CA1297570C - Header driven type packet switching system - Google Patents
Header driven type packet switching systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA1297570C CA1297570C CA000567672A CA567672A CA1297570C CA 1297570 C CA1297570 C CA 1297570C CA 000567672 A CA000567672 A CA 000567672A CA 567672 A CA567672 A CA 567672A CA 1297570 C CA1297570 C CA 1297570C
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- outgoing
- incoming
- modules
- lines
- packet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/30—Peripheral units, e.g. input or output ports
- H04L49/3081—ATM peripheral units, e.g. policing, insertion or extraction
- H04L49/309—Header conversion, routing tables or routing tags
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/30—Peripheral units, e.g. input or output ports
- H04L49/3009—Header conversion, routing tables or routing tags
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/30—Peripheral units, e.g. input or output ports
- H04L49/3081—ATM peripheral units, e.g. policing, insertion or extraction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/30—Peripheral units, e.g. input or output ports
Abstract
HEADER DRIVEN TYPE PACKET SWITCHING SYSTEM
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
In a header driven type packet switching system, all incoming and outgoing lines required for the system are divided into groups to constitute a two stage structure of incoming and outgoing modules, which are prepared for the respective incoming and outgoing line groups. In each incoming module, outgoing module and outgoing line, information is given to packets, and the data packets are successively transferred from the outgoing modules to the corresponding outgoing lines.
Thus, the system can flexibly cope with an increase of the incoming lines and the number of calls.
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
In a header driven type packet switching system, all incoming and outgoing lines required for the system are divided into groups to constitute a two stage structure of incoming and outgoing modules, which are prepared for the respective incoming and outgoing line groups. In each incoming module, outgoing module and outgoing line, information is given to packets, and the data packets are successively transferred from the outgoing modules to the corresponding outgoing lines.
Thus, the system can flexibly cope with an increase of the incoming lines and the number of calls.
Description
~7~ FJ-6619 HEADER DRIVEN TYPE PACKET SWITCHING SYSTEM
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a packet switching system, particularly to a header driven type packet switching system adapted for a high-speed packet switching node (non-x.25 protocol base) in an ISDN
(integrated services digital network) and in a packet network.
To cope with recent high-speed communications, there is an increasing demand for packet type digital data communications, and therefore, a header driven type packet switching system which exchanges packets ac-cording to packet headers by hardware autonomous line switches, has been put to practical use to improve the packet switching processing capacity and processing speed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a packet switching system, particularly to a header driven type packet switching system adapted for a high-speed packet switching node (non-x.25 protocol base) in an ISDN
(integrated services digital network) and in a packet network.
To cope with recent high-speed communications, there is an increasing demand for packet type digital data communications, and therefore, a header driven type packet switching system which exchanges packets ac-cording to packet headers by hardware autonomous line switches, has been put to practical use to improve the packet switching processing capacity and processing speed.
2. Description of the Related Art The basic functions required for the header driven type packet switching system are a routing function, for decoding the header of an input packet for transfer to a destination, and a function for rewriting the header with the virtual call number of a selected line.
Such a prior art header driven type packet switching system is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 61-127250.
In a conventional header driven type packet switching, header processing circuits, each of which decodes the header of an input packet, rewrites the information in the header, and transmits a control signal to a switching portion to select an outgoing line for the packet, are provided only in a fixed corre-spondence with incoming lines of the switching system.
Therefore, when a plurality of packets are continuously transmitted through a particular incoming 12975~0 line, the first packet must be completely processed before the next packet can be processed, and thus the processing of the following packets may be greatly delayed, or those packets may have to be dropped.
To solve the above problems in the prior art, the inventors of the present invention presented, prior to the present invention, a new header driven packet switching system and method in which, by providing header processing circuits arranged independently of the incoming lines, successive data packets can be efficiently and flexibly processed without overlong delay, which issued as United States Patent No. 4,920,531.
The above-mentioned preceding system (herein after referred to as the preceding system) will be later described in more detail with reference to the drawings.
The above-mentioned preceding header driven type packet switching system can achieve a hardware autonomous control without software for the switches for each packet, to realize a packet switching process which can cope with a large scale data packet. Nevertheless, this system has the following drawbacks:
~ the processing speed of LSIs used in the packet header processing circuits and in the switching mechanisms are limited when the number of incoming and outgoing lines is increased; and ~ when a transmission capacity (incoming lines) and the number of calls are increased, a capacity of the memory for holding the next virtual call number and the outgoing line number in each packet header processing circuit PH must be increased.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to realize a header driven type packet switching system which can cope with an increased transmission capacity while maintaining the line noncorrespondent hunting of the above-mentioned packet header processing circuits.
lX97570 To attain the above object, there is provided, according to the present invention, a header driven type packet switching system for switching from N incoming lines to N outgoing lines. The system comprises j incoming modules each accommodating a group of n incoming lines which are derived from the N incoming lines by dividing the N incoming lines into j groups; j outgoing modules each being connected to the j incoming modules through transfer lines, each of the j outgoing modulus being connected to n outgoing lines which are derived from the N outgoing lines by dividing the N
outgoing lines into j groups; each of the j incoming modulus comprising: a plurality of packet header processing circuits disposed independently of the j incoming lines, for rewriting outgoing line information, outgoing module information and header information in the header of the incoming packet; a hunt control portion for hunting a free circuit from among the packet header processing circuits; and linking portions disposed to be corresponding to all of the outgoing modules, for transferring packets from the hunt con-trolling portion to the corresponding outgoing modules in the sequence of transfer requests.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF T~E DRA~INGS
The above object and features of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the principle of a header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing an em-bodiment of the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a view showing an embodiment of an outgoing portion of an incoming module used for the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a view showing an embodiment of an outgoing module used for the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention~
Fig. 5 is a view showing a conversion table of routing header information of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is a view showing the constitution of a header driven type packet switching system provided before the present invention; and Fig. 7 is a conversion table of routing header information used in the system shown in Fig. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIME~TS
For a better understanding of the embodiment of the present invention, the header driven type packet switching system provided before the present invention will be first described with reference in Figs. 6 and 7.
