CA2077558A1 - Guidewire with flexible distal tip - Google Patents
Guidewire with flexible distal tipInfo
- Publication number
- CA2077558A1 CA2077558A1 CA002077558A CA2077558A CA2077558A1 CA 2077558 A1 CA2077558 A1 CA 2077558A1 CA 002077558 A CA002077558 A CA 002077558A CA 2077558 A CA2077558 A CA 2077558A CA 2077558 A1 CA2077558 A1 CA 2077558A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- sleeve
- guidewire
- distal end
- end section
- length
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
- A61M25/09—Guide wires
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M2025/0098—Catheters; Hollow probes having a strain relief at the proximal end, e.g. sleeve
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
- A61M25/09—Guide wires
- A61M2025/09058—Basic structures of guide wires
- A61M2025/09083—Basic structures of guide wires having a coil around a core
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
- A61M25/09—Guide wires
- A61M2025/09108—Methods for making a guide wire
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
- A61M25/09—Guide wires
- A61M2025/09175—Guide wires having specific characteristics at the distal tip
Abstract
A catheter guidewire (14) composed of a wire core (38) whose distal end section (42) is encased in a polymer sleeve (44), to increase the column strength of the core. Axially spaced grooves (46) formed in the sleeve increase the flexibility of the core end section. The guidewire is advantageous for use with a small-diameter (12) catheter in accessing body sites along a tortuous vessel pathway.
Description
WO 91il4395 PCI`/US91/01853 . ,A
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s - GUIDEWIRE WITH FLEXIBLE DISTAL TIP
Description . ' ' Technical Field The present invention relates to a catheter guidewire, and in particular, to a guidewire having a flexible distal tip, and to a method of making the guide-wire.
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Backqround ~af the Invention Catheters are being used increasingly as a means for delivering diagnostic or therapeutic agents to internal target sites that can be accessed through the circulatory system. Often the site which one wishes to access by catheter is buried within a soft tissue, such as brain or liver, and is only reached by a tortuous route through small vessels or ducts--typically less than about 3 mm lumen diameter--in the tissue.
In one general method for accessing a deep-organ target site alon~ a tortuous-path vessel, a torqueable guide wire and catheter are directed as a unit from a body access site to a tissue region containing a target`site.
The guide wire is bent at its distal end and may be guided by alternately rotating ~nd advancing the wire along a tortuous, small-vessel pathway, to the target site.
Typically the guide wire and catheter are advanced by alternately advancing the wire along a region of the pathway, then advancing the catheter axially over the advanced wire portion.
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The difficulty in accessing such target body regions is that the catheter and guidewire must be quite flexible in order to follow the tortuous path into the tissue~ and at the same time, stiff enough to allow the distal end of the catheter to be manipula~ed from an external access site, which may be as much as a ~eter or more from the tissue site.
Heretofore, catheter guidewires for use in guiding a catheter along a tortuous path have employed a variable-flexibility construction in which the distal end section of the wire is tapered along its length to allow qreater flexlbility at the wire~s distal end region, where the sharpest wire turns are encountered. The tapered ~-section of the wire is encased in a wire coil, such as a platinum coil, to increase the column strength of the tapered wire section without significant loss of flexibility in this region. Such guide wire constructions are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patents, No.
3,789,841, 4,545,390, and 4,619,274.
The tapered guidewire construction just described is prepared, typically, by forming a fine-wire coil, cutting the coil to a desired lengthr and fastening the coil to the tapered distal end section of the guidewire, typically by soldering. This method of construction is relatively time consuming and costly in manufacture. Furtherr the solder attachment of the coil to the guidewire tip may crack during use, presenting the danger of having the coil separate from the wire within a vessel in the patient. Another limitation of the prior art construction is that the distal end section of the wire tends to kink on bending if the coil loses its relatively tight pitchr e.g., by being irreversibly stretched during lse.
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Disclosure of the Invention ~ .
It is a general object of the invention to provide a guidewire which overcomes limitations or reduces above-noted problems associated with prior art flexible tip guidewires.
The guidewire of the invention includes an - elongate wire having a proximal section and a flexible distal end section which is at least about 3 cm long. The distal end section is encased in an elongate polymeric sleeve having, along the length of the sleeve, (a) a continuous polymer expanse, and (b) axially spaced grooves which are effective to increase the bending flexibility of the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially any bending direction, over the bending flexibility in the absence of the groove.
The sleeve may have inner and outer sleeve portions formed of polymer materials having different flexibilities, such as a low-density polyethylene or latex forming the inner sleeve portion, and a Teflon~, high-density polyethylene, or polyurethane forming the outer sleeve portion. Alternatively, or in addition, the polymer material forming the sleeve may have a relatively greater flexibility progressing in a proximal-to-distal direction.
The grooves or helical groove formed in the cuter sleeve portion may be dimensioned to provide greater flexibility on progressing toward the distal end of the sleeve. This can be accomplished by increasing the radial depth and/or the axial width of the groove(s) on progressing toward the sleeve~s distal end.
In another aspect, the invention includes a method of increasing the column strength in the tapered, reduced- diameter distal end section of a catheter guidewire. The method includes encasing the end section in an elongate polymeric sleeve having, along the length of the sleeve, (a) a continuous polymer expanse, and . ~ :
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(b) axially spaced grooves which are effective to increase the bending flexibility of the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially any bending direction, over the bending flexibility in the absence of the groove.
Also disclosed is a ca~heter apparatus composed of the guide wire and a thin-walled catheter designed to ~`
be advanced along the guidewire through a tortuous vessel path, for positioning at a target site.
Brief DescriPtion of the Drawinqs .
