CA1275006A - Food production - Google Patents
Food productionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1275006A CA1275006A CA000478507A CA478507A CA1275006A CA 1275006 A CA1275006 A CA 1275006A CA 000478507 A CA000478507 A CA 000478507A CA 478507 A CA478507 A CA 478507A CA 1275006 A CA1275006 A CA 1275006A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- linolenic acid
- feed
- series
- linolenic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
- A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S426/00—Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
- Y10S426/807—Poultry or ruminant feed
Abstract
FOOD PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method of maintaining hens or other domesticated birds for egg production, comprises giving the birds feed supplemented with .gamma.-linolenic acid or one or more higher acids in the n-6 series, in the form of the free acid or as an ester, amide, phospholipid, salt or other physiologically acceptable derivative convertible in the bird's body to, or having the effect of, the free acid.
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method of maintaining hens or other domesticated birds for egg production, comprises giving the birds feed supplemented with .gamma.-linolenic acid or one or more higher acids in the n-6 series, in the form of the free acid or as an ester, amide, phospholipid, salt or other physiologically acceptable derivative convertible in the bird's body to, or having the effect of, the free acid.
Description
~7S0~&~
FOOD PRODUCTION
ELD OF INVE~TION
The invention relates to egg production by domesticated birds, particularly fowls.
OENERAL DISCUSSION
Eggs are one of the major sources of cholesterol in the diet, and currently renewed concern about the relationship of cholesterol to cardiovascular disease has led to the cholesterol content of eggs becoming an important barxier to increased consumption. There is, however, little or no cholesterol in the diet of hens and if cholesterol biosynthesis by the hen could be reduced, this might enable an egg to be produced with a lower content of cholesterol.
A high intake of linoleic acid in the diet has long been known to reduce plasma cholesterol in humans, though the mechanism is unknown. We have found that the linoleic acid must be converted to y-linolenic acid ~GLA) if it is to be effective, GLA being 100-200 times more potent at lowering human plasma cholesterol than is linolelc acid. It is uncertain as yet whether GIA or one ofits metabolites is involved, but dihomo-y-linolenic acid (DGL~), arachidonic acid (AA), 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6, and the prostaglandins and related substances derived from DGLA, AA or 22:4n-6, are all possible candidates for the final actise metabolitej the relations between them being as set out in the following diagram:
:
~27~0i~
Linoleic Acid ~9,12-octadecadienoic acid) GLA
; (6~9,12-octadecatrienoic acid~
DGLA DGLA ~ l-series ester -~ (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid) endoperoxides resenres ~ I
! (small~
I ~ l-series i Large AA PGs AA ester = (Arachidonic acid i.e.
reser~es ~ - 5, a,11,14-eicosatet\aenoic acid) 10 ' ,'
FOOD PRODUCTION
ELD OF INVE~TION
The invention relates to egg production by domesticated birds, particularly fowls.
OENERAL DISCUSSION
Eggs are one of the major sources of cholesterol in the diet, and currently renewed concern about the relationship of cholesterol to cardiovascular disease has led to the cholesterol content of eggs becoming an important barxier to increased consumption. There is, however, little or no cholesterol in the diet of hens and if cholesterol biosynthesis by the hen could be reduced, this might enable an egg to be produced with a lower content of cholesterol.
A high intake of linoleic acid in the diet has long been known to reduce plasma cholesterol in humans, though the mechanism is unknown. We have found that the linoleic acid must be converted to y-linolenic acid ~GLA) if it is to be effective, GLA being 100-200 times more potent at lowering human plasma cholesterol than is linolelc acid. It is uncertain as yet whether GIA or one ofits metabolites is involved, but dihomo-y-linolenic acid (DGL~), arachidonic acid (AA), 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6, and the prostaglandins and related substances derived from DGLA, AA or 22:4n-6, are all possible candidates for the final actise metabolitej the relations between them being as set out in the following diagram:
:
~27~0i~
Linoleic Acid ~9,12-octadecadienoic acid) GLA
; (6~9,12-octadecatrienoic acid~
DGLA DGLA ~ l-series ester -~ (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid) endoperoxides resenres ~ I
! (small~
I ~ l-series i Large AA PGs AA ester = (Arachidonic acid i.e.
reser~es ~ - 5, a,11,14-eicosatet\aenoic acid) 10 ' ,'
2-series endoperoxides 2-seri~s PGs ~ Adre~ic acld etc.
