CA1333294C - Method for the optimal comfort and efficiency control of variable speed heat pumps and air conditioners - Google Patents
Method for the optimal comfort and efficiency control of variable speed heat pumps and air conditionersInfo
- Publication number
- CA1333294C CA1333294C CA000602254A CA602254A CA1333294C CA 1333294 C CA1333294 C CA 1333294C CA 000602254 A CA000602254 A CA 000602254A CA 602254 A CA602254 A CA 602254A CA 1333294 C CA1333294 C CA 1333294C
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- Prior art keywords
- comfort
- parameters
- equipment
- function
- data
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
- F24F11/46—Improving electric energy efficiency or saving
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/62—Control or safety arrangements characterised by the type of control or by internal processing, e.g. using fuzzy logic, adaptive control or estimation of values
- F24F11/63—Electronic processing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
- F24F11/72—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure
- F24F11/74—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure for controlling air flow rate or air velocity
- F24F11/77—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the supply of treated air, e.g. its pressure for controlling air flow rate or air velocity by controlling the speed of ventilators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
- F24F11/80—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air
- F24F11/86—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air by controlling compressors within refrigeration or heat pump circuits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
- G05D23/00—Control of temperature
- G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
- G05D23/1917—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means using digital means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/10—Temperature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/20—Humidity
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/30—Velocity
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/50—Air quality properties
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/50—Air quality properties
- F24F2110/65—Concentration of specific substances or contaminants
- F24F2110/70—Carbon dioxide
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/02—Compressor control
- F25B2600/025—Compressor control by controlling speed
- F25B2600/0253—Compressor control by controlling speed with variable speed
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/11—Fan speed control
- F25B2600/112—Fan speed control of evaporator fans
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
Abstract
A controller and a related method that maintains thermal comfort in an occupied space at a user-defined level while simultaneously maximizing the efficiency of the space conditioning equipment. The controller deter-mines the setting of heating/cooling capacity, indoor airflow rate, evaporator superheat and other system parameters such that a comfort constraint is satisfied.
The comfort index may be any arbitrarily-defined rela-tionship of measured or inferred quantities such as air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, mean radiant temperature, CO2 concentration, etc. The con-troller ensures that the error between comfort index and the comfort setpoint is zero while the energy con-sumed by the space conditioning equipment is minimized.
The comfort index may be any arbitrarily-defined rela-tionship of measured or inferred quantities such as air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, mean radiant temperature, CO2 concentration, etc. The con-troller ensures that the error between comfort index and the comfort setpoint is zero while the energy con-sumed by the space conditioning equipment is minimized.
Description
133329 i A METHOD FOR THE OPTIMAL COMFORT AND EFFICIENCY CONTROL
OF VARIABLE SPEED HEAT PUMPS AND AIR CONDITIONERS
The lnventlon relates to a method for achlevlng opti-mal comfort and optlmal efflclency control of varlable speed heat pumps and alr condltioners.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Up to the present tlme, resldentlal heatlng and cool-lng equlpment has prlmarlly been controlled by temperature-senslng thermostats. In recent years, some manufacturers have lncorporated humidity sensing ln their controls. Humidlty control has most often been accompllshed through a "dehumldl-fylng cycle" or through "humldlty reset" (ad~ustment of the temperature setpoint) rather than through an lntegrated comfort control strategy. As attentlon ln the HVAC lndustry becomes lncreaslngly focused on providlng greater comfort, the need for contlnuous control of humldity, as well as other envlronmental parameters (such as relatlve alr velocity, mean radiant temper-ature, CO2 concentration and air contamlnants) becomes more crltlcal.
The advent of AC lnverter technology has made rela-tively low-cost variable-speed compressors, fans and blowers posslble ln resldential heat pumps and alr conditloners. In addltion to heat pumps and air condltioners, variable-capacity operation is becoming possible with conventional heatlng-only 133329~
OF VARIABLE SPEED HEAT PUMPS AND AIR CONDITIONERS
The lnventlon relates to a method for achlevlng opti-mal comfort and optlmal efflclency control of varlable speed heat pumps and alr condltioners.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Up to the present tlme, resldentlal heatlng and cool-lng equlpment has prlmarlly been controlled by temperature-senslng thermostats. In recent years, some manufacturers have lncorporated humidity sensing ln their controls. Humidlty control has most often been accompllshed through a "dehumldl-fylng cycle" or through "humldlty reset" (ad~ustment of the temperature setpoint) rather than through an lntegrated comfort control strategy. As attentlon ln the HVAC lndustry becomes lncreaslngly focused on providlng greater comfort, the need for contlnuous control of humldity, as well as other envlronmental parameters (such as relatlve alr velocity, mean radiant temper-ature, CO2 concentration and air contamlnants) becomes more crltlcal.
The advent of AC lnverter technology has made rela-tively low-cost variable-speed compressors, fans and blowers posslble ln resldential heat pumps and alr conditloners. In addltion to heat pumps and air condltioners, variable-capacity operation is becoming possible with conventional heatlng-only 133329~
systems. Variable-capaclty operatlon allows greater flexl-blllty as to how the equipment ls controlled. The goal there-fore becomes that of not only malntalnlng adequate comfort, but also dolng so ln the most energy efflclent manner.
Not only ls lt deslrable to control the thermal para-meters descrlbed above, but due to the lncreased emphasls placed on controlllng lndoor alr quallty, lt becomes necessary to also control alr contamlnants such as CO2, Volatlle Organlc Compounds VOC's and partlculates. Conventlonal, slngle-varl-able control strategles are not approprlate for this moreadvanced level of control. Therefore a more sophistlcated approach is requlred.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
With the advent of mlcrocomputer-based type thermo-stats, more sophlstlcated control functlonallty ls posslble by utlllzlng the memory that accompanles the mlcrocomputer to lmplement a control program.
The maln ob~ectlve of the present lnventlon ls to provide a new and lmproved method for controlllng, as a mlnl-mum, the compressor speed, lndoor fan speed and evaporatorsuperheat of a heat pump or alr conditloner ln such a manner that human thermal comfort ls malntalned and plant (space condltlonlng equlpment) efflclency ls maxlmlzed.
The sensor means, mlcrocomputer means, memory means and actuator means allow a mlcrocomputer-based thermostat to 13~3294 measure necessary thermal and air quality conditions within a space and,from these measurements and user inputs,to: con-struct a comfort setpoint, construct a comfort index, deter-mine the space conditioning plant efficiency, identify the sensitivity of the measured comfort parameters to changes in the controlled system parameters, compute the changes in space conditioning parameters necessary to eliminate any error be-tween the measured comfort index and the desiredcomfortlevel while insuring maximally efficient operation, and output these system operating parameters as control signals to the space conditioning e~uipment. The control program ensures maxi-mum plant efficiency while providing the desired level of comfort.
Since this strategy results in optimal control, any other choice of compressor speed, blower speed and evapora-tor superheat will result in either increased energy con-sumption or reduced comfort.
In a typical variable-capacity system, the compressor speed is controlled based on the air temperature in the conditioned space, while the blower speed is controlled based on the compressor speed and the evaporator superheat <~s ~
is generally controlled by some arbitrary, pr~o t value.
The desired temperature will be maintained~ Cl ~ de-pending upon the conditions in the space, other variables 133329i Ll such as humidity, air velocity, etc. may result in unac-ceptable comfort. It is possible that this comfort devia-tion will result in increased energy consumption (for example, over-dehumidification).
In addition to dry bulb temperature control, it is possible to compensate for latent effects by incorporating humidity measurements into the controller. This compensa-tion can be done by either incrementally adjusting the dry-bulb setpoint (humidity reset) or by periodically switching between dry-bulb and humidity control. The pro-blem with these and other existing approaches is that no mechanisms exist for independently specifying the values of the manipulated or control variables (compressor speed, blower speed, evaporator superheat) that will maintain precise comfort control while maximizing efficiency. The present invention provides a means of accomplishing this objective.
The control system according to the present invention provides a comfort control means, including: microcomputer means including real time clock means and memory means;
data input means for specifying desired comfort level;
multiple sensor means for measuring all parameters that comprise the comfort index as well as energy efficiency and key temperatures of the space conditioning system;
actuator means for outputtlng control varlable slgnals; sald mlcrocomputer means and said melnory means includlng optlmal comfort control program means whlch ls memory means provldlng control means of multlple sensory data, calculatlon means to construct a slngle lndex representatlve of comfort, and control means of multlple outputs such tl-lat plant efflclency ls maxlmlzed and sald comfort index eqllals the comfort setpoint.