Figure l shows a catheter apparatus, including a flexible- tip guidewire constructed according to the present invention; ~ ::
Figure 2 is an enlarged fragmentary distal-end por~ion, shown partially in sectional view, of an embodiment of the guidewire of the in~ention having a helical groove formed in ~he outer sleeve portion of the guidewire; ~.
Figure 3 illustrates how the grooves in the outer sleeve portion of the guidewire, such as the Fig~re 3 guidewire, accommodate bending;
Figure 4 is a view like that in Figure 2, -~.
illustrating an emhodiment of the guidewire having formed in the outer sleeve portion of the wire, a series of axially spaced grooves whose depths increa~e on progressing toward the distal end of the guidewire; ~ :
Figure 5 is a view like Figure 2, illustrating a :
guidewire embodiment with a coaxial-sleeve construction; :m Figure 6 is a view like Figure 2, illustrating :~
an embodiment of the invention in which material forming the sleeve in the guidewire has a single-step flexibiIity `:
gradient along its length; :~
Figure ' is a view like Figure 2, illustrating an embodiment of the invention having a series of axially 35 spaced non-circumferential grooves formed in its outer ~:
sleeve portion; .
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Figure 9 is a schematic view of a method of producing a guidewire of the type illustrated in Figure 2;
Figure lO is a schematic view of a method of - producing a guidewire of the type illustrated in Figure 4;
and Figure 11 is a schematic view of a method of producing an extruded polymer sleeve with an accordion outer surface portion.
Detailed Description of the Invention A. Guidewire Construction Figure 1 shows a catheter device or apparatus 10 designed for accessing an internal target site in a body along a tortuous vessel path. The device generally includes a catheter 12 and a guidewire 14 constructed 20 according to the pre~ent invention, as detailed below. ;~
With continued reference to Figure 1, the cathe-ter is composed of an elongate tubular member 16 having -~
proximal and distal ends 18, 20, respectively. The tubular member is preferably between about 50-300 cm in length, typically between about 100-200 cm in length. The tubular member is preferably composed of a relatively stiff proximal section, indicated at 22, which extends - ~ ~-along a major portion of the catheter length, and one or ;~
more relatively flexibIe distal sections, such as section 24, which provide greater ability of the catheter to track the guidewire through sharp bends and turns which may be ~ ;
encountered as the catheter is advanced along a tortuous ~ -~
path. The construction of a catheter ha~ing differential - flexibility along its length is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,739,768.
An inner lumen 26, indicated by the dashed lines, extends between the two ends of the catheter. The ,. ... , . . ;
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WO91/14395 ~ 6- PCT/US91/01853 ~ ,.
lumen may have a substantially uniform cross-sectional area along its length, or may vary along the catheter length, for example, in a distal end taper. It will be appreciated that the tapered construction may require a similar taper in the diameter of the guidewire, to maintain suitable clearance between the guidewire and catheter.
The catheter has an end fitting 28 through which the guidewire is received, and through which fluid material can be introduced into the catheter lumen. One standard fitting which is suitable has an axially extending port 30 through which the guidewire can be received and rotated (torqued) and advanced or retracted axially within the catheter, during a catheter placement operation. An external port 34 may be used to deliver fluid material through the catheter at the target site, ;
after removal of the guidewire.
Figure 2 shows an enlarged, partially cross- -sectional view of a distal end section of a guidewire 36 constructed accordin~ to one embodiment of the present invention. The wire includes an elongate wire core 38 having a relativaly stiff proximal section 40 which extends along a major portion of the guidewire, and a more -flexible distal section 42 which is preferably tapered along its length as shown.
The wire core is formed of a flexible, torqueable wire filament material, such as stainless steel, and has a total length typically between about ~
50-300 cm. The proximal section 40 preferably has a -~ :
30 unifo~m diameter thickness along its length of between `
about 8-30 mils (thousandths of an inch). The relatively . -more flexible section extends along the distal 3-30 cm or `
more of the wire core. The taper in the core wire may be continuous, as shown, or stepwise over one or more reduced diameter steps. The minimum diameter of the core at its distal end is preferably between about 1-5 mlls. ~` ! . '`' ' '`, ~'.-i.' ' , . ' ', `
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WO91/14395 _7_ 2 ~ 7 7 PCT/U91/01853 In one embodiment, the dlstal end portion of the wire core is coated with a gold or other radio-opaque plating material, to allow this portion of the wire to be visualized by fluoroscopy. The plating may be applied by S electroplating, sputtering, or other metal plating methods. The thickness of the plating is preferably between about 0.2 to 0.5 mils.
The distal region of the wire core, i.e., at least about a 3-cm distal end section of the core, is encased in an elongate polymeric sleeve 44. The length of the sleeve is preferably about 3-25 cm, and the wall thickness is preferably between about 2-l0 mils.
The material forming the sleeve includes at least an inner or outer sleeve portion which is relatively non-elastic under axial compression or extension.
Preferred polymers include Teflon~, a high-density polyolefin (e.g., polyethylene), or polyurethane which can be bonded or otherwise tightly affixed to the core wire, and which itself has a low-friction surface, as is the case for Teflon~, or whose surface can be coated wi.th a low-friction surface. Other suitable coatings include virtually any polymer having exposed hydrogens, such as polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, latex or silicone rubber, polystyrene, and a surface coating formed of a highly hydrophilic, low-friction polymer such as polyvinylpy.rrolidone,polyethyleneoxide, or polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate or copolymers thereof.