The broad outline of this pathway is well known, and it brings out clearly that a major function of essential fatty acids is to act;as precursors for prostaglandins, l-series PGs ; being formed from DGLA a:nd 2-series PGs from arachidonic acid.
Further, it has recently been found that the 22:4n-6 acid produced from arachidonic acid gives rise to a series of homo-2-series PGs though their importance is as yet unknown.
DGLA is the key substance. GLA is almost complet ly and very rapidly converted in the body to DGLA and so for practical purposes the oral administration of DGLA and GLA amounts to the same thing. DGLA can be converted to a storage for~ or to ~ 275~
PGs of the 1-series or, through arachidonic acid, to PGs of the 2-series.
The pathways of metabolism of the n-6 essential fatty acids and the related n-3 acids sharing, it is ~elieved, common enzymes 5 in the two pathways, are:
n-6 ~-~
18:2 ~ ~1 (linoleic acid) ~,12,15 ( -linQl~niC
acid) ~ 1~6desaturase 18:3 ~ ~-linolenic 18 4 ~6,9,12,15 - acid) elongatio~ ~
20 3 ~8,~ 4~dihomo_y_ ~8,11,14,17 linolenlc acid) 15~ ~5desaturase 20 4 ~5~8,11~14(araChidoniC 20 5 ~5,8,~ 4.17 acid) l~ ~ elongation 22 4 ~7,10~13,16 ~adreni~ acid) 22 5 ~7~10~13~16~19 20 l~ ~ ~4d2gaturase ~ 22-5 ~4~7~10~3-l6 ; ~ 22 6 ~4,?~l0~l3,l6~l9 The pathways are~not normally reversible nor the n-3 and n-6 series acids interconvertible.
;25 ; The acids, which naturally are of the all-cis configuration, are systematically namedlas derivatives of the corresponding octadecanoic,~eicosanoiclor docosanoic acids e.g. ~ ' octadecad-4'7'l0'l3'l6'l~ docosahexaenoic acid. but numerical designation suCh as~ correspondln~ly~ 18:2n-6 or 22:6n-3 is convenient. Initials, for example, DHA for 22;6n-3 ~docosa-hexaenoic acid), are also used but do not serve when n-3 and ~ ; n-6 acids of the same chain length and degree of unsaturation ; exist. Trivia1 names in more or less common use in the n-6 series are as shown~ of the n-3 series only 18:3n-3 has a commonly used trivial name, ~ -linolenic acid. It was characterized earlier than y -linolenic acid and reference in the literature simply to linolenic acid, especially in the earlier literature, is to be ~-acid.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
.
A trial was set up in which 12 chickens were fed normal chow and 12 chickens chow with 10% of evening primrose oil (EPO~ containing 9% of `(-linolenic acid (i.e., o~9% of chow by weight was r -linolenic acid). An egg was taken from each bird every week~ The figures reached a plateau at six weeks and the six week figures are therefore shown:
Non~ Chow EPO
15 Egg wei~ht g 63.5+3.4 72.0+3.1 % lipids in the egg 18.8~1.2 16.3+0.8 Total cholesteroVegg mg 146+7 132+6 Choles~l concentration mg/g 2.30 1.83 Oleic acid in ph~holipids 20 (weigh~ of fatty acids present) 25.4+1.1 16.4+1.2 Linoleic acid " 15.6~1.2 23.6+2.1 GLA " Negligible 0.6i0.1 DGLA " O.42+0.1 0.67+0.1 Arachidonic acid " 7.62+0.59 7.42+0.68 25 22:4n-6 " 0.33+0.07 0.4~+0.07 22:5n-6 " 1.0+0.23 1.75+0.2 Thus GLA increased egg size, reduced cholesterol conce~tration and content per egg, and (with the exception of arachidonic acid) increased polyunsaturate concentration.
THE INVEN~ION
According to one aspect o~ the present invantion there is provided feed for maintaining hens or other domesticated birds for egg production ~upplemented with one or more of y-linolenic acid and higher acids in the n-6 series, in the form of the free acid or as an ester, amide, phospholipid, salt or other physiologically acceptable derivative convertible in the bird's body to, or having the e~ect of, the ~ree acid.