Figure 6 conceptually shows a header driven type packet switching system proposed by the applicant of the present application in United States Patent No. 4,920,531.
In the figure, IB represents an input buffer for temporarily storing a data packet DP and connected to a corresponding incoming line, SWl a switching mechanism to which respective outputs of the input buffers IBs are input, PH a packet header processing circuit arranged to be noncorresponding or independent to the input buffers IBs, that is, the packet header processing circuit PH is arranged to be noncorresponding to the incoming lines through the switching mechanism SWl to rewrite header information and add data packet routing information related to an outgoing line according to the header information of the data packet DP in the input buffer IB. CTL1 is a controller for controlling the connection of the input buffer IB, which has sent a transfer demand, to a free header processing circuit PH. The controller CTLl also controls the transfer of the data packet DP. SW2 is a switching mechanism, OB an output 129~5'70 buffer, CTL2 a controller for controlling the connection of the packet header processing circuit P~ to the output buffer OB which is connected to an outgoing line to which the data packet in the packet header processing circuit PH in question is to be transferred. The controller CTL2 also controls the transfer of a data packet DP'. SGU is a call control packet terminating unit, and CPU a processing unit for setting, for each call, a routing conversion table (refer to Fig. 7) in the packet header processing circuit PH according to a call control packet from the call control packet terminating unit SGU.
The operation of the system shown in Fig. 6 will be described.
The data packet DP from a packet terminating unit (not shown) is passed through an incoming line and stored in an input buffer IB. The data packet DP
includes a user data DT as a packet data and a virtual call number VC as packet header information. An incoming line number is added to the data packet in the input buffer IB. The controller CTLl hunts a free one of the packet header processing circuits PHs, adjusts the competition among transfer demands from the input buffers IBs to select one input buffer, and controls the switching mechanism SWl to connect the selected input buffer IB to the free packet header processing circuit PH. As a result, the data packet DP provided with the incoming line number is transferred to the hunted packet header processing circuit PH.
In the packet header processing circuit PH to which the data packet has been transferred, the routing conversion table (refer to Fig. 7), which has been already prepared by the processing unit CPU according to a call control packet, is retrieved according to the incoming line number and the virtual call number VC of the arrived data packet DP to find a corresponding outgoing line number and a next virtual call number, ~297570 write the outgoing line number in a memory, and rewrite the virtual call number to the next virtual call number.
The controller CTL2 controls the switching mechanism SW2 to connect the packet header processing circuit PH to a corresponding outgoing line according to the outgoing line number in the routing information specified in the memory of the packet header processing circuit PH.
By the above-described header driven type packet switching system, a hardware autonomous control is achieved without software for the switches (SWl, SW2) for each packet to realize a packet switching process which can cope with a large scale data packet; but this system has the following drawbacks:
~ When the number of incoming and outgoing lines is increased, i.e., when a large transmission capacity is needed, or when a line activity ratio is increased due to an increase in the numbex of packets to be processed, the controllers CTLl and CTL2 and the switching mechanism SWl and SW2, which constitute a connection controlling portion between the input buffers IBs or output buffers OBs and the packet header processing circuits PHs, may cause operational bottleneck troubles due to the operational limits of the hardware (i.e., limits in the processing speeds of the LSI's used).
~ Since the packet header processing circuits PHs are provided to be independent of the lines so as to hunt an input data packet in an hunting method, the processing unit CPU sets, for each call, the same routing information in all of the packet header processing circuits PHs through multilple-address communication. But, if a transmission capacity (incoming lines) and the number of calls are increased, the capacity of the memory for holding the next virtual call number and the outgoing line number in each packet header processing circuit PH must be increased.
1297S7(~
Now, em~odiments of the present invention will be described.
Figure 1 is a view conceptually showing a header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention. In Fig. 1, the packet switching system according to the present invention accommodates a total of N incoming lines and outputs a total of N
outgoing lines. The packet switching system switches from the N incoming lines to the N outgoing linesO The N incoming lines are divided into j groups each consisting of n incoming lines. The j groups of the incoming lines are respectively connected to the inputs of j incoming modules IMl to IMj. ~imilarly, the N
outgoing lines are divided into j groups each consisting of n outgoing lines. The j groups of the outgoing lines are respectively connected to the outputs of j outgoing modules OMl to OMj. The outputs of the incoming modules IMl to IMj are connected to the inputs of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj. Namely, the system has a two stage constitution.
Each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj has a hunt controlling portion HC and linking portions Ll to Lj provided to correspond to the respective outgoing modules OMl to OMj. The hunt controlling portion HC
hunts a free header processing circuit PH independently of the incoming line. The free header processing circuit PH is included in the hunt controlling portion HC as shown in Fig. 2. Further, the hunt controlling portion HC rewrites the information of the outgoing line and the outgoing module and the header information.
Each of the linking portions Ll to Lj has k inputs connected to the outputs of the hunt controlling portion HC and has an output connected to the input of the corresponding outgoing module, for transferring data from the hunt controlling portion into the outgoing module in a required sequence.
Each of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj has j ~s~o inputs, each of whlch is connected to the output of the corresponding one of the linking portions Ll to Lj in the corresponding incoming modules IMl to IMj.
Each of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj transfers a packet to an outgoing line, which has been specified by the header information of the packets, from the hunt controlling portions HCs.