The sleeve can be formed conventionally, such as `~
by extrusion, or molding, dip coating. In the former 30 case, the extruded sleeve can be attached to the wire core .~
by friction fit, adhesives, or heat-shrinkage. In the ~ :
case of a molded sleeve, the polymer material is ~
preferably molded directly on the distal end region of the -wire core. The sleeve-encased portion of the wire may be surface roughened, such as by chemical treatment, prior to molding. Forming the sleeve by dip coating is done by :
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., : : . , -W~91/14395 ~0`~ -8- PCT/US91/01853 successive dipping of the core distal region in a suitable polymer solution, according to conventional methods of polymer coat build-up. As will be seen below, the sleeve may be composed of two or more different polymer materials which differ in flexibility along either the axis or radial dimension of the sle~ve.
With continued reference to Figure 2, sleeve 44 has a helical groove 46 (referred ~o hereinbelow as axially spaced grooves or groove means) extending along a major portion of its length. The grooves, which can be formed according to the method described below with reference to Figure 8, have a uniform depth and helical pitch substantially along the length of the sleeve. The depth of the grooves is preferably at least about 50 percent of the a~erage radial dimension of the sIeeve.
The pitch of the groove is preferably about 5-50 mils.
The width of the grooves is preferably about 10-40~ of the width of the pitch, e.g., 2-10 mils. The grooves in the sleeve form helical strands or windings 48 which are formed integrally with and encircle an inner portion 49 of the sleeve. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, the groove is formed by cutting with a blade, as described in Section B below.
The g1~idewire is provided with a pair of radio-opaque bands 45, 47 located adjacent opposite ends of the sleeve, as shown, for use in visualizing the guidewire fluoroscopically (if the distal section of the wire core is not plated with a raclio-opaque material). ~
The sleeve portion of the bands is formed of gold, -platinum or the like and clamped to the guidewire.
Figure 3 shows the distal end region of the Figure 2 wire in a bent configuration, illustrating how the helical groov~s in the sleeve contribute to greater flexibility in the distal end of the guidewire. It is known that the force required for bending a tube is related to the wall thickness of the ~ube, the tube's . ', , ', .. , : ': , : , . : ~ : . -.. , . . , - - , .
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Also as seen in Figure 3, when the guidewire is in a bent condition, the helical windings on the inner side of the bending arc are brought into contact with one another, and at a suf f icient bending angle, become ~`~
compressed against one another. This contact and compression increases the effective cross sectional thickness and resistance to axial compression in the guidewire, thus incrPasing the column strength of the guidewire in the region of the bend.
Also, the radial sliding movement of the -windings under compression, noted above, relieves localized compression in the region of the turn, and thus ~ :
reduces the tendency of the wire to buckle under axial compression in a region of sharp turn.
Figure 4 shows an enlarged, partially cross sectional view of the distal end region of a guidewire 50 constructed according to another embodiment of the invention. The wire core and polymer sleeve forming the distal end portion of the guidewire are indicated at 52, ;
54, respectively. The invention differs from the Figure 2 embodiment in two respects. First, the sleeve, when placed on the tapered portion of the wire core, has a substantially uniform diametex along its length, corresponding approximately ~o the outer diameter of the . ~ ~ ~; .: : :, . , : . . .
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WO~1/1439s ''J -10- PCT/US91/01853 core wire. The sleeve can be formed, for example, by molding the sleeve on the tapered end section of the wire core, or by dip coating to produce progressively greater sleeve thic~ness on progressing toward the distal end of the sleeve.
Secondly, the groove means in the sleeve includes a plurality of axially spaced circumferential grooves, such as grooves 56 extending through an outer portion 58 of the sleeve, with increasing groove depth on progressing toward the distal end of the sleeve. As seen, the depth of the grooves is such as to define a substantially uniform-thickness inner portion 60 extending along the length of the sleeve, in contact with the tapered portion of the core. The depth of the grooves increases from about 10~ to about 80~ of the radial thickness of the sleeve, on progressing distally. The axial spacing between grooves is similar to the pitch of -the helical groove in the Figure 2 embodiment.
The grooves form a plurality of axially spaced ;
rings, such as rings 62, with uniform outer diameters and decreasing inner diameters progressing distally along the ~ ~ `
sleeve. The grooves may be formed, for example, by the ~ ;
method described below with reference to Figure 10. The -functioning of the rings to produce flexibility along the length of the distal portion of the guidewire, and reduce the tendency of the wire to buckle is substantially as ::, described with reference to Figure 3. In particular, the :
relatively deeper grooves in the sleeve in the distal direction provide a small, substantially uniform effective wall thickness along the outer arc of the entire sleeve length on bending.
It will be appreciated that the guidewire construction shown in Figure 4 provides greater column strength than the Figure 2 construction on bending, due to the greater effective thickness of the sleeve in a bent condition in which the rings of the sleeve are in contact .. , . : . :. . : .: ."
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and are compressed against one another along the inner arc of the tuxn.
Guidewire 50, as well as th0 guidewires illustrated in Figures 5-7, are provided with radio-opaque bands, such as bands 55, 57 shown in Figure 4.
Figure 5 shows an embodiment of a guidewire 64 constructed according to a third embodiment of the invention. Guidewire 64 differs ~rom guidewire 36 shown in Figure 2 in that the sleeve, here indicated at 66, is composed of an inner, elastomeric tube 68, and an outer, relatively non-elastic tube 70 encasing the inner tube.
The two tubes may be formed togsther by fusing them chemically or by heat, by an adhesive, or by heat shrinking the outer tube over the inner one. Typically the inner tube is formed of latex or other flexible elastomer, and the outer tube, of polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, or Teflon~. ~
The groove means formed in sleeve 66 includes ~ ;
axially spaced circumferential grooves 72 which extend through outer tube 70 only. Preferably the width of the grooves is sufficiently small, e.g., less than about a mil, so that the rings formed by the grooves in the outer portion of the sleeve are in contact with one another in -the straight condition of the wire.