~7~
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided eggs improved in respect of size, proportion of or total cholesterol content, and proportion of one or more polyunsaturated n-6 E~s, when produced employing the feed according to the present invention (the improvements being in comparison with eggs produced by the same birds without employment of the feed).
In summary, the invention lies in egg production (desirably of non-fertilized eggs) in domesticated birds, particularly fowls, wherein the birds are given feed as above to improve the eggs in respect of size, percentage or total cholesterol content, or polyunsaturate content.
The inYention extends also to the eggs produced by such methods and to feed comprising natural or synthetic EFAs y -linolenic acid and/or higher acids in the n-6 series or derivatives as above. A convenient amount of EFA or derivative to be fed is O.Ol to 10~ preferably O.1 to 2% by weight (calculated as y -linolenic acid) of the feed.
DERIVATIVES
Convenient derivatives of y -Iinolenic acid in particular include the C1-C4 alkyl (e.g. methyl) esters and the glycerides. Generally herein reference to an EFA
is to be taken as including reference to ~he acid when in the form of a derivative. Convertability is demonstrated by entry into the pathway quoted herein, as evidenced by effects corresponding to those of the acids themselves or their natural glyçeride esters. Thus, indirect identification of useful derivatives is by their having the valuable effect of the acid itself, but conversion can be shown directly by gas chromatographic analysis of concentrations in blood, body fat, or other tissue by standard techniques, for example those of Pelick et al. p.
23, "Analysis of Lipids and Lipoproteins" Ed. Perkins, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.
~ , . . .
~7~
In outline the method i~ suitably that plasma or other samples (1 ml) are ex*racted with chloroform:metha~ol t2:1). The extract is filtered through sodium sulphate, evaporated to dryness, and taken up in 0.5 ml chloroform:methanol. The lipid fractions are separated by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates.
The phospholipid fraction, taken to reflect essential fatty acid contents most sensitively, is methylated using boron tr~fluoride-methanol. The resulting methyl esters o~ the fatty aclds are separated and measure~ using a Bewlett Pack æ d 5880 gas chromatograph with a six foot column packed with 10% Silar* on Chromosorb* WAW ~06/2~0.
The carrier gas is helium (30 ml/min). Oven temperatuxe i9 progra~m~d to rise from 165 & to lgo& at 2 C/min. Detector temperature is 220C and injector temperature 200C.
Retention times and~p2ak areas are automatically computed by ~ewlett Packard~Level 4 integrator. Peaks are identi~ied by comparison with standard ~atty acid methyl esters.
SDUR OE S
It is at present convenient to inoorporate y-linolenic acid in the form of an available oil having a high ~-linolenic acid con~ent. ~ At the present time known~natural sources o~
oils ha~ins a~high y-linolenlc acid content are ~ew (there are no known natural sources of significant ; 25 ~ amounts of dihomo-y-linolenic acid). Ona source of oils currently available i~ the seed of Bvening Primrose specLes such as Oenothera biennis L. and Oenothera~ 1amarckiana, the oil extracted therefrom containing y-linolenic acid ~abou~ ~) and linoleic acid ~about 72%) in the fonm o~
their glycerides together with other glycerides (percentages based on total fatty acids).
* - Trademarks ,, ~2~
The seed oil can be used as 9uch or can if desired b~ fractionated to yield an oily composition containing the triglyceriaes of y-linolenic and linoleic acid as the main fatty acid components, the y-linolenic acid content being if desired a major proportion. Seed oil extracts appear to have a stabilising effect upon any dihomo y-linolenic acid or physiologically functional derivative thereof.
The oil is extracted from the seeds by one of the conventionalmethods of eXtraCtinsuch as cold pressure, screw pressure after partially cooking the seed, or solvent extraction.
Fractionation of a typical sample of this oil shows a yield of 97.0~ oil in the form of methyl esters, with the relative proportions:
Palmitate 6.15 Stearate 1.6 Oleate 10.15 Linoleate 72.6 y-linolena~e 8.9~
Sources of other n-6 EFA's are, for example from slaughter-houses but normally y~linolenic acid will be preferred for economic reasons.
