CA1298386C - Intrapulse radar receiver - Google Patents
Intrapulse radar receiverInfo
- Publication number
- CA1298386C CA1298386C CA000567643A CA567643A CA1298386C CA 1298386 C CA1298386 C CA 1298386C CA 000567643 A CA000567643 A CA 000567643A CA 567643 A CA567643 A CA 567643A CA 1298386 C CA1298386 C CA 1298386C
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- frequency
- intrapulse
- digital
- amplitude
- signal samples
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R23/00—Arrangements for measuring frequencies; Arrangements for analysing frequency spectra
- G01R23/02—Arrangements for measuring frequency, e.g. pulse repetition rate; Arrangements for measuring period of current or voltage
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
- G01S7/021—Auxiliary means for detecting or identifying radar signals or the like, e.g. radar jamming signals
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A microwave frequency detection receiver for receiving an incoming analog radar signal, converting the radar signal into digital form, and performing a table lookup algorithm for detecting frequency and amplitude of the incoming signal with respect to time. The table lookup algorithm is in the form of a three point best-fit sinusoidal approximation of frequency and amplitude for processing successive digital input signal samples processed in groups of three. Digital sampling of the input signal coupled with the novel table lookup algorithm results in detection of frequency and amplitude characteristics on an intrapulse basis.
A microwave frequency detection receiver for receiving an incoming analog radar signal, converting the radar signal into digital form, and performing a table lookup algorithm for detecting frequency and amplitude of the incoming signal with respect to time. The table lookup algorithm is in the form of a three point best-fit sinusoidal approximation of frequency and amplitude for processing successive digital input signal samples processed in groups of three. Digital sampling of the input signal coupled with the novel table lookup algorithm results in detection of frequency and amplitude characteristics on an intrapulse basis.
Description
1~8;~6 02 This invention relates in general to 03 microwave signal frequency and amplitude measurement 04 devices, and more particularly to a digital microwave 05 intrapulse receiver.
06 Instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) 07 receivers have been developed for use in electronic 08 warfare, for automatically measuring and displaying 09 the frequency and amplitude of received microwave 10 signals in order to effect electronic support 11 measures, electronic countermeasures and electronic 12 intelligence applications.
13 The detected frequency and amplitude 14 characteristics of pulsed radar signals are used to 15 sort multiple incoming signals and in order to 16 identify each remote transmitter of the received 17 signals. In particular, it has been found that the 18 profile of frequency and amplitude changes across a 19 received microwave radar signal is a function of the 20 remote transmitter, such characteristics being 21 referred to as primitive invariants. Primitive 22 invariants are characteristics of a transmitter which 23 cannot be deliberately changed and are inherent within 24 the physical structure of the high power components 25 (e.g. magnetrons) of such transmitters. Critical 26 frequency and amplitude characteristics of a received 27 microwave signal pulse have been found to be contained 28 within the leading edge (i.e. first 10%) of the 29 received signal pulses. In fact, the first 10% of 30 each microwave signal pulse is characterized by the 31 greatest rate of change of frequency versus time, 32 which reflects the settling characteristics of pulsed 33 fixed frequency oscillator circuitry associated with 34 the magnetron radar transmitter.
Prior art digital IFM receivers typically 36 utilized one or more delay lines to measure signal 37 frequencies over a wide instantaneous bandwidth on a 38 pulse-by-pulse basis, according to predetermined pulse `- lZ~83~36 02 repetition intervals (PRIs) and in response, generated 03 a digital designation of the detected frequency. The 04 receivers typically exhibited the characteristics of 05 wide radio frequency input bandwidth, relatively 06 accurate frequency measurement capability (typically 07 as much as 14 bit resolution over several megahertz), 08 and wide dynamic range. However, in the event of 09 simultaneous signals, the prior art DIFM receivers typically generated an erroneous frequency output 11 related to harmonics and spurious frequencies of the 12 two or more simultaneous signals. Furthermore, the 13 throughput time of prior art DIFM receivers has been 14 found to be slow as a result of operating point delays in the diodes associated with discriminator circuitry 16 of the receivers. Thus, it has been found that the 17 critical information contained in the first 10% of 18 each microwave signal pulse received by such prior art 19 DIFMs is often lost.
Also, since most present day radar 21 transmitters utilize staggered pulse trains of two or 22 more PRIs and randomly variable jitter, prior art 23 pulse-by-pulse analysis of received incoming signals 24 has been found to be very difficult.
In an effort to overcome the disadvantage of 26 prior art systems wherein erroneous frequency output 27 signals were generated in the presence of simultaneous 28 signals, wide band limiting amplifiers have been 29 utilized to restrict frequency detection prior to application of the signals to the DIFM receiver, such 31 that the strongest of the simultaneous signals is 32 transmitted to the receiver while the weaker signals 33 are supressed. This results in the frequency 34 information pertaining to the weaker signals being lost, and in the event the simultaneous signals are 36 within 6 db of each other, the DIFM receiver typically 37 detects an erroneous frequency related to the 38 harmonics and spurious frequencies characteristic of 39 the simultaneous signals.
