CA1276061C - Cement matrix composites - Google Patents
Cement matrix compositesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1276061C CA1276061C CA 508686 CA508686A CA1276061C CA 1276061 C CA1276061 C CA 1276061C CA 508686 CA508686 CA 508686 CA 508686 A CA508686 A CA 508686A CA 1276061 C CA1276061 C CA 1276061C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pulp
- cement
- prepared
- cement matrix
- ent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B16/00—Use of organic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of organic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B16/04—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B16/06—Macromolecular compounds fibrous
- C04B16/0608—Fibrilles, e.g. fibrillated films
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/47—Processes of splitting film, webs or sheets
Abstract
Abstract Cement matrix composites of improved flexural toughness are prepared with polyethylene fibrids of high orientation from plexifilamentary structures as reinforcement.
Description
' %~
~itl~
Cement ~atrix Composit0s A~besto~ ha~ long ~een u6ed i~ ce~ent S ~truc~ures. Probl~6 encountered by uee of asbe6tos have pro~pted e~orts to find replacemen~s. ~taple synthetic ~ibers have ~een u~ed as rei~force~ent ~ith pulp8 a8 filter aids. eellulo~e pulp6 have been llsed for thi~ purpo~e and or rei~ore~ment but cement ~atrix ~o~po~i~e~ reinforced solely by cellulos~ have durability problems. Polyolefin pulps ~hich haYe al o been used are relatiYely ine~penæive, ho~ever, it is ~enerally known that polyolefin pulp6 do ~o~ function as reinfor~in~ fibers (~ee Kirk-Oth~er: ~ncy~lopedia of Chemical Te~hnology, Volume 19, Third Edition p.
~33). Prepacatlon of ~ ce~ent ~o~po6ite of good Pl~xucal toughne~s by u~e of a polyethylene pulp is a worthwhile o~jec~ve.
The pres~n~ inyention ~ directed to the preparatlon o~ a se~ent matrix compo~ite rei~forced, a~ lea~t in part, with polyethylene pulp which co~pri~6, ~aki~g an aq~eou~ ~lurry oP Portland c~ent and a pulp of orie~ed polyethylsne fibrid~ havinq a ~irefringe~ce oP a~ leas~ about 0.0~0 and pr~par~d from a plexifila~e~tary stru~ure. depo6i i~g the slurry o~ a porou~ surra~e, dewater~q the slurry a~d curing the composite. The polye~hylene pulp ~onstitute~ from 0.1 to 10% by wt. of the co~po~it~.
I~ de~ired, r*~or~in~ f~ber~ ~ay be ~corporated in a~itio~ to th~ fibrids. Also ~ontemplat2d herein i~
the co~po~ite obtained ~y thiB pro~es~.
Detailed De~ri~tio~ Qf the InYe~tlo~
~he pulp o~ orl~n~ed polyet~yle~e fibrid~
QP 3435. 35 employed i~ the proc~ss of the presen~ ~Qve~ion may be pre~ared as ~hown in ~ritish Patent Spe~ification ~91945 of ~arch 21. 1962. It d~cr~be6 ~he ~ ~7~
preparation o~ plexifilamen~s by flash ~pinning, cutting of the plexifilamente into length6 con~enient for han~ling in ~he proces6i~g equipmen~, di6pen~ing o the cut plexifilaments in a liquid medium and subsequently ~eating the cut f ilamentB iQ the liquid ~edium ~o a ~ibrid pulp. ~ large variety o suitable beating equipment i~ ~aneioned in thi~ reference as well as condition~ under which ~h~ beaten dispersion i~ p~ep~red. For o~ the pr~sent invention, ~he plexi~ilament~ are ~ad~ of polye~hyle~e and the pulp ha~ a birefringence of at lea6t about 0.030 preferably at lea~t 0.03Z, when measured a~ hereinafter d~cri~ed.
In the examples of the inven~ion which are given later in thi6 6peci~ication, the pulp wa~
lS convenien~ly prepared fro~ a ~on-wo~en polyethylene sheet ob~ained by the general method de~cr~bed in U.S.
Pa~nt 3,1~9,899.
According to a pre~erred method for making ~heet~ of ehi~ type, linear polyethylene having a den6ity of 0.95 g/~m , a melt index of 0.9, a~
determined by AS~ method D-1238-57T, Condition E, and ~elti~g below abou~ 135C., i~ flash-spu~ from a 12%
~olu~io~ of ehe polymer in ~ri~hlorofluoromethane.
The solu~ion i~ co~tinuously pumped to ~pin~ere~
afi~e~blie6 at a ~emperature of 179~C. and a pre6~ure above abou~ 85 atmo~ph2les~ The solu~io~ i8 passed in each 3pinneret a~se~bly throuqh a irst orifice eo a pressure let-down ~one and through a ~econd orifice into the ~urroundi~g atmosphere. The re6ulting 6trand or plexiilament ~ay be characterized as a ~hr~e-dimensional plexus of interoonDecting random lenqeh fibrou~ elements referred to as film-fibril~.