EXAMPLES
The experimental work quoted earlier herein is, as to the preparation of EPO chow and egg production using it, an example of the application of the invention. Similar results are obtainable by feeding normal cho~ supplemented by 50% or more of its weight of evening primrose seed residue after conventional extraction of the greater part of the oil by the methods referred to herein. Alternatives to the Evening Primrose seed are blackcurrant, redcurrant or gooseberry seed (Ribes nigra, rubra, grossularia?, hop seed (~mulus sp.) or seeds of borage species such as Boraso o~ficinalis which, though current yield per acre is low, provide a richer source of y-linolenlc acid than OenDthera oil. sesides oil extraction 5~
. _ residues, the seeds themselves may be fed, particularly for example seed cake from production of blackcurrant drinks. Moreover, recent studies on fungi which can be cultivated by fermentation promise a fungal oil source.
Example 1 Iaying hens are fed standard dry "Iayer's ~ash" as sold by feed compounders such as BOCM Silcock*or Spiller~ at the rate of 120 g per bird per day, supplemented with Evening Primrose seed oil (approx. 8 or 9~ y-linolenic acid) 5 g, fed pre-mixed ~ith a portion of the mash.
Example 2 -Hens are fed mash a~ last at 100 g per bird per day supplemented with 20 g Evening Primrose seed itself to give approximately 0.3 g y-linolenic acid per bird per day.
Example 3 Hens are fed ~ash as in Example I but reduced in amount to 75 g per-bird per day with 50 g per bird per day of the residue from mechanical extraction of oil from Evening Primrose seed, giving ca. 0.05~ y-linolenic acid in the feed based on total feed weight.
Example 4 ~ ens are fed mash as in Example 1 but reduced in amount to 100 g per bird per day with 50 g per bird per day of dry pip cake from extractlon of blackcurrant~juice for fruit drinks. Tne principal unsaturated fatty acids in the oil of such pips are in a typical 25 analysis by weight:
Oleic acid 9.5%
Ilnoleic ac~d 48~
~-linolenic acid 17.54 ~-linol~nic acid 13%
and, according to the variety and condition of growth, the dry plp cake may contain 20~ lipid by weight, giving somewhat over 1 y-linolenic acLd based on feed weight.
* - Trademarks '~ j A
" , . j
The broad outline of this pathway is well known, and it brings out clearly that a major function of essential fatty acids is to act;as precursors for prostaglandins, l-series PGs ; being formed from DGLA a:nd 2-series PGs from arachidonic acid.
Further, it has recently been found that the 22:4n-6 acid produced from arachidonic acid gives rise to a series of homo-2-series PGs though their importance is as yet unknown.
DGLA is the key substance. GLA is almost complet ly and very rapidly converted in the body to DGLA and so for practical purposes the oral administration of DGLA and GLA amounts to the same thing. DGLA can be converted to a storage for~ or to ~ 275~
PGs of the 1-series or, through arachidonic acid, to PGs of the 2-series.
The pathways of metabolism of the n-6 essential fatty acids and the related n-3 acids sharing, it is ~elieved, common enzymes 5 in the two pathways, are:
n-6 ~-~
18:2 ~ ~1 (linoleic acid) ~,12,15 ( -linQl~niC
acid) ~ 1~6desaturase 18:3 ~ ~-linolenic 18 4 ~6,9,12,15 - acid) elongatio~ ~
20 3 ~8,~ 4~dihomo_y_ ~8,11,14,17 linolenlc acid) 15~ ~5desaturase 20 4 ~5~8,11~14(araChidoniC 20 5 ~5,8,~ 4.17 acid) l~ ~ elongation 22 4 ~7,10~13,16 ~adreni~ acid) 22 5 ~7~10~13~16~19 20 l~ ~ ~4d2gaturase ~ 22-5 ~4~7~10~3-l6 ; ~ 22 6 ~4,?~l0~l3,l6~l9 The pathways are~not normally reversible nor the n-3 and n-6 series acids interconvertible.