' lZ98~ 6 01 _ 3 _ 02 Recent developments in microwave receiver 03 technology have led to intrapulse detection systems 04 utilizing digital processing techniques for 05 eliminating the prior art requirement of 06 pulse-by-pulse (i.e. PRI) analysis. Such systems are 07 typically comprised of a delay line discriminator for 08 receiving an incoming microwave radar signal and 09 generating an analog voltage proportional to frequency, an analog-to-digital converter for 11 converting the analog voltage output of the 12 discriminator into digital form, a memory for storing 13 the digitally converted discriminator output signal 14 and a digital signal processor for performing a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the stored digital data.
16 However, as discussed above with reference 17 to prior art DIFM systems, it has been found that the 18 throughput time characteristics of present day 19 discriminator circuits results in loss of signal information pertaining to the first 10% (i.e. leading 21 edge) of the received microwave signal pulses. In 22 addition, it has been found that fast Fourier 23 transform processing of the received data requires 24 complex and time-consuming digital calculations which are incompatible with real time detection of microwave 26 frequency and amplitude, as required by modern day 27 electronic warfare systems.
28 Furthermore, even if the front end 29 discriminator circuitry of more recent prior art microwave receivers was characterized by a 31 sufficiently quick throughput time to capture leading 32 edge frequency and amplitude information, the fast 33 Fourier transform performed on such information would 34 typically lead to erroneous results since frequency modulation within the FFT sample window produces 36 Bessel frequency components in relation to the rapidly 37 changing frequency and amplitude characteristics of 38 the incoming signal.
- - . . ~ ~. ~- . .
lZ9B;~6 , ~
01 _ 4 _ 02 According to the present invention, an 03 intrapulse microwave signal receiver is provided in 04 which a fast analog-to-digital converter is utilized 05 in lieu of prior art discriminator circuitry. The 06 fast sampling converter captures a complete digital 07 "snapshot" of an incoming microwave signal pulse, 08 including the leading edge thereof. Since it is known 09 that incoming microwave radar signals are roughly sinusoidal over any short period of time, the phase, 11 frequency and amplitude versus time across a received 12 signal pulse may be determined using well known 13 mathematical principles, as described in greater 14 detail below. In particular, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, groups of three 16 successive samples of the received and digitally 17 converted signal are applied as address inputs to 18 respective lookup tables for effecting a three point 19 sinusoidal best-fit algorithm to determine the frequency and amplitude of the received signal.
21 Thereafter, pattern matching circuitry may be utilized 22 to correlate the detected frequency and amplitude 23 characteristics of the received signal pulse with 24 those of known radar transmitters, in order to identify the remote radar transmitter in an electronic 26 warfare environment.
27 By replacing prior art discriminator 28 circuitry with a fast sampling analog-to-digital 29 converter, the leading edge characteristics of a received microwave radar pulse are captured, as 31 contrasted with prior art IFM receivers. Also, the 32 inventive frequency and amplitude lookup table 33 technique for detecting transmitter primitive 34 invariants may be implemented on a real time basis, as contrasted with prior art digital FFT processing of 36 received discriminator output signals.
37 In general, according to the present 38 invention there is provided an intrapulse microwave 8;~6 01 _ 5 _ 02 radar receiver, comprised of first circuitry for 03 receiving and down-converting an incoming microwave 04 signal and in response generating an intermediate 05 analog signal, second circuitry for receiving and 06 digitizing the intermediate analog signal and in 07 response generating a plurality of digital signal 08 samples, and third circuitry for receiving the digital 09 signal samples in groups of three, performing a three point best-fit sinusoidal approximation of the digital ll signal samples and in response generating further 12 digital signals representative of the intrapulse 13 frequency and amplitude of the incoming microwave 14 signal with respect to time.
A better understanding of the present 16 invention will be obtained with reference to the 17 detailed description below in conjunction with the 18 following drawings in which 19 Figure 1 is a block diagram of a digital intrapulse microwave signal receiver in accordance 21 with the present invention, 22 Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the leading 23 edge of a exemplary incoming pulsed microwave radar 24 signal sampled in accordance with the method of the present invention, and 26 Figure 3 is a graph of maximum 27 susceptibility to error in frequency detection of 28 pulsed microwave signals in accordance with the 29 present invention.
Turning to Figure 1, the intrapulse 31 microwave signal receiver of the present invention is 32 illustrated comprised of an antenna 1 for receiving 33 incoming pulsed microwave signals, a down converter 3 34 for converting the microwave frequency signals to an intermediate frequency analog signal (IF), an 36 analog-to-digital converter 5 for converting the 37 received intermediate frequency signal (IF) into 38 parallel format, and a high speed cache FIF0 7 for 12~ 6 ., .
02 temporarily storing the converted digital signal 03 samples received from analog-to-digital converter 5.
04 The FIFO 7 has an output connected to address inputs 05 of respective frequency and amplitude lookup tables 9 06 and 11 which in turn are connected to a pattern match 07 processor 13 for comparing the output from respective 08 ones of the frequency and amplitude lookup tables with 09 stored signal profiles within a library memory circuit 15, as described in greater detail below.
11 As discussed above, it can be assumed that 12 the intrapulse waveform of a received microwave signal 13 is roughly sinusoidal over any short period of time.
14 Using this assumption, the phase, frequency and amplitude may be determined with respect to time 16 across a received signal pulse.
17 In particular, with reference to Figure 2, 18 the general form sinusoidal signal may be expressed 19 as:
y = A sin (2~ Bt + C), 21 where A is the amplitude, B is the frequency and C is 22 the phase of the received signal.