In accordance with one aspect of the present inventlon there ls provlded a method for operatlng a system havlng varlable speed equlpment such as heat pumps and air conditloners whlle (l) achlevlng optlmal comfort condltlons ln an air conditloned space and (2) maxlmlzlng the coefficlent of performance (COP) of sald equlpment; --sald equlpment being characterlzed by havlng controls for varylng equlpment parameters thereof lncludlng compressor speed (r), lndoor air flow rate ~c), and evaporator super heat (t);
sald system havlng multlple sensory lnputs frorn whlch varlable comfort lnfluenclng data parameters transmltted from sald space to sald equlpment lncludes dry-bulb temperature (T), humldity ratlo (w) and alr veloclty (V);
sald method comprlslng the steps of:
provldlng a nonllnear measure of comfort functlon CI
(T,w,V) bases on said data parameters;
settlng one of sald data parameters and calculatlng default values for the other of sald data parameters;
calculatlng a set polnt value for sald comfort functlon;
expresslng sald functlon CI (T,w,V) ln terms of sald equlpment parameters as a functlon of CI (r,c,t);
calculating a comfort error (CE) value whlch ls sald set polnt value of CI (T,w,V) mlnus sald CI ~r,c,t);
selectlng a nonlinear coefflclent of performance functlorl PE (r,c,t) based on sald equlpment parameters whlch ls deslred J l 1333~9~
5a 64159-1200 sald CI (r,c,t)1 and settlng sald controls to effect maxlmlzlng sald PE (r,c,t) functlon whlle malntalnlng said (CE) value at substantlally a zero value.
In accordance wlth a further aspect of the present lnventlon there ls provlded a method for operatlng a system havlng varlable speed equlpment such as heat pumps and alr condltloners whlle (1) achlevlng optlmal comfort condltlons ln an alr condltloned space and (2) maxlmlzlng the coefflclent of -~
performance (COP) of sald equlpment;
sald equlpment belng characterlzed by havlng controls for varylng parameters thereof;
sald system havlng multlple sensory lnputs from whlch varlable comfort lnfluenclng data parameters are transmltted from sald space to sald equlpment;
sald method comprlslng the steps of:
provldlng a nonllnear measure of comfort function CI
(data) based on sald data parameters;
settlng one of sald data parameters and calculatlng default values for the other of sald parameters;
calculatlng a set polnt value for sald comfort functlon CI
(data);
expresslng sald comfort functlon CI (data) ln terms of sald equlpment parameters as a comfort functlon CI (manlpulated control varlables);
calculatlng a comfort error (CE) value whlch ls sald set polnt value of CI (data) mlnus sald CI (manlpulated control varlables);
selectlng a nonllnear performance functlon PE (manlpulated control varlables) based on sald equlpment parameters whlch ls deslred to be maxlmlzed and whlch ls based on the same varlables as sald CI (manlpulated control varlables); and settlng sald controls to effect maxlmlzlng sald PE
~L
i 133329'~
5b 64159-1200 (manlpulated control varlables) functlon whlle malntalnlng sald (CE) value at substantlally a zero value.
In accordance wlth another aspect of the present .
lnventlon there ls provlded a rnethod ~for operatlng a space condltlonlng system havlng equlpment characterlzed by varlable operatlng parameters whlch both (1) achleves deslred comfort condltlons ln the condltloned space at a deslred level and (2) maxlmlzes the performance efflclency of sald equlpment, sald -.
equlpment belng characterlzed by controls for varylng operatlng .
parameters thereof, sald system havlng multlple sensory lnputs from whlch a plurallty of actual tlme-varlable comfort influenclng data parameter values are transmltted from sald :
condltloned space to sald equlpment on a real-tlme basls; sald system also havlng user-determlned deslred data parameter ;
values; sald method comprlslng the steps of:
constructlng a slngle measure of comfort functlon based on .
the data parameter values; and ad~ustlng the varlable operatlng parameters of sald equlpment based on sald measure of comfort functlon ln a manner such that the user-ad~ustable parameters are approached and malntalned at sald deslred level whlle maxlmlzlng sald performance efflclency of sald equlpment.
In accordance wlth a stlll further aspect of the present lnventlon there ls provlded a method for operatlng a system havlng varlable speed equlpment such as heat pumps and alr condltloners whlle (l) achlevlng optlmal comfort condltlons ln an alr condltloned space and (2) maxlmlzlng the coefflclent of performance (COP) of sald equlpment;
sald equlpment belng characterlzed by havlng controls for varylng equlpment parameters thereof lncludlng compressor speed (r), lndoor alr flow rate (c), and evaporator superheat (t);
sald system havlng multiple sensory inputs from which variable comfort influencing data parameters transmltted from 5C 13~3~ 64l59-l200 sald space to sald equlpment lncludes dry-bulb temperature (T), humldlty ratlo (w) and alr veloclty (V);
sald method comprlslng the steps of:
provldlng a nonllnear measure of`comfort feature CI
(T,w,V) based on sald data parameters;
settlng one of sald data parameters and calculatlng default values for the other of sald data parameters;
calculatlng a set polnt value for sald comfort functlon;
expresslng sald functlon CI (T,w,V) ln terms of sald equlpment parameters as a functlon of CI (r,c,t);
calculatlng a comfort error (CE) value whlch ls sald set polnt value of CI (T,w,V) mlnus sald CI (r,c,t); ~ ~, selectlng a nonllnear coefflclent of performance functlon PE (r,c,t) based on sald equlpment parameters whlch ls deslred to be maxlmlzed and whlch ls based on the same varlables as sald CI (r,c,t);
representlng sald PE functlon as a performance lndex L(x,u) and representlng sald CE functlon as a constralnt functlon f(x,u);
settlng sald controls to effect maxlmlzlng thls PE (r,c,t) functlon whlle malntalnlng sald (CE) value at sllbstantlally a zero value, sald maxlmlzlng belng effected by relatlng sald functlons through a performance lndex (H) whereln H = L(x,u) +
m m ~1 . f(x,u) wlth sald ~' belng a Lagranglan multlpller, sald x belng state parameters and sald u belng a declslon vector; and flndlng values of sald declslon vector at a statlonary value of sald L(x,u) whereln dL = O for arbltrary du whlle holdlng df = O.
In accordance wlth another aspect of the present lnventlon there ls provlded a method for operatlng a space condltlonlng systern havlng equlpment characterlzed by varlable operatlng parameters whlch both (1) achleves deslred comfort condltlons ln the condltloned space and (2) maxlmlzes the ~.i ; ` ~33329'~ ~
5d 64159-1200 performance efflclency of sald equlpment, sald~e~ulpment belng characterlzed by controls for varylng operatlng parameters thereof, sald system havlng multlple sensory lnputs from whlch a plurallty of actual tlme-varlable comfort lnfluenclng data parameter values are transmltted from sald condltloned space to sald equlpment on a real-tlme basls, sald system also havlng user-determlned deslred data parameter values; sald method comprlslng the steps of:
calculatlng a deslred comfort lndex set polnt based on sald user determlned deslred data parameter values;
calculatlng an actual comfort lndex value based on sald actual tlme-varlable comfort influenclng data parameter values;
calculatlng an equlpment performance functlon based on sald varlable operatlng parameters and sald deslred comfort lndex set polnt; and ~`
ad~ustlng sald varla~le operatlng parameters of sald equlp-ment so as to maxlmlze sald e~ulpment performance functlon whlle attemptlng to malntaln sald deslred comfort lndex set polnt. -~
The above and other ob~ects, features and advantages of the lnventlon wlll become more apparent from the ensulng detalled descrlptlon taken ln con~unctlon wlth the accompanylng drawlngs and the appended clalms.
~RIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Flgs. 1 to 4 are graphs showlng the varlatlon of latent and senslble capaclty and coefflclent of performance (COP) as a functlon of compressor speed, blower speed and evaporator superheat for a speclflc heat pump lnstallatlon;
Flg. 5 ls a block dlagram showlng an embodlment of the optlmal control system accordlng to the lnventlon;
Flg. 6 ls a flow chart showlng the baslc operatlon of the devlce; and '~ ' C~, ~ o ~ C
Figs. 7 to gJshow the performance of the device in a specific application.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In Figs. 1 to 4, the performance of a specific air conditioning plant (in this instance a heat pump) is given in terms of sensible capacity, latent capacity and coeffi-cient of performance (COP) as a function of compressor speed, indoor air flow rate and evaporator superheat which are the manipulated variables.
Fig. 1 shows the variation of latent cooling capacity as a function of evaporator superheat for minimum com-pressor speed and four indoor airflow rates. This figure indicates that under normal operating conditions, there is no latent cooling for full indoor airflow. The latent capacity can be dramatically increased by lowering the indoor air flow rate or increasing the evaporator super-heat (by constricting the expansion valve). Both of these actions serve to lower the evaporating temperature. Figs.