;25 ; The acids, which naturally are of the all-cis configuration, are systematically namedlas derivatives of the corresponding octadecanoic,~eicosanoiclor docosanoic acids e.g. ~ ' octadecad-4'7'l0'l3'l6'l~ docosahexaenoic acid. but numerical designation suCh as~ correspondln~ly~ 18:2n-6 or 22:6n-3 is convenient. Initials, for example, DHA for 22;6n-3 ~docosa-hexaenoic acid), are also used but do not serve when n-3 and ~ ; n-6 acids of the same chain length and degree of unsaturation ; exist. Trivia1 names in more or less common use in the n-6 series are as shown~ of the n-3 series only 18:3n-3 has a commonly used trivial name, ~ -linolenic acid. It was characterized earlier than y -linolenic acid and reference in the literature simply to linolenic acid, especially in the earlier literature, is to be ~-acid.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
.
A trial was set up in which 12 chickens were fed normal chow and 12 chickens chow with 10% of evening primrose oil (EPO~ containing 9% of `(-linolenic acid (i.e., o~9% of chow by weight was r -linolenic acid). An egg was taken from each bird every week~ The figures reached a plateau at six weeks and the six week figures are therefore shown:
Non~ Chow EPO
15 Egg wei~ht g 63.5+3.4 72.0+3.1 % lipids in the egg 18.8~1.2 16.3+0.8 Total cholesteroVegg mg 146+7 132+6 Choles~l concentration mg/g 2.30 1.83 Oleic acid in ph~holipids 20 (weigh~ of fatty acids present) 25.4+1.1 16.4+1.2 Linoleic acid " 15.6~1.2 23.6+2.1 GLA " Negligible 0.6i0.1 DGLA " O.42+0.1 0.67+0.1 Arachidonic acid " 7.62+0.59 7.42+0.68 25 22:4n-6 " 0.33+0.07 0.4~+0.07 22:5n-6 " 1.0+0.23 1.75+0.2 Thus GLA increased egg size, reduced cholesterol conce~tration and content per egg, and (with the exception of arachidonic acid) increased polyunsaturate concentration.
THE INVEN~ION
According to one aspect o~ the present invantion there is provided feed for maintaining hens or other domesticated birds for egg production ~upplemented with one or more of y-linolenic acid and higher acids in the n-6 series, in the form of the free acid or as an ester, amide, phospholipid, salt or other physiologically acceptable derivative convertible in the bird's body to, or having the e~ect of, the ~ree acid.
~7~
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided eggs improved in respect of size, proportion of or total cholesterol content, and proportion of one or more polyunsaturated n-6 E~s, when produced employing the feed according to the present invention (the improvements being in comparison with eggs produced by the same birds without employment of the feed).
In summary, the invention lies in egg production (desirably of non-fertilized eggs) in domesticated birds, particularly fowls, wherein the birds are given feed as above to improve the eggs in respect of size, percentage or total cholesterol content, or polyunsaturate content.
The inYention extends also to the eggs produced by such methods and to feed comprising natural or synthetic EFAs y -linolenic acid and/or higher acids in the n-6 series or derivatives as above. A convenient amount of EFA or derivative to be fed is O.Ol to 10~ preferably O.1 to 2% by weight (calculated as y -linolenic acid) of the feed.
DERIVATIVES
Convenient derivatives of y -Iinolenic acid in particular include the C1-C4 alkyl (e.g. methyl) esters and the glycerides. Generally herein reference to an EFA
is to be taken as including reference to ~he acid when in the form of a derivative. Convertability is demonstrated by entry into the pathway quoted herein, as evidenced by effects corresponding to those of the acids themselves or their natural glyçeride esters. Thus, indirect identification of useful derivatives is by their having the valuable effect of the acid itself, but conversion can be shown directly by gas chromatographic analysis of concentrations in blood, body fat, or other tissue by standard techniques, for example those of Pelick et al. p.
23, "Analysis of Lipids and Lipoproteins" Ed. Perkins, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A.
~ , . . .
~7~
In outline the method i~ suitably that plasma or other samples (1 ml) are ex*racted with chloroform:metha~ol t2:1). The extract is filtered through sodium sulphate, evaporated to dryness, and taken up in 0.5 ml chloroform:methanol. The lipid fractions are separated by thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates.
The phospholipid fraction, taken to reflect essential fatty acid contents most sensitively, is methylated using boron tr~fluoride-methanol. The resulting methyl esters o~ the fatty aclds are separated and measure~ using a Bewlett Pack æ d 5880 gas chromatograph with a six foot column packed with 10% Silar* on Chromosorb* WAW ~06/2~0.