23 The closed form solution for three points 24 Yo, Yl and Y2, sampled at a constant sampling rate fs (wherein fs is greater than at least the 26 Nyquist rate) is:
28 A = 2YI ~ (ABS((Y y _yli )j(Yo+2Y,+Y~)(Yo-2Y,+Y2))~ and 29 C = arcsin (Yo/A) The closed form solution for the phase C is 31 in the range of -~/2~c~r/2, and C may also be in 32 either of quadrants 2 or 3. In other words 33 C = fr -arcsin (Yo/A) where Yo is positive, or 34 C = -~-arcsin (Yo/A) where Yo is negative. The quadrant of C can be 36 determined from the signs and magnitudes of Y0, Y
37 and Y2. Finally:
38 B = (arcsin (Yl/A) - C) fS/2~ , or 39 B = (arcsin (Y2/A) - C) fS/4~
iZ5~3~36 02 Once the phase value C is known, the 03 frequency B may be determined with the same quadrant 04 uncertainty as discussed above in relation to the 05 phase C. However, since there are only two quadrant 06 possibilities for B, and there are only two equations, 07 a unique solution can be obtained.
08 The solution to the above-noted equations 09 for amplitude, frequency and phase may be executed by means of high speed digital signal processing 11 circuitry. However, a better alternative is provided 12 by implementing a sinusoidal best-fit algorithm using 13 a high speed table lookup for establishing the 14 frequency and amplitude characteristics of the pulse signal.
16 In particular, assuming an output of n bits 17 from the high speed analog-to-digital converter 5, 18 each set of three n bit samples (e.g. Y0, Yl and 19 Y2) results in only 23n possible combinations of points. For each set of points there is only one 21 distinct value for phase, frequency and amplitude.
22 Thus, the determination of phase, frequency and 23 amplitude may be implemented by means of a lookup 24 table. For example, utilizing a 4 bit analog-to-digital converter, there will be 4,096 26 different points (i.e. 4K) and for an 8 bit 27 analog-to-digital converter, there will be 16Meg 28 possible combinations of phase, frequency and 29 amplitude.
Thus, in operation, incoming microwave 31 signals are received via antenna 1 and downconverted 32 to intermediate frequency (IF) signals via converter 33 3. After down conversion within converter 3, the high 34 speed analog-to-digital converter 5 digitizes the received intermediate frequency (IF) radar signal and 36 stores the converted data into high speed cache FIFO
37 7. The data from the FIFO 7 is then applied, three 38 samples at a time, to address inputs of respective ~Z~8.~l~6 02 frequency and amplitude lookup tables 9 and 11. For 03 example, in the event of an 8-bit converter 5, three 04 8-bit samples are combined as a 24-bit address input 05 to 16Meg frequency and amplitude lookup tables 9 and 06 11 which are stored with all possible combinations of 07 frequency and amplitude corresponding to the sampled 08 radar signal. Thus, the digital output signals from 09 lookup tables 9 and 11 are comprised of the intrapulse amplitude and frequency versus time of the received 11 radar pulse. Using this information, a pattern 12 matching processor compares the amplitude and 13 frequency versus time with a plurality of library 14 patterns stored within library memory circuit 15 in order to identify the remote transmitter.
16 The pattern match processor 13 can be one of 17 any well known systolic array processors, such as 18 those manufactured by NCR Ltd., and in conjunction 19 with library memory circuit 15, the pattern match processor 13 compares the detected frequency and 21 amplitude characteristics with those of well known 22 existing radar transmitters in order to identify the 23 source of the received pulse microwave signal.
24 Turning briefly to Figure 3, the error involved in a three point sinusoidal best-fit 26 approximation can be determined as follows. The slope 27 m of the graph in Figure 3 represents the frequency of 28 an incoming microwave signal (i.e. the change in 29 amplitude with respect to time).
Hence, ~t = 2/fS and ~A = 2w/fs. The 31 maximum error on ~A is given by i 1/2n. Therefore, 32 the error on ~A = 2W + 1 , and 33 fs 2n the slope w = ~ A = 2w ~ 1 36 ~t fs 2n 37 2/fs 38 = w + 1 fs , 39 2n 2 01 _ 9 _ 02 = w i Es 03 2n+1 04 Thus, the error in frequency is given by 05 ~ f = tfs 06 2n+2 07 For example, with a sampling frequency of 03 1.2 gigahertz per second, and an 8-bit 09 analog-to-digital converter 5, the error in frequency is equal to + 373 kilohertz over three samples.
11 As discussed above, samples are applied in 12 groups of three to the address inputs of frequency and 13 amplitude lookup tables 9 and 11. For example, input 14 samples Y0, Yl and Y2 are first concatenated and applied to the lookup tables. ~ext, samples Yl, 16 Y2 and Y3 are applied to the lookup tables, and 17 thereafter samples Y2, Y3 and Y4 are applied to 18 the lookup tables, etc.
19 In summary, the intrapulse microwave receiver according to the present invention detects 21 frequency and amplitude information characteristics of 22 the leading edge component of received microwave 23 signal pulses as well as the steady state intrapulse 24 characteristics. As discussed, the leading edge characteristics are highly distinctive of individual 26 microwave radar transmitters and can be advantageously 27 used to identify remote transmitters. Furthermore, 28 the high speed digital conversion circuitry of the 29 present invention in conjunction with a table lookup and pattern matching algorithm results in a real time 31 microwave signal detection system as contrasted with 32 prior art digital FFT systems.