2 and 3 show the variation of latent cooling capacity and total cooling capacity, respectively, for a range of in-door airflow rates and compressor speeds. The evaporator superheat is a constant ~F. Fig. 4 shows the variation of COP with indoor air flow rate and compressor speed. It 13~323~
may be noted that the highest COPs do not always occur at full air flow. This will depend on the power consumption characteristics of the variable-speed indoor blower.
A complex relationship exists between the manipulated variables, comfort and COP. Only one combination of the manipulated variables exists such that the space condi-tioning equipment will consume the least amount of power (i.e., maximum COP) while simultaneously providing the desired level of comfort. In the following description, a control means is disclosed for systematically deter-mining the proper manipulated or control variable values to achieve this optimal operating input.
A preferred embodiment of an optimal comfort control system of the invention will now be described with refer-ence to Fig. 5. As shown in Fig. 5, multiple temperature sensor means, humidity sensor means and the like (e.g., mean radiant temperature, CO2, particulate, VOC sensing means) and power transducer means are provided for com-fort sensing and power consumption sensing elements, respectively. The comfort sensing elements are provided at suitable locations in the conditioned space. The power transducer elements and additional temperature sensor elements are provided at suitable locations in the space conditioning plant (i.e., heat pump, airconditioner, 13332~4 etc.) Data input means are provided for establishing a comfort setpoint.
Analog outputs from the comfort sensing elements and data input means are converted into respective digital S signals by an A/D converter. The data inputs may also be digital signals and therefore not require A/D conversion.
These digital signals are supplied to a microcomputer. In ~\~
the microcomputer, ~d comfort index calculating means computes a comfort setpoint using the dry-bulb temperature setpoint~p~ the humidity sensitivity adjustment plu6 the air velocity sensitivity adjustment.
The comfort index calculating means is also responsive to the outputs from comfort sensing elements for effecting a calculation of the instantaneous comfort index. The out-puts of the comfort index calculation means are the dis-crepency between the comfort setpoint and the instantaneous comfort index itself. The system derivative calculating means is responsive to the outputs from the comfort index calculation means and the power transducer elements and temperature sensing means for establishing a relationship between the comfort index, plant efficiency and changes to the control variables. The system derivative calculating means is also responsive to the output of the control variable calculation means. The control variable calcu-133~329~
q lating update means is responsive to the output of the system derivative calculation means and the output of the comfort index calculating means for effecting the calcu-lation of the values of each of the manipulated variables.
The control variable output means is responsive to the output of the control variable update calculating means and the system derivative calculating means for effecting the actual control variable co~nd signals. The control variable command signals are converted to analog outputs by a D/A converter. Each analog output i5 supplied to the appropriate actuator in the space conditioning equipment.
In the discussion below, a more detailed description of the comfort index calculating means, the system deriva-tive calculating means and control variable update calcu-lating means is given.
In general, comfort is a function of many physical properties of the conditioned space including non-thermal factors, such as air cont~min~ts. While this invention is not dependent on the functional relationships that de-fine comfort, the preferred embodiment utilizes Fanger's Predicted Mean Vote, or PMV, as a measure of comfort .
The PMV is based on an energy balance imposed on the human body. The PMV reflects human thermal comfort.
Conditions that result in a PMV of 0 are considered ~o 1333~9~
comfortable for 95 percent of a given population. In this invention, the comfort index (CI) is taken to be a non-linear function of sensed temperatures, humidity and air velocity. Thus the comfort index is given by:
CI = CI(T,w,V) (1) where T = Sensed temperatures, w = Humidity V = Air velocity At this point, it should be emphasized that the choice of a comfort constraint relation is purely arbitrary. Any function incorporating terms for temperature, humidity, velocity, etc., CO2 concentration, particulates and other air contaminants is suitable.
The comfort setpoint is not a parameter that can be easily specified by a typical human occupant. Therefore a mechanism is required to construct the comfort setpoint from parameters that are readily specified by the user.
There are many ways that this can be accomplished. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the user sets the desired dry-bulb temperature and the comfort index calcu-lating unit assumes default values for all other para-meters appearing in the comfort index relationship. Said \ L
unit then calculates the desired comfort setpoint. It is realized that the default values assumed will not in ge-neral satisfy the comfort demands of the population at large, therefore means are provided to adjust any and all other parameters appearing in the comfort index relation-ship. In the preferred embodiment, these means are pro-vided by a mechanism to incrementally adjust the assumed default values such as humidity and air velocity. There-fore the comfort setpoint (CIset) is given by:
CIset = CI(Tset,Wdef+~w,Vdef+~v) (2) where TSet = dry-bulb temperature setpoint Wdef = default humidity ~w = incremental humidity adjustment Vdef = default air velocity ~V = incremental air velocity adjustment The default values are typically not constants. It should be noted that the sensed temperatures, humidity, air velocity, etc. will in general be a function of the control variables. Therefore, the comfort index can also be expressed as:
13332~
CI = CI(r,c,t) where r = compressor speed c = blower speed t = evaporator superheat The descrepancy between the comfort setpoint and the instantaneous comfort index is the comfort error, CE.
This comfort error is given by:
CE CIset CI
The comfort error along with the comfort index are the outputs of the comfort index calculating unit.
The system derivative calculating unit relates the comfort index and space conditioning performance effici-ency to changes in the manipulated variables. To accom-plish this the controller must monitor the performance efficiency. For a heat pump the performance efficiency (PE) or coefficient of performance (COP) is given by:
COP = COP(r,c,t) = evap (5) Wcompr+Wfans Since Qevap is difficult to measure directly, the preferred embodiment determines the performance effici-ency from the following relationship:
133329~
~3 PE = PE(r,c,t) = T2 Wcompr (T1~T2)(wcompr+wfans) (6) In equations (5) and (6) the following definitions apply:
Qevap = cooling capacity WCOmpr = power input to compressor Wfans = power input to blower and outdoor fan T2 = temperature of evaporator coil Tl = temperature of condensor coil ~, c,~
As is the case with CIJ the performance efficiency of the space conditioning system is also a nonlinear function of r, c and t. A complex relationship exists between ~,c jt~
these parameters and the CI ! The coupling is established through the space conditioning system and the conditioned environment. The capacity of the system (both sensible and latent) along with the ambient conditions establish the internal conditions that in turn dictate CI.
A systematic mechanism is required to establish the appropriate values of r, c and t that simultaneously satisfy the comfort setpoint and maximize COP. There are several ways of performing this task. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, this task is accom-plished by performing a dynamic nonlinear optimization.
133329~
To do this, it is convenient to relate the two functions, PE and CE, through the Hamiltonian, H, which is given by:
H = L(x,u) + ATf(X,u) (7) where L(x,u) = performance index f(x,u) = constraint relation(s) A = Langranglan multiplier(s) x = state parameters u = decision vector Thus for this problem, the Hamiltonian becomes H = PE + A- CE (8 The solution to the optimization problem, called a stationary point, is where dL=0 for arbitrary du, while holding df=0 (letting dx change as it will). The neces-lS sary conditions for a stationary value of L(x,u) are:
f(x,u) = o ;aH = o;aH = o (9) a~ au Since the choice of which variables to designate as decision parameters is not unique, it is only a matter of convenience to make a distinction between decision and state parameters. Here we select the decision vector to be composed of all the manipulated variables, namely r, 133329~
c and t. With this formulation, there are four unknowns(r, c, t and A), hence four equations are need to obtain a solution. The following four functions are derived from Equations (8) and (9):
fl = aH = CE (10) aA
f2 = aH = aPE + aCE (11) f3 = aH = aPE + aCE (12) ac ac ac f4 = aH = aPE + aCE (13) The problem now becomes one of finding values of r, c, t and A such that functions f1 through f4 vanish.
These values are then the solution to the optimzation problem.
Unfortunately, in typical space conditioning appli-cations, function f1 through f4 are not directly measurable and they are generally time-dependent. Thus, the system to be controlled must be identified. In the present inven-tion, the system is identified by observing how f1 through f4 change with respect to each of the control variables and A. The derivatives of fl through f4 are determined by periodically perturbing the control variables and about their current values. After these perturbations are com-plete, the derivatives may be written in matrix form as 133329~
the Jacobian, J, which is:
a fl afl afl afl a~ ar ac at af2 af2 af2 af2 aA ar ac at v J = (14) af3 af3 af3 af3 a~ ar ac at af4 af4 af4 af4 a~ ar ac at The Jacobian and functions fl through f4 are outputs of the system derivative calculating means and are re-quired by the control variable update calculating means.
The control variable update calculating means is used to establish the values of the control variables and A necessary to satisfy the comfort setpoint and simultan-eously minimize energy consumption. The update is given by:
r A A fl r r + J-l f2 ~15) c c f3 _ _ new t old f4 Constraints on the control variables are handled by removing the constrained control variable from the update 13332gq procedure and assigning it the value of the constraint.
