CA1253919A - Remote conductivity sensor having coplanar transformer cores in fluid flow path - Google Patents
Remote conductivity sensor having coplanar transformer cores in fluid flow pathInfo
- Publication number
- CA1253919A CA1253919A CA000537358A CA537358A CA1253919A CA 1253919 A CA1253919 A CA 1253919A CA 000537358 A CA000537358 A CA 000537358A CA 537358 A CA537358 A CA 537358A CA 1253919 A CA1253919 A CA 1253919A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fluid flow
- flow path
- core
- fluid
- portions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
- G01N27/023—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance where the material is placed in the field of a coil
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A cell for remotely sensing conductivity of a fluid passing through it, said cell comprising fluid flow path means for defining a fluid flow path, said means having an inlet and an outlet and two fluid paths between the two, thereby defining a fluid loop, an excitation transformer comprising a first toroidal core having a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, and a sensing transformer comprising a second toroidal core having a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop, said cores being coplanar to thereby reduce leakage between said transformers.
Description
:~Z5~9~9 ( :, REMOTE CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR
Field of the Invention The invention relates to remotely sensing conductivity of fluid flowing in a conduit, and in particular to sensing conductivity of dialysate in a dialysate preparation and supply machine.
Backqround of the Invention Conductivity of dialysate in a dialysate preparation and supply machine is typically measured by sensors that are immersed in the dialysate in a conduit and are subject to long term drift, owing to formation of film and precipitates on the electrodes, and to other shortcomings.
Electrodeless conductivity sensors, e.g., those available from Great Lakes Instruments, Inc., Milwaukee, 15 Wisconsin, have been used in water quality and process control. In one of these sensors, the conductivity of fluid flowing in a fluid flow conduit is remotely measured by providing a fluid loop connected to the conduit and two transformers coupled with the loop, inducing an electrical 20 current in the fluid loop with one transformer, measuring the current induced in the other transformer by the current in the fluid loop, and determining the conductivity in the liquid using resistance, current and voltage relationships.
.
~Z~;3~
Summary of the Inven~ion I have discovered that I could provide reduced leakage coupling between the excitation and sensing transformers of a two-transformer/fluid-loop remote conductivity sensor by using coplanar toroidal ferrite cores in excitation and sensing transformers.
In preferred embodiments a desirably low fluid loop length to fluid cross-sectional area ratio is provided by a fluid flow conduit having two circular portions that pass through the two toroidal magnets and are connected to each other by first and second connecting portions, the inner diameters of the toroidal magnets and wire turns around them being approximately equal to the outer diameters of the circular conduit portions, the connecting conduit portions being approximately equal in length to the diameters of the toroidal magnets and wire turns around them;
the connecting portions extend in a straight line beyond the circular conduit portions to the inlet and the outlet to avoid corners at which bubbles could collect; and the connecting portions have opposlng flat outer surfaces for holding the ~0 toroidal transformers in place.
In accordance with a broad aspect of the invention there is provided a cell for remotely sensing conductivity of a fluid passing through it, said cell comprising:
fluid flow path means for defining a fluid flow path in a supply line, said means having an inlet and an outlet and two fluid paths between said inlet and outlet, thereby de'ining a fluid loop, ~2~g~
an excitatlon transformer comprising a first toroidal core haviny a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, and a sensing transformer comprising a second toroidal core having a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, said second toroidal core having a fir6t plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the axis of its hole, said first plane of symmetry being coplanar with a plane of symmetry of said first toroidal core that is perpendicular to the axis of its hole, to thereby reduce leakage coupling between said transformers, said fluid f].ow path means comprising two circular conduit portions having a first length, centers, and ends and two connecting portions connecting the ends of different said circular conduit portions of a second length measured between the centers of said circular conduit portions, the outer diameter of each said conduit portion being approximately equal to the inner diameter of a said core and said wire turns on it, said first length being approximately equal to the thickness of a said core and said wire turns on it, said second length being approximately equal to the outer diameter of a said core and said wire turns on it.
Other advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment thereof and from the claims.
~25391~3i (; - 3 -Description of the Preferred Embodiment The drawings will be described first.
Drawinqs Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a conductivity cell according to the invention.
Fig. 2 is a plan view, partially in section, of the Fig. 1 cell.
Fig. 3 is an elevation of the Fig. 1 cell.
Fig. ~ is a vertical sectional view, taken at 4-4 of Fig. 2, of the Fig. 1 cell.
Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic exploded sectional view of the Fig. 1 cell.
Fig. 6 is an electrical schematic of the electrical components of the excitation and sensing circuitry connected to the Fig. 1 cell.