The carrier gas is helium (30 ml/min). Oven temperatuxe i9 progra~m~d to rise from 165 & to lgo& at 2 C/min. Detector temperature is 220C and injector temperature 200C.
Retention times and~p2ak areas are automatically computed by ~ewlett Packard~Level 4 integrator. Peaks are identi~ied by comparison with standard ~atty acid methyl esters.
SDUR OE S
It is at present convenient to inoorporate y-linolenic acid in the form of an available oil having a high ~-linolenic acid con~ent. ~ At the present time known~natural sources o~
oils ha~ins a~high y-linolenlc acid content are ~ew (there are no known natural sources of significant ; 25 ~ amounts of dihomo-y-linolenic acid). Ona source of oils currently available i~ the seed of Bvening Primrose specLes such as Oenothera biennis L. and Oenothera~ 1amarckiana, the oil extracted therefrom containing y-linolenic acid ~abou~ ~) and linoleic acid ~about 72%) in the fonm o~
their glycerides together with other glycerides (percentages based on total fatty acids).
* - Trademarks ,, ~2~
The seed oil can be used as 9uch or can if desired b~ fractionated to yield an oily composition containing the triglyceriaes of y-linolenic and linoleic acid as the main fatty acid components, the y-linolenic acid content being if desired a major proportion. Seed oil extracts appear to have a stabilising effect upon any dihomo y-linolenic acid or physiologically functional derivative thereof.
The oil is extracted from the seeds by one of the conventionalmethods of eXtraCtinsuch as cold pressure, screw pressure after partially cooking the seed, or solvent extraction.
Fractionation of a typical sample of this oil shows a yield of 97.0~ oil in the form of methyl esters, with the relative proportions:
Palmitate 6.15 Stearate 1.6 Oleate 10.15 Linoleate 72.6 y-linolena~e 8.9~
Sources of other n-6 EFA's are, for example from slaughter-houses but normally y~linolenic acid will be preferred for economic reasons.
EXAMPLES
The experimental work quoted earlier herein is, as to the preparation of EPO chow and egg production using it, an example of the application of the invention. Similar results are obtainable by feeding normal cho~ supplemented by 50% or more of its weight of evening primrose seed residue after conventional extraction of the greater part of the oil by the methods referred to herein. Alternatives to the Evening Primrose seed are blackcurrant, redcurrant or gooseberry seed (Ribes nigra, rubra, grossularia?, hop seed (~mulus sp.) or seeds of borage species such as Boraso o~ficinalis which, though current yield per acre is low, provide a richer source of y-linolenlc acid than OenDthera oil. sesides oil extraction 5~
. _ residues, the seeds themselves may be fed, particularly for example seed cake from production of blackcurrant drinks. Moreover, recent studies on fungi which can be cultivated by fermentation promise a fungal oil source.
Example 1 Iaying hens are fed standard dry "Iayer's ~ash" as sold by feed compounders such as BOCM Silcock*or Spiller~ at the rate of 120 g per bird per day, supplemented with Evening Primrose seed oil (approx. 8 or 9~ y-linolenic acid) 5 g, fed pre-mixed ~ith a portion of the mash.
Example 2 -Hens are fed mash a~ last at 100 g per bird per day supplemented with 20 g Evening Primrose seed itself to give approximately 0.3 g y-linolenic acid per bird per day.
Example 3 Hens are fed ~ash as in Example I but reduced in amount to 75 g per-bird per day with 50 g per bird per day of the residue from mechanical extraction of oil from Evening Primrose seed, giving ca. 0.05~ y-linolenic acid in the feed based on total feed weight.
Example 4 ~ ens are fed mash as in Example 1 but reduced in amount to 100 g per bird per day with 50 g per bird per day of dry pip cake from extractlon of blackcurrant~juice for fruit drinks. Tne principal unsaturated fatty acids in the oil of such pips are in a typical 25 analysis by weight:
Oleic acid 9.5%
Ilnoleic ac~d 48~
~-linolenic acid 17.54 ~-linol~nic acid 13%
and, according to the variety and condition of growth, the dry plp cake may contain 20~ lipid by weight, giving somewhat over 1 y-linolenic acLd based on feed weight.