The~e have ~he form of thin ribbons of le~5 ~han microns in thicknes6. The strand i8 ~psead and o~illated by mean6 of a shaped ~,27~0~L
ro~atin~ ba~fle, is electros~atically charged, and then is depo~ited on a ~oving belt. The spinneret a~semblies are ~paced to provide overlapping inter~ecting deposits on the belt to form a batt. The bat~ i~ then lightly consolidated by passage through the nip of rollers that apply to the batt a compres~ion oP about 1. B kgf cm of batt width to form a lightly conso1idated ~heet. Generally, ~uch sheet6 havin~ a ba~ie weight i~ the range o~E 25 to 75 g/m2 and a density in the range of 0.15 to 0.~ g/cm3 are u~eful. The liqh~ly con~olidated sheet iB ~lit longitudinally into ~rips from 1 to 5 in~he~ in ~idth. The stripR are ~hen ~hopped into length~ of from 4 to 12 inches by pa66age through a ro~ating blade.
A pulp i~ produced by feeding the chopped material to a Sprout-~aldron 36-2 dific refiner along with water and additive~ to a86i~t i~ the refining proce~s and to improve the di6persibility of the Z pulped product. For the example6 below, ~he additive6 included 2% polyvinyl alcohol (Air Product6 Vinol 205-S) and 0.1% of a ~urfactant rTriton X-100, Rohm ~
Haas), based on the weigh~ of the polye~hylene and the material~ were pa~ed through ~he cef iner three time6 with the ~tock being diluted wi~h water each eime to a final dilution of 1.0%.
The ~aterial wa6 diluted furthe~ with water to a ~oncentraeion of 0.56% and pa6 ed ~hrouqh a bank of ~auer centrifugal cleaner~. The material wa~ then dewa~ered in a standard sheet machine (screen me6h of 150~. The orientation of dried pulp wa~ determined by birefringence mea6urement in accordance with the technique described below. It exhibited a birefringence of 0.032.
* denotes trade mark The production of cem*nt compo6ite~ i6 well k~own to tho~e skilled in the art. ~elgian Patent No.
~66,129 ~hows a variety of æuch te~hniques.
Ba~ically, the fibrld~ are dispersed in water with Portland cement and mixed. If de~ired, ~hort staple length fibec~ ~ay be added. The suspen~ion ~ay be depo~ited on a ~ieve and the water drained. The layer of ce~ent and fibrid~ is then cut to si2e and cured a~
i8 well-known in the art.
For the presen~ invention, ~rom 0.1 to 10% of ibrid~ should be pre~ent ba~ed on the ff~. of the eompo~te, pre~erably ~rom 2 ~o 8%. Surprisi~gly, ~his i~ found to substantially in~rease ~he toughne66 of the ~o~posite. Op~ionally cellulo6e pulp may be added ~o a~sist filtratlon. Generally from about 1 to 10~ by wt. i~ employed. The addition of shcrt staple fiber ~ay greatly increa~e flexur~l toughne~ of the compo~ite. From about 0.1 to 10t of such 8taple fiber ba~ed o~ the w~. of the compo~ite i~ u~ed preferably ~-20 rom 0.5 to ~. The ~taple ~ay be ~lected ro~ the group of ~y~hetic or natural fibers normally u~ed for c~ment rei~forcement, such a~ polyacrylonitrile f~ber, ~olyvi~yl ~lcohol fiber~ or p-aramid ~ib~r . The staple le~geh~ are generally from about 1 ~o 20 mm.
Te~t Procedures Bire~ring~nce Birefri~gen~e ~ deter~ined by measuring the rePra~tiYe indes parallel ~l a~d perpendi~ular nl to the fiber axis by inter~ere~ce microscopy. The difference b0tween the two refra~tive indice~ i6 ~he birefringence~ The microscope i~ a Leitz transmitted light interference niCEO~Cope employing a ~ach-Zehnder type i~terfero~eter. Illumination i~ prsvided by a ~er~ury atc la~p filtered to give a wavelength of 546 nm.
QP-3435 * denotes trade mark ~7~6~
Refractive index measulements are carried ou~
a~ follow~: A plain micro6cope slide i6 halved and some fiber~ are placed on both halves. A few drop~ of refractive index liquid (Cargille Certified Refractive Inde~ Liquids, R. P. C2rgille Laboratorie6. Inc.) and a cover ~lip are deposited on both slide~. One ~lide preparatio~ i~ pla~ed on the ~ample Btage of the microscope and po~itioned B0 ehere are fiber6 in ~he ield aP ~iew. The o~her preparatio~ ~ placed on ~he micr4~cope'~ referen~e stage with no fiber~ in the field of view. Thi~ i~ a ~tandard procedure to e~sure ~hat both beam6 of the interfero~eter haYe identical path l~ngth~. The interferometer i~ adju6ted 80 tha~
vertical fringes appear in t~e field of view wi~h the fibers oriented peEpendicularly to the frin~e~. Ts ~ea~ure ~I the ~icro~cope 1 8 a~alyzer i~ see to trans~it lig~e ~ibrating parallel to ~he ~iber axis.