Structure Referring to Figs. 1-5, there is shown conductivity cell 10, including plastic fluid flow conduit 12, excitation transformer 14 and sensing transformer 16. Excitation transformer 14 and sensing transformer 16 each include a toroidal core 18 and wires 20 wrapped around the core.
~L253~
Cell 10 is mounted in the dialysate 10w path of a dialysate preparation and supply machine of the general type described in United States Patent No. 4,371,385 at a position along the di-alysate supply conduit downstream of the mixing of concentrate with water and is connected to a processor to control the addition of concentrate to water.
Channel 12 has inlet 22, outlet 24, circular con-duit portions 26, 28 (through transformers 14, 16) and connect-ing portions 30, 32 between them. In line with connecting portion 30 and extending beyond circular conduit portion 26 to inlet 22 is extension 31. In line with connecting portions 32 and extending beyond circular conduit portion 28 to outlet 24 is extension 35. Connecting portions 30, 32 have flat outer sur-faces and circular inner surfaces 33 defining fluid flow channels therein (Figure 4). As seen best in Figure 4, the outer diameter of the circular conduit portion 26 is close in size to the inner diameter of toroidal core 18 and the wire turns on it, resulting in the largest practical cross-sectional area for the fluid flow path permitted by the dimensions of the cores.
Also, the height of circular conduit portion is only slightly more than the thickness of toroidal core 18 and the wire turns on it, and there is a small distance between transformers 14, 16 (thus the length of the connecting portions between circular conduit portions is only slightly more than the diameter of the ~39~
~, ~
toroidal cores and the wire turns an them). These two factors provide a low value for the ratio of the length of fluid flow loop 38 (dashed line in Fig. 3) provided by connecting portions 30, 32 and circular portions 26, 28 to the cross-sectional area of the flow path, which in turn provides good sensitivity.
While the transformers could be physically brought slightly closer together, to the point that the turns on one core overlap those on the other core and even contact the other core, this is not done, because it would tend to increase the likelihood of a leakage coupling between the transformers.
As is seen in Fig. 5, channel 12 is made of two identical pieces 34, 36, which are solvent bonded together after inserting transformers 14, 16 between them.
Referring to Fig. 6, there is shown the electronic circuitry providing excitation signals to excitation transformer 14 and receiving the signal relating to fluid conductivity from sensing transformer 16. Transformer 14 is connected to receive a 10 KHz square wave excitation signal on the left side of the schematic from oscillator 39 and driver 40. On the right side, sensing transformer 16 is connected to current-to-voltage converter 42, AC ampli~ier 44, synchronous detector 46, and filter/buffer 48, including, respectively, amplifiers 58, 60, 62, 64 (LF347).
Oscillator 39 includes timer 41 (7555) and flip-flop 42 (74HC74). Both the true and complement outputs of flip-flop 43 are connected to driver interface 45 (75451), the true and :~Z539~
complement outputs of which are connected to trans~ormer 14.
The true output (Q) of flip-flop 43 is also connected by line 50 to synchronous detector 46.
Excitation transformer 14 is a bifilar wound transformer having 43 turns. Sensing transformer 16 has 89 turns. Both excitation transformer 14 and sensing transformer 16 each also have wrapped around them single wire turns 52, 54, connected to calibration pins 56, for connection to a resistor for use in calibrating the apparatus. The values or numbers of the remaining components on Fig. 6 are as follows:
Component Value or Number Capacitors C8 0.0056 C10 0.001 Cl, C2, CS, C6, C13, C14, C15 0.1 C9 0.47 C12, C16 1.0 C3, C4, C7 10.0 C11 lO.Opf Resistors R6 13.0 R13 100.0 R10 0.28X
R7, Rll 2.4K
R4 10.2K
~2539~
Resistors, cont.
R9, R12 14.0K
Rl, R2 23.7K
R8 28.OK
R3 49.9K
R14 lOO.OK
R5 274.OK
Transistor Ql 2N3904 OPeration 10 In operation, dialysate flows into inlet 22 through loop 38 and out outlet 29, filling up the entire fluid flow path between inlet 22 and outlet 24 and providing a ~luid loop coupled with transformers 14, 16. Because cell 10 is mounted so that the flow paths through connecting portions 30, 32 make a 45 angle with respect to the horizontal, there are no corners at which air bubbles (which would distort measurements) could be trapped; thus, any air bubbles are displaced.
Oscillator 39 provides a 10 KHz square wave applied by driver 40 to excitation transformer 14. A square wave is advantageous because it can be simply generated from inexpensive components providing a constant amplitude, which need not be controlled, as with sinusoidal waves. Driver 40 increases the voltage of the square wave received ~rom oscillator 39 from the S volt logic level to 12 volts.