* - Trademarks '~ j A
" , . j
Claims (3)
1. Feed for maintaining hens or other domesticated birds for egg production supplemented with one or more of .gamma.-linolenic acid and higher acids in the n-6 series, in the form of the free acid or as an ester, amide, phospholipid, salt or other physiologically acceptable derivative convertible in the bird's body to, or having the effect of, the free acid.
2. Feed according to claim 1, wherein the supplement (calculated as gamma-linolenic acid) constitutes 0.01 to 10% by weight of the feed.
3. Feed according to claim 1 or 2 when the supplement is given in the form of evening primrose or other seed residue.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB84/08974 | 1984-04-06 | ||
| GB848408974A GB8408974D0 (en) | 1984-04-06 | 1984-04-06 | Food production |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1275006A true CA1275006A (en) | 1990-10-09 |
Family
ID=10559308
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000478507A Expired - Fee Related CA1275006A (en) | 1984-04-06 | 1985-04-04 | Food production |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4738853A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0157619B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE65366T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1275006A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3583518D1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB8408974D0 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107279584A (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2017-10-24 | 董地 | A kind of theaflavin as feed addictive purposes |
Families Citing this family (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8408974D0 (en) * | 1984-04-06 | 1984-05-16 | Efamol Ltd | Food production |
| JPS6398355A (en) * | 1986-10-16 | 1988-04-28 | Kazumitsu Maruta | Feed for animal |
| CA1263270A (en) * | 1987-08-19 | 1989-11-28 | Bruce J. Holub | Animal feed supplement |
| DE3727735A1 (en) * | 1987-08-20 | 1989-03-02 | Henkel Kgaa | CHICKEN EGG TASTE IMPROVEMENT |
| FR2636813B1 (en) * | 1988-09-26 | 1991-10-31 | Inveko France Sa | NEW FOOD PRODUCTS AND THEIR USE FOR ANIMAL FEED |
| US5012761A (en) * | 1988-11-17 | 1991-05-07 | Oh Suk Y | Chicken egg having relatively high percentage of long chain fatty acids and method of reducing heart related disease in humans using such eggs |
| US5133963A (en) * | 1990-12-21 | 1992-07-28 | Shuntaro Ise | Method of producing commercially useful poultry products with increased concentrations of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| US5246717A (en) * | 1991-10-31 | 1993-09-21 | C. R. Eggs Inc. | Eggs compatible with cholesterol-reducing diet and method of producing the same |
| DE4222509A1 (en) * | 1992-07-09 | 1994-01-13 | Wilhelm Lange | Compound feed |
| US6582941B1 (en) | 1995-04-17 | 2003-06-24 | Japan As Represented By Director-General Of Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology | Microorganisms capable of producing highly unsaturated fatty acids and process for producing highly unsaturated fatty acids by using the microorganisms |
| EP0775449B8 (en) | 1995-05-30 | 2005-11-09 | Suntory Limited | Fowl eggs with high content of highly unsaturated fatty acids, process for producing the same, and use thereof |
| FI961785A0 (en) * | 1996-04-26 | 1996-04-26 | Rehu Oy Suomen | Livsmedel |
| US6177120B1 (en) * | 1996-05-20 | 2001-01-23 | Martin Jackeschky | Dietary low cholesterol whole egg or egg yolk product |
| US6103276A (en) * | 1997-01-06 | 2000-08-15 | Pilgrim's Pride Corporation | Methods of producing meat and egg products with enhanced nutritional quality |
| US5880300A (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 1999-03-09 | Cargill, Incorporated | Phospholipid-based removal of sterols from fats and oils |
| US6436451B1 (en) | 1999-03-26 | 2002-08-20 | Eggland's Best, Inc. | Method of reducing cholesterol in chicken eggs |
| US6413572B1 (en) | 1999-08-24 | 2002-07-02 | Michael Foods, Inc. | Enhanced precooked egg product and process for formulation of precooked egg products |
