CA1291587C

CA1291587C - Porous fibrous fluorocarbon structures

Info

Publication number: CA1291587C
Application number: CA 529271
Authority: CA
Inventors: John L. Hurley; Joseph D. Puzo; Rosa F. Tingey
Original assignee: Pall Corp
Current assignee: Pall Corp
Priority date: 1986-02-10
Filing date: 1987-02-09
Publication date: 1991-10-29
Anticipated expiration: 2008-10-29
Also published as: EP0233741B1; JPH0229499B2; GB2186215B; GB8702839D0; JPS62204929A; GB2186215A; EP0233741A3; EP0233741A2; US4716074A; DE3766626D1

Abstract

Abstract:

Porous, fibrous structures comprising polytetra-fluoroethylene fibers in a fluorocarbon binder are prepared by laying down a stabilized dispersion of the fibers, stabilizing agent, and liquid carrier on a support, removing at least a portion of a liquid carrier, preferably drying the laydown, applying an emulsion of a fluorocarbon binder to the laydown and curing the fluorocarbon binder. The resulting struc-tures have void volumes of from 40 to 99 percent, strengths of from 80 to 2,400 grams per centimeter (200 to 6,000 grams per inch) of width, and air pres-sure drops of from 0.064 to 2.5 kilograms per square meter (0.0025 to 0.1 inch of water) at a flow rate of 8.5 cubic meters per minute per square meter (28 cubic feet per minute per square foot) of the fibrous structure at standard conditions.

Description

POROUS F~BROUS F~UOROCAR80N STRUCTURES

This invention relates to porous~ fibrous fluo-rocarbon structures and methods for their manufac-ture. More particularly, this invention relates to porous, fibrous polytetrafluoroethylene structures with good structural integrity in hostile chemical 15 environments and finding particular use as support and drainage material for all fluorocarbon polymer filters, Although porous, fibrous fluorocarbon structures are used in a variety of applications, the demands placed upon such structures are particularly severe in certain filtration applications. For example, filter structures may be exposed to very hot liquids which may be highly acidic or strongly caustic.
Fluorocarbon polymers, particularly polytetrafluoro-ethylene, are, in large measure, unafected by suchconditions, but conventional binders are not. Ac-cordingly, if conventional binders are used to form fibrous fluorocarbon structures, once the binder decomposes, the structural integrity of the fibrous structure is destroyed.
Fluorocarbon polymer resins are not readily dispersed, and conventional dispersion methods do not produce a fiber dispersion sufficiently uniform or stable to produce a laydown with a uniform distribu-tion of fibers. Additionally, fluorocarbon resins do ., ~?~

not readily adhere to ~luorocarbon flbers. It isdifficult, therefore, to ensure that adequate amounts of binder remain in the laydown after drainage and drying when the binder is admixed into the fiber 5 dispersion. Further, it is difficult to provide uniform distribution of the binder, throughout the structure, and, concomitantly, a structure with uni-form strength.
Fluorocarbon polymers also tend to shrink when 10 heated. This shrinkage tends to exacerbate the prob-lem of poor structural integrity of the formed struc-tures due to inadequate amounts and non-uniform dis-tribution of binder in the laydown since, upon shrinking of the individual fibers, the structure 15 tends to be disrupted and pulled apart.
This invention is directed to porous, fibrous ~luorocarbon structures comprising polytetrafluoro-ethylene fibers and a fluorocarbon binder, which structures have increased structural integrity and 20 enhanced and more uniform properties by virtue of a more uniform distributlon of fiber and binder. It is directed further to such structures which are suit-able for use as a support or a drainage layer in composite filter structures. It also is directed to a method for forming such structures.
This invention is directed to porous, fibrous structures comprising polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers and a fluorocarbon binder and a method of making such structures, which method comprises:
(a) preparing a stabilized dispersion comprising PTFE fibers, a stabilizing agent, and a liquid car-rier;
(b) laying down the dispersion on a support and removing at least a portion of the liquid carrier;

~L~g~5~7 (c) applying an emulsion of a fluorocarbon binder to the laydown; and (d) curing the fluorocarbon binder.
A preferred embodiment of the subject invention 5 is directed to a method of ~orming a porous, -Eibrous structure comprising PTFE fibers and a fluorocarbon binder, which method comprises:
(1) thermally bleaching the PTFE fibers prior to incorporation into the dispersion to shrink the i-10 bers;

(2) preparing a stabilized aqueous-based disper-sion comprising the bleached, pre-shrunk PTFE fibers and a stabilizing agent in water;

(3) laying down the dispersion on a support:

(4) at least partially drying the laydown;

(5) applying an emulsion of a fluorocarbon bind-er to the laydown;

(6) drying the laydown;