The column flexibility of the distal end portion of the wire is provided by the elastomeric inner sleeve portion, which allows the relatively incompressible rings formed in the outer slseve portion to spread apart in the outer arc of a bend. That is, the resistance to bending contributed by the sleeve is the resistance of the elastomeric sleeve itself to bending plus the distortion ~ -in the elastomeric sleeve produced by the spreading apart of the rings in ths outer arc of the bend. It can be appreciated that this resistance can be made quite small.
At the same time, the stacking of the rings against one another, either in a straight- or bent-wire W09l/l4395 ~ 12- PCT/VS91/~18S3 confi~ù~ation adds significantly to the column strength of the wire's distal end region, since compressing the rings in an axial direction requires an axial distortion along the entire length of the sleeve.
Another embodimen~ of the invention is shown at 74 in Figure 6. Here the guidewire sleeve, indicated at 76, is composed of a proximal sleeve section 78 formed of ' a polymer having a selected flexibility, and a distal sleeve section 79 formed of a more flexible polymer material. By way of example, the proximal and distal sections may be formed of high- and low-density poly- ~
ethylene, respectively. ~ -The groove means formed in sleeve 76 includes a series of axial grooves, such as grooves 80 in the 15 proximal sleeve section, and grooves 82 formed in the ;~
distal sleeve section. As seen, the latter grooves have increasing axial widths on progressing dis~ally, allowing ~ -increasing flexibility through this section of the guide- -~
wire. This feature is gained at the expense of reduced column strength in the distal section, since the rings formed by the grooves do not support column compression except when the guidewire is bent to bring the rings into contact at the inner arc of the bend. This embodiment ~ -further illustrates the ability to selectively vary flexi-25 bility and column s~rength properties along the length of `~
the distal region of the guidewire by varying (a) flexibi-lity of the material forming the sleeve, (b) thickness of the sleeve, and (c) depth and width of th~a grooves formed in the sleeve.
Figure 7 shows a guidewire 84 formed in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, and composed of a wire-core 86 and a sleeve 88. The groove means in the sleeve includes a plurality of axially spaced grooves, such as grooves 90, which (a) extend about only a ;~-;
portion of the sleeve cir~umference, (b) are axially misaligned, so that the circumference of the sleeve is not ~. : : . . . . - : .:. ~ ::
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WO91/l439~ -13~ l J ~ .;F~VS91/01853 continuously cut at any axial location, and (c) extend a selected depth through the sleeve, and may be through the entire thickness of the sleeve.
The grooves in the guidewire increase the flexi-bility of the distal end region for the reasons discussed.
At the same time, the continuity of sleeve material in an axial direction, which substantially prevents stretching or compression of the sleeve, adds column strength to the wire core.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is shown at 92 in Figure 8. A sleeve 94 in this embodiment has inner-surfacegrooves, such as grooves 96, forming a series of inner, axially spaced rinss, such as rings 97, which are attached to the wire core, indicated at 98, as by adhesives. The sleeve may be prepared for example by forming an extruded tube about a threaded mandrel, and 'unwinding" the mandrel from the tube after hardening.
When the sleeve portion of the guide wire is bent, the inner rings of the sleeve accommodate bending by localized deformation due to compression or stretching in a radial direction. This has the effect of reducing the effective bending modulus of the sleeve by reducing the thickness of the sleeve which undergoes bending. At the same time, the ungrooved outer po:rtion of the sleeve 25 contributes to the column strength of the wire in both a ~ ~
straight or bent-wire configuration. ~ :
In e~ch of the guidewires described above, the polymer sleeve encasing the wire core includes a sleeve which has (a) a continuous or unbroken polymer expanse, 30 and (b) axially spaced grooves which ~re effective to -~
increase the bending flexibility of the sleeve. The ;
continuous polymer expanse in the Figure 2-6 embodiments is the inner, unsrooved sleeve portion which forms a continuous expanse in contact with the wire core; in the ~' Figure 7 embodiment, the ungrooved portion of the sleeve;
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WO91~1~39~ 14- PCT/VS91/01853 and in the Figure 8 embodiment, the outer, ungrooved portion of the sleeve.
In each embodiment, the continuous polymer expanse provides a relatively incompressible expanse 5 effective to increase the column strength of the encased ~`
distal end portion of the wire core (Figures 2, 4, and 6-8), or a flexible substrate on which a relatively incompressible grooved portion of the sleeve i5 mounted, for producing the requisite column strength (Figure 5).
B. Guidewire Method '- -In another aspect the invention includes a ;~ !
method of increasing the column strength in the tapered, ~ ~`
reduced diameter distal end section of a catheter guide-wire wire core. The method includes encasing the distal end section of the core in a polymeric sleeve having (a) a substantially continuous planar expanse along its length, and (b) axially spaced grooves disposed along the length of the sleeve for increasing the bending flexibility of 20 the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially ~
any bending direction, substantially along the length of ~ -the sleeve, over the bending flexibility in the absence of ~-~
the grooves.
A variety o~ polymer sleeves suitable for use in practicing the invention have been described in Section A
above. The sleeve may be secured to a wire core~s distal end region by adhesives, heat shrinking the slee~e on the wire core, or by chemical bonding to a chemically treated ~-core coated surface. Alternatively, the sleeve may be ;
formed on the wire core by dip coating.
The grooves in the sleeve may be formed before or after attachment of the sleeve to the core wire. In a generally preferred method, the sleeve is attached to the core prior to grooving the sleeve.