~he interferometer i~ adjus~ed for maximum 6harpne!sL
of the fringe~. If the fringe6 a~e di6placed wher pa~sing through the iber, another pr~paration i8 required usi~g a different refractiva index liquid.
~hen a fluid iB found that doe~ not cau~e a fringe displaca~en~ in the fiber, the sefrac~ive index of the fluid and iber are ident~cal. The nominal value of the fluid i~ corrected for waveleng~h disper6ion and temperature by referral ~o an o~tical da~a print-out ~upplied by Casgill~ ~or ea~h of thei~ refractive index liquids. The pro~edure i6 ~hen repea~ed for n af~er adjusting the analyzer ~o tran6mit light perpendicular to the ~iber axis.
lexural Tes~inq of Cement ComPo6ites Fiber reinforced cemen~ eomposite6 were evaluated ~y deter~ini~g flexural toughness ~al 80 called work-to-break). The te~t i8 described in AS~
D-790. Plexural te6ting i~ used frequently by the ~2~
a~bestos cement industry as a measure of product performance for sheet product~ ~uch a~ roof ing tile~, building panels, ~tc. Cement sample6 (2.54 ~m ~ 15.2 cm ~C 0. 5 cm), prepared a~ de6cribed below0 were te~ted according to the above ASTM ~eehod isl 3-point bending in an Irl~tro!l test machine. ~ spa~ of 7. 6 em wa~ used i~ all cases. Test spe~imens are loaded to failure, and ~he ~naxi~u~ ~treh~ leYel deterniined graphil:ally with a chart recorder. Fle2tural toughne6~ i6 take~ as the integrated area under the ~tree6-6train ~urve until ~aximum ~tre~s i~ reac~ed, measured in kJ/~q m (kilo joule~ peE ~quare m~ter). P.ll sampl2s, i~cluding ~ontrols were te~ted in the ~ame way.
ExamP 1 e 6 lS Procedure for PreParatio~ of Cemen~ CsmPosite6 For evaluatio~ purpo~es, fib~r reinfor~ed ceme~t coEnpvsites are prepared which contain 200 gm of Portlarld ce~ent and 12 gm of f ibrou~ ~yn~lle~ic mat~rials. Pulps are prepared by placing 4-12 gl~ (dry ;~0 ba~is) of unopen~d pulp i~ltO a ho~e blender with 1 1 of wat~r and blending o~ low ~peed for aboue 30 ~eco~ds (pulp all fluffed up). Opened pulps, thu~
prepared~ ~re added l:D a plastic bucket cocl~aining about 4 1 of waeer. If a rsi~forcing ~taple ~iber i~
e~ployed, ~ gm i~ t~en add~d to ~he bucket. T~e ~i~
- i~ di~per~ed fo~ 5 ~in wit~ g0nele agitation u~i~g a ~ibrati~g labora~ory ~tirrer. Type 1 Portla~d cement, 200 gm di~per~ed ~n~o a ~lurry witb 1 1 of water. i8 the~ added. ~locculation ie lndueed by addi~ion of 4 ~1 of a 0.1~ ~olutio~ of flocculati~g agent ~Separan AP-273 ~aoufactured by Dow Che~ical Co.). The entire ~lurry i~ then ca~t into a sheet 33 cm X 33 cm and approxi~a~ely 1.5-2 mm ~hick by pouring into a ~tandard Deckle box paper ~aking mold and dewatering.
The resulting shee~ iB ~hen folded into four layer6, Qp_343s * denotes trade mark ~27~6~
~rimmed to 15.2 ~ 15.2 c~ and pre~6e~ in a mold for 30 min at 1667 p8i. The resulting cement 6ample i8 then ~e~oved ~rom the ~old and cured for 28 day~ i~mersed in ~aturated lime water. The cement eil~ i~ cut into s~rip~ 2.5~ cm wide with a diamo~d 82W. The ~trip6 are r~-immec~ed in lime water and ~ested wet in 3-poi~t bending ~o determine flexural toughne~fi.