(7) curing the fluorocarbon binder; (steps (6) 20 and (7) can be combined together) (8) preferably repeating steps (5) and (6) (preferably prior to carrying out the curing step (7)) one or more times to increase uniformity o~ FEP
concentration through the medium; and (9) treating the cured laydown to remove ex-tractables by, e.g., treatment with nitric acid at elevated temperature followed by rinsing with pure water and drying Oe the structure.
This invention also is directed to porous, fi-brous fluorocarbon structures comprising polytetra-~luoroethylene fibers and a fluorocarbon binder, said structures having void volumes of erom 40 to 99~, strengths of from 80 to 2,400 grams per centimeter (200 to 6,000 grams per inch) of width and air pres-sure drops of from 0.064 to 2.5 kilograms per square meter (0.0025 to 0.1 inch of water) at a flow rate of8.5 cubic meters per mlnute per square me~er (2~
cubic feet per minute per square foot) at standard or ambient conditions, i.e., about 1.03 kg/cm2 (1 atmos-5 phere) and 22 C (72 F) of the fibrous structure.
Suitable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers for use in the subjection invention typically will have diameters ranging from 5 to 50 micrometers, preferably from 15 to 35 micrometers, and will have 10 lengths ranging from 1,000 to 20,000 micrometers, preferably from 4,500 to 8,500 micrometers. Fibers outside those ranges can be used, but with less suc-cess. For example, fibers having diameters greater than 50 micrometers and longer than 20,000 micro-15 meters cannot be used to form relatively thin materi-al. Unless relatively thick material is desired, the fibers should not exceed those dimensions. Also, where the aspect ratio (ratio of length to diameter) is lower than 100, there will be insufficient cross-20 ing and interlacing among the fibers to provide therequisite strength in the resulting material. Ac-cordingly, fibers with aspect ratios of at least 100 should be used. If the fibers have diameters less than 5 micrometers, they (1) tend to break up during 25 dispersion, thereby decreasing their aspect ratio and yielding a material having reduced void volume as well as reduced strength and (2) tend to have high resistance to flow of liquids.
PTFE fibers o~ the desired type are commercially 30 available, e.g., from E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Inc.

~;~9~

Fluorocarbon sinder:

The pre~erred fluorocarbon polymer binders are ~luorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers, particu-5 larly copolymers o~ tetra~luoroethylene and hexafluo-ropropylene (FEP). Others may be used so long as they exhibit the desired resistance to high tempera-tures and caustic chemical environments and provide the requisite bonding of the PTFE fibers upon curing.
10 As noted, FEP is the pre~erred fluorocarbon polymer binder A particularly pre~erred FEP fluorocarbon polymer binder is FEP 120 available from E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Inc.
As discussed above, the fluorocarbon binder must 15 set or cure before any substantial shrinkage or melt-ing of the PTFE fibers occurs. For this reason, thermoplastic fluorocarbon binders, such as fluori-nated ethylene-propylene polymers, are preferred. ~s used herein, the term "set" or "cure" simply refers to the binder taking on the desired configuration on the fibers to provide the deslred structural integ-rity. With a thermoplastic resin like FEP, the set-ting or curing is simply the flowing of the resin over the fibers to coat them and adhere one fiber to another at crossover points The concentration of the fluorocarbon binder (weight percent solids) in the emulsion as supplied is typically in the range of from 45 to 65 weight percent. The particles of the fluorocarbon polymer binder in the emulslon typically have sizes in the range of from 0.05 to 1.0 micrometer, preferably 0.1 to 0.4 micrometer. The dispersions are aqueous and typically contain from 3 to 12~, more typically 5 to 7%, by weight of volatile nonionic and anionic wet-ting agents. The dispersions are generally deleted ~9~i8~

before use, typically to 0.5 to 25~ by weight orhigher, more preferably rom 5 to 15~ by weight, of the fluorocarbon binder by adding water.

5 Bleachinq of Fibers:

Because of carbonaceous residues remaining from their manufacture, staple PTFE fibers are typically a rich, chocolate brown color. Aesthetically, this is 10 undesirable in filters as well as in filter support and drainage structures.
~ leaching as used herein with reference to the fibers refers to a process of removing the carbona-ceous residues which may typically be present in amounts as high as 9 weight percent of the staple fi-bers. If not removed, those residues remain in the filter structure as extractables, i.e., materials which can leach from the filter structure during use. In the electronics industry, for example, etch-ing solutions used in microchip manufacture must bevery pure, and carbonaceous extractables cannot be tolerated~ Thus, for such applications, and others where contamination by carbonaceous extractables must be avoided, bleaching of the fluorocarbon fibers is preferred.
Bleaching may be accomplished by chemical means, e.g., by heating the fibers in concentrated sulfuric acid heated to approximately 316 C ~600 F) to which is added slowly concentrated nitric acid until the fibers turn white.
Thermal bleaching, however, is preferred. Ther-mal bleaching may be accomplished, e.g., by gradually increasing the temperature of the fibers in an air environment over an extended period of time from, for example, 232 C (450 F) up to 300 C (570 F) and ~L?19~

maintaining such temperature for several hours until the eibers are substantially free of carbonAceous material and are white in color and have a more ae~-thetically desirable appearance. Thermal bleaching 5 will typically result in a shortening of the fibers and an lncrease in their diameter. Depending on the desired size of the fibers in the formed structure, the fibers can be chopped to the desired length be-fore or after their thermal bleaching, it being rec-10 ognized that they will be reduced in length duringthe thermal bleaching step.
Pre-Shrinking of Fibers:

Preferably, the fibers are pre-shrunk before preparation of the dispersion. Pre-shrinking obvi-ates tearing or wrinkling of the laydown caused by shrinkage which otherwise can occur during the drying and/or curing steps. Shrinking results in shorter fibers having larger diameters. The fibers may be pre-shrunk by heating them, preferably by ramping the temperature to which they are subjected over time.
For example, the fibers can be heated to about 243 C
(470 F) with the temperature increased every four hours until a temperature of about 300 C (570 F) is reached and then holding them at 300 C (570 F) ~or several hours. This procedure not only shrinks the fibers but also serves to bleach them from their chocolate brown color t.o a lighter, white color.
Accordingly, heat treatment can serve to both bleach and shrink the fibers. ~s noted previously, the fibers can be cut to a desired length, e.g., 0.64 centimeter (0.25 inch), after thermal treatment.

Stabiliæed Dispersion:

The stabilized dispersion used to prepare the porous structures in accordance with this invention 5 is comprised of a liquid carrier medium, the PTFE
fibers, and a stabilizing agent. Preferably, a sin-gle constltuent serves to both stabilize the disper sion of PTFE fibers and, upon drying, to bind the fibers to each other, ~hereby providing green 10 strength.
Typically, the stabilized dispersion is prepared by the following general procedure.
The stabilizing agent is combined with the liq-uid carrier medium, preferably water for ease of use 15 and disposal, in an amount such as to provide the requisite concentration of the stabilizing agent in the liquid medium. The combination is mixed until uniform dispersion Oe the stabilizing agent is ob-tained. The requisite amount of PTFE fibers is then added and mi~ed to provide a uniform dispersion or suspension of the fibeLs in the liquid medium.
For some systems, this is all that is required.
The suspension o PTFE fibers in the liquid medium containing the stabilizing agent is stable after a thorough mixing has been completed. By stable or stabilized is meant that the PTFE fibers are in sus-pension and will not settle out at a rate ~ast enough to adversely affect the laydown Oe the dispersion.
For some applications it is preferred to add an additional component to set up the stabilizing agent and thereby increase the viscosity. For example, with Carbopol 941 ~ polyacrylic acid available from B. F. Goodrich Chemicals Company), the addition of a neutralizing base, amrnonium hydroxide, serves to neutralize the polyacrylic acid and increase the e~ ~or viscosity substantially, e.g., to 800 to 20,00~ cen-tipoise. Such systems are very thixotropic, i.e., they have a very high apparent viscos~ty when undis-turbed (low shear condition) and hence settling of 5 the suspended particulate is retarded~ When vigor-ously agitated, they have a low effective viscosity and, hence, are very effective in dispersing the PTFE
fibers. Since these dispe~sions are very stable, they may be prepared in advance o~ the time they are 10 used without settling out of the fibers.
Carbopol 941 may be used without the addition of a neutralizing base, albeit addition of a neutraliz-ing base is preferred. When a neutralizing base is not used, more of the Carbopol must be added to 15 achieve the desired viscosity. Viscosities in the range of from 800 to 20,000, preferably in the range of 1,200 to 6,000, centipoise may be used, measured at the temperature of application on a portion of the liquid from which the ~ibers have been removed using a Brookfield viscometer.
~ s noted, a stabilizing agent is necessary to stabilize the fiber dispersion. Also, a fugitive binder is usually desirable to give the laydown suf-ficient strength to withstand handling until curing 2S of the fluorocarbon binder is effected. Both the ~
stabiliæing agent and the fugitive binder, if used, preferably are fugitive in the sense that they are volatilized and/or decomposed substantially complete-ly prior to or during drying and curing of the porous structure so that they are essentially absent from the finished fibrous structure. Alternatively, how-ever, they may be of such a type that they are re-moved by subsequent treatment, for example, as de-scribed below. In any event, they should be vola-3S tilized, decomposed or removed so that they do not inceease the level of extractables in the finishedEibrous structure.
Although separate components may be used, pref-erably a single component will act as both a fugitive 5 stabiliæer and fugitive binder, i.e., as a fugitive stabilizer/binder. Preferred materials are poly-acrylic acids marketed by B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company under the trademark Carbopol, particularly Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940, and Carbopol 941. As 10 noted, the thickening action of these polyacrylic acids is enhanced considerably by the addition of a neutralizing base, such as ammonium hydroxide.
The amount of PTFE fibers present in the stabi-lized dispersion should be such that a uniform and 15 complete dispersion is achieved with the minimum amount of water. Generally from 0.5 to 20, and pref-erably from 1 to 5, grams of fibers per liter of the dispersion comprising the stabilizing agent, liquid carrier, and fiber mixture is satisfactory. Lower 20 amounts can be used, but are less economical. Higher amounts are more difficult to disperse and may lead to clumping or aggregation of the fibers and a non~
uniform laydown.
The amount of stabilizing agent/binder will vary 25 according to the particular agent chosen, but in every case it should be sufficient to provide a sta-bilized dispersion as described above. Typically, mixtures of the liquid medium and stabilizing agent will have viscosities of from 800 to 20,000, and 30 preferably from 1,200 to 6,000, centipoise, prior to incorporation of the fibers. Generally from 0.4 to 4 grams per liter of the stabilizing agent/binder and, preferably, from 1 to 2 grams per liter of the liquid carrier and stabilizing agent/binder mixture are 35 sufficent.