~25;~9~
Excitation transformer 14 induces an electrical current in fluid loop 38, which current is then sensed by sensing transformer 16. The current induced in transformer 16 is proportional to the conductivity of liquid in loop 38.
Transformer 16 is capacitively coupled by capacitor C9 to amplifier 58, so that the DC offset is blocked and only the alternating signal is amplified. The output of amplifier 58 is a voltage that is proportional to the conductivity of the liquid in loop 38. Capacitor C12 is used to block the DC
offset so that amplifier 60 only amplifies the AC voltage.
Synchronous detector 46 converts the AC voltage from amplifier 44 to a DC voltage output, eliminating extraneous frequencies. When transistor Ql, driven by flip-flop 43, is turned on, it acts as a short to ground, and amplifier 62 operates as an inverting amplifier with a gain of -1; at this time the output of AC amplifier 44 is negative, resulting in a positive output from synchronous detector 46. When transistor Ql is turned off, it acts as an open circuit, and amplifier 62 has a gain of +l; at this time, the output of AC amplifier 44 is positi~e, resulting again in a positive output from synchronous detector 46.
The output of synchronous detector 46 charges capacitor C16 through resistor R14. If there are frequencies other than 10 KHz, over a long period the negative and positive components average out; only the signal at the 10 KHz frequency consistently charges capacitor C16, and is passed through 539 ~
amplifier 64 of filter/buffer 48. The output of filter/buffer 48 is a DC voltage proportional to conductivity; it is converted through an A/D converter to a digital signal by a digital pLO~
cessor (both not shown) used to control a dialysate preparation and supply machine of the general type described in United States Patent No. 4,371,385.
The circuitry of Figure 6 can be calibrated by placing a resistor of known value between pins 56, draining the liquid from loop 38 (so that transformers 14, 16 are only coupled through single turns 52, 54) and comparing the output of filter/buffer 48 with the known resistance of the resistor.
_ther Embodiments Other embodiments of the invention are within the scope of the following claims.
Field of the Invention The invention relates to remotely sensing conductivity of fluid flowing in a conduit, and in particular to sensing conductivity of dialysate in a dialysate preparation and supply machine.
Backqround of the Invention Conductivity of dialysate in a dialysate preparation and supply machine is typically measured by sensors that are immersed in the dialysate in a conduit and are subject to long term drift, owing to formation of film and precipitates on the electrodes, and to other shortcomings.
Electrodeless conductivity sensors, e.g., those available from Great Lakes Instruments, Inc., Milwaukee, 15 Wisconsin, have been used in water quality and process control. In one of these sensors, the conductivity of fluid flowing in a fluid flow conduit is remotely measured by providing a fluid loop connected to the conduit and two transformers coupled with the loop, inducing an electrical 20 current in the fluid loop with one transformer, measuring the current induced in the other transformer by the current in the fluid loop, and determining the conductivity in the liquid using resistance, current and voltage relationships.
.
~Z~;3~
Summary of the Inven~ion I have discovered that I could provide reduced leakage coupling between the excitation and sensing transformers of a two-transformer/fluid-loop remote conductivity sensor by using coplanar toroidal ferrite cores in excitation and sensing transformers.
In preferred embodiments a desirably low fluid loop length to fluid cross-sectional area ratio is provided by a fluid flow conduit having two circular portions that pass through the two toroidal magnets and are connected to each other by first and second connecting portions, the inner diameters of the toroidal magnets and wire turns around them being approximately equal to the outer diameters of the circular conduit portions, the connecting conduit portions being approximately equal in length to the diameters of the toroidal magnets and wire turns around them;
the connecting portions extend in a straight line beyond the circular conduit portions to the inlet and the outlet to avoid corners at which bubbles could collect; and the connecting portions have opposlng flat outer surfaces for holding the ~0 toroidal transformers in place.
In accordance with a broad aspect of the invention there is provided a cell for remotely sensing conductivity of a fluid passing through it, said cell comprising:
fluid flow path means for defining a fluid flow path in a supply line, said means having an inlet and an outlet and two fluid paths between said inlet and outlet, thereby de'ining a fluid loop, ~2~g~
an excitatlon transformer comprising a first toroidal core haviny a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, and a sensing transformer comprising a second toroidal core having a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, said second toroidal core having a fir6t plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the axis of its hole, said first plane of symmetry being coplanar with a plane of symmetry of said first toroidal core that is perpendicular to the axis of its hole, to thereby reduce leakage coupling between said transformers, said fluid f].ow path means comprising two circular conduit portions having a first length, centers, and ends and two connecting portions connecting the ends of different said circular conduit portions of a second length measured between the centers of said circular conduit portions, the outer diameter of each said conduit portion being approximately equal to the inner diameter of a said core and said wire turns on it, said first length being approximately equal to the thickness of a said core and said wire turns on it, said second length being approximately equal to the outer diameter of a said core and said wire turns on it.