Ce~ent compo~ites were prepar~d u6ing 12 gm of opened plexifilamentary pulp prepared following the ~eneral pro~edures de~crib~d above a~d 200 gm of cement a~cordinq to the above procedure, and flexural toughne~ mea~ured and ~ompared to controls prepared and measured identi~ally but u6ing opened ~ercule~, Inc. Pulpex ~D polye~hyl~ne pulp. T~e co~trol ~ement co~po~ite derived from Pulp~x ~D had a flexural ~oughnes~ of 0.07 k3/~q m afi compared to the ~ement compo~i~e of the invention which exhibited a flexural ~ouqhne~s of 1.67 ~J/sq ~. The birefri~ence oP
Pulpex ~D wa6 ~easured and found to be 0.020 while t~t of the plexifilamentary pulp wa~ 0.032.
Ce~ent ~o~po~ites were prepased u~i~g 8 q~ of opened plexifila~entary pulp a~ xample 1, 4 g~ of polyvinyl alco~ol fib2~ ~uraray Corp. ~uralon 5501 ) cu~ into 6 ~m 6taple, and 200 g~ of ce~e~t usi~g the above procedure. ~a~ple~ were te~eed as above a~d qave flexural toughness of 3.69 kJ~sq ~.
~Y~Ple 3 Ce~ent compo~i~es were prepared u~ng 4 gm of opened plexifilamentary pulp as ~n Example 1, 8 gl~ of cellulose (opened newspulp) and 200 gm of ce~ent u~i~g the procedure of ~xamplel. Samples tested a~ above gave flexural tougAnes~ value~ of O.Z2 kJ/6q ~.
* denotes trade mark QP-3~35 7
~itl~
Cement ~atrix Composit0s A~besto~ ha~ long ~een u6ed i~ ce~ent S ~truc~ures. Probl~6 encountered by uee of asbe6tos have pro~pted e~orts to find replacemen~s. ~taple synthetic ~ibers have ~een u~ed as rei~force~ent ~ith pulp8 a8 filter aids. eellulo~e pulp6 have been llsed for thi~ purpo~e and or rei~ore~ment but cement ~atrix ~o~po~i~e~ reinforced solely by cellulos~ have durability problems. Polyolefin pulps ~hich haYe al o been used are relatiYely ine~penæive, ho~ever, it is ~enerally known that polyolefin pulp6 do ~o~ function as reinfor~in~ fibers (~ee Kirk-Oth~er: ~ncy~lopedia of Chemical Te~hnology, Volume 19, Third Edition p.
~33). Prepacatlon of ~ ce~ent ~o~po6ite of good Pl~xucal toughne~s by u~e of a polyethylene pulp is a worthwhile o~jec~ve.
The pres~n~ inyention ~ directed to the preparatlon o~ a se~ent matrix compo~ite rei~forced, a~ lea~t in part, with polyethylene pulp which co~pri~6, ~aki~g an aq~eou~ ~lurry oP Portland c~ent and a pulp of orie~ed polyethylsne fibrid~ havinq a ~irefringe~ce oP a~ leas~ about 0.0~0 and pr~par~d from a plexifila~e~tary stru~ure. depo6i i~g the slurry o~ a porou~ surra~e, dewater~q the slurry a~d curing the composite. The polye~hylene pulp ~onstitute~ from 0.1 to 10% by wt. of the co~po~it~.
I~ de~ired, r*~or~in~ f~ber~ ~ay be ~corporated in a~itio~ to th~ fibrids. Also ~ontemplat2d herein i~
the co~po~ite obtained ~y thiB pro~es~.
Detailed De~ri~tio~ Qf the InYe~tlo~
~he pulp o~ orl~n~ed polyet~yle~e fibrid~
QP 3435. 35 employed i~ the proc~ss of the presen~ ~Qve~ion may be pre~ared as ~hown in ~ritish Patent Spe~ification ~91945 of ~arch 21. 1962. It d~cr~be6 ~he ~ ~7~
preparation o~ plexifilamen~s by flash ~pinning, cutting of the plexifilamente into length6 con~enient for han~ling in ~he proces6i~g equipmen~, di6pen~ing o the cut plexifilaments in a liquid medium and subsequently ~eating the cut f ilamentB iQ the liquid ~edium ~o a ~ibrid pulp. ~ large variety o suitable beating equipment i~ ~aneioned in thi~ reference as well as condition~ under which ~h~ beaten dispersion i~ p~ep~red. For o~ the pr~sent invention, ~he plexi~ilament~ are ~ad~ of polye~hyle~e and the pulp ha~ a birefringence of at lea6t about 0.030 preferably at lea~t 0.03Z, when measured a~ hereinafter d~cri~ed.
In the examples of the inven~ion which are given later in thi6 6peci~ication, the pulp wa~
lS convenien~ly prepared fro~ a ~on-wo~en polyethylene sheet ob~ained by the general method de~cr~bed in U.S.
Pa~nt 3,1~9,899.