-- 10, --The dispersion may be prepared wlth conventional equipment, e.g., a ba~led Cowles mixer or beater.
Generally, beating at a tip speed of from 914 to 1,370 meters per minute (3,000 to 4,500 feet per minute) for from 30 to 120 minutes is sufficient to produce a uniform, complete dispersion of the fibers.
Excessive tip speed and mixing times are not desir-able due to a loss in viscosity caused by shearing of the molecules of the stabilizing agent. The surface tension of solutions of the desired characteristics which have been thickened with Carbopol is above 70 dynes per centimeter and was measured as 74.2 dynes per centimeter for a 1.4 grams per liter of Carbo-pol 941 mixture.
Laying Down the DisPersion:

The stabilized dispersion may be laid down on any suitable porous support, e.g., a woven glass cloth or wire mesh. The laydown should be o uniform thickness and spreading means may be employed for that purpose. Excess liquid carrier then is drained from the la~down, preferably by drawing a vacuum through the support. Conventional equipment, such as a Fourdrinier, may be used. To avoid premature and uneven drainage of the laydown, an impervious sheet, such as a plastic sheet, may be placed over the por-ous support prior to laydown Oe the dispersion.
After distribution of the dispersion over the sup-port, the plastic sheet is removed and the liquid isdrained.

Dryinq ~he Laydown:

Pr~ferably, the laydown is dried substantially completely prior to application of the fluorocarbon 5 polymer binder. Drying may be accomplished by draw-ing ambient or warmed air through the laydown, by infrared radiation or with conventional oven equip-men~. With an infrared heater, 6 to 9 minutes is satisfactory when operated at about 1 watt per square 10 centimeter (6 watts per square inch~ of the fibrous structure laydown at a distance of 7.6 to 10 centi-meters (3 to 4 inches).

Applyinq the Flùorocarbon Binder to the Laydown:
The fluorocarbon binder emulsion may be applied to the laydown by spraying, dipping, or other conven-tional techniques. The amount of fluorocarbon binder emulsion applied will vary according to the concen-tration of the fluorocarbon binder in the emulsion.The concentration of the emulsion and the amount of emulsion applied to the laydown, whether in a single application or, as described below, in multiple ap-plications, must be such that sufficient amounts of fluorocarbon binder are provided to ensure adequate bonding of fiber-~o-fiber contacts to impart struc- `
tural integrity to the fibrous structure.
In general, if distributed substantially uni-formly~ fluorocarbon binder amounts in the final product, i.e., the porous fibrous structure, of from 5 to 45, preferably from 10 to 35, weight percent based on the weight of fibers, are sufficient.
Amounts below 5 weight percent may be used, however, when less binding is required. Generally, amounts greater than 45 weight percent will lead to webbing, that is, the formation of polymer films from fiber to fiber in areas not immediately adjacent those areas in which the fibers contact each other, with concomi-tant undesirable increases in pressure drop throuyh the structure. Thus, unless the formation o~ a con-tinuous polymer matrix is desired, generally ~his upper limit should not be exceeded.

Drying the Laydown:
Preferably, the impregnated laydown is again dried after application of the fluorocarbon binder emulsion in the manner described above. Drying can be accomplished as a separate step but can also be combined with the curing of the binder.

Setting or Curing the Fluorocarbon Binder:

The fluorocarbon impregnated structure is cured by heating at a higher temperature than is required for drying. For thermoplastic fluorocarbon binders the curing temperature and time should be such that the fluorocarbon binder is allowed to melt and flow, thereby enhancing the fiber-to-fiber bonding. For example, when fluorlnated ethylene-propylene polymers are used, setting or curing will be carried out typi-cally at from 26~ to 343 C (S15 to 6S0 F) for from 20 seconds to 1 minute.
In every case the curing temperature used should be the minimum necessary to cure the fluorocarbon binder, i.e., for the binder to flow and melt bond the ~ibers one to another. To the extent that such minimum temperatures are exceeded, there is the po-tential for undesirable shrinkage or meltin~ of the fluorocarbon fibers.