Figure 9 illustrates, in schematic view, a method for forming a helical groove in a sleeve lO0 ~ ;
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:,, , ,:; . : '............... , ' ,', '' .' ' ' . ' ' ' ' '., :' ': ' WO91/14395 -15~ 7 !~ PCT/US9t/01853 encasing a wire core 102. ~ machine having a pair of motor-driven chucks which are (a) rotated synchronously, and (b) biased under tension away from one another (in the direction of arrows 105, 107) is suitable for use in the Figure 9 method. The opposite ends of the distal end section of the wire core are supported in the chucks, under tension, and the chuclcs arerotated at a selected rotational speed, preferably between about 10 and 50 rpm.
The direction of rotation is indicated by arrow 106 in the figure.
The sleeve is grooved by a blade 108 which can be positioned (in the direction of arrow 112) a selected distance from the guidewire to a desired depth of cut in ~;
the sleeve~ The blade, which is also referred to as a cutting tool, is mounted on a carriage 114 for shifting at a selected speed along the axis of the guidewire, as the wire is rotated. The speed of shifting (in the direction of arrow 116) is adjusted to achieve a desired helical pitch in the sleeve. The method of forming a helical groove in a sleeve is suitable for forming the guidewire illustrated in Figure 2.
If a sleeve 119 with an outer portion having axially spaced circumferential grooves of constant depth `~
formed in the sleeve, a cutting configuration like that shown in Figure 10 can be used. The distal end section of a guide wire is supported in synchronously rotating chucks, as described above. A multiple-blade cutting tool 118 having a plurality of blades, such as blades 120, is mounted adjacent the rotating guidewire for shifting in the direction of arrow 122 to a selected cutting depth in the guide wire sleeve. The cutting tool is preferably moved toward the rotating wire incrementally, such that the maximum groove depth is reached only after several guidewire revolutions. The spacing between adjacent blades is adjusted to produce a desired spacing between adjacent grooves in the sleeve.
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A method of forming an outer sleeve portion having a bellows-like construction is illustrated in `
Figure 11. The figure shows the extrusion tip 126 of a polymer-tube extrusion device 128 having an annulus 130 through which polymer material is extruded ln molten form.
The tip is modified, in accordance with the present ~-application, to include an oscillatory element 132 which oscillates in the direction of arrow 134 as the polymer material is extruded. This oscillation causes extruded material to be alternately and repeatedly comprassed and extended, forming the accordion-like surface feature of the tube which is indicated in the figure. After the tube is formed, it is cut into sections and attached ~o a guidewire core, e.g., by heat shrinking. ~-From the foregoing it can be seen how the various objectives of the present invention can be met.
The polymeric expanse in the sleeve is effective to give the tapered wire core region of the guidewire added column -~
strength for advancing the wire through a tortuous path vessel region. When the sleeve is bent, compression of the rings or windings in the sleeve provides continued column strength. -The grooves in the sleeve significantly reduce the bending force required to form sharp bends in the distal region of the wire, by (a) effectively reducing the outer diameter of the sleeve on the outer arc of the turn, and (b) accommodating compression on the inner arc of the turn by radial sliding movement. The tendency of the guidewire to buckle in a region of sharp turn is also reduced by the shifting the windings or turns in the inner arc of the turn to reduce localized compression in the sleeve.
The guidewire can be readily formed from inexpensive polymer tube materials, and the composition of the polymer and groove pattern, depth, and axial width can be selected to achieve desired bending and column strength :; . . . ....... . - ~ . ,,: . ~ ~ , : , , . :
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The distal end region of the guidewire can be adapted readily for visualization, e.g., in a fluoroscopic procedure, by radio-opaque bands adjacent opposite ends of the guidewire sleeve.
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s - GUIDEWIRE WITH FLEXIBLE DISTAL TIP
Description . ' ' Technical Field The present invention relates to a catheter guidewire, and in particular, to a guidewire having a flexible distal tip, and to a method of making the guide-wire.
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Backqround ~af the Invention Catheters are being used increasingly as a means for delivering diagnostic or therapeutic agents to internal target sites that can be accessed through the circulatory system. Often the site which one wishes to access by catheter is buried within a soft tissue, such as brain or liver, and is only reached by a tortuous route through small vessels or ducts--typically less than about 3 mm lumen diameter--in the tissue.
In one general method for accessing a deep-organ target site alon~ a tortuous-path vessel, a torqueable guide wire and catheter are directed as a unit from a body access site to a tissue region containing a target`site.
The guide wire is bent at its distal end and may be guided by alternately rotating ~nd advancing the wire along a tortuous, small-vessel pathway, to the target site.
Typically the guide wire and catheter are advanced by alternately advancing the wire along a region of the pathway, then advancing the catheter axially over the advanced wire portion.
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The difficulty in accessing such target body regions is that the catheter and guidewire must be quite flexible in order to follow the tortuous path into the tissue~ and at the same time, stiff enough to allow the distal end of the catheter to be manipula~ed from an external access site, which may be as much as a ~eter or more from the tissue site.
Heretofore, catheter guidewires for use in guiding a catheter along a tortuous path have employed a variable-flexibility construction in which the distal end section of the wire is tapered along its length to allow qreater flexlbility at the wire~s distal end region, where the sharpest wire turns are encountered. The tapered ~-section of the wire is encased in a wire coil, such as a platinum coil, to increase the column strength of the tapered wire section without significant loss of flexibility in this region. Such guide wire constructions are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patents, No.
3,789,841, 4,545,390, and 4,619,274.
The tapered guidewire construction just described is prepared, typically, by forming a fine-wire coil, cutting the coil to a desired lengthr and fastening the coil to the tapered distal end section of the guidewire, typically by soldering. This method of construction is relatively time consuming and costly in manufacture. Furtherr the solder attachment of the coil to the guidewire tip may crack during use, presenting the danger of having the coil separate from the wire within a vessel in the patient. Another limitation of the prior art construction is that the distal end section of the wire tends to kink on bending if the coil loses its relatively tight pitchr e.g., by being irreversibly stretched during lse.