According to a pre~erred method for making ~heet~ of ehi~ type, linear polyethylene having a den6ity of 0.95 g/~m , a melt index of 0.9, a~
determined by AS~ method D-1238-57T, Condition E, and ~elti~g below abou~ 135C., i~ flash-spu~ from a 12%
~olu~io~ of ehe polymer in ~ri~hlorofluoromethane.
The solu~ion i~ co~tinuously pumped to ~pin~ere~
afi~e~blie6 at a ~emperature of 179~C. and a pre6~ure above abou~ 85 atmo~ph2les~ The solu~io~ i8 passed in each 3pinneret a~se~bly throuqh a irst orifice eo a pressure let-down ~one and through a ~econd orifice into the ~urroundi~g atmosphere. The re6ulting 6trand or plexiilament ~ay be characterized as a ~hr~e-dimensional plexus of interoonDecting random lenqeh fibrou~ elements referred to as film-fibril~.
The~e have ~he form of thin ribbons of le~5 ~han microns in thicknes6. The strand i8 ~psead and o~illated by mean6 of a shaped ~,27~0~L
ro~atin~ ba~fle, is electros~atically charged, and then is depo~ited on a ~oving belt. The spinneret a~semblies are ~paced to provide overlapping inter~ecting deposits on the belt to form a batt. The bat~ i~ then lightly consolidated by passage through the nip of rollers that apply to the batt a compres~ion oP about 1. B kgf cm of batt width to form a lightly conso1idated ~heet. Generally, ~uch sheet6 havin~ a ba~ie weight i~ the range o~E 25 to 75 g/m2 and a density in the range of 0.15 to 0.~ g/cm3 are u~eful. The liqh~ly con~olidated sheet iB ~lit longitudinally into ~rips from 1 to 5 in~he~ in ~idth. The stripR are ~hen ~hopped into length~ of from 4 to 12 inches by pa66age through a ro~ating blade.
A pulp i~ produced by feeding the chopped material to a Sprout-~aldron 36-2 dific refiner along with water and additive~ to a86i~t i~ the refining proce~s and to improve the di6persibility of the Z pulped product. For the example6 below, ~he additive6 included 2% polyvinyl alcohol (Air Product6 Vinol 205-S) and 0.1% of a ~urfactant rTriton X-100, Rohm ~
Haas), based on the weigh~ of the polye~hylene and the material~ were pa~ed through ~he cef iner three time6 with the ~tock being diluted wi~h water each eime to a final dilution of 1.0%.
The ~aterial wa6 diluted furthe~ with water to a ~oncentraeion of 0.56% and pa6 ed ~hrouqh a bank of ~auer centrifugal cleaner~. The material wa~ then dewa~ered in a standard sheet machine (screen me6h of 150~. The orientation of dried pulp wa~ determined by birefringence mea6urement in accordance with the technique described below. It exhibited a birefringence of 0.032.
* denotes trade mark The production of cem*nt compo6ite~ i6 well k~own to tho~e skilled in the art. ~elgian Patent No.
~66,129 ~hows a variety of æuch te~hniques.
Ba~ically, the fibrld~ are dispersed in water with Portland cement and mixed. If de~ired, ~hort staple length fibec~ ~ay be added. The suspen~ion ~ay be depo~ited on a ~ieve and the water drained. The layer of ce~ent and fibrid~ is then cut to si2e and cured a~
i8 well-known in the art.
For the presen~ invention, ~rom 0.1 to 10% of ibrid~ should be pre~ent ba~ed on the ff~. of the eompo~te, pre~erably ~rom 2 ~o 8%. Surprisi~gly, ~his i~ found to substantially in~rease ~he toughne66 of the ~o~posite. Op~ionally cellulo6e pulp may be added ~o a~sist filtratlon. Generally from about 1 to 10~ by wt. i~ employed. The addition of shcrt staple fiber ~ay greatly increa~e flexur~l toughne~ of the compo~ite. From about 0.1 to 10t of such 8taple fiber ba~ed o~ the w~. of the compo~ite i~ u~ed preferably ~-20 rom 0.5 to ~. The ~taple ~ay be ~lected ro~ the group of ~y~hetic or natural fibers normally u~ed for c~ment rei~forcement, such a~ polyacrylonitrile f~ber, ~olyvi~yl ~lcohol fiber~ or p-aramid ~ib~r . The staple le~geh~ are generally from about 1 ~o 20 mm.
Te~t Procedures Bire~ring~nce Birefri~gen~e ~ deter~ined by measuring the rePra~tiYe indes parallel ~l a~d perpendi~ular nl to the fiber axis by inter~ere~ce microscopy. The difference b0tween the two refra~tive indice~ i6 ~he birefringence~ The microscope i~ a Leitz transmitted light interference niCEO~Cope employing a ~ach-Zehnder type i~terfero~eter. Illumination i~ prsvided by a ~er~ury atc la~p filtered to give a wavelength of 546 nm.
