CA1330596C

CA1330596C - Memory cartridge and data processing apparatus

Info

Publication number: CA1330596C
Application number: CA000550399A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Yoshiaki Nakanishi; Katsuya Nakagawa
Original assignee: Nintendo Co Ltd
Current assignee: Nintendo Co Ltd
Priority date: 1986-11-19
Filing date: 1987-10-27
Publication date: 1994-07-05
Anticipated expiration: 2011-07-05
Also published as: NO874800D0; AU617092B2; NZ222364A; BR8706190A; EP0268419B1; US5276831A; AU8125987A; US4949298A; NO174310C; KR880006606A; AU1112492A; JPS63245535A; KR920008440B1; CN1011093B; DE3752046D1; NO874800L; EP0268419A2; MY108527A; DE8715356U1; NO174310B

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A memory cartridge comprises a case, and a printed circuit board housed in the case is connected to a data processing unit including a microprocessor when the memory cartridge is loaded therein. A memory cooperating with the data processing unit is installed on the printed circuit board, and a memory area of the memory is divided into a plurality of banks. A multi-memory controller installed on the printed circuit board includes a plurality of registers into which data representing bank change-over conditions given from the microprocessor are loaded. An address for changing-over the memory bank is outputted in response to the content of at least one of a plurality of registers. Thus, by changing the above-described data, the microprocessor can specify an arbitrary bank at an arbitrary timing and utilize that bank.

Description

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The present invention relates to a memory cartridge. More specifically, the present invention relates ~o a memory cartridge which c~n ~ ~tt~dC~ t~ and de~ai~hi~d from a data processing unit, such as in a video game apparatus connected to a conventional television receiver.
The following are examples of data processing units in which an image is displayed on a television receiver: a video game machine called "Family Computer"
(trade mark) or "Nintendo Entertainment System" (trade 10 mark), which is manufactured and sold by the applicant of -the present invention and a personal computer called "MSX"
(trade mark). These data processing units are enabled by receiving an external memory cartridge containing an educational or game software program that has been written in advance and stored in cartridge memory. A read-only memory (ROM) for storing program data and character data for display are contained in the memory cartridge.
For memory cartridges used in the above-described manner, recently, memory size has been increased to a larger capacity, for example, lM bits or 4M bits. In the case where such a large-capacity memory is employed, since address space accessible from a central processing unit in the data processing unit is limited, a so-called "bank switching" technique has been employed.
25~.S. Patent No. 4,432,067 is a method for expanding memory capacity while the number of address lines, or the address space, connected to the data processing unit, is maintained at a predetermined number. U.S. Patent No.
4,432,067 discloses a memory cartridge having an address ~-decoder, a latch circuit, a supplemental memory chip and a signal line for selecting a memory chip.
In U.S. Patent No. 4,432,067, the address decoder I detects when the address data is a specific address that I requires change-over (i.e., selection) of another memory i35 chip. Then the memory chip is switched by the latch circuit and the signal line. This means that the change-over or switching of the memory chip is controlled by a dedicated ~1 hardware circuit and is performed only on a memory chip to memory chip basis. Therefore, it is impossible to switching . I '~
.

133~6 a bank of an arbitrary memory size. Furthermore, since only that switching determined by the hardware circuit can be executed, there are many restrictions in designing a computer game or other program.
Therefore, the principal object of the present invention is to provide a memory cartridge allowing bank switching of a memory of an arbitrary memory size.
Another object of the presënt invention is to provide a memory cartridge capable of switching banks based on a program of a data processing unit. The degree of fréëdom of program design will thus be increased.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a memory cartridge capable of increasing the functions of an external memory.
To be brief, a memory cartridge in accordance with the present invention is attachable to and detachable from a data processing unit that includes a microprocessor. The memory cartridge is loaded in the data processing unit when used and comprises a printed circuit board connected to the data processing unit when loaded therein, a memory installed on the printed circuit board and having its memory area divided into a plurality of banks, and memory controlling means which is als~ installed on the printed circuit board.
The memory controlling means receives data representing bank switching conditions given from the microprocessor and provides an address that specifies a bank to the memory.
The memory controlling means includes a plurality of registers to which the data from said microprocessor is provided, and address generating means for generating said address based on the data of the registers.
When the memory cartridge is loaded in the data processing unit, the printed circuit board is connected to the data processing unit, and the system comprising the memory cartridge and the data processing unit is enabled.
The data representing bank switching conditions is sent from the microprocessor of the data processing unit to the memory cartridge. Based on this data, the memory controlling means sends to the memory an address corresponding to the bank to be selected. Accordingly, the selected bank of the memory ~330~J~ :
:

is directly accessed from the microprocessor of the data processing unit.
In accordance with the present invention, the memory controlling means provides the address for bank switching of the memory based on the data from the microprocessor of the data processing unit. Therefore, any bank of the memory can be selectively enabled by changing the data from the microprocessor. By having the microprocessor change the data based on the progress of the program step, the bank switching of the memory can be executed according to the program. For that reason, the memory cartridge in accordance with the present invention can improve the degree of freedom in designing or using the program when compared with the conventional memory cartridge in which the bank change-over is effected by a hardware circuit.
These objects and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 is an exploded perspective view showing one embodiment of a memory cartridge in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 2 is a block diagram showing one example of a data processing unit to which Figure 1 embodiment is applicable.
Figure 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration of Figure 1 embodiment.
Figure 4 is a plan view of an MMC.
Figure 5 is a block diagram of the MMC as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 6 is a circuit diagram showing structural components of the MMC in accordance with the block diagram as shown in Figure 5.
Figures 7A and 7B are illustrative views showing an address space of a CPU.
Figure 8 is an illustrative view showing an address space of a PPU.