Preferably a transmission capacity of transfer lines between each incoming and outgoing modules is equal to a transmission capacity of n incoming lines of the incoming module.
In the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention shown in Fig. 1, the required N incoming and outgoing lines in total are divided into j groups each consisting of n lines to constitute two stage modules, i.e., j (j = N/n) incoming modules IMl to IMj and j outgoing modules OMl to OMj.
By this constitution, the processing load in each incoming module and in each outgoing module can be reduced in comparison with the non-divided single controller CTLl or CTL2 in the preceding system shown in Fig. 6.
In each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj, the hunt controlling portion HC hunts the packet header processing circuits PH noncorrespondingly to, i.e., independently of lines in the same way as in the preceding system, rewrites the outgoing line information, outgoing module information and header information of a packet, and sends the packet to one of the linking portions Ll to Lj corresponding to the outgoing module in question. The linking portions Ll to Lj are provided to be corresponding to all of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj so that the input packets cannot be abandoned.
The packets in the hunt controlling portion HC are transferred to the same outgoing module in the order of transfer request so that the orders of the packets cannot be disturbed. The one of the outgoing modules ~7~0 OMl to oMj to which the packet has been transferred transfers the packet to an outgoing line, which is specified by the header information of the packet, from the hunt controlling portion HC.
The transmission lines between the incoming and outgoing modules have a transmission capacity equal to a transmission capacity of the n incoming lines, and therefore, a packet transmission will be realized without internal blocking, that is, without abandoning packets due to a buffer-busy state in the packet switching system (between the incoming and outgoing modules).
An embodiment of the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention will be described.
Figure 2 shows the embodiment of the header driven type packet switching system of the present invention shown in Fig. 1. In this embodiment, the hunt con-trolling portion HC in each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj shown in Fig. 1 includes, as in the preceding header driven type packet switching system shown in Fig. 6, input buffers IB, a controller CTLl, a switching mechanism SWl, and packet header processing circuits PHs. But, according to the present invention, the functions of the controller CTL2, switching mechanism SW2 and output buffers OBs shown in Fig. 6 are realized with the outgoing modules OMl to OMj. Further, according to the present invention, all of the N incoming lines necessary for the whole system are divided into j groups, each bundled for every n lines to make j bundles.
For each n incoming lines, the hunt controlling portion HC is provided inside each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj. By this constitution, the transmission capacity and the traffic amount can be easily increased simply by adding additional incoming and outgoing modules with simple wirings therebetween.
Each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj has linking ~..Z9'7S~
portions Ll to Lj (totally represented as L in Fig. 2).
Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating the constitution of a part of the incoming module IMi in detail. As shown in Fig. 3, k (k ~ n) packet header processing circuits which are noncorresponding to the n incoming lines are provided in the hunt controlling portion HC, and all outputs of the k packet header processing circuits PHl to PHk (totally represented as PH in Fig.
2) are transferred to each of the linking portions Ll to Lj. Each of the linking portions Ll to Lj includes first-in first-out (FIFO) memories Fl to Fk as buffers for storing packets from the respective packet header processing circuits PHl to PHk, a FIFO memory RM for storing, in the sequence of the requested order, respective process requests of the data stored in the FIFO memories Fl to Fk, and a gate SD for transferring outputs of the FIFO memories Fl to Fk to the outgoing modules OMl to OMj according to the specified process orders stored in the FIFO memory RM.
Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the con-stitution of an outgoing module OMi in detail. In Fig. 4, each of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj includes input buffers BFl to BFj (totally represented as sF in Fig. 2) which are provided to be corresponding to all the incoming modules IMl to IMj. Each input buffer BF
distributes data packets to its outputs corresponding to outgoing line numbers. Each outgoing module OM further includes output buffers OBl to OBn (totally represented as OB in Fig. 2) provided to be corresponding to the n outgoing lines of the outgoing module. Each output buffer OBi receives outputs of all the input buffers BFl to BFj. Each outgoing module OM still further includes controlling portions CTl to CTn (totally represented as CT in Fig. 2) associated with the output buffers OBl to OBn respectively to control the output buffers OBl to OBn in such a way that packets are transferred from the input buffers BFl to BFj to the same outgoing line in lZ97570 the sequence of the transfer requests. Each of the output buffers OBl to OBn includes a memory Ml, an additional memory M2, and a gate switch GS. The gate switch GS transfers output packets from the input buffers BFl to BFj to the memory Ml according to process instructing signals from the corresponding one of the controlling portions CTl to CTn. Each output buffer further includes an output gate OG for transferring packets transmitted from the memory Ml to the memory M2 to the outgoing line according to the instructions from the corresponding one of the controlling portions CTl to CTn.
Next, an operation of the embodiment of the present invention shown in Figs. 2 to 4 will be described.
In each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj, when a data packet reaches the input buffer IB, the header information or, in other words, the virtual call number, of the packet is transferred to the controller CTLl.
The controller CTLl connects the input buffer in question to a free one of the packet header processing circuits PH and instructs the start of transferring the packet to the free packet header processing circuit PH.
When the packet arrives at the packet header processing circuit PH, the header information of the packet is rewritten with a new virtual call number, and outgoing line number information and outgoing module number information are added to the virtual call number. Then, the packet is transferred to the linking portion L
corresponding to the outgoing module having the number specified as above (Fig. 5). Subsequently, as soon as the transfer is completed, a free indication signal is transmitted from the free packet header processing circuit PH to the controller CTLl. In the linking portion L, when the packet arrives at one of the FIFO
memories Fl to Fk corresponding to the packet header processing circuit PH, a FIFO number of the above-mentioned FIFO memory is set in the FIFO memory RM. The ~7~70 gate SD takes up packets from the FIFO memories Fl to Fk in the sequence set in the memory RM to send them to designated outgoing modules, and as a result, the transferring order of the packets are not disturbed.