QP-3435 * denotes trade mark ~7~6~
Refractive index measulements are carried ou~
a~ follow~: A plain micro6cope slide i6 halved and some fiber~ are placed on both halves. A few drop~ of refractive index liquid (Cargille Certified Refractive Inde~ Liquids, R. P. C2rgille Laboratorie6. Inc.) and a cover ~lip are deposited on both slide~. One ~lide preparatio~ i~ pla~ed on the ~ample Btage of the microscope and po~itioned B0 ehere are fiber6 in ~he ield aP ~iew. The o~her preparatio~ ~ placed on ~he micr4~cope'~ referen~e stage with no fiber~ in the field of view. Thi~ i~ a ~tandard procedure to e~sure ~hat both beam6 of the interfero~eter haYe identical path l~ngth~. The interferometer i~ adju6ted 80 tha~
vertical fringes appear in t~e field of view wi~h the fibers oriented peEpendicularly to the frin~e~. Ts ~ea~ure ~I the ~icro~cope 1 8 a~alyzer i~ see to trans~it lig~e ~ibrating parallel to ~he ~iber axis.
~he interferometer i~ adjus~ed for maximum 6harpne!sL
of the fringe~. If the fringe6 a~e di6placed wher pa~sing through the iber, another pr~paration i8 required usi~g a different refractiva index liquid.
~hen a fluid iB found that doe~ not cau~e a fringe displaca~en~ in the fiber, the sefrac~ive index of the fluid and iber are ident~cal. The nominal value of the fluid i~ corrected for waveleng~h disper6ion and temperature by referral ~o an o~tical da~a print-out ~upplied by Casgill~ ~or ea~h of thei~ refractive index liquids. The pro~edure i6 ~hen repea~ed for n af~er adjusting the analyzer ~o tran6mit light perpendicular to the ~iber axis.
lexural Tes~inq of Cement ComPo6ites Fiber reinforced cemen~ eomposite6 were evaluated ~y deter~ini~g flexural toughness ~al 80 called work-to-break). The te~t i8 described in AS~
D-790. Plexural te6ting i~ used frequently by the ~2~
a~bestos cement industry as a measure of product performance for sheet product~ ~uch a~ roof ing tile~, building panels, ~tc. Cement sample6 (2.54 ~m ~ 15.2 cm ~C 0. 5 cm), prepared a~ de6cribed below0 were te~ted according to the above ASTM ~eehod isl 3-point bending in an Irl~tro!l test machine. ~ spa~ of 7. 6 em wa~ used i~ all cases. Test spe~imens are loaded to failure, and ~he ~naxi~u~ ~treh~ leYel deterniined graphil:ally with a chart recorder. Fle2tural toughne6~ i6 take~ as the integrated area under the ~tree6-6train ~urve until ~aximum ~tre~s i~ reac~ed, measured in kJ/~q m (kilo joule~ peE ~quare m~ter). P.ll sampl2s, i~cluding ~ontrols were te~ted in the ~ame way.
ExamP 1 e 6 lS Procedure for PreParatio~ of Cemen~ CsmPosite6 For evaluatio~ purpo~es, fib~r reinfor~ed ceme~t coEnpvsites are prepared which contain 200 gm of Portlarld ce~ent and 12 gm of f ibrou~ ~yn~lle~ic mat~rials. Pulps are prepared by placing 4-12 gl~ (dry ;~0 ba~is) of unopen~d pulp i~ltO a ho~e blender with 1 1 of wat~r and blending o~ low ~peed for aboue 30 ~eco~ds (pulp all fluffed up). Opened pulps, thu~
prepared~ ~re added l:D a plastic bucket cocl~aining about 4 1 of waeer. If a rsi~forcing ~taple ~iber i~
e~ployed, ~ gm i~ t~en add~d to ~he bucket. T~e ~i~
- i~ di~per~ed fo~ 5 ~in wit~ g0nele agitation u~i~g a ~ibrati~g labora~ory ~tirrer. Type 1 Portla~d cement, 200 gm di~per~ed ~n~o a ~lurry witb 1 1 of water. i8 the~ added. ~locculation ie lndueed by addi~ion of 4 ~1 of a 0.1~ ~olutio~ of flocculati~g agent ~Separan AP-273 ~aoufactured by Dow Che~ical Co.). The entire ~lurry i~ then ca~t into a sheet 33 cm X 33 cm and approxi~a~ely 1.5-2 mm ~hick by pouring into a ~tandard Deckle box paper ~aking mold and dewatering.