Other advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment thereof and from the claims.
~25391~3i (; - 3 -Description of the Preferred Embodiment The drawings will be described first.
Drawinqs Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a conductivity cell according to the invention.
Fig. 2 is a plan view, partially in section, of the Fig. 1 cell.
Fig. 3 is an elevation of the Fig. 1 cell.
Fig. ~ is a vertical sectional view, taken at 4-4 of Fig. 2, of the Fig. 1 cell.
Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic exploded sectional view of the Fig. 1 cell.
Fig. 6 is an electrical schematic of the electrical components of the excitation and sensing circuitry connected to the Fig. 1 cell.
Structure Referring to Figs. 1-5, there is shown conductivity cell 10, including plastic fluid flow conduit 12, excitation transformer 14 and sensing transformer 16. Excitation transformer 14 and sensing transformer 16 each include a toroidal core 18 and wires 20 wrapped around the core.
~L253~
Cell 10 is mounted in the dialysate 10w path of a dialysate preparation and supply machine of the general type described in United States Patent No. 4,371,385 at a position along the di-alysate supply conduit downstream of the mixing of concentrate with water and is connected to a processor to control the addition of concentrate to water.
Channel 12 has inlet 22, outlet 24, circular con-duit portions 26, 28 (through transformers 14, 16) and connect-ing portions 30, 32 between them. In line with connecting portion 30 and extending beyond circular conduit portion 26 to inlet 22 is extension 31. In line with connecting portions 32 and extending beyond circular conduit portion 28 to outlet 24 is extension 35. Connecting portions 30, 32 have flat outer sur-faces and circular inner surfaces 33 defining fluid flow channels therein (Figure 4). As seen best in Figure 4, the outer diameter of the circular conduit portion 26 is close in size to the inner diameter of toroidal core 18 and the wire turns on it, resulting in the largest practical cross-sectional area for the fluid flow path permitted by the dimensions of the cores.
Also, the height of circular conduit portion is only slightly more than the thickness of toroidal core 18 and the wire turns on it, and there is a small distance between transformers 14, 16 (thus the length of the connecting portions between circular conduit portions is only slightly more than the diameter of the ~39~
~, ~
toroidal cores and the wire turns an them). These two factors provide a low value for the ratio of the length of fluid flow loop 38 (dashed line in Fig. 3) provided by connecting portions 30, 32 and circular portions 26, 28 to the cross-sectional area of the flow path, which in turn provides good sensitivity.
While the transformers could be physically brought slightly closer together, to the point that the turns on one core overlap those on the other core and even contact the other core, this is not done, because it would tend to increase the likelihood of a leakage coupling between the transformers.
As is seen in Fig. 5, channel 12 is made of two identical pieces 34, 36, which are solvent bonded together after inserting transformers 14, 16 between them.
Referring to Fig. 6, there is shown the electronic circuitry providing excitation signals to excitation transformer 14 and receiving the signal relating to fluid conductivity from sensing transformer 16. Transformer 14 is connected to receive a 10 KHz square wave excitation signal on the left side of the schematic from oscillator 39 and driver 40. On the right side, sensing transformer 16 is connected to current-to-voltage converter 42, AC ampli~ier 44, synchronous detector 46, and filter/buffer 48, including, respectively, amplifiers 58, 60, 62, 64 (LF347).
Oscillator 39 includes timer 41 (7555) and flip-flop 42 (74HC74). Both the true and complement outputs of flip-flop 43 are connected to driver interface 45 (75451), the true and :~Z539~
complement outputs of which are connected to trans~ormer 14.
The true output (Q) of flip-flop 43 is also connected by line 50 to synchronous detector 46.
Excitation transformer 14 is a bifilar wound transformer having 43 turns. Sensing transformer 16 has 89 turns. Both excitation transformer 14 and sensing transformer 16 each also have wrapped around them single wire turns 52, 54, connected to calibration pins 56, for connection to a resistor for use in calibrating the apparatus. The values or numbers of the remaining components on Fig. 6 are as follows:
Component Value or Number Capacitors C8 0.0056 C10 0.001 Cl, C2, CS, C6, C13, C14, C15 0.1 C9 0.47 C12, C16 1.0 C3, C4, C7 10.0 C11 lO.Opf Resistors R6 13.0 R13 100.0 R10 0.28X
R7, Rll 2.4K
R4 10.2K
~2539~
Resistors, cont.