| US6316041B1 (en) | 1999-10-26 | 2001-11-13 | Liferight Foods, L.L.C. | Poultry egg with beneficial health and nutritive values |
| JP4728561B2 (en) * | 2001-05-14 | 2011-07-20 | マーテック バイオサイエンシーズ コーポレーション | Purification and use of polar lipid-rich fractions containing stearidonic acid and gamma-linolenic acid derived from plant seeds and microorganisms |
| US20030118714A1 (en) | 2001-12-21 | 2003-06-26 | Michael Foods Of Delaware, Inc. | Formulation and process to prepare a premium formulated fried egg |
| US7241469B2 (en) | 2002-05-30 | 2007-07-10 | Michael Foods, Inc. | Formulation and process to prepare a pre-formed filing unit |
| KR100564137B1 (en) | 2004-09-21 | 2006-03-24 | 흥성사료공업 주식회사 | Feed composition of fowl for enriching -fatty acid |
| KR100921908B1 (en) | 2008-03-06 | 2009-10-16 | 대한민국 | Feed and feeding method for strengthen ?-linolenic acid in egg |
| JP2010079993A (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-04-08 | Toshiba Storage Device Corp | Storage device and method for adjusting storage device |
| KR101163381B1 (en) | 2008-12-26 | 2012-07-12 | 주식회사 누보비앤티 | Using method and feed additives for improving accumulation rates to a-linolenic acid in egg and chicken meats |
| CN102389046B (en) * | 2011-11-04 | 2013-01-09 | 曾爱民 | Compound feed for egg-laying poult |
| CN102422997B (en) * | 2011-11-04 | 2013-06-19 | 曾爱民 | Compound feed for laying hens |
| BE1021185B1 (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2016-01-25 | Sa Beluga | OEUF PRESENTANT UNE COMPOSITION LIPIDIQUE EQUILIBREE |
| CN104206905B (en) * | 2014-09-02 | 2016-09-14 | 赵建红 | For reducing the feed additive of cholesterol content in eggs |
| CN109744193A (en) * | 2017-11-08 | 2019-05-14 | 天津硒艾格生物科技有限公司 | A kind of production method of low cholesterol high linoleic acid egg |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB624624A (en) * | 1946-08-02 | 1949-06-14 | Henry Illes Jakober | Improvements in or relating to medicines or foodstuffs for animals |
| GB852189A (en) * | 1957-01-10 | 1960-10-26 | Vismara Francesco Spa | Improvements in or relating to feed compositions |
| FR1476511A (en) * | 1964-02-06 | 1967-04-14 | Feed for farmyard animals and livestock, intended to improve the feeds obtained from these animals, method of incorporation and new products resulting therefrom | |
| GB1356002A (en) * | 1971-08-17 | 1974-06-12 | Kroyer As | Fodder composition |
| GB1446431A (en) * | 1972-04-20 | 1976-08-18 | Williams J | Nutritional supplement |
| JPS5157565A (en) * | 1974-11-12 | 1976-05-20 | Riken Vitamin Oil Co Ltd | Shiryoyoyushino seizoho |
| US4128640A (en) * | 1976-04-14 | 1978-12-05 | Samuel Klein | Feed for poultry |
| FR2490631A1 (en) * | 1980-09-24 | 1982-03-26 | Roussel Uclaf | NOVEL LIPID COMPOSITION FOR USE IN DIETETICS, REANIMATION AND THERAPEUTICS |
| DE3368377D1 (en) * | 1982-04-16 | 1987-01-29 | Nestle Sa | Lipid composition for oral, enteral or parenteral feeding |
| JPS58184668A (en) * | 1982-04-22 | 1983-10-28 | Fanuc Ltd | Control system for writing to memory |
| GB8408974D0 (en) * | 1984-04-06 | 1984-05-16 | Efamol Ltd | Food production |
-
1984
- 1984-04-06 GB GB848408974A patent/GB8408974D0/en active Pending
-
1985
- 1985-04-01 AT AT85302236T patent/ATE65366T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-04-01 DE DE8585302236T patent/DE3583518D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-04-01 EP EP85302236A patent/EP0157619B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-04-04 CA CA000478507A patent/CA1275006A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-04-04 US US06/719,953 patent/US4738853A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107279584A (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2017-10-24 | 董地 | A kind of theaflavin as feed addictive purposes |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3583518D1 (en) | 1991-08-29 |
| EP0157619B1 (en) | 1991-07-24 |
| ATE65366T1 (en) | 1991-08-15 |
| US4738853A (en) | 1988-04-19 |
| EP0157619A3 (en) | 1987-08-19 |
| GB8408974D0 (en) | 1984-05-16 |
| EP0157619A2 (en) | 1985-10-09 |
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