During drying, the fluorocarbon binder emulsion tends to wick toward the heat-exposed side oE the laydown. Such wicking, especially when the laydown is relatively thick, can lead to binder-starved areas where the fibers are either unbonded or only weakly bonded. Preferably, therefore, the application step and the drying step are repeated one or more times prior to curing, and preferably after stripping the porous support and turning the laydown over so that the previously unexposed side is exposed to more thoroughly and uni~ormly impregnate the lay~own with fluorocarbon binder. The temperature can be raised enough to cure or set the binder between impregnation steps.
Treatinq Laydown to Remove E~tractables:

The stabilizing agent, and fugitive binder if used, as well as any residual surfactant from the fluorocarbon dispersion should not increase the level of extractables in the resulting fibrous structure.
To the extent that extractables are present they are preferably removed, for example, by treating the cured laydown with a heated mineral acid, such as 70%
reagent grade nitric acid at 110 to 121 C (230 to 250 F) for five hours followed by rinsing with pure water and drying of the structure. I
The porous fibrous structures in accordance with the subject invention comprise polytetrafluoro-ethylene fibers and a fluorocarbon binder withstructural integrity resulting from the curing o~ a fluorocarbon binder on a laydown of the polytetra1uoroethylene fibers. The structures have weights ranging from 11 or 22 grams per square meter (1 or 2 grams per square foot) up to as much as 860 5~

grams per square meter (80 grams per square foot), preferably from 32 to 270 grams per square meter (3 to 25 grams per square foot), more preferably rom 43 to 151 grams per square meter (4 to 14 grams per square foot), void volumes in the range of from 40 to 99%, preferably in the ranye of from 50 to 95~, strengths in the range of from 80 to 2,400 grams per centimeter (200 to 6,000 grams per inch3 of width, preferably from 200 to 1,000 grams per centimeter (500 to 2,500 grams per inch) of width, thicknesses typically ranging from 7~8 x 10-3 to Ooll centimeter ~3 to 45 mils), more preferably from 1.3 x 10-2 to 5.0 x 10-2 centimeter (5 to 20 mils), and air pressure drops of from 0.064 to 2.5 kilograms per square meter (0.0025 to 0.1 inch water~ at a flow rate of 8.5 cubic meters per minute per square meter (28 cubic feet per minute per square foot) of the fibrous structure at ambient or standard conditions (1.03 kg/cm2 and 22 C). Unless otherwise indicated, all measurements of volumetric flow rate per time per pressure difEerential should be understood as being pee square foot, i.e., per 0.093 square meters, of surface area of the fibrous structure.
They find particular use as support and drainage medium for all ~luoropolymer filter media which must be capable Oe withstanding hostile chemical environ-ments including both caustic and acid environments at elevated temperatures. When used as support and drainage material, e.g., as upstream and downstream layers of a fluorocarbon po]ymer in a pleated all-fluorocarbon polymer eilter cartridge, the flow char-acteristics of the porous fibrous structures in ac-cordance with this invention must be considered as well as the stiffness of the structure and the re-lated thickness and weight per a given cross-:

sectional area.
For structures in accordance with the invention,it has been found that increasing the weight of the medium per a given cross-sectional area makes it more resistant to deflection or deformation because o the increasing thickness. Offsetting this desirable result is the reduced number of pleats which can be fitted into a cartridge as the thickness of the sup-port and drainage layers is increased. It has also been observed that the intrinsic stiffness as meas-ured by Youngs modulus was relatively constant as the thickness and corresponding weight of the structure increased, i.e., the ratio of stress to strain as the material is deformed under a load is relatively con-stant for material of varying thickness. This isshown in Table I below.

58~

TABLE I

Inter-Light mediate Heavier Weight Weight Weight _ Material Material Material Weight (grams/m2) 44.6 86.4 145.3 Thickness (cm) l.9x10-2 3.5x10-2 5.5x10-2 (Deflection* for Can tilever Length of:
2.5 cm 0.389 0.102 0.062 5.0 cm 3.76 1.63 0.55 Calculated* Youngs Modulus (Kg/cm2) 137 123 126 Average 129 Void Volume (%) 89.1 88.5 87.7 * Deflection (in centimeters) was measured for cantilevered lengths of 2.5 and 5.0 centimeters (one and two inches) and the Youngs modulus calculated for each deflection and the two values were then aver-aged. The weight of the specimen caused its deflec-tion, i.e., no external force was applied.
The Youngs moduli or the three materials of varying welght and thickness were relatively con-stant, i.e., they did not vary by more than about 14 kilograms per square centimeter (200 psi).
The cross flow characteristics of the porous structure are also important when it is to be used as support and drainage material. A typical porous structure in accordance with this invention~ i.e., a structure having a weight of 86.4 grams per square meter (8.03 grams per square foot) and the thick-"7 nesses shown, had the cross flow rates for liquid andair as set out below in Table II.
TABLE II

Thickness* o~ Liquid** Cross Flow One Layer ~cm) (cc/min)/(~q~cm 3.2xl0 2 434 2.0xl0-2 100 1.5x10-2 77 * The medium was initially compressed sligh~ly ~rom 3.5 x 10-2 centimeter to 3.2 x 10-2 centimeter (13.8 mils to 12.5 mils) to avoid experimental error since slight compression insures that all the liquid passes through the medium. Other samples of the 86.4 grams per square meter (8.03 grams per square foot) mate-rial were compressed to 2.0 x 10 2 and 1.5 x 10 2 centimeter (8~0 and 6.0 mil) thicknesses since normal corrugations would typically yield about a 2.0 x 10 2 centimeter (8.0 mil) thick medium. These cross flow rates obtained are adequate for both the 2.0 x 10-2 and 1.5 x 10-2 centimeter (8.0 mil and 6.0 mil) thicknesses. Typically, a minimum liquid cross flow of about 35.6 ~cc/min)/(kg/cm2), i.e., about 2.5 cc/
min/psi, i5 adequate.
** The liquid used was isopropyl alcohol having a viscosity o~ 2.1 centipoise.