When the packet arrives at designated one of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj, the packet is stored in one of the input buffers BFl to BFj, which are FIFO memories corresponding to the incoming modules, in the outgoing module in question. After that, the input buffer sends a transfer request to the controlling portion CT of the gate switch GS of one of the output buffers OBl to OBn corresponding to the outgoing line designated by the outgoing line information previously added to the packet. At this time, the one of the controlling portions CTl to CTn associated with the output buffer in question successively receives transfer requests from the respective input buffers BFl to BFj, and the gate switch GS stores packets from the input buffers BFl to BFj in the memory Ml or M2 in the order specified by the controlling portion CT. If the memory Ml or M2 is executing a transfer operation with respect to an outgoing line, a packet is transferred to the other memory M2 or Ml. In this way, by preparing the two memories, a packet receiving operation and a packet transferring operation to an outgoing line can be simultaneously executed without internal blocking, thereby improving an activity efficiency of the outgoing lines. When a packet is transferred to an outgoing line, outgoing line information added thereto in the incoming module is erased.
As described above, the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention is based on the technique that packets are transferred from incoming lines by hunting conventional packet header processing circuits arranged independently to the incoming lines. Required incoming and outgoing lines in total are divided into groups each being handled with lX9~570 incoming and an outgoing modules to cope with various traffic a~ounts from small to large si~es only by adding the same incoming and outgoing modules. A routing conversion table in each incoming module can be made smaller so that a memory capacity can be reduced. If the modules are connected to each other with lines having a transmission capacity corresponding to a transmission capacity of all the incoming lines, packets will not be abandoned between the inccming and outgoing modules due to a buffer busy state.
Such a prior art header driven type packet switching system is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 61-127250.
In a conventional header driven type packet switching, header processing circuits, each of which decodes the header of an input packet, rewrites the information in the header, and transmits a control signal to a switching portion to select an outgoing line for the packet, are provided only in a fixed corre-spondence with incoming lines of the switching system.
Therefore, when a plurality of packets are continuously transmitted through a particular incoming 12975~0 line, the first packet must be completely processed before the next packet can be processed, and thus the processing of the following packets may be greatly delayed, or those packets may have to be dropped.
To solve the above problems in the prior art, the inventors of the present invention presented, prior to the present invention, a new header driven packet switching system and method in which, by providing header processing circuits arranged independently of the incoming lines, successive data packets can be efficiently and flexibly processed without overlong delay, which issued as United States Patent No. 4,920,531.
The above-mentioned preceding system (herein after referred to as the preceding system) will be later described in more detail with reference to the drawings.
The above-mentioned preceding header driven type packet switching system can achieve a hardware autonomous control without software for the switches for each packet, to realize a packet switching process which can cope with a large scale data packet. Nevertheless, this system has the following drawbacks:
~ the processing speed of LSIs used in the packet header processing circuits and in the switching mechanisms are limited when the number of incoming and outgoing lines is increased; and ~ when a transmission capacity (incoming lines) and the number of calls are increased, a capacity of the memory for holding the next virtual call number and the outgoing line number in each packet header processing circuit PH must be increased.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to realize a header driven type packet switching system which can cope with an increased transmission capacity while maintaining the line noncorrespondent hunting of the above-mentioned packet header processing circuits.
lX97570 To attain the above object, there is provided, according to the present invention, a header driven type packet switching system for switching from N incoming lines to N outgoing lines. The system comprises j incoming modules each accommodating a group of n incoming lines which are derived from the N incoming lines by dividing the N incoming lines into j groups; j outgoing modules each being connected to the j incoming modules through transfer lines, each of the j outgoing modulus being connected to n outgoing lines which are derived from the N outgoing lines by dividing the N
outgoing lines into j groups; each of the j incoming modulus comprising: a plurality of packet header processing circuits disposed independently of the j incoming lines, for rewriting outgoing line information, outgoing module information and header information in the header of the incoming packet; a hunt control portion for hunting a free circuit from among the packet header processing circuits; and linking portions disposed to be corresponding to all of the outgoing modules, for transferring packets from the hunt con-trolling portion to the corresponding outgoing modules in the sequence of transfer requests.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF T~E DRA~INGS
The above object and features of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the principle of a header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing an em-bodiment of the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a view showing an embodiment of an outgoing portion of an incoming module used for the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a view showing an embodiment of an outgoing module used for the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention~
Fig. 5 is a view showing a conversion table of routing header information of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is a view showing the constitution of a header driven type packet switching system provided before the present invention; and Fig. 7 is a conversion table of routing header information used in the system shown in Fig. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIME~TS
For a better understanding of the embodiment of the present invention, the header driven type packet switching system provided before the present invention will be first described with reference in Figs. 6 and 7.
Figure 6 conceptually shows a header driven type packet switching system proposed by the applicant of the present application in United States Patent No. 4,920,531.
In the figure, IB represents an input buffer for temporarily storing a data packet DP and connected to a corresponding incoming line, SWl a switching mechanism to which respective outputs of the input buffers IBs are input, PH a packet header processing circuit arranged to be noncorresponding or independent to the input buffers IBs, that is, the packet header processing circuit PH is arranged to be noncorresponding to the incoming lines through the switching mechanism SWl to rewrite header information and add data packet routing information related to an outgoing line according to the header information of the data packet DP in the input buffer IB. CTL1 is a controller for controlling the connection of the input buffer IB, which has sent a transfer demand, to a free header processing circuit PH. The controller CTLl also controls the transfer of the data packet DP. SW2 is a switching mechanism, OB an output 129~5'70 buffer, CTL2 a controller for controlling the connection of the packet header processing circuit P~ to the output buffer OB which is connected to an outgoing line to which the data packet in the packet header processing circuit PH in question is to be transferred. The controller CTL2 also controls the transfer of a data packet DP'. SGU is a call control packet terminating unit, and CPU a processing unit for setting, for each call, a routing conversion table (refer to Fig. 7) in the packet header processing circuit PH according to a call control packet from the call control packet terminating unit SGU.