Note that the algorithm given by Equation (15) is com-pletely generic. That is, no assumptions have been made about the type of conditioned space conditioning equipment being controlled nor have any assumptions been made about the environment.
In order to further explain the operation of the pre-sent device, the optimal comfort control executive flow-chart is disclosed in Fig. 6. At block 80 the parameters are initilized and at 81 the registers are cleared. The output of 81 is fed to a check start initialization de-vice at 82 which provide a "no" indication at 83, or can continue at 84. If the sequence is continued at 84 then the major control loop is entered. The stage mode flag lS at 85 is made available from an auxiliary element such as a conventional multistage thermostat not described in the current invention. At 86 the stage mode is checked which can provide a "no" indication at 87 or can continue with the sequence at 88. If the current mode is modulating and not on/off then mode = 2 and the sequence continues at 89 where the user inputs are read, these values are then stored and the sequence continues at 90 where the sensors are read as is the real time clock. With this information the data flow is to 91 where CI is calculated.
133329~
The output of 91 ls fed to a check Jacobian calculatlng device which can provlde a "no" output at 93 or a "yes" output at 92.
If "yes", the Jacobian is reevaluated and data flow proceeds to 95 where a series of perturbatlons on each control variable ls lnitiated. At 96 the results of the control variable perturba-tion is read from the sensor lnputs. The output of 96 is fed to 97 where the performance efficiency (PE) and comfort error (CE) are computed. At 98 the current value of each control variable (,~, PE and CE) ls stored. The output of 98 enters a check 99 to determine lf each control varlable and ~ has been perturbed. 98 can provlde either a "yes" at 102 or a "no" at 100. If "no" the sequence continues at 101 where the perturba-tion contlnues. If yes data flows to 103 where f2 through f4 are calculated as are the second derivatives necessary to form the Jacobian. The output of 103 is fed to 104 where the Jacoblan is inverted. At 105 the results of the inversion along with f2 through f4 are stored. With this information the data flow is on to 106 which can also be reached from 93 if the result of the Jacobian recalculatlon check was "no". At 106 the new control variables are determined based on either the old or new Jacoblan and the current value of the comfort error and the old value of the control 133329~
~q variables. The output of 106 proceeds to 107 where the new value of the control variables are output to the space calculating system.
The performance of this controller for a typical residence operating during the cooling season is shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9. In these figures the space conditioning plant is a heat pump. For this system the comfort error is given in terms of PMV and the performance efficiency is given in terms of COP. The control variables are com-pressor speed, r, indoor blower speed, c, and evaporator superheat, t. A thermal load is imposed on the space and the control variables are initilized at some arbitrary initial value. The algorithm is then allowed to proceed.
The nominal operating range is:
o 500 to 1800 compressor speed o 600 to 1200 indoor air flow o 0 to 50f evaporator superheat The control moves needed to obtain optimal condi-tions are shown in Fig. 7. The optimal solution was ob-tained in only 6 updates. In this figure the control variables have been normalized using the ranges enum-erated above. The corresponding impact these moves have on comfort and heat pump performance is shown in Fig. 8.
-20~
This figure shows that by the sixth update the comfort error is indeed zero and the COP is 3.97. The optimal control vector at this point in time is given from the previous figure as r = 592, c = 993 and t = 5. To show that this control does indeed result in an optimum COP, performance contours can be plotted in a three dimen-s ~
~inoal r, c, t space. The peak value of the COP on the zero pmv surface will define the optimal value of r, c and t. Fig. 8 shows this information. For clarity only a two dimensional space is shown (r-c space). The COP
along the zero PMV contour is projected on both the r and c axis. The optimum value is seen to be 3.97 and this corresponds to r = 592 and c = 993, precisely the values obtained by the optimal controller.
A summary of the features ofthe invention is as follows:
The basis for the invention is an optimal control device for variable capacity air conditioning equipment which simultaneously controls a plurality of states within the conditioned environment while at the same time maxi-mizing efficiency or minimizing power consumption of said conditioning equipment. The control device constructs a single index from a plurality of sensed variables and based on this index simultaneously adjusts all manipulated 13~329~
variables to the space conditioning equipment such that the index is maintained at the desired level set of the user and that said equipment operates in a maximally effi-cient manner. The index is automatically calculated by the control device to be indicative of comfort conditions in the conditioned environment. A setpoint of the com-fort index is determined automatically by the control de-vice in terms of input means adjusted by the user. The input means allows the user to input desired conditions on each parameter to be controlled in the environment.
These inputs are automatically converted to a comfort index setpoint by the controller.
While a control device was described as controlling a thermal comfort index called a PMV7the device is not limited to a particular comfort index. Indeed it is envisioned that the device will be used to control not only thermal Fara~R~er such as temperatures, humidity and air velocity but also air quality parameters such as CO2, VOC's, particulates, etc. Similarly the device is not limited to adjusting only the manipulated variables described above (r, c, t) but typically any manipulatable variable which can effect a change in the controlled variable (i.e. damper position, filter setting and the like).
13332~4 Finally, the control device is not limited to the specific means for determining the updates on the mani-pulated variables. While the perturbation method utilizing the Jacobian search is the preferred approach, other methods such as brute force searches are also possible.
1. Fanger, P.O., Thermal Comfort, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
Not only ls lt deslrable to control the thermal para-meters descrlbed above, but due to the lncreased emphasls placed on controlllng lndoor alr quallty, lt becomes necessary to also control alr contamlnants such as CO2, Volatlle Organlc Compounds VOC's and partlculates. Conventlonal, slngle-varl-able control strategles are not approprlate for this moreadvanced level of control. Therefore a more sophistlcated approach is requlred.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
With the advent of mlcrocomputer-based type thermo-stats, more sophlstlcated control functlonallty ls posslble by utlllzlng the memory that accompanles the mlcrocomputer to lmplement a control program.
The maln ob~ectlve of the present lnventlon ls to provide a new and lmproved method for controlllng, as a mlnl-mum, the compressor speed, lndoor fan speed and evaporatorsuperheat of a heat pump or alr conditloner ln such a manner that human thermal comfort ls malntalned and plant (space condltlonlng equlpment) efflclency ls maxlmlzed.
The sensor means, mlcrocomputer means, memory means and actuator means allow a mlcrocomputer-based thermostat to 13~3294 measure necessary thermal and air quality conditions within a space and,from these measurements and user inputs,to: con-struct a comfort setpoint, construct a comfort index, deter-mine the space conditioning plant efficiency, identify the sensitivity of the measured comfort parameters to changes in the controlled system parameters, compute the changes in space conditioning parameters necessary to eliminate any error be-tween the measured comfort index and the desiredcomfortlevel while insuring maximally efficient operation, and output these system operating parameters as control signals to the space conditioning e~uipment. The control program ensures maxi-mum plant efficiency while providing the desired level of comfort.
Since this strategy results in optimal control, any other choice of compressor speed, blower speed and evapora-tor superheat will result in either increased energy con-sumption or reduced comfort.
In a typical variable-capacity system, the compressor speed is controlled based on the air temperature in the conditioned space, while the blower speed is controlled based on the compressor speed and the evaporator superheat <~s ~
is generally controlled by some arbitrary, pr~o t value.
The desired temperature will be maintained~ Cl ~ de-pending upon the conditions in the space, other variables 133329i Ll such as humidity, air velocity, etc. may result in unac-ceptable comfort. It is possible that this comfort devia-tion will result in increased energy consumption (for example, over-dehumidification).
In addition to dry bulb temperature control, it is possible to compensate for latent effects by incorporating humidity measurements into the controller. This compensa-tion can be done by either incrementally adjusting the dry-bulb setpoint (humidity reset) or by periodically switching between dry-bulb and humidity control. The pro-blem with these and other existing approaches is that no mechanisms exist for independently specifying the values of the manipulated or control variables (compressor speed, blower speed, evaporator superheat) that will maintain precise comfort control while maximizing efficiency. The present invention provides a means of accomplishing this objective.
The control system according to the present invention provides a comfort control means, including: microcomputer means including real time clock means and memory means;
data input means for specifying desired comfort level;
multiple sensor means for measuring all parameters that comprise the comfort index as well as energy efficiency and key temperatures of the space conditioning system;
actuator means for outputtlng control varlable slgnals; sald mlcrocomputer means and said melnory means includlng optlmal comfort control program means whlch ls memory means provldlng control means of multlple sensory data, calculatlon means to construct a slngle lndex representatlve of comfort, and control means of multlple outputs such tl-lat plant efflclency ls maxlmlzed and sald comfort index eqllals the comfort setpoint.