Air flow results were as follows:

Thickness of Air Flow Void One Layer (cm) (cc/min)~(Kq~cm2) Volume (%) 3.2x10-2 50,356 87.3 2.~xl0-2 ~1,053 80.0 Air cross flows of a~ least 7,100 (cc/min)/(kg/cm2), i.e., 500 cc/min/psi, are desir-able, more preferably 14,200 (cc/min)/(kg/cm2), i.e., 1,000 cc/min/psi, or greater. Liquid cross flows (isopropyl alcohol) of at least 35.6 (cc/min)/(kg/cm2), i.e., 2.5 cc/min/psi, are desired, 15 more preferably 57 (cc/min)/(kg/cm2), i.e., 4 cc/min/psi, or greater.

The ~nvention will be better understood by ref-erence to the following examples which are offered by way of illustration.

Exam~le 1:

Polytetrafluoroethylene flbers 0.6 centimeter (1/4 inch) in length and having diameters of about 23.7 micrometers were thermally bleached by heating them to a temperature of 243 C (~70 F) where they were held for four hours following which the tempera-ture was increased by 5.6 C tl F) every four hours until 300 C (570 F) was reached. The fibers were held at 300 C (570 F) until they were white. After this thermal bleaching treatment, the fiber diameter had increased to 25.4 micrometers (a 6.86~ increase in fiber diameter) and the fiber length had decreased to 0.46 centimeter (0.180 inch) (a 28~ decrease in ~9~

fiber length).
Separate dispersions having 2.24 grams of fiber per liter and 1.4 grams of Carbopol 941 per liter, to which 0.06 milliliter of 29% by weight aqueous ammo-nium hydroxide was added per liter, were preparedfrom fibers that had not been thermally treated and from fibers that had been thermally treated as de-scribed above. Separate laydowns of the two dis-persions at a level of 108 grams of fibers per square meter (10 grams of fibers per square foot) were made on a support of glass cloth covered with a plastic sheet which was removed after distribution of the dispersion over the support. The laydowns were about 1.2 meters (4 feet) long by 13 centimeters ~5 inches) wide.
After they were dried under an infrared heat source, the laydowns were sprayed with a dispersion of FEP 120 dispersion in water having a concentration of llg by weight FEP 120. They were then dried under an infrared heat source. The laydowns were then turned over and sprayed and dried in the same manner a second time.
The dried laydowns (still on the glass cloth) were then passed through a laboratory belt furnace set at 316 C (600 F). The length of the heated zone was 244 centimeters (8 feet) and residence time of the laydowns in the heated zone was 5 minutes.
The maximum temperature reached by the laydowns as they passed through the furnace was approximately 288 C (550 F). A 24~ pickup of FEP 120 binder, based upon the weight of PTFE fibers, was obtained in each case.
The laydown of the thermally pretreated fibers did not shrink measurably (less than 1%) during the fusion step. The laydown of fibers not thermally 5~1~

pretreated shrunk an average of 28~ during the fusion step and the resulting structure was wrinkled.
Example 2:

Into a tank, having an internal diameter of 76 centimeters (30 inches) and an available liquid depth of 58 centimeters (23 inches), was placed with stir-ring, 420 grams of Carbopol 941 solids and sufficient deionized water to make up 300 liters. The mixture was stirred continuously while 18 milliliters of 29%
by weight aqueous ammonium hydroxide was added and mixing continued until the viscosity of the mixture reached 1,875 centipoise. The resulting mixture had a pH Oe about 5.5. The stirring was carried out by means of a Cowles mixer having a 25 centimeter (10 inch) diameter blade operated at 946 meters per min-ute (3,105 feet per minute) at the tip of the blade, i.e., the rate of rotation was about 1,200 rpm.
Into the mixture of Carbopol 941, water, and ammonia were added with stirring 672 grams of ther-mally bleached polytetrafluoroethylene fibers having diameters of 25.4 micrometers and lengths of 0.46 centimeter (0.18 inch) over a period of four minutes.
The concentration o the fibers in the resulting dispersion was 2.24 grams per liter. The stirring was carried out with the Cowles stirrer operating at a tip speed of l,lOS meters per minute (3,625 feet per minute) (about 1,400 rpm)~ The stirring was continued eor about 50 minutes in which time the fibers exhibited no evidence of aggregration and the viscosity of the liquid in the dispersion was about 550 centipoise, i.e., a portion of the liquid was removed by straining out the fibers and the viscosity measured as 550 centipoise using a Brookfield vis-~?~9~587 cometer with a number 2 spindle operating at a speed o~ 12~
A portion of the stabilized dispersion of PTFE
fibers was removed ~rom the tank and transferred to a la~down table comprised of a structure with sidewalls and a base on which an impervious plastic sheet cov-ered a foraminate glass cloth which in turn was placed over a stainles~ steel wire mesh supported on a stainless steel plate having drainage holes. After placing the stabilized dispersion of PTFE fibers on the laydown table (on top of the impervious plastic sheet), the plastic sheet was removed and a partial vacuum equivalent to 500 kilograms per square meter (20 inches of wa~er) was drawn on the underside of the laydown table to remove water from the laydown.
The pressure differential decreased from 500 kilo-grams per square meter (20 inches of water) to a pressure differential of 229 kilograms per square meter (9 inches of water) as the liquid was removed.
The partially de-watered laydown having a length of about 1~2 meters (4 feet) and a width o~ about 13 centimeter~ (5 lnches) wa~ then dried to constant weight under an infrared heat source for about 6 minutes.
The dried laydown was sprayed with an FEP 120 emulsion having a concentration of 11~ FEP 120 solids by weight with the individual FEP 120 particles mak-ing up the emulsion having diameters ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 micrometer. A spray bottle was used to apply the emulsion to the dried laydown. The weight of the dried laydown prior to addition of the FEP 120 emul-sion was 105 grams per square meter (9.8 grams per square foot). Twenty milliliters of solution was used to provide an even coating. The laydown was dried under an infrared hea~ source. The laydown was - ~2 -~9~