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Disclosure of the Invention ~ .
It is a general object of the invention to provide a guidewire which overcomes limitations or reduces above-noted problems associated with prior art flexible tip guidewires.
The guidewire of the invention includes an - elongate wire having a proximal section and a flexible distal end section which is at least about 3 cm long. The distal end section is encased in an elongate polymeric sleeve having, along the length of the sleeve, (a) a continuous polymer expanse, and (b) axially spaced grooves which are effective to increase the bending flexibility of the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially any bending direction, over the bending flexibility in the absence of the groove.
The sleeve may have inner and outer sleeve portions formed of polymer materials having different flexibilities, such as a low-density polyethylene or latex forming the inner sleeve portion, and a Teflon~, high-density polyethylene, or polyurethane forming the outer sleeve portion. Alternatively, or in addition, the polymer material forming the sleeve may have a relatively greater flexibility progressing in a proximal-to-distal direction.
The grooves or helical groove formed in the cuter sleeve portion may be dimensioned to provide greater flexibility on progressing toward the distal end of the sleeve. This can be accomplished by increasing the radial depth and/or the axial width of the groove(s) on progressing toward the sleeve~s distal end.
In another aspect, the invention includes a method of increasing the column strength in the tapered, reduced- diameter distal end section of a catheter guidewire. The method includes encasing the end section in an elongate polymeric sleeve having, along the length of the sleeve, (a) a continuous polymer expanse, and . ~ :
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(b) axially spaced grooves which are effective to increase the bending flexibility of the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially any bending direction, over the bending flexibility in the absence of the groove.
Also disclosed is a ca~heter apparatus composed of the guide wire and a thin-walled catheter designed to ~`
be advanced along the guidewire through a tortuous vessel path, for positioning at a target site.
Brief DescriPtion of the Drawinqs .
Figure l shows a catheter apparatus, including a flexible- tip guidewire constructed according to the present invention; ~ ::
Figure 2 is an enlarged fragmentary distal-end por~ion, shown partially in sectional view, of an embodiment of the guidewire of the in~ention having a helical groove formed in ~he outer sleeve portion of the guidewire; ~.
Figure 3 illustrates how the grooves in the outer sleeve portion of the guidewire, such as the Fig~re 3 guidewire, accommodate bending;
Figure 4 is a view like that in Figure 2, -~.
illustrating an emhodiment of the guidewire having formed in the outer sleeve portion of the wire, a series of axially spaced grooves whose depths increa~e on progressing toward the distal end of the guidewire; ~ :
Figure 5 is a view like Figure 2, illustrating a :
guidewire embodiment with a coaxial-sleeve construction; :m Figure 6 is a view like Figure 2, illustrating :~
an embodiment of the invention in which material forming the sleeve in the guidewire has a single-step flexibiIity `:
gradient along its length; :~
Figure ' is a view like Figure 2, illustrating an embodiment of the invention having a series of axially 35 spaced non-circumferential grooves formed in its outer ~:
sleeve portion; .
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Figure 9 is a schematic view of a method of producing a guidewire of the type illustrated in Figure 2;
Figure lO is a schematic view of a method of - producing a guidewire of the type illustrated in Figure 4;
and Figure 11 is a schematic view of a method of producing an extruded polymer sleeve with an accordion outer surface portion.
Detailed Description of the Invention A. Guidewire Construction Figure 1 shows a catheter device or apparatus 10 designed for accessing an internal target site in a body along a tortuous vessel path. The device generally includes a catheter 12 and a guidewire 14 constructed 20 according to the pre~ent invention, as detailed below. ;~
With continued reference to Figure 1, the cathe-ter is composed of an elongate tubular member 16 having -~
proximal and distal ends 18, 20, respectively. The tubular member is preferably between about 50-300 cm in length, typically between about 100-200 cm in length. The tubular member is preferably composed of a relatively stiff proximal section, indicated at 22, which extends - ~ ~-along a major portion of the catheter length, and one or ;~
more relatively flexibIe distal sections, such as section 24, which provide greater ability of the catheter to track the guidewire through sharp bends and turns which may be ~ ;
encountered as the catheter is advanced along a tortuous ~ -~
path. The construction of a catheter ha~ing differential - flexibility along its length is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,739,768.
An inner lumen 26, indicated by the dashed lines, extends between the two ends of the catheter. The ,. ... , . . ;
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lumen may have a substantially uniform cross-sectional area along its length, or may vary along the catheter length, for example, in a distal end taper. It will be appreciated that the tapered construction may require a similar taper in the diameter of the guidewire, to maintain suitable clearance between the guidewire and catheter.
The catheter has an end fitting 28 through which the guidewire is received, and through which fluid material can be introduced into the catheter lumen. One standard fitting which is suitable has an axially extending port 30 through which the guidewire can be received and rotated (torqued) and advanced or retracted axially within the catheter, during a catheter placement operation. An external port 34 may be used to deliver fluid material through the catheter at the target site, ;
after removal of the guidewire.
Figure 2 shows an enlarged, partially cross- -sectional view of a distal end section of a guidewire 36 constructed accordin~ to one embodiment of the present invention. The wire includes an elongate wire core 38 having a relativaly stiff proximal section 40 which extends along a major portion of the guidewire, and a more -flexible distal section 42 which is preferably tapered along its length as shown.