In accordance with one aspect of the present inventlon there ls provlded a method for operatlng a system havlng varlable speed equlpment such as heat pumps and air conditloners whlle (l) achlevlng optlmal comfort condltlons ln an air conditloned space and (2) maxlmlzlng the coefficlent of performance (COP) of sald equlpment; --sald equlpment being characterlzed by havlng controls for varylng equlpment parameters thereof lncludlng compressor speed (r), lndoor air flow rate ~c), and evaporator super heat (t);
sald system havlng multlple sensory lnputs frorn whlch varlable comfort lnfluenclng data parameters transmltted from sald space to sald equlpment lncludes dry-bulb temperature (T), humldity ratlo (w) and alr veloclty (V);
sald method comprlslng the steps of:
provldlng a nonllnear measure of comfort functlon CI
(T,w,V) bases on said data parameters;
settlng one of sald data parameters and calculatlng default values for the other of sald data parameters;
calculatlng a set polnt value for sald comfort functlon;
expresslng sald functlon CI (T,w,V) ln terms of sald equlpment parameters as a functlon of CI (r,c,t);
calculating a comfort error (CE) value whlch ls sald set polnt value of CI (T,w,V) mlnus sald CI ~r,c,t);
selectlng a nonlinear coefflclent of performance functlorl PE (r,c,t) based on sald equlpment parameters whlch ls deslred J l 1333~9~
5a 64159-1200 sald CI (r,c,t)1 and settlng sald controls to effect maxlmlzlng sald PE (r,c,t) functlon whlle malntalnlng said (CE) value at substantlally a zero value.
In accordance wlth a further aspect of the present lnventlon there ls provlded a method for operatlng a system havlng varlable speed equlpment such as heat pumps and alr condltloners whlle (1) achlevlng optlmal comfort condltlons ln an alr condltloned space and (2) maxlmlzlng the coefflclent of -~
performance (COP) of sald equlpment;
sald equlpment belng characterlzed by havlng controls for varylng parameters thereof;
sald system havlng multlple sensory lnputs from whlch varlable comfort lnfluenclng data parameters are transmltted from sald space to sald equlpment;
sald method comprlslng the steps of:
provldlng a nonllnear measure of comfort function CI
(data) based on sald data parameters;
settlng one of sald data parameters and calculatlng default values for the other of sald parameters;
calculatlng a set polnt value for sald comfort functlon CI
(data);
expresslng sald comfort functlon CI (data) ln terms of sald equlpment parameters as a comfort functlon CI (manlpulated control varlables);
calculatlng a comfort error (CE) value whlch ls sald set polnt value of CI (data) mlnus sald CI (manlpulated control varlables);
selectlng a nonllnear performance functlon PE (manlpulated control varlables) based on sald equlpment parameters whlch ls deslred to be maxlmlzed and whlch ls based on the same varlables as sald CI (manlpulated control varlables); and settlng sald controls to effect maxlmlzlng sald PE
~L
i 133329'~
5b 64159-1200 (manlpulated control varlables) functlon whlle malntalnlng sald (CE) value at substantlally a zero value.
In accordance wlth another aspect of the present .
lnventlon there ls provlded a rnethod ~for operatlng a space condltlonlng system havlng equlpment characterlzed by varlable operatlng parameters whlch both (1) achleves deslred comfort condltlons ln the condltloned space at a deslred level and (2) maxlmlzes the performance efflclency of sald equlpment, sald -.
equlpment belng characterlzed by controls for varylng operatlng .
parameters thereof, sald system havlng multlple sensory lnputs from whlch a plurallty of actual tlme-varlable comfort influenclng data parameter values are transmltted from sald :
condltloned space to sald equlpment on a real-tlme basls; sald system also havlng user-determlned deslred data parameter ;
values; sald method comprlslng the steps of:
constructlng a slngle measure of comfort functlon based on .
the data parameter values; and ad~ustlng the varlable operatlng parameters of sald equlpment based on sald measure of comfort functlon ln a manner such that the user-ad~ustable parameters are approached and malntalned at sald deslred level whlle maxlmlzlng sald performance efflclency of sald equlpment.
In accordance wlth a stlll further aspect of the present lnventlon there ls provlded a method for operatlng a system havlng varlable speed equlpment such as heat pumps and alr condltloners whlle (l) achlevlng optlmal comfort condltlons ln an alr condltloned space and (2) maxlmlzlng the coefflclent of performance (COP) of sald equlpment;
sald equlpment belng characterlzed by havlng controls for varylng equlpment parameters thereof lncludlng compressor speed (r), lndoor alr flow rate (c), and evaporator superheat (t);
sald system havlng multiple sensory inputs from which variable comfort influencing data parameters transmltted from 5C 13~3~ 64l59-l200 sald space to sald equlpment lncludes dry-bulb temperature (T), humldlty ratlo (w) and alr veloclty (V);
sald method comprlslng the steps of:
provldlng a nonllnear measure of`comfort feature CI
(T,w,V) based on sald data parameters;
settlng one of sald data parameters and calculatlng default values for the other of sald data parameters;
calculatlng a set polnt value for sald comfort functlon;
expresslng sald functlon CI (T,w,V) ln terms of sald equlpment parameters as a functlon of CI (r,c,t);
calculatlng a comfort error (CE) value whlch ls sald set polnt value of CI (T,w,V) mlnus sald CI (r,c,t); ~ ~, selectlng a nonllnear coefflclent of performance functlon PE (r,c,t) based on sald equlpment parameters whlch ls deslred to be maxlmlzed and whlch ls based on the same varlables as sald CI (r,c,t);
representlng sald PE functlon as a performance lndex L(x,u) and representlng sald CE functlon as a constralnt functlon f(x,u);
settlng sald controls to effect maxlmlzlng thls PE (r,c,t) functlon whlle malntalnlng sald (CE) value at sllbstantlally a zero value, sald maxlmlzlng belng effected by relatlng sald functlons through a performance lndex (H) whereln H = L(x,u) +
m m ~1 . f(x,u) wlth sald ~' belng a Lagranglan multlpller, sald x belng state parameters and sald u belng a declslon vector; and flndlng values of sald declslon vector at a statlonary value of sald L(x,u) whereln dL = O for arbltrary du whlle holdlng df = O.
In accordance wlth another aspect of the present lnventlon there ls provlded a method for operatlng a space condltlonlng systern havlng equlpment characterlzed by varlable operatlng parameters whlch both (1) achleves deslred comfort condltlons ln the condltloned space and (2) maxlmlzes the ~.i ; ` ~33329'~ ~
5d 64159-1200 performance efflclency of sald equlpment, sald~e~ulpment belng characterlzed by controls for varylng operatlng parameters thereof, sald system havlng multlple sensory lnputs from whlch a plurallty of actual tlme-varlable comfort lnfluenclng data parameter values are transmltted from sald condltloned space to sald equlpment on a real-tlme basls, sald system also havlng user-determlned deslred data parameter values; sald method comprlslng the steps of:
calculatlng a deslred comfort lndex set polnt based on sald user determlned deslred data parameter values;
calculatlng an actual comfort lndex value based on sald actual tlme-varlable comfort influenclng data parameter values;
calculatlng an equlpment performance functlon based on sald varlable operatlng parameters and sald deslred comfort lndex set polnt; and ~`
ad~ustlng sald varla~le operatlng parameters of sald equlp-ment so as to maxlmlze sald e~ulpment performance functlon whlle attemptlng to malntaln sald deslred comfort lndex set polnt. -~
The above and other ob~ects, features and advantages of the lnventlon wlll become more apparent from the ensulng detalled descrlptlon taken ln con~unctlon wlth the accompanylng drawlngs and the appended clalms.
~RIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Flgs. 1 to 4 are graphs showlng the varlatlon of latent and senslble capaclty and coefflclent of performance (COP) as a functlon of compressor speed, blower speed and evaporator superheat for a speclflc heat pump lnstallatlon;
Flg. 5 ls a block dlagram showlng an embodlment of the optlmal control system accordlng to the lnventlon;
Flg. 6 ls a flow chart showlng the baslc operatlon of the devlce; and '~ ' C~, ~ o ~ C
Figs. 7 to gJshow the performance of the device in a specific application.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In Figs. 1 to 4, the performance of a specific air conditioning plant (in this instance a heat pump) is given in terms of sensible capacity, latent capacity and coeffi-cient of performance (COP) as a function of compressor speed, indoor air flow rate and evaporator superheat which are the manipulated variables.
Fig. 1 shows the variation of latent cooling capacity as a function of evaporator superheat for minimum com-pressor speed and four indoor airflow rates. This figure indicates that under normal operating conditions, there is no latent cooling for full indoor airflow. The latent capacity can be dramatically increased by lowering the indoor air flow rate or increasing the evaporator super-heat (by constricting the expansion valve). Both of these actions serve to lower the evaporating temperature. Figs.
2 and 3 show the variation of latent cooling capacity and total cooling capacity, respectively, for a range of in-door airflow rates and compressor speeds. The evaporator superheat is a constant ~F. Fig. 4 shows the variation of COP with indoor air flow rate and compressor speed. It 13~323~
may be noted that the highest COPs do not always occur at full air flow. This will depend on the power consumption characteristics of the variable-speed indoor blower.
A complex relationship exists between the manipulated variables, comfort and COP. Only one combination of the manipulated variables exists such that the space condi-tioning equipment will consume the least amount of power (i.e., maximum COP) while simultaneously providing the desired level of comfort. In the following description, a control means is disclosed for systematically deter-mining the proper manipulated or control variable values to achieve this optimal operating input.
A preferred embodiment of an optimal comfort control system of the invention will now be described with refer-ence to Fig. 5. As shown in Fig. 5, multiple temperature sensor means, humidity sensor means and the like (e.g., mean radiant temperature, CO2, particulate, VOC sensing means) and power transducer means are provided for com-fort sensing and power consumption sensing elements, respectively. The comfort sensing elements are provided at suitable locations in the conditioned space. The power transducer elements and additional temperature sensor elements are provided at suitable locations in the space conditioning plant (i.e., heat pump, airconditioner, 13332~4 etc.) Data input means are provided for establishing a comfort setpoint.
Analog outputs from the comfort sensing elements and data input means are converted into respective digital S signals by an A/D converter. The data inputs may also be digital signals and therefore not require A/D conversion.
These digital signals are supplied to a microcomputer. In ~\~
the microcomputer, ~d comfort index calculating means computes a comfort setpoint using the dry-bulb temperature setpoint~p~ the humidity sensitivity adjustment plu6 the air velocity sensitivity adjustment.
The comfort index calculating means is also responsive to the outputs from comfort sensing elements for effecting a calculation of the instantaneous comfort index. The out-puts of the comfort index calculation means are the dis-crepency between the comfort setpoint and the instantaneous comfort index itself. The system derivative calculating means is responsive to the outputs from the comfort index calculation means and the power transducer elements and temperature sensing means for establishing a relationship between the comfort index, plant efficiency and changes to the control variables. The system derivative calculating means is also responsive to the output of the control variable calculation means. The control variable calcu-133~329~
q lating update means is responsive to the output of the system derivative calculation means and the output of the comfort index calculating means for effecting the calcu-lation of the values of each of the manipulated variables.
The control variable output means is responsive to the output of the control variable update calculating means and the system derivative calculating means for effecting the actual control variable co~nd signals. The control variable command signals are converted to analog outputs by a D/A converter. Each analog output i5 supplied to the appropriate actuator in the space conditioning equipment.
In the discussion below, a more detailed description of the comfort index calculating means, the system deriva-tive calculating means and control variable update calcu-lating means is given.
In general, comfort is a function of many physical properties of the conditioned space including non-thermal factors, such as air cont~min~ts. While this invention is not dependent on the functional relationships that de-fine comfort, the preferred embodiment utilizes Fanger's Predicted Mean Vote, or PMV, as a measure of comfort .
The PMV is based on an energy balance imposed on the human body. The PMV reflects human thermal comfort.
Conditions that result in a PMV of 0 are considered ~o 1333~9~
comfortable for 95 percent of a given population. In this invention, the comfort index (CI) is taken to be a non-linear function of sensed temperatures, humidity and air velocity. Thus the comfort index is given by:
CI = CI(T,w,V) (1) where T = Sensed temperatures, w = Humidity V = Air velocity At this point, it should be emphasized that the choice of a comfort constraint relation is purely arbitrary. Any function incorporating terms for temperature, humidity, velocity, etc., CO2 concentration, particulates and other air contaminants is suitable.
The comfort setpoint is not a parameter that can be easily specified by a typical human occupant. Therefore a mechanism is required to construct the comfort setpoint from parameters that are readily specified by the user.
There are many ways that this can be accomplished. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the user sets the desired dry-bulb temperature and the comfort index calcu-lating unit assumes default values for all other para-meters appearing in the comfort index relationship. Said \ L
unit then calculates the desired comfort setpoint. It is realized that the default values assumed will not in ge-neral satisfy the comfort demands of the population at large, therefore means are provided to adjust any and all other parameters appearing in the comfort index relation-ship. In the preferred embodiment, these means are pro-vided by a mechanism to incrementally adjust the assumed default values such as humidity and air velocity. There-fore the comfort setpoint (CIset) is given by:
CIset = CI(Tset,Wdef+~w,Vdef+~v) (2) where TSet = dry-bulb temperature setpoint Wdef = default humidity ~w = incremental humidity adjustment Vdef = default air velocity ~V = incremental air velocity adjustment The default values are typically not constants. It should be noted that the sensed temperatures, humidity, air velocity, etc. will in general be a function of the control variables. Therefore, the comfort index can also be expressed as:
13332~
CI = CI(r,c,t) where r = compressor speed c = blower speed t = evaporator superheat The descrepancy between the comfort setpoint and the instantaneous comfort index is the comfort error, CE.
This comfort error is given by:
CE CIset CI
The comfort error along with the comfort index are the outputs of the comfort index calculating unit.
The system derivative calculating unit relates the comfort index and space conditioning performance effici-ency to changes in the manipulated variables. To accom-plish this the controller must monitor the performance efficiency. For a heat pump the performance efficiency (PE) or coefficient of performance (COP) is given by:
COP = COP(r,c,t) = evap (5) Wcompr+Wfans Since Qevap is difficult to measure directly, the preferred embodiment determines the performance effici-ency from the following relationship:
133329~
~3 PE = PE(r,c,t) = T2 Wcompr (T1~T2)(wcompr+wfans) (6) In equations (5) and (6) the following definitions apply:
Qevap = cooling capacity WCOmpr = power input to compressor Wfans = power input to blower and outdoor fan T2 = temperature of evaporator coil Tl = temperature of condensor coil ~, c,~
As is the case with CIJ the performance efficiency of the space conditioning system is also a nonlinear function of r, c and t. A complex relationship exists between ~,c jt~
these parameters and the CI ! The coupling is established through the space conditioning system and the conditioned environment. The capacity of the system (both sensible and latent) along with the ambient conditions establish the internal conditions that in turn dictate CI.
A systematic mechanism is required to establish the appropriate values of r, c and t that simultaneously satisfy the comfort setpoint and maximize COP. There are several ways of performing this task. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, this task is accom-plished by performing a dynamic nonlinear optimization.
133329~
To do this, it is convenient to relate the two functions, PE and CE, through the Hamiltonian, H, which is given by:
H = L(x,u) + ATf(X,u) (7) where L(x,u) = performance index f(x,u) = constraint relation(s) A = Langranglan multiplier(s) x = state parameters u = decision vector Thus for this problem, the Hamiltonian becomes H = PE + A- CE (8 The solution to the optimization problem, called a stationary point, is where dL=0 for arbitrary du, while holding df=0 (letting dx change as it will). The neces-lS sary conditions for a stationary value of L(x,u) are:
f(x,u) = o ;aH = o;aH = o (9) a~ au Since the choice of which variables to designate as decision parameters is not unique, it is only a matter of convenience to make a distinction between decision and state parameters. Here we select the decision vector to be composed of all the manipulated variables, namely r, 133329~
c and t. With this formulation, there are four unknowns(r, c, t and A), hence four equations are need to obtain a solution. The following four functions are derived from Equations (8) and (9):
fl = aH = CE (10) aA
f2 = aH = aPE + aCE (11) f3 = aH = aPE + aCE (12) ac ac ac f4 = aH = aPE + aCE (13) The problem now becomes one of finding values of r, c, t and A such that functions f1 through f4 vanish.
These values are then the solution to the optimzation problem.
Unfortunately, in typical space conditioning appli-cations, function f1 through f4 are not directly measurable and they are generally time-dependent. Thus, the system to be controlled must be identified. In the present inven-tion, the system is identified by observing how f1 through f4 change with respect to each of the control variables and A. The derivatives of fl through f4 are determined by periodically perturbing the control variables and about their current values. After these perturbations are com-plete, the derivatives may be written in matrix form as 133329~
the Jacobian, J, which is:
a fl afl afl afl a~ ar ac at af2 af2 af2 af2 aA ar ac at v J = (14) af3 af3 af3 af3 a~ ar ac at af4 af4 af4 af4 a~ ar ac at The Jacobian and functions fl through f4 are outputs of the system derivative calculating means and are re-quired by the control variable update calculating means.
The control variable update calculating means is used to establish the values of the control variables and A necessary to satisfy the comfort setpoint and simultan-eously minimize energy consumption. The update is given by:
r A A fl r r + J-l f2 ~15) c c f3 _ _ new t old f4 Constraints on the control variables are handled by removing the constrained control variable from the update 13332gq procedure and assigning it the value of the constraint.
Note that the algorithm given by Equation (15) is com-pletely generic. That is, no assumptions have been made about the type of conditioned space conditioning equipment being controlled nor have any assumptions been made about the environment.
In order to further explain the operation of the pre-sent device, the optimal comfort control executive flow-chart is disclosed in Fig. 6. At block 80 the parameters are initilized and at 81 the registers are cleared. The output of 81 is fed to a check start initialization de-vice at 82 which provide a "no" indication at 83, or can continue at 84. If the sequence is continued at 84 then the major control loop is entered. The stage mode flag lS at 85 is made available from an auxiliary element such as a conventional multistage thermostat not described in the current invention. At 86 the stage mode is checked which can provide a "no" indication at 87 or can continue with the sequence at 88. If the current mode is modulating and not on/off then mode = 2 and the sequence continues at 89 where the user inputs are read, these values are then stored and the sequence continues at 90 where the sensors are read as is the real time clock. With this information the data flow is to 91 where CI is calculated.
133329~
The output of 91 ls fed to a check Jacobian calculatlng device which can provlde a "no" output at 93 or a "yes" output at 92.
If "yes", the Jacobian is reevaluated and data flow proceeds to 95 where a series of perturbatlons on each control variable ls lnitiated. At 96 the results of the control variable perturba-tion is read from the sensor lnputs. The output of 96 is fed to 97 where the performance efficiency (PE) and comfort error (CE) are computed. At 98 the current value of each control variable (,~, PE and CE) ls stored. The output of 98 enters a check 99 to determine lf each control varlable and ~ has been perturbed. 98 can provlde either a "yes" at 102 or a "no" at 100. If "no" the sequence continues at 101 where the perturba-tion contlnues. If yes data flows to 103 where f2 through f4 are calculated as are the second derivatives necessary to form the Jacobian. The output of 103 is fed to 104 where the Jacoblan is inverted. At 105 the results of the inversion along with f2 through f4 are stored. With this information the data flow is on to 106 which can also be reached from 93 if the result of the Jacobian recalculatlon check was "no". At 106 the new control variables are determined based on either the old or new Jacoblan and the current value of the comfort error and the old value of the control 133329~
~q variables. The output of 106 proceeds to 107 where the new value of the control variables are output to the space calculating system.
The performance of this controller for a typical residence operating during the cooling season is shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9. In these figures the space conditioning plant is a heat pump. For this system the comfort error is given in terms of PMV and the performance efficiency is given in terms of COP. The control variables are com-pressor speed, r, indoor blower speed, c, and evaporator superheat, t. A thermal load is imposed on the space and the control variables are initilized at some arbitrary initial value. The algorithm is then allowed to proceed.
The nominal operating range is:
o 500 to 1800 compressor speed o 600 to 1200 indoor air flow o 0 to 50f evaporator superheat The control moves needed to obtain optimal condi-tions are shown in Fig. 7. The optimal solution was ob-tained in only 6 updates. In this figure the control variables have been normalized using the ranges enum-erated above. The corresponding impact these moves have on comfort and heat pump performance is shown in Fig. 8.
-20~
This figure shows that by the sixth update the comfort error is indeed zero and the COP is 3.97. The optimal control vector at this point in time is given from the previous figure as r = 592, c = 993 and t = 5. To show that this control does indeed result in an optimum COP, performance contours can be plotted in a three dimen-s ~
~inoal r, c, t space. The peak value of the COP on the zero pmv surface will define the optimal value of r, c and t. Fig. 8 shows this information. For clarity only a two dimensional space is shown (r-c space). The COP
along the zero PMV contour is projected on both the r and c axis. The optimum value is seen to be 3.97 and this corresponds to r = 592 and c = 993, precisely the values obtained by the optimal controller.
A summary of the features ofthe invention is as follows:
The basis for the invention is an optimal control device for variable capacity air conditioning equipment which simultaneously controls a plurality of states within the conditioned environment while at the same time maxi-mizing efficiency or minimizing power consumption of said conditioning equipment. The control device constructs a single index from a plurality of sensed variables and based on this index simultaneously adjusts all manipulated 13~329~
variables to the space conditioning equipment such that the index is maintained at the desired level set of the user and that said equipment operates in a maximally effi-cient manner. The index is automatically calculated by the control device to be indicative of comfort conditions in the conditioned environment. A setpoint of the com-fort index is determined automatically by the control de-vice in terms of input means adjusted by the user. The input means allows the user to input desired conditions on each parameter to be controlled in the environment.
These inputs are automatically converted to a comfort index setpoint by the controller.
While a control device was described as controlling a thermal comfort index called a PMV7the device is not limited to a particular comfort index. Indeed it is envisioned that the device will be used to control not only thermal Fara~R~er such as temperatures, humidity and air velocity but also air quality parameters such as CO2, VOC's, particulates, etc. Similarly the device is not limited to adjusting only the manipulated variables described above (r, c, t) but typically any manipulatable variable which can effect a change in the controlled variable (i.e. damper position, filter setting and the like).
13332~4 Finally, the control device is not limited to the specific means for determining the updates on the mani-pulated variables. While the perturbation method utilizing the Jacobian search is the preferred approach, other methods such as brute force searches are also possible.
1. Fanger, P.O., Thermal Comfort, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
Claims (18)
1. A method for operating a system having variable speed equipment such as heat pumps and air conditioners while (1) achieving optimal comfort conditions in an air conditioned space and (2) maximizing the coefficient of performance (COP) of said equipment;
said equipment being characterized by having controls for varying equipment parameters thereof including compressor speed (r), indoor air flow rate (c), and evaporator super heat (t);
said system having multiple sensory inputs from which variable comfort influencing data parameters transmitted from said space to said equipment includes dry-bulb tem-perature (T), humidity ratio (w) and air velocity (V);
said method comprising the steps of:
providing a nonlinear measure of comfort function CI
(T,w,V) based on said data parameters;
setting one of said data parameters and calculating default values for the other of said data parameters;
calculating a set point value for said comfort function;
expressing said function CI (T,w,V) in terms of said equipment parameters as a function of CI (r,c,t);
calculating a comfort error (CE) value which is said set point value of CI (T,w,V) minus said CI (r,c,t):
selecting a nonlinear coefficient of performance function PE (r,c,t) based on said equipment parameters which is desired to be maximized and which is based on the same variables as said CI tr,c,t); and setting said controls to effect maximizing said PE
(r,c,t) function while maintaining said (CE) value at sub-stantially a zero value.
said equipment being characterized by having controls for varying equipment parameters thereof including compressor speed (r), indoor air flow rate (c), and evaporator super heat (t);
said system having multiple sensory inputs from which variable comfort influencing data parameters transmitted from said space to said equipment includes dry-bulb tem-perature (T), humidity ratio (w) and air velocity (V);
said method comprising the steps of:
providing a nonlinear measure of comfort function CI
(T,w,V) based on said data parameters;
setting one of said data parameters and calculating default values for the other of said data parameters;
calculating a set point value for said comfort function;
expressing said function CI (T,w,V) in terms of said equipment parameters as a function of CI (r,c,t);
calculating a comfort error (CE) value which is said set point value of CI (T,w,V) minus said CI (r,c,t):
selecting a nonlinear coefficient of performance function PE (r,c,t) based on said equipment parameters which is desired to be maximized and which is based on the same variables as said CI tr,c,t); and setting said controls to effect maximizing said PE
(r,c,t) function while maintaining said (CE) value at sub-stantially a zero value.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said maximizing is effected by relating said functions through a performance index (H) wherein H = PE + .lambda.CE
with said .lambda. being a Lagrangian multiplier.
with said .lambda. being a Lagrangian multiplier.
3. A method according to claim 2 including the steps of representing said PE function as a performance index L(x,u) and representing said CE function as a constraint function f(x,u) so that with said x being state parameters and said u being a decision vector; and finding values of said decision vector at a stationary value of said L(x,u) wherein dL = 0 for arbitrary du while holding df = 0.
4. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said var-iable comfort influencing data parameters include CO2 concen-tration, particulates and other air contaminants.
5. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said dry-bulb temperature (T) is set.
6. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said other of said data parameters are initially adjustable to provide a bias thereon.
7. A method for operating a system having variable speed equipment such as heat pumps and air conditioners while (1) achieving optimal comfort conditions in an air condi-tioned space and (2) maximizing the coefficient of perform-ance (COP) of said equipment;
said equipment being characterized by having controls for varying parameters thereof;
said system having multiple sensory inputs from which variable comfort influencing data parameters are transmitted from said space to said equipment;
said method comprising the steps of:
providing a nonlinear measure of comfort function CI
(data) based on said data parameters;
setting one of said data parameters and calculating default values for the other of said parameters;
calculating a set point value for said comfort function CI (data);
expressing said comfort function CI (data) in terms of said equipment parameters as a comfort function CI (mani-pulated control variables);
calculating a comfort error (CE) value which is said set point value of said CI (data) minus said CI (mani-pulated control variables);
selecting a nonlinear performance function PE (mani-pulated control variables) based on said equipment para-meters which is desired to be maximized and which is based on the same variables as said CI (manipulated control variables);and setting said controls to effect maximizing said PE
(manipulated control variables) function while maintaining said (CE) value at substantially a zero value.
said equipment being characterized by having controls for varying parameters thereof;
said system having multiple sensory inputs from which variable comfort influencing data parameters are transmitted from said space to said equipment;
said method comprising the steps of:
providing a nonlinear measure of comfort function CI
(data) based on said data parameters;
setting one of said data parameters and calculating default values for the other of said parameters;
calculating a set point value for said comfort function CI (data);
expressing said comfort function CI (data) in terms of said equipment parameters as a comfort function CI (mani-pulated control variables);
calculating a comfort error (CE) value which is said set point value of said CI (data) minus said CI (mani-pulated control variables);
selecting a nonlinear performance function PE (mani-pulated control variables) based on said equipment para-meters which is desired to be maximized and which is based on the same variables as said CI (manipulated control variables);and setting said controls to effect maximizing said PE
(manipulated control variables) function while maintaining said (CE) value at substantially a zero value.
8. A method according to claim 7 wherein said maxi-mizing is effected by relating said functions CI (data) and CI (manipulated control variables) through a performance index (H) wherein H = PE + .lambda. CE
with said .lambda. being a Lagrangian multiplier.
with said .lambda. being a Lagrangian multiplier.
9. A method according to claim 7 wherein said comfort error (CE) and said set point value are continuously updated.
10. A method for operating a space conditioning system having equipment characterized by variable operating para-meters which both (1) achieves desired comfort conditions in the conditioned space at a desired level and (2) maximizes the performance efficiency of said equipment, said equipment being characterized by controls for varying operating para-meters thereof, said system having multiple sensory inputs from which a plurality of actual time-variable comfort in-fluencing data parameter values are transmitted from said conditioned space to said equipment on a real-time basis;
said system also having user-determined desired data para-meter values; said method comprising the steps of:
constructing a single measure of comfort function based on the data parameter values; and adjusting the variable operating parameters of said equipment based on said measure of comfort function in a manner such that the user-adjustable parameters are approached and maintained at said desired level while maximizing said performance efficiency of said equipment.
said system also having user-determined desired data para-meter values; said method comprising the steps of:
constructing a single measure of comfort function based on the data parameter values; and adjusting the variable operating parameters of said equipment based on said measure of comfort function in a manner such that the user-adjustable parameters are approached and maintained at said desired level while maximizing said performance efficiency of said equipment.
11. A method as set forth in claim 10 wherein said data parameters comprise air quality parameters.
12. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein said data parameters include the concentration of one or more smoke-related irritants.
13. A method as set forth in claim 11 wherein said data parameters include CO2.
14. A method as set forth in claim 11 wherein said data parameters comprise particulates.
15. A method as set forth in claim 12 wherein said data parameters comprise particualtes.
16. A method as set forth in claim 10 wherein said data parameters comprise thermal parameters.
17. A method for operating a system having variable speed equipment such as heat pumps and air conditioners while (1) achieving optimal comfort conditions in an air conditioned space and (2) maximizing the coefficient of performance (COP) of said equipment;
said equipment being characterized by having controls for varying equipment parameters thereof including compressor speed (r), indoor air flow rate (c), and evaporator superheat (t);
said system having multiple sensory inputs from which variable comfort influencing data parameters transmitted from said space to said equipment includes dry-bulb temperature (T), humidity ratio (w) and air velocity (V);
said method comprising the steps of:
providing a nonlinear measure of comfort feature CI
(T,w,V) based on said data parameters;
setting one of said data parameters and calculating default values for the other of said data parameters;
calculating a set point value for said comfort function;
expressing said function CI (T,w,V) in terms of said equipment parameters as a function of CI (r,c,t);
calculating a comfort error (CE) value which is said set point value of CI (T,w,V) minus said CI (r,c,t);
selecting a nonlinear coefficient of performance function PE (r,c,t) based on said equipment parameters which is desired to be maximized and which is based on the same variables as said CI (r,c,t);
representing said PE function as a performance index L(x,u) and representing said CE function as a constraint function f(x,u);
setting said controls to effect maximizing said PE
(r,c,t) function while maintaining said (CE) value at sub-stantially a zero value, said maximizing being effected by relating said functions through a performance index (H) wherein H = L(x,u) + .lambda.T .f(x,u) with said .lambda.T being a Lagrangian multi-plier, said x being state parameters and said u being a de-cision vector; and finding values of said decision vector at a stationary value of said L(x,u) wherein dL = 0 for arbitrary du while holding df = 0.
said equipment being characterized by having controls for varying equipment parameters thereof including compressor speed (r), indoor air flow rate (c), and evaporator superheat (t);
said system having multiple sensory inputs from which variable comfort influencing data parameters transmitted from said space to said equipment includes dry-bulb temperature (T), humidity ratio (w) and air velocity (V);
said method comprising the steps of:
providing a nonlinear measure of comfort feature CI
(T,w,V) based on said data parameters;
setting one of said data parameters and calculating default values for the other of said data parameters;
calculating a set point value for said comfort function;
expressing said function CI (T,w,V) in terms of said equipment parameters as a function of CI (r,c,t);
calculating a comfort error (CE) value which is said set point value of CI (T,w,V) minus said CI (r,c,t);
selecting a nonlinear coefficient of performance function PE (r,c,t) based on said equipment parameters which is desired to be maximized and which is based on the same variables as said CI (r,c,t);
representing said PE function as a performance index L(x,u) and representing said CE function as a constraint function f(x,u);
setting said controls to effect maximizing said PE
(r,c,t) function while maintaining said (CE) value at sub-stantially a zero value, said maximizing being effected by relating said functions through a performance index (H) wherein H = L(x,u) + .lambda.T .f(x,u) with said .lambda.T being a Lagrangian multi-plier, said x being state parameters and said u being a de-cision vector; and finding values of said decision vector at a stationary value of said L(x,u) wherein dL = 0 for arbitrary du while holding df = 0.
18. A method for operating a space conditioning system having equipment characterized by variable operating para-meters which both (1) achieves desired comfort conditions in the conditioned space and (2) maximizes the performance efficiency of said euqipment, said equipment being characteri-zed by controls for varying operating parameters thereof, said system having multiple sensory inputs from which a plura-lity of actual time-variable comfort influencing data para-meter values are transmitted from said conditioned space to said equipment on a real-time basis, said system also having user-determined desired data parameter values; said method comprising the steps of:
calculating a desired comfort index set point based on said user determined desired data parameter values;
calculating an actual comfort index value based on said actual time-variable comfort influencing data parameter values;
calculating an equipment performance function based on said variable operating parameters and said desired comfort index set point; and adjusting said variable operating parameters of said equipment so as to maximize said equipment performance function while attempting to maintain said desired comfort index set point.
calculating a desired comfort index set point based on said user determined desired data parameter values;
calculating an actual comfort index value based on said actual time-variable comfort influencing data parameter values;
calculating an equipment performance function based on said variable operating parameters and said desired comfort index set point; and adjusting said variable operating parameters of said equipment so as to maximize said equipment performance function while attempting to maintain said desired comfort index set point.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US206,052 | 1988-06-10 | ||
| US07/206,052 US4873649A (en) | 1988-06-10 | 1988-06-10 | Method for operating variable speed heat pumps and air conditioners |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1333294C true CA1333294C (en) | 1994-11-29 |
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ID=22764779
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000602254A Expired - Fee Related CA1333294C (en) | 1988-06-10 | 1989-06-09 | Method for the optimal comfort and efficiency control of variable speed heat pumps and air conditioners |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4873649A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0380615B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2884249B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE108568T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU620119B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1333294C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE68916779T2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1989012269A1 (en) |
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- 1989-06-07 JP JP1507331A patent/JP2884249B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-06-07 AU AU38533/89A patent/AU620119B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-06-09 CA CA000602254A patent/CA1333294C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| US4873649A (en) | 1989-10-10 |
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| DE68916779D1 (en) | 1994-08-18 |
| WO1989012269A1 (en) | 1989-12-14 |
| AU3853389A (en) | 1990-01-05 |
| ATE108568T1 (en) | 1994-07-15 |
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| EP0380615A4 (en) | 1992-01-22 |
| JP2884249B2 (en) | 1999-04-19 |
| EP0380615A1 (en) | 1990-08-08 |
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