33 A person understanding the present invention 34 may conceive of other embodiments or variatons therein.
36 For example, the microwave detection system 37 of the present invention may be utilized to provide 38 pulse de-interleaving of received signals in a dense 8~6 02 signal environment since the inventive receiver 03 operates on an intrapulse basis as opposed to prior 04 art pulse-by-pulse IFM systems. Thus, complex pulse 05 trains which may use multi-level staggers and random 06 jitter of the pulse position can be sorted or 07 de-interleaved for each unique remote transmitter.
08 The receiver can also be used as a stand alone 09 electronic intelligence receiver or as an auxiliary receiver to aid conventional electronic support 11 measure (ESM) receivers in order to sort signal 12 ambiguities caused by high pulse densities from 13 multiple transmitters on the same bearing (i.e.
14 transmitters in the same bearing cell which are close in frequency).
16 All such variations or modifications are 17 believed to be within the sphere and scope of the 18 present invention as defined by the claims appended 19 hereto.
06 Instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) 07 receivers have been developed for use in electronic 08 warfare, for automatically measuring and displaying 09 the frequency and amplitude of received microwave 10 signals in order to effect electronic support 11 measures, electronic countermeasures and electronic 12 intelligence applications.
13 The detected frequency and amplitude 14 characteristics of pulsed radar signals are used to 15 sort multiple incoming signals and in order to 16 identify each remote transmitter of the received 17 signals. In particular, it has been found that the 18 profile of frequency and amplitude changes across a 19 received microwave radar signal is a function of the 20 remote transmitter, such characteristics being 21 referred to as primitive invariants. Primitive 22 invariants are characteristics of a transmitter which 23 cannot be deliberately changed and are inherent within 24 the physical structure of the high power components 25 (e.g. magnetrons) of such transmitters. Critical 26 frequency and amplitude characteristics of a received 27 microwave signal pulse have been found to be contained 28 within the leading edge (i.e. first 10%) of the 29 received signal pulses. In fact, the first 10% of 30 each microwave signal pulse is characterized by the 31 greatest rate of change of frequency versus time, 32 which reflects the settling characteristics of pulsed 33 fixed frequency oscillator circuitry associated with 34 the magnetron radar transmitter.
Prior art digital IFM receivers typically 36 utilized one or more delay lines to measure signal 37 frequencies over a wide instantaneous bandwidth on a 38 pulse-by-pulse basis, according to predetermined pulse `- lZ~83~36 02 repetition intervals (PRIs) and in response, generated 03 a digital designation of the detected frequency. The 04 receivers typically exhibited the characteristics of 05 wide radio frequency input bandwidth, relatively 06 accurate frequency measurement capability (typically 07 as much as 14 bit resolution over several megahertz), 08 and wide dynamic range. However, in the event of 09 simultaneous signals, the prior art DIFM receivers typically generated an erroneous frequency output 11 related to harmonics and spurious frequencies of the 12 two or more simultaneous signals. Furthermore, the 13 throughput time of prior art DIFM receivers has been 14 found to be slow as a result of operating point delays in the diodes associated with discriminator circuitry 16 of the receivers. Thus, it has been found that the 17 critical information contained in the first 10% of 18 each microwave signal pulse received by such prior art 19 DIFMs is often lost.
Also, since most present day radar 21 transmitters utilize staggered pulse trains of two or 22 more PRIs and randomly variable jitter, prior art 23 pulse-by-pulse analysis of received incoming signals 24 has been found to be very difficult.
In an effort to overcome the disadvantage of 26 prior art systems wherein erroneous frequency output 27 signals were generated in the presence of simultaneous 28 signals, wide band limiting amplifiers have been 29 utilized to restrict frequency detection prior to application of the signals to the DIFM receiver, such 31 that the strongest of the simultaneous signals is 32 transmitted to the receiver while the weaker signals 33 are supressed. This results in the frequency 34 information pertaining to the weaker signals being lost, and in the event the simultaneous signals are 36 within 6 db of each other, the DIFM receiver typically 37 detects an erroneous frequency related to the 38 harmonics and spurious frequencies characteristic of 39 the simultaneous signals.
' lZ98~ 6 01 _ 3 _ 02 Recent developments in microwave receiver 03 technology have led to intrapulse detection systems 04 utilizing digital processing techniques for 05 eliminating the prior art requirement of 06 pulse-by-pulse (i.e. PRI) analysis. Such systems are 07 typically comprised of a delay line discriminator for 08 receiving an incoming microwave radar signal and 09 generating an analog voltage proportional to frequency, an analog-to-digital converter for 11 converting the analog voltage output of the 12 discriminator into digital form, a memory for storing 13 the digitally converted discriminator output signal 14 and a digital signal processor for performing a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the stored digital data.
16 However, as discussed above with reference 17 to prior art DIFM systems, it has been found that the 18 throughput time characteristics of present day 19 discriminator circuits results in loss of signal information pertaining to the first 10% (i.e. leading 21 edge) of the received microwave signal pulses. In 22 addition, it has been found that fast Fourier 23 transform processing of the received data requires 24 complex and time-consuming digital calculations which are incompatible with real time detection of microwave 26 frequency and amplitude, as required by modern day 27 electronic warfare systems.