R9, R12 14.0K
Rl, R2 23.7K
R8 28.OK
R3 49.9K
R14 lOO.OK
R5 274.OK
Transistor Ql 2N3904 OPeration 10 In operation, dialysate flows into inlet 22 through loop 38 and out outlet 29, filling up the entire fluid flow path between inlet 22 and outlet 24 and providing a ~luid loop coupled with transformers 14, 16. Because cell 10 is mounted so that the flow paths through connecting portions 30, 32 make a 45 angle with respect to the horizontal, there are no corners at which air bubbles (which would distort measurements) could be trapped; thus, any air bubbles are displaced.
Oscillator 39 provides a 10 KHz square wave applied by driver 40 to excitation transformer 14. A square wave is advantageous because it can be simply generated from inexpensive components providing a constant amplitude, which need not be controlled, as with sinusoidal waves. Driver 40 increases the voltage of the square wave received ~rom oscillator 39 from the S volt logic level to 12 volts.
~25;~9~
Excitation transformer 14 induces an electrical current in fluid loop 38, which current is then sensed by sensing transformer 16. The current induced in transformer 16 is proportional to the conductivity of liquid in loop 38.
Transformer 16 is capacitively coupled by capacitor C9 to amplifier 58, so that the DC offset is blocked and only the alternating signal is amplified. The output of amplifier 58 is a voltage that is proportional to the conductivity of the liquid in loop 38. Capacitor C12 is used to block the DC
offset so that amplifier 60 only amplifies the AC voltage.
Synchronous detector 46 converts the AC voltage from amplifier 44 to a DC voltage output, eliminating extraneous frequencies. When transistor Ql, driven by flip-flop 43, is turned on, it acts as a short to ground, and amplifier 62 operates as an inverting amplifier with a gain of -1; at this time the output of AC amplifier 44 is negative, resulting in a positive output from synchronous detector 46. When transistor Ql is turned off, it acts as an open circuit, and amplifier 62 has a gain of +l; at this time, the output of AC amplifier 44 is positi~e, resulting again in a positive output from synchronous detector 46.
The output of synchronous detector 46 charges capacitor C16 through resistor R14. If there are frequencies other than 10 KHz, over a long period the negative and positive components average out; only the signal at the 10 KHz frequency consistently charges capacitor C16, and is passed through 539 ~
amplifier 64 of filter/buffer 48. The output of filter/buffer 48 is a DC voltage proportional to conductivity; it is converted through an A/D converter to a digital signal by a digital pLO~
cessor (both not shown) used to control a dialysate preparation and supply machine of the general type described in United States Patent No. 4,371,385.
The circuitry of Figure 6 can be calibrated by placing a resistor of known value between pins 56, draining the liquid from loop 38 (so that transformers 14, 16 are only coupled through single turns 52, 54) and comparing the output of filter/buffer 48 with the known resistance of the resistor.
_ther Embodiments Other embodiments of the invention are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims (4)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A cell for remotely sensing conductivity of a fluid passing through it, said cell comprising:
fluid flow path means for defining a fluid flow path in a supply line, said means having an inlet and an outlet and two fluid paths between said inlet and outlet, thereby defining a fluid loop, an excitation transformer comprising a first toroidal core having a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, and a sensing transformer comprising a second toroidal core having a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, said second toroidal core having a first plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the axis of its hole, said first plane of symmetry being coplanar with a plane of symmetry of said first toroidal core that is perpendicular to the axis of its hole, to thereby reduce leakage coupling between said transformers, said fluid flow path means comprising two circular conduit portions having a first length, centers, and ends and two connecting portions connecting the ends of different said circular conduit portions of a second length measured between the centers of said circular conduit portions, the outer diameter of each said conduit portion being approximately equal to the inner diameter of a said core and said wire turns on it, said first length being approximately equal to the thickness of a said core and said wire turns on it, said second length being approximately equal to the outer diameter of a said core and said wire turns on it.
fluid flow path means for defining a fluid flow path in a supply line, said means having an inlet and an outlet and two fluid paths between said inlet and outlet, thereby defining a fluid loop, an excitation transformer comprising a first toroidal core having a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, and a sensing transformer comprising a second toroidal core having a hole through it and wire turns around it, said core encompassing a portion of said fluid flow path means and said fluid loop therein, said second toroidal core having a first plane of symmetry that is perpendicular to the axis of its hole, said first plane of symmetry being coplanar with a plane of symmetry of said first toroidal core that is perpendicular to the axis of its hole, to thereby reduce leakage coupling between said transformers, said fluid flow path means comprising two circular conduit portions having a first length, centers, and ends and two connecting portions connecting the ends of different said circular conduit portions of a second length measured between the centers of said circular conduit portions, the outer diameter of each said conduit portion being approximately equal to the inner diameter of a said core and said wire turns on it, said first length being approximately equal to the thickness of a said core and said wire turns on it, said second length being approximately equal to the outer diameter of a said core and said wire turns on it.