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Figure 9 is an illustrative view showing a memory map of a V-RAM.
In reference to Figure 1, a memory cartridge 10 of this embodiment includes a case 12 formed by an upper case 12a and a lower case 12b. The case 12 is formed nearly in a rectangle, and a protrusion 12c is formed at one side thereof. An opening 12d is formed by the protrusion 12c and the other sides of the case 12 are blocked by side walls.
A printed circuit board 14 and a power supply 16 are housed in the case 12. A protrusion 14a is formed at the portion of the printed circuit board 14 corresponding to the protrusion 12c of the above-described case 12. Then, on the protrusion 14a, conductive patterns, or connecting electrodes 18a-18n constituting connecting means to an edge 15 connector 32 (Figure 2) of a game machine main unit 30 are formed so as to be distributed in the direction that the side of the protrusion 14a extends.
A program memory 20 composed of a non-volatile semiconductor memory, for example ROM or EE-PROM, is mounted on the main surface of the printed circuit board 14. The program memory 20 has a memory area of, for example, 4M
bits, wherein program data required for the execution of a predetermined operation of a central processing unit (CPU) 34 (Figure 2) included in the game machine main unit 30 is stored in advance. Also, a character memory 22 consisting of a similar non-volatile semiconductor memory is installed on the printed circuit board 14. The character memory 22 has a memory area of, for example, 4M bits, wherein data (character data) relating to game characters or the like is stored in advance. An expansion memory 24 is installed on the printed circuit board 14, and the expansion memory 24 can be utilized where the capacity of the program memory 20 is inadequate. The expansion memory 24 may be a rAM having a capacity of, for example, 64K bits.
A multi-memory controller (MMC) 26 constituting one of the features of this embodiment is installed on the printed circuit board 14. The MMC 26 receives data from the CPU 34 and a PPU 42 of the game machine main unit 30. The , :,~

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MMC 26 is used to switch banks of the program memory 20 and/or the character memory 22.
The aforementioned power supply 16 installed in the case 12 is utilized for back-up of the above-described 5 expansion memory 24. For the power supply 16, the primary battery can be a lithium battery or alkaline battery and the secondary battery, which can be charged, can be a nickel-cadmium battery or an electrostatic capacitor such as an electric double-layer capacitor.
In addition, the above-described character memory 22 may be a RAM as does the expansion memory 24. A power supply for back-up will then have to be provided as in the expansion memory 24.
The present invention is applicable to a memory 15 cartridge in which a casing and a printed circuit board are united form a compact, thin card-like memory, such as an IC
card. -The game machine main unit 30, one example of the data processing unit for which the cartridge of the 20 embodiment can be utilized, is shown in Figure 2. The electrodes 18a-18n of the cartridge 10 and main unit 30, thus forming one system.
The game machine main unit 30 includes the eight-bit microprocessor (CPU) 34, for example, the integrated 25 circuit "2A03" manufactured by Nintendo. Game controllers 40a and 40b are connected to the CPU 34 through an I/O
interface 38.
Furthermore, a working RAM (W-RAM) 36, a PPU 42 (picture processing unit), a video RAM (V-RAM) 44, and an RF
30 modulator 46 are installed in the main unit 30. For the PPU
42, for example, the integrated circuit "2C02" manufactured by Nintendo is used. The PPU 42 reads data of the character memory 22 and the V-RAM 44 under the control of the CPU 34, converts the same into video signals and sends these signals 35 to the RF modulator 46. The RF modulator 46 modulates the video signal, outputting a television signal of, for example. NTSC standard to the television receiver.
In reference to figure 3, detailed description is made of a configuration of the memory cartridge 10 as i~

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illustrated in Figure 1, which is loaded in the edge connector 32 of the main unit 30 as shown in Figure 2. As described above, the memory cartridge 10 is connected to the edge connector 32 and is provided with data or signals from 5the CPU 34 and the PPU 42 of the game machine main unit 30 through the edge connector 32.
The program memory 20 receives program addresses I ~ A0-A13 from the CPU 34 (Figure 2) and receives eight-bit data through the edge connector 32. A program address A14 from the CPU 34 is sent to the MMC 26 along with the program address A13. The character memory 22 is provided with character addresses A0-All from the PPU 42, and a character address A12 is provided to the MMC 26 along with the character addresses A10 and All. Then, eight-bit data is sent to the character memory 22 from the PPU 42. The program addresses A0-A12 and eight-bit data are also provided to the expansion memory 24 likewise as well as the program memory 20.
To the MMC 26, a system clock 2 is provided from the CPU 34 and also a signal ROMSEL1 specifying addresses 8000H-FFFFH of the program memory 20 is also provided.
Also, a read/write signal R/W is sent to the MMC 26 from the CPU 34. The read/write signal R/W is also sent to the above-described expansion memory 24.
25As described in detail later, a signal RAMSEL for enabling the expansion memory 24 is sent to the expansion memory 24 from the MMC 26. In the case where the expansion memory 24 is a 64 K-bit RAM located on two chips a chip select signal RAMl is also sent to the expansion memory 24 from the MMC 26. Furthermore, the MMC 26 outputs a signal ROMSEL0 for enabling the program memory 20, Also, the MMC
26 acts as a controlling means ~ bank switching of the program memory 20 and the character memory 22. Therefore, from the MMC 26 four-bit program addresses PRA14-PRA17 are sent to the program memory 20 and five-bit character addresses CRA12-CRA16 are sent to the character memory 22.
The negative electrode of the power supply 16 included in the memory cartridge 10 is grounded, and the positive electrode is connected to a power terminal Vcc of ;~