28 Furthermore, even if the front end 29 discriminator circuitry of more recent prior art microwave receivers was characterized by a 31 sufficiently quick throughput time to capture leading 32 edge frequency and amplitude information, the fast 33 Fourier transform performed on such information would 34 typically lead to erroneous results since frequency modulation within the FFT sample window produces 36 Bessel frequency components in relation to the rapidly 37 changing frequency and amplitude characteristics of 38 the incoming signal.
- - . . ~ ~. ~- . .
lZ9B;~6 , ~
01 _ 4 _ 02 According to the present invention, an 03 intrapulse microwave signal receiver is provided in 04 which a fast analog-to-digital converter is utilized 05 in lieu of prior art discriminator circuitry. The 06 fast sampling converter captures a complete digital 07 "snapshot" of an incoming microwave signal pulse, 08 including the leading edge thereof. Since it is known 09 that incoming microwave radar signals are roughly sinusoidal over any short period of time, the phase, 11 frequency and amplitude versus time across a received 12 signal pulse may be determined using well known 13 mathematical principles, as described in greater 14 detail below. In particular, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, groups of three 16 successive samples of the received and digitally 17 converted signal are applied as address inputs to 18 respective lookup tables for effecting a three point 19 sinusoidal best-fit algorithm to determine the frequency and amplitude of the received signal.
21 Thereafter, pattern matching circuitry may be utilized 22 to correlate the detected frequency and amplitude 23 characteristics of the received signal pulse with 24 those of known radar transmitters, in order to identify the remote radar transmitter in an electronic 26 warfare environment.
27 By replacing prior art discriminator 28 circuitry with a fast sampling analog-to-digital 29 converter, the leading edge characteristics of a received microwave radar pulse are captured, as 31 contrasted with prior art IFM receivers. Also, the 32 inventive frequency and amplitude lookup table 33 technique for detecting transmitter primitive 34 invariants may be implemented on a real time basis, as contrasted with prior art digital FFT processing of 36 received discriminator output signals.
37 In general, according to the present 38 invention there is provided an intrapulse microwave 8;~6 01 _ 5 _ 02 radar receiver, comprised of first circuitry for 03 receiving and down-converting an incoming microwave 04 signal and in response generating an intermediate 05 analog signal, second circuitry for receiving and 06 digitizing the intermediate analog signal and in 07 response generating a plurality of digital signal 08 samples, and third circuitry for receiving the digital 09 signal samples in groups of three, performing a three point best-fit sinusoidal approximation of the digital ll signal samples and in response generating further 12 digital signals representative of the intrapulse 13 frequency and amplitude of the incoming microwave 14 signal with respect to time.
A better understanding of the present 16 invention will be obtained with reference to the 17 detailed description below in conjunction with the 18 following drawings in which 19 Figure 1 is a block diagram of a digital intrapulse microwave signal receiver in accordance 21 with the present invention, 22 Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the leading 23 edge of a exemplary incoming pulsed microwave radar 24 signal sampled in accordance with the method of the present invention, and 26 Figure 3 is a graph of maximum 27 susceptibility to error in frequency detection of 28 pulsed microwave signals in accordance with the 29 present invention.
Turning to Figure 1, the intrapulse 31 microwave signal receiver of the present invention is 32 illustrated comprised of an antenna 1 for receiving 33 incoming pulsed microwave signals, a down converter 3 34 for converting the microwave frequency signals to an intermediate frequency analog signal (IF), an 36 analog-to-digital converter 5 for converting the 37 received intermediate frequency signal (IF) into 38 parallel format, and a high speed cache FIF0 7 for 12~ 6 ., .
02 temporarily storing the converted digital signal 03 samples received from analog-to-digital converter 5.
04 The FIFO 7 has an output connected to address inputs 05 of respective frequency and amplitude lookup tables 9 06 and 11 which in turn are connected to a pattern match 07 processor 13 for comparing the output from respective 08 ones of the frequency and amplitude lookup tables with 09 stored signal profiles within a library memory circuit 15, as described in greater detail below.
11 As discussed above, it can be assumed that 12 the intrapulse waveform of a received microwave signal 13 is roughly sinusoidal over any short period of time.
14 Using this assumption, the phase, frequency and amplitude may be determined with respect to time 16 across a received signal pulse.
17 In particular, with reference to Figure 2, 18 the general form sinusoidal signal may be expressed 19 as:
y = A sin (2~ Bt + C), 21 where A is the amplitude, B is the frequency and C is 22 the phase of the received signal.
23 The closed form solution for three points 24 Yo, Yl and Y2, sampled at a constant sampling rate fs (wherein fs is greater than at least the 26 Nyquist rate) is:
28 A = 2YI ~ (ABS((Y y _yli )j(Yo+2Y,+Y~)(Yo-2Y,+Y2))~ and 29 C = arcsin (Yo/A) The closed form solution for the phase C is 31 in the range of -~/2~c~r/2, and C may also be in 32 either of quadrants 2 or 3. In other words 33 C = fr -arcsin (Yo/A) where Yo is positive, or 34 C = -~-arcsin (Yo/A) where Yo is negative. The quadrant of C can be 36 determined from the signs and magnitudes of Y0, Y
37 and Y2. Finally:
38 B = (arcsin (Yl/A) - C) fS/2~ , or 39 B = (arcsin (Y2/A) - C) fS/4~
iZ5~3~36 02 Once the phase value C is known, the 03 frequency B may be determined with the same quadrant 04 uncertainty as discussed above in relation to the 05 phase C. However, since there are only two quadrant 06 possibilities for B, and there are only two equations, 07 a unique solution can be obtained.