2. The cell of claim 1 wherein said connecting portions define circular fluid flow passages therein and have flat surfaces that face each other to restrain portions of said toroidal cores between them.
3. The cell of claim 1 wherein said fluid flow path means is made of identical portions, each said portion having a said connecting portion and half of each of said circular conduit portions.
4. The cell of claim 1 wherein there is a first extension in line with one said connecting portion and extending beyond an entrance to one said circular conduit to said inlet, and wherein there is a second extension in line with the other said connecting portion and extending in the other direction beyond an entrance to the other said circular conduit to the outlet, the fluid flow paths in said connecting portions and respective extensions being uninterrupted so as to avoid trapping bubbles when mounted at an inclined angel with respect to the horizontal.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US869,132 | 1986-05-30 | ||
| US06/869,132 US4740755A (en) | 1986-05-30 | 1986-05-30 | Remote conductivity sensor having transformer coupling in fluid flow path |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1253919A true CA1253919A (en) | 1989-05-09 |
Family
ID=25352979
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000537358A Expired CA1253919A (en) | 1986-05-30 | 1987-05-19 | Remote conductivity sensor having coplanar transformer cores in fluid flow path |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4740755A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1253919A (en) |
Families Citing this family (62)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH03235067A (en) * | 1990-02-13 | 1991-10-21 | Tosoh Corp | Electromagnetic type conductivity meter and method for measuring conductivity |
| US5276728A (en) * | 1991-11-06 | 1994-01-04 | Kenneth Pagliaroli | Remotely activated automobile disabling system |
| US5439467A (en) * | 1991-12-03 | 1995-08-08 | Vesica Medical, Inc. | Suture passer |
| US5266899A (en) * | 1992-01-31 | 1993-11-30 | Akzo N.V. | Salt analyzer switchably capable of employing contact and non-contact conductivity probes |
| EP0590810B1 (en) * | 1992-09-30 | 1998-07-15 | Cobe Laboratories, Inc. | Differential conductivity recirculation monitor |
| US5631552A (en) * | 1992-09-30 | 1997-05-20 | Cobe Laboratories, Inc. | Hemodynamic monitor for detecting air bubbles |
| US5644240A (en) * | 1992-09-30 | 1997-07-01 | Cobe Laboratories, Inc. | Differential conductivity hemodynamic monitor |
| US5591344A (en) * | 1995-02-13 | 1997-01-07 | Aksys, Ltd. | Hot water disinfection of dialysis machines, including the extracorporeal circuit thereof |
| US5657000A (en) * | 1995-06-02 | 1997-08-12 | Cobe Laboratories, Inc. | Peristaltic pump occlusion detector and adjuster |
| US5959455A (en) * | 1997-10-06 | 1999-09-28 | Falmouth Scientific, Inc. | Fluid conductively sensor |
| US6189388B1 (en) | 1997-11-12 | 2001-02-20 | Gambro, Inc. | Access flow monitoring using reversal of normal blood flow |
| US6726647B1 (en) * | 1998-10-23 | 2004-04-27 | Gambro Ab | Method and device for measuring access flow |
| US6359449B1 (en) | 1999-06-29 | 2002-03-19 | Intellectual Property Llc | Single coil conductance measuring apparatus |
| US6471106B1 (en) | 2001-11-15 | 2002-10-29 | Intellectual Property Llc | Apparatus and method for restricting the discharge of fasteners from a tool |
| FR2836831B1 (en) * | 2002-03-07 | 2004-06-25 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | COMBINATION OF CHEMOTHERAPY AND ANTISENSE OF DNA DEMETHYLASE |
| US7052480B2 (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2006-05-30 | Baxter International Inc. | Access disconnection systems and methods |
| US10155082B2 (en) | 2002-04-10 | 2018-12-18 | Baxter International Inc. | Enhanced signal detection for access disconnection systems |
| US7022098B2 (en) | 2002-04-10 | 2006-04-04 | Baxter International Inc. | Access disconnection systems and methods |
| US7138088B2 (en) * | 2002-04-10 | 2006-11-21 | Baxter International Inc. | Access disconnection system and methods |
| US20040254513A1 (en) | 2002-04-10 | 2004-12-16 | Sherwin Shang | Conductive polymer materials and applications thereof including monitoring and providing effective therapy |
| USRE49221E1 (en) | 2002-06-14 | 2022-09-27 | Parker Intangibles, Llc | Single-use manifolds for automated, aseptic handling of solutions in bioprocessing applications |
| US9283521B2 (en) | 2002-06-14 | 2016-03-15 | Parker-Hannifin Corporation | Single-use manifold and sensors for automated, aseptic transfer of solutions in bioprocessing applications |
| EP2095835B1 (en) * | 2003-01-28 | 2013-04-03 | Gambro Lundia AB | Apparatus for monitoring a vascular access |