The operation of the system shown in Fig. 6 will be described.
The data packet DP from a packet terminating unit (not shown) is passed through an incoming line and stored in an input buffer IB. The data packet DP
includes a user data DT as a packet data and a virtual call number VC as packet header information. An incoming line number is added to the data packet in the input buffer IB. The controller CTLl hunts a free one of the packet header processing circuits PHs, adjusts the competition among transfer demands from the input buffers IBs to select one input buffer, and controls the switching mechanism SWl to connect the selected input buffer IB to the free packet header processing circuit PH. As a result, the data packet DP provided with the incoming line number is transferred to the hunted packet header processing circuit PH.
In the packet header processing circuit PH to which the data packet has been transferred, the routing conversion table (refer to Fig. 7), which has been already prepared by the processing unit CPU according to a call control packet, is retrieved according to the incoming line number and the virtual call number VC of the arrived data packet DP to find a corresponding outgoing line number and a next virtual call number, ~297570 write the outgoing line number in a memory, and rewrite the virtual call number to the next virtual call number.
The controller CTL2 controls the switching mechanism SW2 to connect the packet header processing circuit PH to a corresponding outgoing line according to the outgoing line number in the routing information specified in the memory of the packet header processing circuit PH.
By the above-described header driven type packet switching system, a hardware autonomous control is achieved without software for the switches (SWl, SW2) for each packet to realize a packet switching process which can cope with a large scale data packet; but this system has the following drawbacks:
~ When the number of incoming and outgoing lines is increased, i.e., when a large transmission capacity is needed, or when a line activity ratio is increased due to an increase in the numbex of packets to be processed, the controllers CTLl and CTL2 and the switching mechanism SWl and SW2, which constitute a connection controlling portion between the input buffers IBs or output buffers OBs and the packet header processing circuits PHs, may cause operational bottleneck troubles due to the operational limits of the hardware (i.e., limits in the processing speeds of the LSI's used).
~ Since the packet header processing circuits PHs are provided to be independent of the lines so as to hunt an input data packet in an hunting method, the processing unit CPU sets, for each call, the same routing information in all of the packet header processing circuits PHs through multilple-address communication. But, if a transmission capacity (incoming lines) and the number of calls are increased, the capacity of the memory for holding the next virtual call number and the outgoing line number in each packet header processing circuit PH must be increased.
1297S7(~
Now, em~odiments of the present invention will be described.
Figure 1 is a view conceptually showing a header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention. In Fig. 1, the packet switching system according to the present invention accommodates a total of N incoming lines and outputs a total of N
outgoing lines. The packet switching system switches from the N incoming lines to the N outgoing linesO The N incoming lines are divided into j groups each consisting of n incoming lines. The j groups of the incoming lines are respectively connected to the inputs of j incoming modules IMl to IMj. ~imilarly, the N
outgoing lines are divided into j groups each consisting of n outgoing lines. The j groups of the outgoing lines are respectively connected to the outputs of j outgoing modules OMl to OMj. The outputs of the incoming modules IMl to IMj are connected to the inputs of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj. Namely, the system has a two stage constitution.
Each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj has a hunt controlling portion HC and linking portions Ll to Lj provided to correspond to the respective outgoing modules OMl to OMj. The hunt controlling portion HC
hunts a free header processing circuit PH independently of the incoming line. The free header processing circuit PH is included in the hunt controlling portion HC as shown in Fig. 2. Further, the hunt controlling portion HC rewrites the information of the outgoing line and the outgoing module and the header information.
Each of the linking portions Ll to Lj has k inputs connected to the outputs of the hunt controlling portion HC and has an output connected to the input of the corresponding outgoing module, for transferring data from the hunt controlling portion into the outgoing module in a required sequence.
Each of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj has j ~s~o inputs, each of whlch is connected to the output of the corresponding one of the linking portions Ll to Lj in the corresponding incoming modules IMl to IMj.
Each of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj transfers a packet to an outgoing line, which has been specified by the header information of the packets, from the hunt controlling portions HCs.
Preferably a transmission capacity of transfer lines between each incoming and outgoing modules is equal to a transmission capacity of n incoming lines of the incoming module.
In the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention shown in Fig. 1, the required N incoming and outgoing lines in total are divided into j groups each consisting of n lines to constitute two stage modules, i.e., j (j = N/n) incoming modules IMl to IMj and j outgoing modules OMl to OMj.
By this constitution, the processing load in each incoming module and in each outgoing module can be reduced in comparison with the non-divided single controller CTLl or CTL2 in the preceding system shown in Fig. 6.
In each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj, the hunt controlling portion HC hunts the packet header processing circuits PH noncorrespondingly to, i.e., independently of lines in the same way as in the preceding system, rewrites the outgoing line information, outgoing module information and header information of a packet, and sends the packet to one of the linking portions Ll to Lj corresponding to the outgoing module in question. The linking portions Ll to Lj are provided to be corresponding to all of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj so that the input packets cannot be abandoned.
The packets in the hunt controlling portion HC are transferred to the same outgoing module in the order of transfer request so that the orders of the packets cannot be disturbed. The one of the outgoing modules ~7~0 OMl to oMj to which the packet has been transferred transfers the packet to an outgoing line, which is specified by the header information of the packet, from the hunt controlling portion HC.
The transmission lines between the incoming and outgoing modules have a transmission capacity equal to a transmission capacity of the n incoming lines, and therefore, a packet transmission will be realized without internal blocking, that is, without abandoning packets due to a buffer-busy state in the packet switching system (between the incoming and outgoing modules).