08 The solution to the above-noted equations 09 for amplitude, frequency and phase may be executed by means of high speed digital signal processing 11 circuitry. However, a better alternative is provided 12 by implementing a sinusoidal best-fit algorithm using 13 a high speed table lookup for establishing the 14 frequency and amplitude characteristics of the pulse signal.
16 In particular, assuming an output of n bits 17 from the high speed analog-to-digital converter 5, 18 each set of three n bit samples (e.g. Y0, Yl and 19 Y2) results in only 23n possible combinations of points. For each set of points there is only one 21 distinct value for phase, frequency and amplitude.
22 Thus, the determination of phase, frequency and 23 amplitude may be implemented by means of a lookup 24 table. For example, utilizing a 4 bit analog-to-digital converter, there will be 4,096 26 different points (i.e. 4K) and for an 8 bit 27 analog-to-digital converter, there will be 16Meg 28 possible combinations of phase, frequency and 29 amplitude.
Thus, in operation, incoming microwave 31 signals are received via antenna 1 and downconverted 32 to intermediate frequency (IF) signals via converter 33 3. After down conversion within converter 3, the high 34 speed analog-to-digital converter 5 digitizes the received intermediate frequency (IF) radar signal and 36 stores the converted data into high speed cache FIFO
37 7. The data from the FIFO 7 is then applied, three 38 samples at a time, to address inputs of respective ~Z~8.~l~6 02 frequency and amplitude lookup tables 9 and 11. For 03 example, in the event of an 8-bit converter 5, three 04 8-bit samples are combined as a 24-bit address input 05 to 16Meg frequency and amplitude lookup tables 9 and 06 11 which are stored with all possible combinations of 07 frequency and amplitude corresponding to the sampled 08 radar signal. Thus, the digital output signals from 09 lookup tables 9 and 11 are comprised of the intrapulse amplitude and frequency versus time of the received 11 radar pulse. Using this information, a pattern 12 matching processor compares the amplitude and 13 frequency versus time with a plurality of library 14 patterns stored within library memory circuit 15 in order to identify the remote transmitter.
16 The pattern match processor 13 can be one of 17 any well known systolic array processors, such as 18 those manufactured by NCR Ltd., and in conjunction 19 with library memory circuit 15, the pattern match processor 13 compares the detected frequency and 21 amplitude characteristics with those of well known 22 existing radar transmitters in order to identify the 23 source of the received pulse microwave signal.
24 Turning briefly to Figure 3, the error involved in a three point sinusoidal best-fit 26 approximation can be determined as follows. The slope 27 m of the graph in Figure 3 represents the frequency of 28 an incoming microwave signal (i.e. the change in 29 amplitude with respect to time).
Hence, ~t = 2/fS and ~A = 2w/fs. The 31 maximum error on ~A is given by i 1/2n. Therefore, 32 the error on ~A = 2W + 1 , and 33 fs 2n the slope w = ~ A = 2w ~ 1 36 ~t fs 2n 37 2/fs 38 = w + 1 fs , 39 2n 2 01 _ 9 _ 02 = w i Es 03 2n+1 04 Thus, the error in frequency is given by 05 ~ f = tfs 06 2n+2 07 For example, with a sampling frequency of 03 1.2 gigahertz per second, and an 8-bit 09 analog-to-digital converter 5, the error in frequency is equal to + 373 kilohertz over three samples.
11 As discussed above, samples are applied in 12 groups of three to the address inputs of frequency and 13 amplitude lookup tables 9 and 11. For example, input 14 samples Y0, Yl and Y2 are first concatenated and applied to the lookup tables. ~ext, samples Yl, 16 Y2 and Y3 are applied to the lookup tables, and 17 thereafter samples Y2, Y3 and Y4 are applied to 18 the lookup tables, etc.
19 In summary, the intrapulse microwave receiver according to the present invention detects 21 frequency and amplitude information characteristics of 22 the leading edge component of received microwave 23 signal pulses as well as the steady state intrapulse 24 characteristics. As discussed, the leading edge characteristics are highly distinctive of individual 26 microwave radar transmitters and can be advantageously 27 used to identify remote transmitters. Furthermore, 28 the high speed digital conversion circuitry of the 29 present invention in conjunction with a table lookup and pattern matching algorithm results in a real time 31 microwave signal detection system as contrasted with 32 prior art digital FFT systems.
33 A person understanding the present invention 34 may conceive of other embodiments or variatons therein.
36 For example, the microwave detection system 37 of the present invention may be utilized to provide 38 pulse de-interleaving of received signals in a dense 8~6 02 signal environment since the inventive receiver 03 operates on an intrapulse basis as opposed to prior 04 art pulse-by-pulse IFM systems. Thus, complex pulse 05 trains which may use multi-level staggers and random 06 jitter of the pulse position can be sorted or 07 de-interleaved for each unique remote transmitter.
08 The receiver can also be used as a stand alone 09 electronic intelligence receiver or as an auxiliary receiver to aid conventional electronic support 11 measure (ESM) receivers in order to sort signal 12 ambiguities caused by high pulse densities from 13 multiple transmitters on the same bearing (i.e.
14 transmitters in the same bearing cell which are close in frequency).
16 All such variations or modifications are 17 believed to be within the sphere and scope of the 18 present invention as defined by the claims appended 19 hereto.