The resulting shee~ iB ~hen folded into four layer6, Qp_343s * denotes trade mark ~27~6~
~rimmed to 15.2 ~ 15.2 c~ and pre~6e~ in a mold for 30 min at 1667 p8i. The resulting cement 6ample i8 then ~e~oved ~rom the ~old and cured for 28 day~ i~mersed in ~aturated lime water. The cement eil~ i~ cut into s~rip~ 2.5~ cm wide with a diamo~d 82W. The ~trip6 are r~-immec~ed in lime water and ~ested wet in 3-poi~t bending ~o determine flexural toughne~fi.
Ce~ent compo~ites were prepar~d u6ing 12 gm of opened plexifilamentary pulp prepared following the ~eneral pro~edures de~crib~d above a~d 200 gm of cement a~cordinq to the above procedure, and flexural toughne~ mea~ured and ~ompared to controls prepared and measured identi~ally but u6ing opened ~ercule~, Inc. Pulpex ~D polye~hyl~ne pulp. T~e co~trol ~ement co~po~ite derived from Pulp~x ~D had a flexural ~oughnes~ of 0.07 k3/~q m afi compared to the ~ement compo~i~e of the invention which exhibited a flexural ~ouqhne~s of 1.67 ~J/sq ~. The birefri~ence oP
Pulpex ~D wa6 ~easured and found to be 0.020 while t~t of the plexifilamentary pulp wa~ 0.032.
Ce~ent ~o~po~ites were prepased u~i~g 8 q~ of opened plexifila~entary pulp a~ xample 1, 4 g~ of polyvinyl alco~ol fib2~ ~uraray Corp. ~uralon 5501 ) cu~ into 6 ~m 6taple, and 200 g~ of ce~e~t usi~g the above procedure. ~a~ple~ were te~eed as above a~d qave flexural toughness of 3.69 kJ~sq ~.
~Y~Ple 3 Ce~ent compo~i~es were prepared u~ng 4 gm of opened plexifilamentary pulp as ~n Example 1, 8 gl~ of cellulose (opened newspulp) and 200 gm of ce~ent u~i~g the procedure of ~xamplel. Samples tested a~ above gave flexural tougAnes~ value~ of O.Z2 kJ/6q ~.
* denotes trade mark QP-3~35 7
Claims (6)
1. A method for preparing a cement matrix composite reinforced at least in part with polyethylene pulp which comprises, making an aqueous slurry of Portland cement and a pulp of oriented polyethylene fibrids having a birefringence of at least about 0.030 and prepared from a plexifilamentary structure, depositing the slurry on a porous surface, dewatering the slurry and curing the composite.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the fibrids constitute from 0.1 to 10% by wt. of the composite.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the fibrids constitute form 2 to 8% by wt. of the composite.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein from about 0.1 to 10% by wt. of staple fiber is added.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein from about 1 to 10% by wt. of cellulose pulp is added.
6. A cement matrix composite prepared in accordance with claim 1.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US756,705 | 1985-07-19 | ||
| US06/756,705 US4608089A (en) | 1985-07-19 | 1985-07-19 | Cement matrix composites and method of making same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1276061C true CA1276061C (en) | 1990-11-13 |
Family
ID=25044697
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 508686 Expired - Lifetime CA1276061C (en) | 1985-07-19 | 1986-05-08 | Cement matrix composites |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4608089A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0212775B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2521712B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU575008B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1276061C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3673584D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK164278C (en) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2023813B3 (en) * | 1985-11-07 | 1992-02-16 | Akzo Nv | REINFORCING ELEMENT OF SYNTHETIC MATERIAL FOR USE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE, MORE PARTICULARLY PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE, REINFORCED CONCRETE PROVIDED WITH SUCH REINFORCEMENT ELEMENTS AND PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING REINFORCED ELEMENTS, AND REINFORCED CONCRETE. |
| CA1285674C (en) * | 1986-10-15 | 1991-07-02 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Spinnable dopes and articles therefrom |
| US5000824A (en) * | 1987-05-19 | 1991-03-19 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Polyethylene pulp |
| DK695688D0 (en) * | 1988-12-14 | 1988-12-14 | Danaklon As | FIBERS AND MATERIALS CONTAINING THE SAME |
| US4994148A (en) * | 1989-03-14 | 1991-02-19 | Shetka Stanley J | Pulp press molding method for making products from paper pulp from recycled paper |
| US4941947A (en) * | 1989-09-29 | 1990-07-17 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Composite fibrous polyethylene sheet |
| US5013599A (en) * | 1989-09-29 | 1991-05-07 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Composite fibrous polyethylene sheet |
| WO1992002354A1 (en) * | 1990-08-01 | 1992-02-20 | Mcallister Richard G | High modulus media of reinforcing materials and thermoplastic fibrets |
| US5047121A (en) * | 1990-09-20 | 1991-09-10 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | High grade polyethylene paper |