then lifted up, tuened over and laid back down on its support and an additional 20 millili~ers of solutlon was applied by spraying. The laydown was then dried again. The FEP 120 treated laydown was cured or fused by passing it through a belt furnace set at 316 C ~600 F) for 5 minutes. The maximum tempera-ture reached by the laydown was approximately 288 C
(550 F).
The resulting structure had a weight of 131 grams per square meter (12.2 grams per square foot) representing 105 grams per square meter (9.8 grams per square foot) of PTFE fibers and 26 grams per square meter (2.4 grams per square foot) of the FEP 120 binder, corresponding to 24.5 weight percent FEP based on the weight of PTFE. The structural integrity or strength of the porous fibrous structure prepared as described above was determined by pulling hourglass-shaped pieces of the structure under con-trolled conditions to measure the force required to break specimens of the structure. Specifically, samples 10 centimeters (4 inches) long and 3.2 centi-meters (1 1/4 inches) wide at each end tapering in the center to a piece 1.3 centimeters (1/2 inch) wide were subjected to increasing force until the breaking or rupture point was reached. The results obtained and denoted as the breaking load (strength) in grams per centimeter of width are set out in Table III
below. Also set out in Table III is the tensile strength calculated based on the cross sectional area of the sample tested.

TABLE III

Spec- Thick- Break- Width Break- Tensile imen ness ing of Test ing Strength 5 Num- ~cm) Load Where Load (Kg/cm2) ber (grams) Break (grams/
Occurred cm of (cm) width~ _ Longitudinal*
Specimens 1 7.67x10-2 931.7 1.42 655 8.53 2 7.72x10-2 804.9 1.40 576 7.45 15Avg. 7.70x10-2 868.3 1.41 616 8.00 Transverse**
Specimens 203 77.7x10-2 804.6 1.42 566 7.27 4 80.0x10-2 805.5 1.32 610 7.81 Avg. 79.0x10-2 805.1 1.37 588 7.54 * Specimens taken erom the laydown such that their 10 centime~er (4 inch) length was parallel to the 1.22 meter ~4 foot) length of the specimen.
** Specimens taken from the laydown such that their 10 centimeter (4 inch) length was transverse or at right angles to the 1.22 meter (4 foot) length of the laydown.

As can be seen from Table I, the structures formed had good tensi.le steength. Void volume was 91~ .

Claims

1. A method of forming a porous, fibrous struc-ture comprising polytetrafluoroethylene fibers and fluorocarbon binder, which method comprises:
(a) preparing a stabilized dispersion com-prising polytetrafluoroethylene fibers, a stabilizing agent, and a liquid carrier;
(b) laying down said dispersion on a support and removing at least a portion of said carrier;
(c) applying an emulsion of a fluorocarbon binder to the laydown and (d) curing the fluorocarbon binder.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the laydown is at least partially dried prior to application of said emulsion.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein said laydown is dried after the application of said emulsion and prior to said curing.

4. The method of any one of claims 1 through 3 wherein the application of said emulsion to said laydown and the drying of said laydown after said application is repeated one or more times prior to curing said binder.

5. The method of either of claims 1 and 2 wherein after the curing of said binder one or more additional applications of said emulsion is carried out with drying after each such additional applica-tion and wherein said laydown is cured after the final application of said emulsion.