| US8029454B2 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2011-10-04 | Baxter International Inc. | High convection home hemodialysis/hemofiltration and sorbent system |
| EP1691862A1 (en) * | 2003-11-20 | 2006-08-23 | Gambro Lundia AB | Method, apparatus and software program for measurement of a parameter relating to a heart-lung system of a mammal. |
| WO2005061043A1 (en) * | 2003-12-11 | 2005-07-07 | Gambro Lundia Ab | Switching device and apparatus for controlling flow of a fluid |
| US7744553B2 (en) | 2003-12-16 | 2010-06-29 | Baxter International Inc. | Medical fluid therapy flow control systems and methods |
| US7405572B2 (en) * | 2005-05-02 | 2008-07-29 | Invensys Systems, Inc. | Non-metallic flow-through electrodeless conductivity sensor and leak detector |
| US7279903B2 (en) * | 2005-05-02 | 2007-10-09 | Invensys Systems, Inc. | Non-metallic flow-through electrodeless conductivity sensor with leak and temperature detection |
| WO2006123197A1 (en) * | 2005-05-18 | 2006-11-23 | Gambro Lundia Ab | An apparatus for controlling blood flow in an extracorporeal circuit. |
| DE102005029047B4 (en) * | 2005-06-21 | 2007-06-21 | Miele & Cie. Kg | Sensor device and method for producing a sensor device |
| US7857506B2 (en) * | 2005-12-05 | 2010-12-28 | Sencal Llc | Disposable, pre-calibrated, pre-validated sensors for use in bio-processing applications |
| GB2444509B (en) * | 2006-12-06 | 2010-09-15 | Abb Ltd | Conductivity sensor |
| US8535522B2 (en) * | 2009-02-12 | 2013-09-17 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | System and method for detection of disconnection in an extracorporeal blood circuit |
| US8240636B2 (en) | 2009-01-12 | 2012-08-14 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Valve system |
| US8105487B2 (en) | 2007-09-25 | 2012-01-31 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Manifolds for use in conducting dialysis |
| US8597505B2 (en) | 2007-09-13 | 2013-12-03 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Portable dialysis machine |
| US9358331B2 (en) | 2007-09-13 | 2016-06-07 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Portable dialysis machine with improved reservoir heating system |
| US20090076434A1 (en) * | 2007-09-13 | 2009-03-19 | Mischelevich David J | Method and System for Achieving Volumetric Accuracy in Hemodialysis Systems |
| US9308307B2 (en) | 2007-09-13 | 2016-04-12 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Manifold diaphragms |
| US8040493B2 (en) | 2007-10-11 | 2011-10-18 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Thermal flow meter |
| CA2706919C (en) | 2007-11-29 | 2018-03-06 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | System and method for conducting hemodialysis and hemofiltration |
| DE102008011380A1 (en) | 2008-02-27 | 2009-09-03 | Endress + Hauser Conducta Gesellschaft für Mess- und Regeltechnik mbH + Co. KG | Inductive measuring sensor for inductive measurement of conductivity of flowing liquid or gaseous medium, is provided with two laterally arranged toroidal inductors |
| US20090267617A1 (en) * | 2008-03-24 | 2009-10-29 | Samad Seyfi | Apparatus and method for measuring salinity of a fluid by inductance |
| DE102008047960A1 (en) | 2008-09-18 | 2010-03-25 | Endress + Hauser Conducta Gesellschaft für Mess- und Regeltechnik mbH + Co. KG | Annular coil for use in inductive conductivity sensor utilized for measuring conductivity of liquid medium, has electrical conductor with two conductive strip sections, where current flow in one of sections is directed against component |
| DE102008048995A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 | 2010-04-01 | Endress + Hauser Conducta Gesellschaft für Mess- und Regeltechnik mbH + Co. KG | Inductive conductivity sensor |
| CA2976872C (en) | 2008-10-07 | 2021-04-13 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Priming system and method for dialysis systems |
| CA2739807C (en) | 2008-10-30 | 2017-02-28 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Modular, portable dialysis system |
| WO2010114932A1 (en) * | 2009-03-31 | 2010-10-07 | Xcorporeal, Inc. | Modular reservoir assembly for a hemodialysis and hemofiltration system |
| DE102010029762A1 (en) * | 2010-06-07 | 2011-12-08 | Endress + Hauser Conducta Gesellschaft für Mess- und Regeltechnik mbH + Co. KG | Method for determining a residual coupling of an inductive conductivity sensor |
| US8525533B2 (en) | 2010-09-16 | 2013-09-03 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Conductivity detector for fluids |
| US9201036B2 (en) | 2012-12-21 | 2015-12-01 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Method and system of monitoring electrolyte levels and composition using capacitance or induction |