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the edge connector 32 through a forward-direction diode 50 and a reverse-direction diode 52 connected to the diode 50.
A power supply from the game machine main unit 30 is applied to this power terminal Vcc. The output of the diode 50 is connected to a chip select terminal CS of the expansion memory 24 through a resistor that is also connected to the collector of a transistor 54. The emitter of the transistor 54 is grounded, and the above-described signal RAMSEL from the MMC 26 is sent to the transistor 54 base. The output of the other diode 52 is connected to the power supply Vcc of the expansion memory 24.
In the case where the memory cartridge lO is loaded in the game machine main unit 30 through the edge connector 32, the voltage Vcc is supplied to the expansion memory 24 through the diode 52. When the memory cartridge 10 is removed from the edge connector 32, or even if ~oaded, when a power switch 48 of the game machine main unit 30 is turned off, the voltage Vcc is sent from the power supply 16 to the expansion memory 24 through the diode 50. Thus, the diode 50 acts as both a switch applying a voltage to the expansion memory 24 and as a reverse flow blocking diode preventing the current from the game machine main unit 30 from flowing into the power supply 16.
In reference to Figure 4 through Figure 6, further detailed description is made on the MMC 26 included in the memory cartridge 10. As shown in Figure 4, the MMC 26 is one custom IC. Terminals No. 1-No. 11 and No. 16 are used as output terminals, and terminals No. 13-No. 15 and No. 17-No. 23 are used as input terminals. Terminal No. 12 is connected to a ground potential GND and terminal 24 is connected to the voltage Vcc.
To be detailed, terminals No. 1-No. 4 are utilized 'as output terminals of the four-bit program addresses PRA14-PRA17, and terminal No. 4 is sometimes utilized as an output j35 terminal of the chip select signal RAM1 of the expansion memory 24. In the case where a one-chip memory is used as the expansion memory 24 (Figure 3) the signal RAMl has no meaning, but acts as a one-bit chip select signal when two -- ~ .
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memory chips are mounted, it selects either of the chips by "1" or "0".
Terminal No. 5 is an output terminal for the signal ROMSEL0 sent to the above-described program memory 20, and only when the program memory 20 is read, that is, only when the read/write signal R/W from the CPU 34 is high, is it outputted as a low-level signal.
Terminal No. 6 is an output terminal for the signal RAMSEL sent to the above-described transistor 54, which specifies addresses 6000H-7FFFH of the expansion memory 24.
Terminals No. 7-No. 11 are output terminals of addresses for bank switching of the character memory 22, that is, the character addresses CRA12-CRA16.
Terminals No. 13-No. 15 are input terminals of addresses PA10-PA12 from the PPU 42.
Terminal No. 16 is an output terminal of signal VRAM10 sent to the tenth address bit of the address of the V-RAM 44. Signal VRAM10 is utilized for specifying the memory area accessible by the PPU 42 in the V-RAM 44 and controlling make or hreak of scrolling.
The read/write signal R/W from the CPU 34 is sent to terminal No. 17, one-bit serial data is sent to terminal No. 18 from the CPU 34, and one-bit data clear signal, that is, a synchronizing timing signal of the above-described serial data, is sent to terminal No. 19.
The signal ROMSELl which specifies addresses 8000H~
FFFH for the program memory 20 is sent to terminal No. 20 from the CPU 34.
Then, the program addresses A13 and A14 from the CPU
34 are sent to the terminals No. 21 and No. 22. The system clock ~2 is sent to the terminal No. 23.
As shown in Figure 5, installed in the MMC 26 is an SP register 56 that receives serial data from the CPU 34 which is sent to the above-described terminal No. 18. As shown in Figure 6, the SP register 56 is as a seven-bit shift register, and the most significant two bits thereof are coupled to a decoder 158. Also, the MMC 26 includes a timing generator 60 which receives the signals ROMSELl, R/W, -- 133059~