6. The method of claim 2 wherein said fluoro-carbon binder is a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer and said stabilized dispersion is prepared by:
(i) admixing a stabilizing agent/binder with a liquid carrier in an amount to provide a concentra-tion of from 0.4 to 4 grams per liter of the mixture of said stabilizing agent/binder and said liquid carrier, and (ii) dispersing said fibers in the mixture of liquid carrier and stabilizing agent/binder in an amount to provide from 0.5 to 20 grams of said fibers per liter of the resulting stabilized dispersion of said fibers, said stabilizing agent/binder, and said liquid carrier; and wherein the mixture of said liq-uid carrier and said stabilizing agent/binder has a viscosity of from 800 to 20,000 centipoise and the concentration of said binder in said emulsion is from 0.5 to 25 weight percent.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein said fluoro-carbon binder is a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer and said stabilized dispersion is prepared by:
(i) admixing a stabilizing agent/binder with a liquid carrier in an amount to provide a concentra-tion of from 1 to 2 grams per liter of the mixture of said stabilizing agent/binder and said liquid carrier, and (ii) dispersing said fibers in the mixture of liquid carrier and stabilizing agent/binder in an amount to provide from 1 to 5 grams of said fibers per liter of the resulting stabilized dispersion of said fibers, said stabilizing agent/binder, and said liquid carrier, and wherein the mixture of said liq-uid carrier and said stabilizing agent/binder has a viscosity of from 1,200 to 6,000 centipoise and the concentration of said binder in said emulsion is from 5 to 15 weight percent.

8. The method of any one of claims 1, 2 and 7 wherein the particles of said fluorocarbon binder in said emulsion have sizes in the range of from 0.05 to 1 micrometer.

9. The method of any one of claims 1, 2 and 7 wherein said fibers are preshrunk prior to incorpora-tion into said dispersion.

10. The method of any one of claims 1, 2 and 7 wherein said fibers are preshrunk and bleached prior to incorporation into said dispersion by thermal treatment.

11. A method of forming a porous, fibrous structure comprising polytetrafluoroethylene fibers and a fluorocarbon binder, which method comprises:
(a) preparing a stabilized, aqueous disper-sion comprising polytetrafluoroethylene fibers, a stabilizing agent/binder and water;
(b) laying down said dispersion on a forami-nous substrate and removing at least a portion of the water;

(c) applying a fluorocarbon binder emulsion to one side of the laydown, (d) drying the laydown;
(e) applying said fluorocarbon binder emul-sion to the other side;
(f) drying the laydown again; and (g) setting or curing the fluorocarbon binder.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein said fibers are preshrunk prior to incorporation into said dis-persion.

13. The method of either of claims 11 and 12 wherein after curing of said fluorocarbon binder the resulting structure is treated to remove extract-ables.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein said fluoro-carbon binder is a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer.

15. The method of any one of claims 11, 12 and 14 wherein the particles of said fluorocarbon binder in said emulsion have sizes in the range of from 0.05 to 1 micrometer.

16. A porous, fibrous fluorocarbon structure comprising polytetrafluoroethylene fibers and a fluo-rocarbon binder, said structure having a void volume in the range of from 40 to 99 percent, a strength of from 80 to 2,360 grams per meter (200 to 6,000 grams per inch) of width, and an air pressure drop of from 0.064 to 2.5 kilograms per square meter (0.0025 to 0.1 inch of water) at a flow rate of 8.5 cubic meters per minute per square meter (28 cubic feet per minute per square foot) of the fibrous structure at standard conditions.

17. The structure of claim 16, wherein said fibers were preshrunk prior to incorporation into said structure.

18. The structure of either of claims 16 and 17 wherein said fibers were preshrunk by thermal bleach-ing.

19. The structure of either of claims 16 and 17 wherein said fibers have lengths in the range of from 1,000 to 20,000 micrometers, diameters in the range of from 5 to 50 micrometers, and an aspect ratio of at least 100.

20. The structure of claim 16 wherein said binder is present in said structure in an amount of from 5 to 45 percent by weight based on the weight of said fibers.

21. The structure of claim 16 wherein said binder is a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer.

22. The structure of claim 21 wherein said binder is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.

23. A porous, fibrous fluorocarbon structure comprising (1) polytetrafluoroethylene fibers having lengths in the range of from 4,500 to 8,500 microme-ters, diameters in the range of from 15 to 35 microm-eters, and aspect ratios of at least 100, and (2) a fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer binder, said structure having a void volume in the range of from 50 to 95 percent, a strength of from 200 to 1,000 grams per centimeter (500 to 2,500 grams per inch) of width, a thickness in the range of from 1.3 x 10-2 to 5.0 x 10-2 centimeter (5 to 20 mils), a weight of from 32 to 270 grams per square meter (3 to 25 grams per square foot), an air pressure drop of from 0.064 to 2.5 kilograms per square meter (0.0025 to 0.1 inch of water) at a flow rate of 8.5 cubic meters per minute per square meter (28 cubic feet per minute per square foot) of the fibrous structure at standard conditions, and wherein said binder is present in said structure in an amount of from 10 to 35 percent by weight of based on the weight of said fibers.

24. The structure of claim 23 wherein the liq-uid cross flow of isopropyl alcohol having a viscos-ity of 2,1 centipoise is at least 35.6 (cc/min)/
(Kg/cm2), the air cross flow rate is at least 7,100 (cc/min)/(Kg/cm2), and the Youngs modulus of said structure is relatively constant for varying thick-nesses of said structure.