| US9157786B2 (en) | 2012-12-24 | 2015-10-13 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Load suspension and weighing system for a dialysis machine reservoir |
| US9433720B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-09-06 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Universal portable artificial kidney for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis |
| US20140263062A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2014-09-18 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Universal portable machine for online hemodiafiltration using regenerated dialysate |
| US9410910B1 (en) | 2013-05-23 | 2016-08-09 | D-2 Inc. | Hybrid conductivity sensor |
| US9354640B2 (en) | 2013-11-11 | 2016-05-31 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Smart actuator for valve |
| US9889244B2 (en) | 2015-12-17 | 2018-02-13 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | System and method for controlling venous air recovery in a portable dialysis system |
| CA3015254A1 (en) | 2016-03-08 | 2017-09-14 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Methods and systems of generating rapidly varying pressure amplitudes in fluidic circuits in a dialysis treatment system |
| EP3426320B1 (en) | 2016-03-08 | 2022-12-14 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Systems for detecting an occlusion in a blood circuit of a dialysis system |
| US10561778B2 (en) | 2017-03-02 | 2020-02-18 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Split reservoir bags and method of using split reservoir bags to improve the heating and generation of dialysate |
| US11110214B2 (en) | 2017-04-07 | 2021-09-07 | Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc. | Methods and systems for measuring and heating dialysate |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB831692A (en) * | 1956-11-15 | 1960-03-30 | Wayne Kerr Lab Ltd | Improvements in or relating to the measurement of the electrical conductance of liquids |
| BE626240A (en) * | 1961-12-19 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| US3404336A (en) * | 1965-07-26 | 1968-10-01 | Beckman Instruments Inc | Apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity of a fluid |
| US3396331A (en) * | 1965-08-19 | 1968-08-06 | Beckman Instruments Inc | Method of and apparatus for measuring the electrical conductivity of a solution |
| FR2266891B1 (en) * | 1974-04-05 | 1978-11-17 | Citroen Sa | |
| US4138639A (en) * | 1977-07-14 | 1979-02-06 | Hutchins Thomas B | Fluid conductivity measurement |
-
1986
- 1986-05-30 US US06/869,132 patent/US4740755A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-05-19 CA CA000537358A patent/CA1253919A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4740755A (en) | 1988-04-26 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA1253919A (en) | Remote conductivity sensor having coplanar transformer cores in fluid flow path | |
| US4825168A (en) | Remote conductivity sensor using square wave excitation | |
| US5546005A (en) | Guarded capacitance probe and related measurement circuit | |
| US5417119A (en) | Dual electromagnet partially disposable fluid flow transducer with side-by-side electrodes | |
| US4010715A (en) | Fluid conductivity detecting means | |
| US6626048B1 (en) | Magnetic flow meter | |
| US4346604A (en) | Electromagnetic flow probe | |
| JP2019522784A (en) | Non-contact type electrical conductivity and non-conductor dielectric constant change measurement device using RF signal | |
| US4554828A (en) | Measuring device for the magneto-inductive measuring of the flow rate of a liquid medium | |
| GB2191293A (en) | Induction conductivity sensor | |
| JPH0410585B2 (en) | ||
| JPS6363856B2 (en) | ||
| US2899636A (en) | rubricius | |
| SU1057833A1 (en) | Device for measuring salt content in liquid media | |
| SU748214A1 (en) | Conductometer immersion-type transducer | |
| JPS6331734B2 (en) | ||
| JPH0635142Y2 (en) | Coaxial electrode structure of capacitance type continuous liquid level indicator | |
| SU1552121A1 (en) | Device for measuring specific electric conduction of liquid | |
| SU798653A1 (en) | Apparatus for measuring ferromagnetic characteristics of ferromagnetic materials | |
| JPS55450A (en) | Mixing ratio meter for powders | |
| SU1150544A1 (en) | Device for measuring liquid flow speed gradient | |
| SU1402965A1 (en) | Device for measuring electric conductivity of fluils | |
| SU763764A1 (en) | Conductometric transformer transducer with liquid feedback loop | |
| SU528488A1 (en) | Conductometric Transformer Converter with Liquid Circuit Communication | |
| SU1589182A1 (en) | Apparatus for measuring specific conductance of liquid |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |