles can be progressively subdivided and an optimum value for n maintained un-til with m = 14 (2 subse-ts), individual mobiles can be addressed, which corresponds to pure polling, which will be discussed later.
Reverting to the HM Figures 4A to 4D to illustrate the creation of subsets as the prevailing traffic level increases star-ting with DFM in Figure 4A. When the frame length reaches its maximum value n = 15, two subsets are formed with m = 1, each subset having for example eight slots (n = 8), (Figure 4B). With increasing traffic the framelength continues to increase until beyond n = 15 with m = 1 (Figure 4C) we further subdivide with m = 2 so that four shorter frames with _ = 8 are formed (figure 4D) and so on. If the population of mobiles making requests for access is evenly distributed then -the symmetrical sub-division shown in Figures 4A to 4D is appropriate. Howe-ver if the population of mobiles making requests for access are not 10 evenly distributed then it may happen that only one of the two subsets need be subdivided for example as shown in Figures 5A to 5D. Thus the system controller in response -to the recent history of empty, mutilated and unmutilated slots and call arrival rate can vary the value of m and n to 15 obtain optimal performance in the time domain.
Polling can be performed by using the invitation message with op-code = 1 and with m = 14 (21 subsets as above). However by adapting the message parameters the time overheads in signalling can be reduced by the system control-20 ler arranging each message word to address one mobile whilstacknowledging the response from a previously polled mobile.
Figure 2D shows the invitation message format for polling in which the op code 2 and A(ack) is the address of a previously polled mobile whose response is being acknowledgel 25 This arrangement gives the benefit of confirming to the mobile or its operator that the poll response reached the system controller successfully, without requiring a specific acknowledgement message. Whenever no mobile is to be acknowledged by a poll message, a dummy address is used.
30 Similarly it is possible to acknowledge, bu-t not poll a new mobile, bv using a dummy address.
By means of appropriate addressing and op codes it is possible to poll part of a fleet, whilst allowing the remainder of the fleet to operate in random access modes.
For the case of a multisite system in which a signalling channel is operated sequentially round the sites, a mobile may receive Aloha invitations from more than one si-te. In the DFM and HM modes, a mobile should ensure that it does not make more than one random access transmission in any one frame. Therefore, having made an unsuccessful random access request in a frame, t,he mobile should ignore Aloha invitations received from other sites which designate frames which overlap this frame. This can be achieved, for example, if the mobile counts slots to the end of the frame.
If it is decided to incorporate into the pro-tocol th0 facility to use a non-framed mode, such as l'Pure Aloha"
then this can be done by providing a suitable value for the op-code 33 (Figure 2A), say a value 3.
When implementing the present invention it is optional if all four of the operating modes are used. If desired fewer modes may be used and the op-code and para-meter value are altered as appropriate.
Claims (8)
1. A method by which a plurality of substations in a multiple access communications system may access a base station by transmitting requests for access to the base station in time frames signified by an Aloha invitation message transmitted by the base station to the substation, such method comprising:
selection by the base station of any of a plurality of modes of operation of said system during each time frame, such selection being determined in accordance with prevailing traffic conditions in the system;
one of said modes being a dynamic frame-length mode in which there is a predetermined maximum number of time slots in each frame, and each substation transmits a request in only one time slot in any frame;
another of said modes being a hybrid mode in which the base station forms subsets of the population of sub-stations and assigns respective dynamic frame-length modes to respective ones of said subsets;
and transmission by the base Station in the Aloha invitation message fan operating code signifying the selected mode of operation during each frame.
selection by the base station of any of a plurality of modes of operation of said system during each time frame, such selection being determined in accordance with prevailing traffic conditions in the system;
one of said modes being a dynamic frame-length mode in which there is a predetermined maximum number of time slots in each frame, and each substation transmits a request in only one time slot in any frame;
another of said modes being a hybrid mode in which the base station forms subsets of the population of sub-stations and assigns respective dynamic frame-length modes to respective ones of said subsets;
and transmission by the base Station in the Aloha invitation message fan operating code signifying the selected mode of operation during each frame.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the base station further transmits in said Aloha message parameters which determine the dynamic operation of said substations for the selected operating mode.
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein another of said modes is a fixed frame-length mode in which there is a number of time slots in each frame
4. A method as claimed in Claim 3, wherein the base station further transmits in each Aloha message a sub-station address code and a code signifying the number of least significant bits in such address code which each substation compares with its address in order to determine whether it may respond to the Aloha message.
5. A method as claimed in Claim 4, wherein an addressed substation responds to the Aloha message in the time slot immediately following such message if such time slot is within the same time frame.
6. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein another of said operating modes is a polling mode in which the substations access the system in response to polling messages transmitted by the base station.
7. A method as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the pol-ling message to any substation which is polled includes an acknowledgement of a response received by the base station from a previously polled substation.
8. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein one of said operating modes is a light traffic mode in which the base station operates on a low duty cycle and the sub-stations retransmit a request for access in the same time frame if a previous request is mutilated in transmission.
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| GB08424297A GB2165127B (en) | 1984-09-26 | 1984-09-26 | Multiple access communications system |
| GB8424297 | 1984-09-26 |
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| CA1242537A true CA1242537A (en) | 1988-09-27 |
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| CA000490935A Expired CA1242537A (en) | 1984-09-26 | 1985-09-17 | Multiple access communications system |
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| EP (2) | EP0321454B1 (en) |
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| DK (1) | DK167888B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2165127B (en) |
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| NL189062C (en) * | 1980-02-15 | 1992-12-16 | Philips Nv | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR TRANSFER OF DATA PACKAGES. |
| DE3133347A1 (en) * | 1981-08-22 | 1983-03-10 | TE KA DE Felten & Guilleaume Fernmeldeanlagen GmbH, 8500 Nürnberg | METHOD FOR ACCESSING TRANSMISSION CHANNELS OF A MESSAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM |
| US4504946A (en) * | 1982-06-11 | 1985-03-12 | Rca Corporation | Time division multiple access communication systems |
| US4574378A (en) * | 1982-06-14 | 1986-03-04 | Nec Corporation | Multiple access system and method |
| GB2144310A (en) * | 1983-08-01 | 1985-02-27 | Philips Electronic Associated | Multiple-access communications system |
| US4528663A (en) * | 1983-12-09 | 1985-07-09 | Zenith Electronics Corporation | Peak load access in a two-way CATV contention system |
-
1984
- 1984-09-26 GB GB08424297A patent/GB2165127B/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-08-26 US US06/769,282 patent/US4672608A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-09-17 CA CA000490935A patent/CA1242537A/en not_active Expired
- 1985-09-20 DE DE8989200593T patent/DE3587049T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-09-20 EP EP89200593A patent/EP0321454B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-09-20 DE DE8585201509T patent/DE3585012D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-09-20 EP EP19850201509 patent/EP0177094B1/en not_active Expired
- 1985-09-23 DK DK430685A patent/DK167888B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-09-24 JP JP60210878A patent/JPH0693682B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-09-24 AU AU47818/85A patent/AU577000B2/en not_active Expired
-
1993
- 1993-06-03 HK HK541/93A patent/HK54193A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DK167888B1 (en) | 1993-12-27 |
| JPS6184930A (en) | 1986-04-30 |
| US4672608A (en) | 1987-06-09 |
| EP0321454A2 (en) | 1989-06-21 |
| DK430685D0 (en) | 1985-09-23 |
| DE3585012D1 (en) | 1992-02-06 |
| DK430685A (en) | 1986-03-27 |
| EP0321454A3 (en) | 1989-09-13 |
| AU577000B2 (en) | 1988-09-08 |
| EP0177094A3 (en) | 1988-09-21 |
| EP0321454B1 (en) | 1993-01-27 |
| GB2165127B (en) | 1988-04-07 |
| EP0177094A2 (en) | 1986-04-09 |
| HK54193A (en) | 1993-06-11 |
| GB8424297D0 (en) | 1984-10-31 |
| DE3587049T2 (en) | 1993-07-01 |
| EP0177094B1 (en) | 1991-12-27 |
| DE3587049D1 (en) | 1993-03-11 |
| JPH0693682B2 (en) | 1994-11-16 |
| AU4781885A (en) | 1986-04-10 |
| GB2165127A (en) | 1986-04-03 |
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| MKEX | Expiry | ||
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