the data clear signal, and the system clock 2. Based on the signal ROMSEL1 and the signal R/W, the timing generator 60 outputs the low-level signal ROMSEL01 when the former is low and the latter high, and also sends a shift clock SCLK
to the SP register 56 from an AND gate 60a (Figure 6) in response to the system clock . The shift clock is counted by a counter 60b (Figure 6) included in the timing generator 60. The timing generator 60 sends a data set enabling signal DS~ to the decoder 58 at the seventh clock signal after the data clear signal has been given, that is, at the point when all the seven-bit serial data from the CPU 34 is loaded in the SP register 56.
The decoder 58 receives the most significant two bits of the data from the SP register 56, decodes this data and sends a data set signal to any one of a first register 62, a second register 64, a third register 66 and a fourth register 68. Accordingly, the above-described SP register 56 and decoder 56 constitute a data multiplexer.
These registers 62-68 are all five-bit registers, and when given the data set signal by the decoder 58 they load the remaining five-bit data of the SP register 56. The contents of these registers 62-68 are used as memory control data for the program memory 20, the character memory 22 or the V-RAM 44, as for example, a bank specifying code.
A character bank control portion 70 receives five-bit data from the first register 62 and the second register 64, also receiving the least significant one bit from the third register 66. The address PA12 from the PPU 42 (Figure ¦ 2), which is sent through the edge connector 32 (Figure 3), is also sent to the character bank control portion 70. The character bank control portion 70 includes a large number of gates, as shown in Figure 6, and outputs the character addresses CRA12-CRAl6 for bank switching of the character memory 22 by the processing by the gates.
A V-RAM control portion 72 receives two-bit data from the third register 66, receives the addresses PA10 and PAll from the PPU 42, and outputs the address signal VRAM10 of the V-RAM 44 according to the gate processing of a large t~
3 `~ number of gates, as shown in Figure 6.

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A program bank control portion 74 receives the most significant two bits of the third register 66 and five~
bit data of the fourth register 68, receives the program address A14 which is given from the CPU 34, and outputs the program addresses PRA14-PRA17 for bank switching of the program memory 20 according to the gate processing of a large number of gates, as shown in figure 6.
Furthermore, a decoder 76 is, if necessary, installed in the MMC 26. The program addresses A13 and A14 from the CPU 34, the system clock 2, and the signal RAMSEL1 are given to the MMC 26. As shown in Figure 6, the decoder 76 composed of a four-input AND gate, outputs the signal RAMSEL for activating the expansion memory 24 in response to a formation of predetermined conditions.
As described above, the CPU 34 is an eight-bit microcomputer, and the address space accessible by the CPU
34 is thus addresses OOOH-FFFFH represented by 2'6, as shown in Figur~_7~. Among them, the addresses OOOOH-6000H are utilized as the W-RAM 36, as shown in Figure 2, or another register area. Also, the addresses 6000H-7FFFH among addresses 6000H-8000H are utilized as address space for access to the expansion memory 24 (Figure 3), and the addresses 8000H-FFFFH are utilized as address space for access to one bank (256K bits=32K bytes) of the program memory 20. Accordingly, in the case where the program memory 20 has a memory capacity of 4M bits (512K Byte), there are sixteen (16) banks of memory area which are addressed as address 8000H-FFFFH. These banks are switched by the MMC 26 as described later.
Also, in the PPU 42, as shown in Figure 8, addresses OOOOH-2000H are utilized as addresses for access to one bank (64K bits) of the character memory 22.
This means that in this embodiment the program memory 20 of 4M bits is divided into 16 banks of 256K bits each, and these 16 banks are switched by the program bank control portion 74 (Figure 5). Likewise, the character memory 22 of l`M bits is divided into 16 banks of 64K bits each, and these 16 banks are switched by the character bank control portion 70.
., -, , - , 13305~6 Also, the V-RAM 44 (Figure 4) accessed by the PPU
42 has a memory area of 4K bytes as shown in Figure 9.
However, in practice, only 2K bytes are employed as the V-RAM 44. Accordingly, when scrolling occurs on a CRT as an image displaying means (not illustrated) the addresses of the V-RAM 44 accessible by these 2K bytes must be switched.
This change-over of addresses is performed by the V-RAM
control portion 72. This means that, as shown in Figure 6, the V-RAM control portion 72 includes two AND gates 72a and 72b which receive the addresses PA10 and PAll from the PPU
42, respectively. These AND gates 72a and 72b select which one of the PAlO and PA11 from the PPU 42 is to be sent as the signal VRAMlO which is the tenth address bit of the V-RAM 44. By this selection, the manner in which the memory space of 2K bytes of the V-RAM 44 is to be accessed, that is , the manner in which the memory area should be arranged in the address space, is determined. The result is either V
scrolling (when the PA10 is given to the VRAM10), H
scrolling (when the PAll is given to the VRAM10) or a state where no scrolling is performed.
Then, when an AND gate 72c of the V-RAM control portion 74 is disabled by another bit output of the third register 66, the address PA10 or PAll of the PPU 42 is not output as the signal VRAM10, and this signal VRAM10, the tenth address bit of the V-RAM 44, is then low at all times.
Consequently, a memory area of the V-RAM 44 for only one screen, that is, lK bytes, is made accessible by the PPU 42 independent of the address from the PPU 42.
Next, description is provided of the bank switching of the program memory 20 and bank switching of the character memory 22.
To switch the banks of the program memory 20, serial data, whose most significant two bits are "11" and whose remaining five bits are a code specifying any one of 16 banks of the program memory 20, is sent to the terminal No. 18 of the MMC 26 from the CPU 34 through the edge connector 32. Then, the seven-bit data is loaded in th~ SP
register 56, and the signal DSE is outputted to the decoder 58 from the timing generator 60. The decoder 58 decodes .'~

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two-bit data "11" of the SP register 56, sending the data set signal to the fourth register 68. The remaining five bits of the SP register 56 are then loaded in the fourth register 68. The bank selection code loaded in the fourth 5 register 68 is given to the program bank control portion 74.
The program bank control portion 74 outputs the addresses PRA14-PRA17 for bank switching of the program memory 20 when the most significant bit of five bits to be sent is "0", and outputs the signal R~Ml, a chip select 10 signal, to the expansion memory 24 from the terminal No. 4 when the most significant bit is "1". Accordingly, whether only the bank address of the program memory 20 is output from the program bank control portion 74, or a three-bit program address for bank switching and a one-bit change-15 over signal for the expansion memory 24 is output depends on whether "0"or "1" is the most significant one bit of the five-bit data loaded in the fourth register 68.
When the four-bit program addresses PRA14-PRA17 are sent to the program memory 20 from the program bank 20 control portion 74, any one of 16 banks of the program memory 20 is enabled selectively by the four-bit address.
Then, only the enabled bank is accessible directly by the CPU 34. This means that by utilizing the address space of 8000H-FFFFH, the CPU 34 accesses to that bank of the program 25 memory 20.
Next, an explanation follows where the expansion memory 24 is selected. The expansion memory 24 is utilized when the memory capacity (2K byte) of the W-RAM 36 in the main unit 30 is not sufficient. Address 6000H-7000H which 30 is different from the address space (8000H-FFFFH) of the program memory 20 is assigned to the address space of the Jexpansion memory 24. The AND gate 76 outputs the signal RAMSEL in a short time period when the AND condition is detected of the addresses A13 and A14, system clock ~2, and 35 the inversion of the signal ROMSELl. In response to the signal RAMSEL, the transistor 54 is turned on, and the expansion memory 24 is selected. In this state, the CPU 34 sends the address data within the address space and the data to be written to the expansion memory 24 so as to write the 1 3 3 ~

data into the expansion memory 24, or reads the data from the expansion memory 24. When the system clock ~2 reverses, the AND gate 76 stops the output of the signal RAMSEL, and the expansion memory 24 enters into a non-selected state.
This means that the expansion memory 24 is selected within a short time period of the CPU 34 machine cycle and has no relation to the switching of the bank of the program memory 20. The data is thus written or read into or from the expansion memory 24 in real time. Thus, the address bus and the data bus of the program memory 20 can be used for the expansion memory (RAM) 24 without adding any address and data lines for CPU 34.
In addition, if a backup power source 16 is provided association with the expansion memory 24, advanced game states such as a score and a stage number being advanced and the like stored in the expansion memory 24.
The data representing the game state of the last game executed is maintained and the game c~n be continued even if the memory cartridge 10 is unloaded or the power switch is turned off.
In addition, the program msmory 20 may be switched as banks of 128K bits (=16 bytes) for example, each in place of the switching on a 256K bit bank basis. In such a case, the output the third register 66 designates that the program 25 memory 20 is to be bank switching for each unit of 128K bits (=16 bytes . Then the address A14 is "11', the address space COOOH-BFFFH is specified as a home bank, and the address space 8000H-BFFFH is bank switching based on the output of the fourth register 60 (see the middle of Figure 7B). On the other hand, when the address A14 is "O", the address space 8000H-COOOH is specified as the home bank, and the address space COOOH-FFFFH is bank switched by the output of the fourth register 68 (see the right of Figure 7B) The home bank is an area where the program of the main routine and the like is stored. A system where the banks having 256K bits are switched is used in the case where the programs are switching and executed on the bank basis. By contrast, a system where the banks having 128 K bits are switched is used in the case where the game date (for e~

13~Q~g example, the position of the character, data for specifying a kind of character) stored in such a bank is switched and utilized while the program of the home bank is executed.
That is, the latter system is advantageous for executing an interrupt routine while the program of the home bank is executed, or the generating sound effects.
Next, character memory 22 bank switching is described. The bank switching of the character memory 22 can be performed two ways; the switching on a 64 K bit bank basis or the bank switching on a 32K bit bank basis. This means that the character memory 22 may be switched as 16 banks or as 32 banks. Such a switching of the bank size is performed by the least significant one bit of the third register 66, and the switching is made on a 64K bit bank basis when the least significant bit is "O" and on a 32 K
bit bank basis when the bit is "1".
Then, when the least significant bit of the third register 66 is "1", the character bank control portion 70 selects one of 32 banks of the character memory 22 based on the bank specifying code of a total of 10 bits from the first register 62 and the second register 64. Also, when the least significant bit of the third register 66 is "O"
the character bank control portion 70 selectively enables any one of 16 banks according to the content of the most significant four bits of the second register 64.
Where the character memory 22 is switched on a 32K
bit bank basis, the PPU 42 uses the address spàce OOOOH-OFFFH or lOOOH-lFFFH. In the case where the switching is performed on a 64K bit bank basis, the PPU 42 uses the address space OOOOH-lFFFFH.
In addition, in the above-described embodiment, the program memory 20 and the character memory 22 may be constituted with separate memory chips, respectively.
However, by constituting them both with the same ROM or RAM, they both may use different memory areas in the same memory chip.
Furthermore, in the above-described embodiment, a one-chip memory having a large memory capacity is used as the program memory 20. However, a plurality of memory chips :: ~
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may be used if it is difficult to use such a large sized -memory chip. :
Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and scope of :
the present invention being limited only the terms of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A memory cartridge which is attachable to and detachable from a data processing unit including a micro-processor and is loaded in said data processing unit when used, comprising:
a printed circuit board which is connected to said data processing unit when loaded therein, a memory which is installed on said printed circuit board and whose memory area is divided into a plurality of banks, and memory controlling means which is installed on said printed circuit board, receives data representing bank change-over conditions given from said microprocessor, and gives an address for specifying a bank to said memory, said memory controlling means including a plurality of registers into which said data given from said microprocessor are loaded and address generating means for generating said address based on any one of data of said plurality of registers.

2. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 1, wherein said memory controlling means includes a further register into which said data from said microprocessor can be loaded temporarily and data loading means for selectively loading data in any one of said plurality of registers in response to the content of said further register.

3. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 2, wherein said memory includes a plurality of memory areas, and said address generating means includes a plurality of address generating means which respectively output an address for bank change-over for one of said plurality of memory areas in response to the content of at least one of said plurality of registers.

4. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 3, wherein said plurality of memory areas are formed in different memories, respectively.

5. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 3, wherein said plurality of memory areas are formed in different areas of the same memory.

6. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 1, wherein said data processing unit includes a picture processing unit for picture processing, a video memory which is accessed by said picture processing unit and a video monitor for displaying an image on a screen thereof based on data from said picture processing unit, and said memory controlling means includes area specifying means for specifying a memory area of said video memory accessible by said picture processing unit based on data from said microprocessor.

7. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 6, wherein an address space for said video memory is equal to a first plurality of screens of said video monitor, and a real address of said video memory is equal to a second plurality of screens less than said first plurality of screens, said area specifying means includes signal outputting means for outputting a signal representing that said memory area of said video memory should be assigned in what place of said address space, whereby a vertical scrolling or a horizontal scrolling occurs on the screen of said video monitor.

8. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 6, wherein said memory includes a program memory for storing a program of a picture processing and a character memory for storing character data used for said picture processing, and said memory controlling means includes a program bank controlling means for generating an address for bank change-over of said program memory based on said data from said microprocessor and a character bank controlling means for generating an address for bank change-over of said character memory based on said data from said microprocessor.

9. A data processing apparatus, comprising:
a microprocessor, a memory which is installed in association with said microprocessor and whose memory area is divided into a plurality of banks, and memory controlling means which receives data represent-ing bank change-over conditions given from said micro-processor and gives an address for specifying a bank to said memory said memory controlling means including a plurality of registers into which said data given from said microprocessor are loaded and address generating means for generating said address based on data of any one of said plurality of registers, whereby said microprocessor can utilize an arbitrary bank of said memory.

10. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 9, wherein said memory controlling means includes a further register wherein said data from said microcomputer can be loaded temporarily and data loading means for selectively loading data in any one of said plurality of registers in response to the content of said further register.

11. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 10, wherein said memory includes a plurality of memory areas, and said address generating means includes a plurality of address generating means which respectively output an address for bank change-over for one of said plurality of memory areas in response to the content of at least one of said plurality of registers.

12. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 11, wherein said plurality of memory areas are formed in different memories, respectively.

13. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 11, wherein said plurality of memory areas are formed in different areas of the same memory.

14. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 9, further comprising a picture processing unit for picture processing, a video memory which is accessed by said picture processing unit and a video monitor for displaying an image on a screen thereof based on data from said picture processing unit, wherein said memory controlling means includes area specifying means for specifying a memory area of said video memory accessible by said picture processing unit based on data from said microprocessor.

15. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 14, wherein an address space for said video memory is equal to a first plurality of screens of said video monitor, and a real address of said video memory is equal to a second plurality of screens less than said first plurality of screens, said area specifying means includes signal outputting means for outputting a signal representing that said memory area of said video memory should be assigned in what place of said address space, whereby a vertical scrolling or horizontal scrolling occurs on the screen of said video monitor.

16. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 14, wherein said memory includes a program memory for storing a program of a picture processing and a character memory for storing character data used for said image processing, and said memory controlling means includes program bank controlling means for generating an address for bank change-over of said program memory based on said data from said microcomputer and character bank controlling means for generating an address for bank change-over of said character memory based on said data from said microcomputer.

17. A gaming apparatus, comprising:
a gaming machine including a microprocessor, a picture processing unit for image processing, a video memory accessed by said picture processing unit and a video monitor for displaying an image on a screen thereof based on data from said picture processing unit, a memory cartridge which is attachable to and detachable from said gaming machine and is loaded in said gaming machine when used, wherein said game cartridge includes a program memory for storing a program for gaming and a character memory for storing character data for said game, and at least a memory area of said program memory is divided into a plurality of banks, and memory controlling means which is installed in said memory cartridge, receives data representing bank change-over conditions given from said microprocessor, and gives an address for specifying a bank to said program memory, wherein said microprocessor specifies an arbitrary bank of said program memory, and displays a game image on said screen of said video monitor based on program data stored in the specified bank and character data stored in said character memory.

18. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 17, wherein said character memory is divided into a plurality of banks, and said memory controlling means includes character bank controlling means for generating an address for bank change-over of said character memory based on data from said microprocessor.

19. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 18, wherein an address space for said video memory is equal to a first plurality of screens of said video monitor, and a real address of said video memory is equal to a second plurality of screens less than said first plurality of screens, said area specifying means includes signal outputting means for outputting a signal representing that said memory area of said video memory should be assigned in what place of said address space, whereby a vertical scrolling or a horizontal scrolling occurs on the screen of said video monitor.

20. A memory cartridge according to claim 6, wherein said area specifying means includes means responsive to predetermined address information from said picture processing unit for generating at least a portion of an address for said video memory.

21. A memory cartridge according to claim 6, wherein said area specifying means includes means responsive to predetermined address information from said picture processing unit for generating address information indicative of the type of scrolling operation to be performed.

22. A memory cartridge according to claim 1, wherein said at least one memory comprises a program memory coupled to said memory controlling means and a character memory coupled to said memory controlling means.

23. A memory cartridge according to claim 22, wherein said address generating means includes a character bank control means for generating bank address information for bank switching in said character memory and program bank control means for generating bank address information for bank switching in said program memory.

24. A memory cartridge according to claim 1, wherein said at least one memory includes a program memory coupled to said memory controlling means and an expanded memory module coupled to said program memory and said memory controlling means.

25. A memory cartridge according to claim 24, further including a power supply coupled to said expanded memory module.

26. A memory cartridge according to claim 1, wherein said memory controlling means receives address information from said picture processing unit and said microprocessor.

27. A memory cartridge according to claim 1, wherein said memory controlling means includes an input for receiving a clock signal from said data processing unit.

28. A memory cartridge according to claim 27, wherein said memory cartridge includes an expansion memory and said memory controlling means includes input means for receiving predetermined address information from said microprocessor, and gating means responsive to said clock signal and said predetermined address information for enabling said expansion memory.

29. A memory cartridge according to claim 1, wherein said memory controlling means includes a control register which receives said data representing bank switching conditions from said microprocessor and a decoder coupled to said control register, said decoder being responsive to data stored in a predetermined portion of said control register for selecting one of said plurality of registers for receipt of bank switching related data stored in said control register.

30. A memory cartridge according to claim 29, wherein said control register includes a first data storage portion corresponding to said predetermined portion and a second data storage portion, said decoder being responsive to said first data portion for generating a data set signal, each of said plurality of registers being operable upon receipt of said data set signal to receive data stored in said second data storage portion of said control register.

31. A memory cartridge according to claim 1, wherein said at least one memory includes a program memory and a character memory, and wherein said program memory is in the address space of the microprocessor and is directly addressable by said microprocessor, and wherein said character memory is in the address space of the picture processing unit and is directly addressable by said picture processing unit.

32. A memory cartridge according to claim 1, wherein said at least one memory includes a program memory and an expansion memory wherein said address generating means includes program bank control means for selectively enabling said expansion memory and for addressing said program memory.

33. A memory cartridge according to claim 1.
wherein said memory controlling means includes means for changing the number of bits in a bank.

34. A memory cartridge according to claim 33, wherein said means for changing is responsive to at least one predetermined bit in one of said plurality of registers.

35. A gaming apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said memory controlling means includes a control register, and a plurality of additional registers, said control register receiving said data representing bank switching conditions from said microprocessor, said memory controlling means further including a decoder coupled to said control register, said decoder being responsive to data stored in a predetermined portion of said control register for selecting one of said plurality of registers for receipt of bank switching related data stored in said control register.

36. A gaming apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said memory controlling means includes character bank control means for generating bank address information for bank switching in said character memory and program bank control means for generating bank address information for bank switching in said program memory.

37. A gaming apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said memory cartridge further includes an expansion memory and said memory controlling means includes program bank control means for selectively enabling said expansion memory and for addressing said program memory.

38. A data processing apparatus for use with a display device, comprising:
a microprocessor and a picture processing unit, coupled to said microprocessor, for controlling the display of a desired image on said display device;
an external memory which is removably connectable to said microprocessor and said picture processing unit and whose memory area is divided into a plurality of banks; and memory controlling means for receiving data representing bank switching conditions for sending a signal specifying a bank to said external memory, said memory controlling means including a plurality of storage devices into which said data given from said microprocessor are loaded, each of said storage devices storing at least one bit of bank specifying data, and means for generating said bank specifying signal based on data from at least one of said plurality of storage devices.

39. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 38, wherein said memory controlling means includes a register wherein said data from said microcomputer can be loaded temporarily and data loading means for selectively loading data in any one of said plurality of storage devices in response to the content of said register.

40. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 38, wherein said external memory includes a plurality of memory areas, and said means for generating said bank specifying signal includes a plurality of address generating means which respectively output a bank specifying signal for bank switching for one of said plurality of memory areas in response to the content of at least one of said plurality of storage devices.

41. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 40, wherein said plurality of memory areas are formed in different memories.

42. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 38, further comprising a video memory which is accessed by said picture processing unit and a video monitor for displaying an image on a screen thereof based on data from said picture processing unit, wherein said memory controlling means includes area specifying means for specifying a memory area of said video memory accessible by said picture processing unit based on data from said microprocessor.