An embodiment of the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention will be described.
Figure 2 shows the embodiment of the header driven type packet switching system of the present invention shown in Fig. 1. In this embodiment, the hunt con-trolling portion HC in each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj shown in Fig. 1 includes, as in the preceding header driven type packet switching system shown in Fig. 6, input buffers IB, a controller CTLl, a switching mechanism SWl, and packet header processing circuits PHs. But, according to the present invention, the functions of the controller CTL2, switching mechanism SW2 and output buffers OBs shown in Fig. 6 are realized with the outgoing modules OMl to OMj. Further, according to the present invention, all of the N incoming lines necessary for the whole system are divided into j groups, each bundled for every n lines to make j bundles.
For each n incoming lines, the hunt controlling portion HC is provided inside each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj. By this constitution, the transmission capacity and the traffic amount can be easily increased simply by adding additional incoming and outgoing modules with simple wirings therebetween.
Each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj has linking ~..Z9'7S~
portions Ll to Lj (totally represented as L in Fig. 2).
Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating the constitution of a part of the incoming module IMi in detail. As shown in Fig. 3, k (k ~ n) packet header processing circuits which are noncorresponding to the n incoming lines are provided in the hunt controlling portion HC, and all outputs of the k packet header processing circuits PHl to PHk (totally represented as PH in Fig.
2) are transferred to each of the linking portions Ll to Lj. Each of the linking portions Ll to Lj includes first-in first-out (FIFO) memories Fl to Fk as buffers for storing packets from the respective packet header processing circuits PHl to PHk, a FIFO memory RM for storing, in the sequence of the requested order, respective process requests of the data stored in the FIFO memories Fl to Fk, and a gate SD for transferring outputs of the FIFO memories Fl to Fk to the outgoing modules OMl to OMj according to the specified process orders stored in the FIFO memory RM.
Fig. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the con-stitution of an outgoing module OMi in detail. In Fig. 4, each of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj includes input buffers BFl to BFj (totally represented as sF in Fig. 2) which are provided to be corresponding to all the incoming modules IMl to IMj. Each input buffer BF
distributes data packets to its outputs corresponding to outgoing line numbers. Each outgoing module OM further includes output buffers OBl to OBn (totally represented as OB in Fig. 2) provided to be corresponding to the n outgoing lines of the outgoing module. Each output buffer OBi receives outputs of all the input buffers BFl to BFj. Each outgoing module OM still further includes controlling portions CTl to CTn (totally represented as CT in Fig. 2) associated with the output buffers OBl to OBn respectively to control the output buffers OBl to OBn in such a way that packets are transferred from the input buffers BFl to BFj to the same outgoing line in lZ97570 the sequence of the transfer requests. Each of the output buffers OBl to OBn includes a memory Ml, an additional memory M2, and a gate switch GS. The gate switch GS transfers output packets from the input buffers BFl to BFj to the memory Ml according to process instructing signals from the corresponding one of the controlling portions CTl to CTn. Each output buffer further includes an output gate OG for transferring packets transmitted from the memory Ml to the memory M2 to the outgoing line according to the instructions from the corresponding one of the controlling portions CTl to CTn.
Next, an operation of the embodiment of the present invention shown in Figs. 2 to 4 will be described.
In each of the incoming modules IMl to IMj, when a data packet reaches the input buffer IB, the header information or, in other words, the virtual call number, of the packet is transferred to the controller CTLl.
The controller CTLl connects the input buffer in question to a free one of the packet header processing circuits PH and instructs the start of transferring the packet to the free packet header processing circuit PH.
When the packet arrives at the packet header processing circuit PH, the header information of the packet is rewritten with a new virtual call number, and outgoing line number information and outgoing module number information are added to the virtual call number. Then, the packet is transferred to the linking portion L
corresponding to the outgoing module having the number specified as above (Fig. 5). Subsequently, as soon as the transfer is completed, a free indication signal is transmitted from the free packet header processing circuit PH to the controller CTLl. In the linking portion L, when the packet arrives at one of the FIFO
memories Fl to Fk corresponding to the packet header processing circuit PH, a FIFO number of the above-mentioned FIFO memory is set in the FIFO memory RM. The ~7~70 gate SD takes up packets from the FIFO memories Fl to Fk in the sequence set in the memory RM to send them to designated outgoing modules, and as a result, the transferring order of the packets are not disturbed.
When the packet arrives at designated one of the outgoing modules OMl to OMj, the packet is stored in one of the input buffers BFl to BFj, which are FIFO memories corresponding to the incoming modules, in the outgoing module in question. After that, the input buffer sends a transfer request to the controlling portion CT of the gate switch GS of one of the output buffers OBl to OBn corresponding to the outgoing line designated by the outgoing line information previously added to the packet. At this time, the one of the controlling portions CTl to CTn associated with the output buffer in question successively receives transfer requests from the respective input buffers BFl to BFj, and the gate switch GS stores packets from the input buffers BFl to BFj in the memory Ml or M2 in the order specified by the controlling portion CT. If the memory Ml or M2 is executing a transfer operation with respect to an outgoing line, a packet is transferred to the other memory M2 or Ml. In this way, by preparing the two memories, a packet receiving operation and a packet transferring operation to an outgoing line can be simultaneously executed without internal blocking, thereby improving an activity efficiency of the outgoing lines. When a packet is transferred to an outgoing line, outgoing line information added thereto in the incoming module is erased.