Claims (10)
1. An intrapulse microwave radar receiver, comprised of:
(a) first means for receiving and down-converting an incoming microwave signal and in response generating an intermediate analog signal, (b) second means for receiving and digitizing said intermediate analog signal and in response generating a plurality of digital signal samples, and (c) third means for receiving said digital signal samples in groups of three, performing a three point best-fit sinusoidal approximation of said digital signal samples and in response generating further digital signals representative of the intrapulse frequency and amplitude of said incoming microwave signal with respect to time.
(a) first means for receiving and down-converting an incoming microwave signal and in response generating an intermediate analog signal, (b) second means for receiving and digitizing said intermediate analog signal and in response generating a plurality of digital signal samples, and (c) third means for receiving said digital signal samples in groups of three, performing a three point best-fit sinusoidal approximation of said digital signal samples and in response generating further digital signals representative of the intrapulse frequency and amplitude of said incoming microwave signal with respect to time.
2. An intrapulse microwave radar receiver as defined in claim 1, wherein said third means is comprised of memory circuit means for receiving each group of three digital signal samples on address inputs thereof, addressing respective frequency and amplitude lookup tables stored therewithin, and in response generating said further digital signals, each said further digital signals forming a unique solution of said intrapulse frequency and amplitude for each said group of three digital signal samples.
3. An intrapulse microwave radar receiver as defined in claim 2, wherein each said plurality of digital signal samples is comprised of n bits, and each said lookup tables contains 23n possible combinations of said frequency and amplitude for each said group of three digital signal samples.
4. An intrapulse microwave radar receiver as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said second means is comprised of a 4 bit analog-to-digital converter, and said memory circuit means is comprised of a pair of 4K random access memories each storing 4096 values of respective ones of said frequency and amplitude lookup tables.
5. An intrapulse microwave radar receiver as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said second means is comprised of an 8 bit analog-to-digital converter, and said memory circuit means is comprised of a pair of 16Meg random access memories each storing 16777216 values of respective ones of said frequency and amplitude lookup tables.
6. An intrapulse microwave radar receiver as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3, further comprised of a pattern matching processor for receiving and comparing said further digital signals with a plurality of stored library signals representative of transmission characteristics of known radar transmitters, and in the event said further digital signals and said stored library signals are substantially equal generating an output signal for identifying which of said known radar transmitters is transmitting said incoming microwave signal.
7. An intrapulse microwave radar receiver as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3, further comprised of a high speed cache FIFO for receiving and temorarily storing said digital signal samples, and thereafter applying said digital signal samples to said third means.
8. A method for receiving and detecting microwave radar signals, comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving and down-converting an incoming microwave signal and in response generating an intermediate analog signal, (b) receiving and digitizing said intermediate analog signal and in response generating a plurality of digital signal samples, and (c) receiving and processing said digital signal samples in groups of three, performing a three point best-fit sinusoidal approximation of said digital signal samples and in response generating further digital signals representative of the intrapulse frequency and amplitude of said incoming microwave signal with respect to time.
(a) receiving and down-converting an incoming microwave signal and in response generating an intermediate analog signal, (b) receiving and digitizing said intermediate analog signal and in response generating a plurality of digital signal samples, and (c) receiving and processing said digital signal samples in groups of three, performing a three point best-fit sinusoidal approximation of said digital signal samples and in response generating further digital signals representative of the intrapulse frequency and amplitude of said incoming microwave signal with respect to time.
9. A method as defined in claim 8, further comprising the steps of receiving and comparing said further digital signals with a plurality of stored library signals representative of transmission characteristics of known radar transmitters, and in the event said further digital signals and said stored library signals are substantially equal generating an output signal for identifying which of said known radar transmitters is transmitting said incoming microwave signal.
10. A method as defined in claim 8 or 9, wherein said analog signal is digitized at a sampling rate of fs , each group of three digital signal samples is designated as Y0 , Y1 , and Y2 , and said intrapulse amplitude for each said group of three digital signal samples is given by A = ;
the phase for each said group of three digital signal samples is given by C = arcsin (Y0/A); and the frequency for each said group of three digital signal samples is given by B = (arcsin (Y1/A) - C) fs /2 .
the phase for each said group of three digital signal samples is given by C = arcsin (Y0/A); and the frequency for each said group of three digital signal samples is given by B = (arcsin (Y1/A) - C) fs /2 .