43. A memory cartridge in accordance with claim 42, wherein an address space for said video memory corresponds to a first plurality of screens of said video monitor, and a real address of said video memory can access locations corresponding to a second plurality of screens less than said first plurality of screens;
said area specifying means includes signal outputting means for outputting a signal controlling the assignment of said memory area of said video memory to a predetermined portion of said address space, whereby a vertical scrolling or horizontal scrolling occurs on the screen of said video monitor.

44. A data processing apparatus in accordance with claim 38, wherein said external memory includes a program memory for storing a picture processing program and a character memory for storing character data used for said picture processing; and said memory controlling means includes means for generating address information for bank switching of said program memory based on said data from said microprocessor and means for generating address information for bank switching of said character memory based on said data from said microprocessor.

45. A memory cartridge which is removably connectable to a data processing unit that includes a microprocessor and a picture processing unit coupled to said microprocessor, said memory cartridge being located in said data processing unit when in use, said memory cartridge comprising:
a printed circuit board which is connected to said data processing unit when loaded therein;
a program memory for storing a plurality of instructions including a memory area divided into a plurality of memory banks, said program memory being coupled to said microprocessor when said memory cartridge is loaded in said data processing unit;
a character memory for storing pattern data and including a memory area divided into a plurality of memory banks, said character memory being coupled to said picture processing unit when said memory cartridge is loaded in said data processing unit; and a memory control circuit, coupled said microprocessor and said picture processing unit when said memory cartridge is loaded in said data processing unit, including a first storage device for storing at least one bit of program memory bank specifying data, and a second storage device for storing at least one bit of character memory bank specifying data;
said memory control circuit including at least one output pin which is coupled to said program memory for coupling a program memory bank specifying code from said first storage device to said program memory, and at least one output pin which is coupled to said character memory for coupling a character memory bank specifying code from said second storage device to said character memory.

46. A memory cartridge according to claim 45, wherein said program memory includes a plurality of address inputs and a plurality of data inputs, and wherein at least one of said data inputs is connected to said memory control circuit.

47. A memory cartridge according to claim 45, wherein said program memory includes a plurality of address inputs and wherein said memory control circuit includes at least one output pin which is coupled to at least one of said plurality of address inputs for coupling said program bank specifying code to said program memory.

48. A memory cartridge according to claim 45, wherein said character memory includes a plurality of address inputs, and wherein said memory control circuit includes at least one output pin which is coupled to at least one of said address inputs for coupling said character memory bank specifying code to said character memory.

49. A memory cartridge according to claim 45, wherein said data processing unit is coupled in use to a display and wherein said memory control circuit is responsive to at least a predetermined signal received from said data processing unit for initiating a predetermined display operation.

50. A memory cartridge according to claim 49, wherein said predetermined display operation is scrolling.

51. A memory cartridge according to claim 49, wherein said predetermined signal is an address related signal.

52. A memory cartridge according to claim 45, wherein said memory control circuit is loaded with bank specifying data in response to a control signal which controls at least in part the selection and accessing of a predetermined memory chip within said memory cartridge.

53. A memory cartridge according to claim 52, wherein said control signal is a read/write signal.

54. A memory cartridge according to claim 52, wherein said control signal is a read-only memory selection signal.

55. A memory cartridge according to claim 45, wherein said first storage device is a first register for storing at least one bit of program memory bank specifying code, and said second storage device is a second register for storing at least one bit of character memory bank specifying code.

56. External memory apparatus which is removably connectable to a video game apparatus having a microprocessor (CPU), a picture processing unit (PPU) coupled to said microprocessor, and an edge connector, said microprocessor being connected to a CPU data bus and a CPU
address bus and said picture processing unit being connected to a PPU address bus and a PPU data bus, said CPU data bus, CPU address bus, PPU address bus and PPU data bus being connected to said edge connector, said external memory apparatus comprising:
an array of connecting electrodes connected to said edge connector when said external memory apparatus is loaded into said video game apparatus, said array of connecting electrodes including a first plurality of electrodes disposed to receive in use signals from said CPU
address bus, a second plurality of electrodes being disposed to receive in use signals from said CPU data bus, a third plurality of electrodes disposed to receive in use signals from said PPU address bus, a fourth plurality of electrodes disposed to receive in use signals from said PPU data bus, and a fifth plurality of electrodes disposed to receive in use memory accessing related signals generated by said microprocessor;
a plurality of memory banks, at least some of said memory banks being coupled to receive signals from at least some of said connecting electrodes;
a control circuit connected to said plurality of memory banks, to said fifth plurality of electrodes, to at least some of said first plurality of electrodes and at least some of said third plurality of electrodes, said control circuit including at least one register and being responsive to at least one of said memory access related signals generated by said microprocessor for selecting one of said plurality of memory banks based at least in part on the contents of said at least one register.

57. External memory apparatus according to claim 56, wherein each of said plurality of memory banks is in different memory devices.

58. External memory apparatus according to claim 56, wherein at least one of said plurality memory banks is a program memory.

59. External memory apparatus according to claim 58, wherein at least one of said plurality of memory banks is a character memory.

60. External memory apparatus according to claim 58, wherein address signals received from said first plurality of electrodes are used to address at least two of said plurality of memory banks.

61. External memory apparatus according to claim 56, wherein the state of bits stored in said at least one register determine which of said plurality of memory banks will be accessed.