| US5593625A (en) * | 1992-08-11 | 1997-01-14 | Phenix Biocomposites, Inc. | Biocomposite material and method of making |
| US5611882A (en) * | 1993-08-11 | 1997-03-18 | Phenix Biocomposites, Inc. | Board stock and method of manufacture from recycled paper |
| DK0632792T3 (en) * | 1992-08-24 | 1999-01-18 | Vontech Int Corp | Cement with co-milled fibers |
| US5242546A (en) * | 1992-11-09 | 1993-09-07 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | High grade polyethylene paper |
| WO1995017247A1 (en) * | 1993-12-22 | 1995-06-29 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Sheet materials for solid phase extractions and solid phase reactions |
| US6136911A (en) * | 1996-01-11 | 2000-10-24 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fibers flash-spun from partially fluorinated polymers |
| US5723084A (en) * | 1996-03-08 | 1998-03-03 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Flash spinning process |
| EP0951591B1 (en) | 1997-01-09 | 2001-12-05 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fibers flash-spun from fully halogenated polymers |
| US6270709B1 (en) | 1998-12-15 | 2001-08-07 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Flash spinning polymethylpentene process and product |
| US6110588A (en) | 1999-02-05 | 2000-08-29 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Microfibers and method of making |
| US6630231B2 (en) | 1999-02-05 | 2003-10-07 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Composite articles reinforced with highly oriented microfibers |
| US7045209B1 (en) * | 2000-03-28 | 2006-05-16 | Dror Selivansky | Synthetic fibers and cementitious systems including same |
| WO2002036517A2 (en) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-05-10 | Institute Of Paper Science And Technology, Inc. | Fiber reinforced mineral-based materials and methods of making the same |
| US6753081B1 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2004-06-22 | Forta Corporation | Fiber reinforcement material, products made therefrom, and method for making the same |
| US7168232B2 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2007-01-30 | Forta Corporation | Fiber reinforcement material, products made thereform, and method for making the same |
| US7192643B2 (en) | 2001-08-22 | 2007-03-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Toughened cementitious composites |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2183965A (en) * | 1937-03-09 | 1939-12-19 | Keasbey & Mattison Company | Method of making shingles |
| NL242470A (en) * | 1958-08-19 | |||
| NL246230A (en) * | 1958-12-09 | |||
| NL271149A (en) * | 1960-11-08 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| AT355486B (en) * | 1977-04-20 | 1980-03-10 | Eternit Werke Hatschek L | MIXTURE, ESPECIALLY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL, FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MOLDED BODIES |
| GB1592931A (en) * | 1978-05-25 | 1981-07-15 | Tac Construction Materials Ltd | Pipe manufacture |
| AU528009B2 (en) * | 1978-11-21 | 1983-03-31 | Stamicarbon B.V. | Sheet of fibre-reinforced hydraulically bindable material |
| DE3162816D1 (en) * | 1980-08-29 | 1984-04-26 | Eternit Fab Dansk As | A process for the manufacture of fibre reinforced shaped articles |
| JPS6035304B2 (en) * | 1981-04-14 | 1985-08-14 | 日東紡績株式会社 | Alkali-resistant rock wool fiber reinforced cement products |
| JPS5945960A (en) * | 1983-05-06 | 1984-03-15 | 三井化学株式会社 | Manufacture of blend for cement |
| JPS6052618A (en) * | 1983-08-29 | 1985-03-25 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | Polyoxymethylene yarn |
| DE3419453A1 (en) * | 1984-05-24 | 1985-11-28 | Brase, Jerry L., St. Helena, Calif. | COMPONENTS MADE FROM EXTRUDED PROFILES, ESPECIALLY FOR EMBEDDING IN CONCRETE |
| JP4154069B2 (en) * | 1998-04-15 | 2008-09-24 | 株式会社クレハ | Gas barrier film |
-
1985
- 1985-07-19 US US06/756,705 patent/US4608089A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1986
- 1986-04-29 DE DE8686303235T patent/DE3673584D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-04-29 EP EP19860303235 patent/EP0212775B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-04-30 DK DK198186A patent/DK164278C/en active
- 1986-05-05 AU AU57146/86A patent/AU575008B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1986-05-08 CA CA 508686 patent/CA1276061C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-05-09 JP JP10500086A patent/JP2521712B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU5714686A (en) | 1987-01-22 |
| DK164278C (en) | 1992-11-16 |
| JPS6221738A (en) | 1987-01-30 |
| AU575008B2 (en) | 1988-07-14 |
| DE3673584D1 (en) | 1990-09-27 |
| US4608089A (en) | 1986-08-26 |
| EP0212775A1 (en) | 1987-03-04 |
| DK164278B (en) | 1992-06-01 |
| EP0212775B1 (en) | 1990-08-22 |
| DK198186D0 (en) | 1986-04-30 |
| DK198186A (en) | 1987-01-20 |
| JP2521712B2 (en) | 1996-08-07 |
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