As described above, the header driven type packet switching system according to the present invention is based on the technique that packets are transferred from incoming lines by hunting conventional packet header processing circuits arranged independently to the incoming lines. Required incoming and outgoing lines in total are divided into groups each being handled with lX9~570 incoming and an outgoing modules to cope with various traffic a~ounts from small to large si~es only by adding the same incoming and outgoing modules. A routing conversion table in each incoming module can be made smaller so that a memory capacity can be reduced. If the modules are connected to each other with lines having a transmission capacity corresponding to a transmission capacity of all the incoming lines, packets will not be abandoned between the inccming and outgoing modules due to a buffer busy state.
Claims (3)
1. A header driven type packet switching system for switching from N incoming lines to N outgoing lines, comprising:
j incoming modules (IMl to IMj) each accommodating a group of n incoming lines which are derived from said N incoming lines by dividing said N
incoming lines into j groups;
j outgoing modules (OMl to OMj) each being connected to said j incoming modules through transfer lines, each of said j outgoing modules being connected to n outgoing lines which are derived from said N outgoing lines by dividing said N outgoing lines into j groups;
each of said j incoming modules (IMl to IMj) comprising:
a plurality of packet header pro-cessing circuits (PHl to PHk) disposed independently of said j incoming lines, for rewriting outgoing line information, outgoing module information and header information in the header of the incoming packet;
a hunt control portion (HC) for hunting a free circuit from among said packet header processing circuits; and linking portion (Ll to Lj) disposed to be corresponding to all of said outgoing modules (OMl to OMj), for transferring packets from said hunt controlling portion (HC) to the corresponding outgoing modules in the sequence of transfer requests.
j incoming modules (IMl to IMj) each accommodating a group of n incoming lines which are derived from said N incoming lines by dividing said N
incoming lines into j groups;
j outgoing modules (OMl to OMj) each being connected to said j incoming modules through transfer lines, each of said j outgoing modules being connected to n outgoing lines which are derived from said N outgoing lines by dividing said N outgoing lines into j groups;
each of said j incoming modules (IMl to IMj) comprising:
a plurality of packet header pro-cessing circuits (PHl to PHk) disposed independently of said j incoming lines, for rewriting outgoing line information, outgoing module information and header information in the header of the incoming packet;
a hunt control portion (HC) for hunting a free circuit from among said packet header processing circuits; and linking portion (Ll to Lj) disposed to be corresponding to all of said outgoing modules (OMl to OMj), for transferring packets from said hunt controlling portion (HC) to the corresponding outgoing modules in the sequence of transfer requests.
2. A header driven type packet switching system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said transfer lines between one of said j incoming modules and said j outgoing modules have a transmission capacity equal to a transmission capacity of the n incoming lines of said one of said j incoming modules.
3. A header driven type packet switching system as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein each of said outgoing modules (OMl to OMj) comprises:
j input buffer (BFl to BFj) respectively connected to the outputs of said incoming modules, each for distributing data packets transferred from said incoming modules to n outputs in accordance with said outgoing line information in the received data packet;
n output buffers (OBl to OBn) each having j inputs respectively connected to the outputs of said j input buffers and having an output connected to one of n outgoing lines; and controlling portions (CTl to CTn) as-sociated with said output buffers (OBl to OBn) respectively to control said output buffers (OBl to OBn) such that packets are transferred from said input buffers through each of said output buffers to the same outgoing line in the order of transfer request.
j input buffer (BFl to BFj) respectively connected to the outputs of said incoming modules, each for distributing data packets transferred from said incoming modules to n outputs in accordance with said outgoing line information in the received data packet;
n output buffers (OBl to OBn) each having j inputs respectively connected to the outputs of said j input buffers and having an output connected to one of n outgoing lines; and controlling portions (CTl to CTn) as-sociated with said output buffers (OBl to OBn) respectively to control said output buffers (OBl to OBn) such that packets are transferred from said input buffers through each of said output buffers to the same outgoing line in the order of transfer request.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP12947187A JPH0683261B2 (en) | 1987-05-26 | 1987-05-26 | Header-driven packet switch |
| JP62-129471 | 1987-05-26 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1297570C true CA1297570C (en) | 1992-03-17 |
Family
ID=15010311
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000567672A Expired - Lifetime CA1297570C (en) | 1987-05-26 | 1988-05-25 | Header driven type packet switching system |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4837761A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0292962B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH0683261B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1297570C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3887001T2 (en) |
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| US7058062B2 (en) | 1986-09-16 | 2006-06-06 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Packet switching system having self-routing switches |
| US6005867A (en) | 1986-09-16 | 1999-12-21 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Time-division channel arrangement |
| JP2972257B2 (en) * | 1990-01-24 | 1999-11-08 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Packet switch |
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| JPH0714164B2 (en) * | 1987-02-19 | 1995-02-15 | 富士通株式会社 | Header driven packet switch |
| DE3738177A1 (en) * | 1987-11-10 | 1989-05-18 | Siemens Ag | INTERMEDIATE NODE FOR THE INTERMEDIATE OF DATA SIGNALS TRANSMITTED IN DATA PACKAGES |