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000567643A CA1298386C (en) | 1988-05-25 | 1988-05-25 | Intrapulse radar receiver |
| GB8911919A GB2220753B (en) | 1988-05-25 | 1989-05-24 | Intrapulse radar receiver |
| US07/356,200 US4928105A (en) | 1988-05-25 | 1989-05-24 | Intrapulse radar receiver |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000567643A CA1298386C (en) | 1988-05-25 | 1988-05-25 | Intrapulse radar receiver |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1298386C true CA1298386C (en) | 1992-03-31 |
Family
ID=4138074
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000567643A Expired - Lifetime CA1298386C (en) | 1988-05-25 | 1988-05-25 | Intrapulse radar receiver |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4928105A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1298386C (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2220753B (en) |
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| SE463584B (en) * | 1989-04-20 | 1990-12-10 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | SET AND DEVICE PROVIDES ANY DIGITAL SEATING OF THE TIME OR PHASES OF A SIGNAL PULSE TAG |
| US5390125A (en) * | 1990-02-05 | 1995-02-14 | Caterpillar Inc. | Vehicle position determination system and method |
| US10361802B1 (en) | 1999-02-01 | 2019-07-23 | Blanding Hovenweep, Llc | Adaptive pattern recognition based control system and method |
| US8352400B2 (en) | 1991-12-23 | 2013-01-08 | Hoffberg Steven M | Adaptive pattern recognition based controller apparatus and method and human-factored interface therefore |
| US5396250A (en) * | 1992-12-03 | 1995-03-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Spectral estimation of radar time-of-arrival periodicities |
| US5451956A (en) * | 1993-08-20 | 1995-09-19 | Trw Inc. | Instantaneous parameter measuring receiver |
| GB9505540D0 (en) * | 1995-03-18 | 1995-05-03 | Sun Electric Uk Ltd | Method and apparatus for engine analysis |
| US5852789A (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1998-12-22 | Snap-On Technologies, Inc. | Engine analyzer with pattern library linked to vehicle ID and display scope configuration |
| US5856803A (en) * | 1996-07-24 | 1999-01-05 | Pevler; A. Edwin | Method and apparatus for detecting radio-frequency weapon use |
| US7268700B1 (en) | 1998-01-27 | 2007-09-11 | Hoffberg Steven M | Mobile communication device |
| SE512369C2 (en) | 1998-07-03 | 2000-03-06 | Foersvarets Forskningsanstalt | Ways to measure the frequency of a sinusoidal signal |
| US7966078B2 (en) | 1999-02-01 | 2011-06-21 | Steven Hoffberg | Network media appliance system and method |
| CA2279160C (en) * | 1999-07-27 | 2008-12-23 | Jim P.Y. Lee | Simultaneous intrapulse analysis, direction finding and lpi signal detection |
| US6697007B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2004-02-24 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Automatic recognition of radar scan type |
| US7184493B1 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2007-02-27 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Pulse sorting apparatus for frequency histogramming in a radar receiver system |
| US9818136B1 (en) | 2003-02-05 | 2017-11-14 | Steven M. Hoffberg | System and method for determining contingent relevance |
| CN100417947C (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2008-09-10 | 阮炎 | Portable type microwave signal detector |
| US7206707B1 (en) * | 2005-06-29 | 2007-04-17 | Itt Manufacturing Enterprises Inc. | Wideband digital IFM receiver |
| US7684441B2 (en) | 2005-07-01 | 2010-03-23 | Bickel Jon A | Automated precision alignment of data in a utility monitoring system |
| CN100454026C (en) * | 2005-07-28 | 2009-01-21 | 泰州苏源集团科电有限公司 | Cycle sampling method in quality of power supply in electrical network |
| EP1982199A2 (en) * | 2006-02-01 | 2008-10-22 | Csir | Method of instantaneously determining or estimating the frequency or amplitude of an input signal |
| US7623060B1 (en) | 2006-06-29 | 2009-11-24 | Marvell International Ltd. | Systems and methods for detecting radar |
| US7843375B1 (en) * | 2007-01-16 | 2010-11-30 | Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc. | Method and apparatus for monitoring the RF environment to prevent airborne radar false alarms that initiate evasive maneuvers, reactionary displays or actions |
| US8081726B2 (en) | 2007-05-10 | 2011-12-20 | Schneider Electric USA, Inc. | Method and apparatus for synchronizing data in utility system |
| US20090287883A1 (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2009-11-19 | Srinivas Gadde | Least recently used ADC |
| US9176171B2 (en) | 2010-11-19 | 2015-11-03 | Schneider Electric USA, Inc. | Data alignment in large scale electrical system applications |
| US9077208B2 (en) | 2011-12-30 | 2015-07-07 | Schneider Electric USA, Inc. | Method of detecting instability in islanded electrical systems |
| US10649775B2 (en) * | 2013-07-15 | 2020-05-12 | Texas Instrum Ents Incorporated | Converting a stream of data using a lookaside buffer |
| CN106872798B (en) * | 2017-01-23 | 2021-05-04 | 国家电网公司 | Array signal filtering and amplitude detection method |
| CN111487462B (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2022-05-13 | 中国航天科工集团八五一一研究所 | Ultra-fast frequency measurement method |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4336541A (en) * | 1980-08-08 | 1982-06-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Simultaneous signal detector for an instantaneous frequency measurement receiver |
| US4547727A (en) * | 1983-07-08 | 1985-10-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Simultaneous signal detection for IFM receivers by transient detection |
| IL74887A (en) * | 1985-04-14 | 1989-06-30 | Dan Manor | Radar warning receiver |
| US4633516A (en) * | 1985-05-30 | 1986-12-30 | United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Instantaneous frequency measurement receiver with digital processing |
| US4723216A (en) * | 1985-08-01 | 1988-02-02 | General Electric Company | Digital frequency-locked loop for use with staggered sampling systems |
| JPH0740052B2 (en) * | 1987-05-19 | 1995-05-01 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Frequency detector |
-
1988
- 1988-05-25 CA CA000567643A patent/CA1298386C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-05-24 GB GB8911919A patent/GB2220753B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-05-24 US US07/356,200 patent/US4928105A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2220753A (en) | 1990-01-17 |
| GB8911919D0 (en) | 1989-07-12 |
| GB2220753B (en) | 1992-10-28 |
| US4928105A (en) | 1990-05-22 |
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