| JP2582598B2 (en) * | 1987-12-24 | 1997-02-19 | 株式会社リコー | Node device of irregular communication network |
| ATE96960T1 (en) * | 1988-02-19 | 1993-11-15 | Siemens Ag | METHOD OF ESTABLISHING VIRTUAL CONNECTIONS PASSING ACROSS SWITCH MANUFACTURERS OF A MULTI-STAGE SWITCH. |
| US5233603A (en) * | 1988-04-21 | 1993-08-03 | Nec Corporation | Packet switch suitable for integrated circuit implementation |
| DE58907294D1 (en) * | 1988-12-23 | 1994-04-28 | Siemens Ag | Modularly expandable digital single-stage switching network in ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) technology for fast packet-switched information transmission. |
| US5016245A (en) * | 1988-12-23 | 1991-05-14 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Modular expandable digital single-stage switching network in ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) technology for a fast packet-switched transmission of information |
| US5072440A (en) * | 1989-03-01 | 1991-12-10 | Fujitsu Limited | Self-routing switching system having dual self-routing switch module network structure |
| DE58907901D1 (en) * | 1989-03-03 | 1994-07-21 | Siemens Ag | Method and circuit arrangement for forwarding message packets transmitted on feeder lines via a packet switching device. |
| US5148428A (en) * | 1989-05-02 | 1992-09-15 | Bell Communictions Research, Inc. | Modular architecture for very large packet switch |
| CA2006241A1 (en) * | 1989-05-02 | 1990-11-02 | Tony T. Lee | Modular architecture for very large packet switch |
| DE8905982U1 (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1989-07-13 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen, De | |
| US5042032A (en) * | 1989-06-23 | 1991-08-20 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Packet route scheduling in a packet cross connect switch system for periodic and statistical packets |
| US5210744A (en) * | 1989-06-28 | 1993-05-11 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Cell exchange apparatus |
| US4955017A (en) * | 1989-08-29 | 1990-09-04 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Growable packet switch architecture |
| US4955016A (en) * | 1989-08-29 | 1990-09-04 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Interconnect fabric providing connectivity between an input and arbitrary output(s) of a group of outlets |
| JPH03182140A (en) * | 1989-12-11 | 1991-08-08 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Common buffer type exchange |
| JP2738762B2 (en) * | 1990-01-24 | 1998-04-08 | 株式会社日立製作所 | High-speed packet switch |
| ATE111277T1 (en) * | 1990-04-27 | 1994-09-15 | Siemens Ag | METHOD AND CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR REDUCING THE LOSS OF MESSAGE PACKETS TRANSMITTED VIA A PACKET SWITCH. |
| JPH04229747A (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 1992-08-19 | Hitachi Ltd | Packet exchange system and packet exchange |
| JP3107216B2 (en) * | 1990-08-17 | 2000-11-06 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Routing method and non-stop table change method |
| JPH0630025A (en) * | 1991-07-08 | 1994-02-04 | Nec Corp | Asynchronous time division exchange system |
| JPH04176232A (en) * | 1990-11-09 | 1992-06-23 | Hitachi Ltd | Packet communication system and packet communication equipment |
| JP2947628B2 (en) * | 1991-03-11 | 1999-09-13 | 富士通株式会社 | Switch control device |
| JPH0514296A (en) * | 1991-06-29 | 1993-01-22 | Nec Corp | Switching circuit of signal processing circuit |
| US5398235A (en) * | 1991-11-15 | 1995-03-14 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Cell exchanging apparatus |
| JP3025717B2 (en) * | 1992-02-04 | 2000-03-27 | シャープ株式会社 | Data transmission equipment |
| SE515177C2 (en) * | 1992-06-01 | 2001-06-25 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | Square voter architecture |
| MX9306994A (en) * | 1992-12-15 | 1994-06-30 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PACKAGE SWITCHES. |
| DE69433229T2 (en) * | 1993-02-15 | 2004-08-12 | Mitsubishi Denki K.K. | ATM switch |
| JP3178949B2 (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 2001-06-25 | 富士通株式会社 | ATM switch method |
| DE59507871D1 (en) * | 1994-07-12 | 2000-04-06 | Ascom Ag | Device for switching in digital data networks for asynchronous transfer mode |
| US5996019A (en) * | 1995-07-19 | 1999-11-30 | Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc. | Network link access scheduling using a plurality of prioritized lists containing queue identifiers |
| WO1997010656A1 (en) * | 1995-09-14 | 1997-03-20 | Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc. | Transmitter controlled flow control for buffer allocation in wide area atm networks |
| WO1997026737A1 (en) * | 1996-01-16 | 1997-07-24 | Fujitsu Limited | A reliable and flexible multicast mechanism for atm networks |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2503513A1 (en) * | 1981-04-03 | 1982-10-08 | Cit Alcatel | TEMPORAL SELF-TIMER WITH DISTRIBUTED CONTROL |
| US4596010A (en) * | 1984-05-03 | 1986-06-17 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Distributed packet switching arrangement |
| JPH0628361B2 (en) * | 1984-11-27 | 1994-04-13 | 国際電信電話株式会社 | Packet exchange method |
| US4761778A (en) * | 1985-04-11 | 1988-08-02 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Coder-packetizer for random accessing in digital communication with multiple accessing |
| JPS61256847A (en) * | 1985-05-09 | 1986-11-14 | Nec Corp | Packet exchange |
| US4670871A (en) * | 1985-06-27 | 1987-06-02 | American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories | Reliable synchronous inter-node communication in a self-routing network |
| JPH0771111B2 (en) * | 1985-09-13 | 1995-07-31 | 日本電気株式会社 | Packet exchange processor |
| JPH06298842A (en) * | 1993-04-19 | 1994-10-25 | Nippon Steel Corp | Production of block copolymer |
-
1987
- 1987-05-26 JP JP12947187A patent/JPH0683261B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1988
- 1988-05-24 US US07/198,089 patent/US4837761A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-05-25 CA CA000567672A patent/CA1297570C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-05-26 DE DE3887001T patent/DE3887001T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-05-26 EP EP88108415A patent/EP0292962B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0292962B1 (en) | 1994-01-12 |
| DE3887001T2 (en) | 1994-06-16 |
| JPH0683261B2 (en) | 1994-10-19 |
| EP0292962A3 (en) | 1990-09-12 |
| DE3887001D1 (en) | 1994-02-24 |
| EP0292962A2 (en) | 1988-11-30 |
| US4837761A (en) | 1989-06-06 |
| JPS63294036A (en) | 1988-11-30 |
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| MKLA | Lapsed | ||
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