The wire core is formed of a flexible, torqueable wire filament material, such as stainless steel, and has a total length typically between about ~
50-300 cm. The proximal section 40 preferably has a -~ :
30 unifo~m diameter thickness along its length of between `
about 8-30 mils (thousandths of an inch). The relatively . -more flexible section extends along the distal 3-30 cm or `
more of the wire core. The taper in the core wire may be continuous, as shown, or stepwise over one or more reduced diameter steps. The minimum diameter of the core at its distal end is preferably between about 1-5 mlls. ~` ! . '`' ' '`, ~'.-i.' ' , . ' ', `
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WO91/14395 _7_ 2 ~ 7 7 PCT/U91/01853 In one embodiment, the dlstal end portion of the wire core is coated with a gold or other radio-opaque plating material, to allow this portion of the wire to be visualized by fluoroscopy. The plating may be applied by S electroplating, sputtering, or other metal plating methods. The thickness of the plating is preferably between about 0.2 to 0.5 mils.
The distal region of the wire core, i.e., at least about a 3-cm distal end section of the core, is encased in an elongate polymeric sleeve 44. The length of the sleeve is preferably about 3-25 cm, and the wall thickness is preferably between about 2-l0 mils.
The material forming the sleeve includes at least an inner or outer sleeve portion which is relatively non-elastic under axial compression or extension.
Preferred polymers include Teflon~, a high-density polyolefin (e.g., polyethylene), or polyurethane which can be bonded or otherwise tightly affixed to the core wire, and which itself has a low-friction surface, as is the case for Teflon~, or whose surface can be coated wi.th a low-friction surface. Other suitable coatings include virtually any polymer having exposed hydrogens, such as polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, latex or silicone rubber, polystyrene, and a surface coating formed of a highly hydrophilic, low-friction polymer such as polyvinylpy.rrolidone,polyethyleneoxide, or polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate or copolymers thereof.
The sleeve can be formed conventionally, such as `~
by extrusion, or molding, dip coating. In the former 30 case, the extruded sleeve can be attached to the wire core .~
by friction fit, adhesives, or heat-shrinkage. In the ~ :
case of a molded sleeve, the polymer material is ~
preferably molded directly on the distal end region of the -wire core. The sleeve-encased portion of the wire may be surface roughened, such as by chemical treatment, prior to molding. Forming the sleeve by dip coating is done by :
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., : : . , -W~91/14395 ~0`~ -8- PCT/US91/01853 successive dipping of the core distal region in a suitable polymer solution, according to conventional methods of polymer coat build-up. As will be seen below, the sleeve may be composed of two or more different polymer materials which differ in flexibility along either the axis or radial dimension of the sle~ve.
With continued reference to Figure 2, sleeve 44 has a helical groove 46 (referred ~o hereinbelow as axially spaced grooves or groove means) extending along a major portion of its length. The grooves, which can be formed according to the method described below with reference to Figure 8, have a uniform depth and helical pitch substantially along the length of the sleeve. The depth of the grooves is preferably at least about 50 percent of the a~erage radial dimension of the sIeeve.
The pitch of the groove is preferably about 5-50 mils.
The width of the grooves is preferably about 10-40~ of the width of the pitch, e.g., 2-10 mils. The grooves in the sleeve form helical strands or windings 48 which are formed integrally with and encircle an inner portion 49 of the sleeve. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, the groove is formed by cutting with a blade, as described in Section B below.
The g1~idewire is provided with a pair of radio-opaque bands 45, 47 located adjacent opposite ends of the sleeve, as shown, for use in visualizing the guidewire fluoroscopically (if the distal section of the wire core is not plated with a raclio-opaque material). ~
The sleeve portion of the bands is formed of gold, -platinum or the like and clamped to the guidewire.
Figure 3 shows the distal end region of the Figure 2 wire in a bent configuration, illustrating how the helical groov~s in the sleeve contribute to greater flexibility in the distal end of the guidewire. It is known that the force required for bending a tube is related to the wall thickness of the ~ube, the tube's . ', , ', .. , : ': , : , . : ~ : . -.. , . . , - - , .
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Also as seen in Figure 3, when the guidewire is in a bent condition, the helical windings on the inner side of the bending arc are brought into contact with one another, and at a suf f icient bending angle, become ~`~
compressed against one another. This contact and compression increases the effective cross sectional thickness and resistance to axial compression in the guidewire, thus incrPasing the column strength of the guidewire in the region of the bend.
Also, the radial sliding movement of the -windings under compression, noted above, relieves localized compression in the region of the turn, and thus ~ :
reduces the tendency of the wire to buckle under axial compression in a region of sharp turn.
Figure 4 shows an enlarged, partially cross sectional view of the distal end region of a guidewire 50 constructed according to another embodiment of the invention. The wire core and polymer sleeve forming the distal end portion of the guidewire are indicated at 52, ;
54, respectively. The invention differs from the Figure 2 embodiment in two respects. First, the sleeve, when placed on the tapered portion of the wire core, has a substantially uniform diametex along its length, corresponding approximately ~o the outer diameter of the . ~ ~ ~; .: : :, . , : . . .
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WO~1/1439s ''J -10- PCT/US91/01853 core wire. The sleeve can be formed, for example, by molding the sleeve on the tapered end section of the wire core, or by dip coating to produce progressively greater sleeve thic~ness on progressing toward the distal end of the sleeve.
Secondly, the groove means in the sleeve includes a plurality of axially spaced circumferential grooves, such as grooves 56 extending through an outer portion 58 of the sleeve, with increasing groove depth on progressing toward the distal end of the sleeve. As seen, the depth of the grooves is such as to define a substantially uniform-thickness inner portion 60 extending along the length of the sleeve, in contact with the tapered portion of the core. The depth of the grooves increases from about 10~ to about 80~ of the radial thickness of the sleeve, on progressing distally. The axial spacing between grooves is similar to the pitch of -the helical groove in the Figure 2 embodiment.
The grooves form a plurality of axially spaced ;
rings, such as rings 62, with uniform outer diameters and decreasing inner diameters progressing distally along the ~ ~ `
sleeve. The grooves may be formed, for example, by the ~ ;
method described below with reference to Figure 10. The -functioning of the rings to produce flexibility along the length of the distal portion of the guidewire, and reduce the tendency of the wire to buckle is substantially as ::, described with reference to Figure 3. In particular, the :
relatively deeper grooves in the sleeve in the distal direction provide a small, substantially uniform effective wall thickness along the outer arc of the entire sleeve length on bending.
It will be appreciated that the guidewire construction shown in Figure 4 provides greater column strength than the Figure 2 construction on bending, due to the greater effective thickness of the sleeve in a bent condition in which the rings of the sleeve are in contact .. , . : . :. . : .: ."
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and are compressed against one another along the inner arc of the tuxn.
Guidewire 50, as well as th0 guidewires illustrated in Figures 5-7, are provided with radio-opaque bands, such as bands 55, 57 shown in Figure 4.
Figure 5 shows an embodiment of a guidewire 64 constructed according to a third embodiment of the invention. Guidewire 64 differs ~rom guidewire 36 shown in Figure 2 in that the sleeve, here indicated at 66, is composed of an inner, elastomeric tube 68, and an outer, relatively non-elastic tube 70 encasing the inner tube.
The two tubes may be formed togsther by fusing them chemically or by heat, by an adhesive, or by heat shrinking the outer tube over the inner one. Typically the inner tube is formed of latex or other flexible elastomer, and the outer tube, of polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, or Teflon~. ~
The groove means formed in sleeve 66 includes ~ ;
axially spaced circumferential grooves 72 which extend through outer tube 70 only. Preferably the width of the grooves is sufficiently small, e.g., less than about a mil, so that the rings formed by the grooves in the outer portion of the sleeve are in contact with one another in -the straight condition of the wire.
The column flexibility of the distal end portion of the wire is provided by the elastomeric inner sleeve portion, which allows the relatively incompressible rings formed in the outer slseve portion to spread apart in the outer arc of a bend. That is, the resistance to bending contributed by the sleeve is the resistance of the elastomeric sleeve itself to bending plus the distortion ~ -in the elastomeric sleeve produced by the spreading apart of the rings in ths outer arc of the bend. It can be appreciated that this resistance can be made quite small.
At the same time, the stacking of the rings against one another, either in a straight- or bent-wire W09l/l4395 ~ 12- PCT/VS91/~18S3 confi~ù~ation adds significantly to the column strength of the wire's distal end region, since compressing the rings in an axial direction requires an axial distortion along the entire length of the sleeve.
Another embodimen~ of the invention is shown at 74 in Figure 6. Here the guidewire sleeve, indicated at 76, is composed of a proximal sleeve section 78 formed of ' a polymer having a selected flexibility, and a distal sleeve section 79 formed of a more flexible polymer material. By way of example, the proximal and distal sections may be formed of high- and low-density poly- ~
ethylene, respectively. ~ -The groove means formed in sleeve 76 includes a series of axial grooves, such as grooves 80 in the 15 proximal sleeve section, and grooves 82 formed in the ;~
distal sleeve section. As seen, the latter grooves have increasing axial widths on progressing dis~ally, allowing ~ -increasing flexibility through this section of the guide- -~
wire. This feature is gained at the expense of reduced column strength in the distal section, since the rings formed by the grooves do not support column compression except when the guidewire is bent to bring the rings into contact at the inner arc of the bend. This embodiment ~ -further illustrates the ability to selectively vary flexi-25 bility and column s~rength properties along the length of `~
the distal region of the guidewire by varying (a) flexibi-lity of the material forming the sleeve, (b) thickness of the sleeve, and (c) depth and width of th~a grooves formed in the sleeve.
Figure 7 shows a guidewire 84 formed in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, and composed of a wire-core 86 and a sleeve 88. The groove means in the sleeve includes a plurality of axially spaced grooves, such as grooves 90, which (a) extend about only a ;~-;
portion of the sleeve cir~umference, (b) are axially misaligned, so that the circumference of the sleeve is not ~. : : . . . . - : .:. ~ ::
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WO91/l439~ -13~ l J ~ .;F~VS91/01853 continuously cut at any axial location, and (c) extend a selected depth through the sleeve, and may be through the entire thickness of the sleeve.
The grooves in the guidewire increase the flexi-bility of the distal end region for the reasons discussed.
At the same time, the continuity of sleeve material in an axial direction, which substantially prevents stretching or compression of the sleeve, adds column strength to the wire core.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is shown at 92 in Figure 8. A sleeve 94 in this embodiment has inner-surfacegrooves, such as grooves 96, forming a series of inner, axially spaced rinss, such as rings 97, which are attached to the wire core, indicated at 98, as by adhesives. The sleeve may be prepared for example by forming an extruded tube about a threaded mandrel, and 'unwinding" the mandrel from the tube after hardening.
When the sleeve portion of the guide wire is bent, the inner rings of the sleeve accommodate bending by localized deformation due to compression or stretching in a radial direction. This has the effect of reducing the effective bending modulus of the sleeve by reducing the thickness of the sleeve which undergoes bending. At the same time, the ungrooved outer po:rtion of the sleeve 25 contributes to the column strength of the wire in both a ~ ~
straight or bent-wire configuration. ~ :
In e~ch of the guidewires described above, the polymer sleeve encasing the wire core includes a sleeve which has (a) a continuous or unbroken polymer expanse, 30 and (b) axially spaced grooves which ~re effective to -~
increase the bending flexibility of the sleeve. The ;
continuous polymer expanse in the Figure 2-6 embodiments is the inner, unsrooved sleeve portion which forms a continuous expanse in contact with the wire core; in the ~' Figure 7 embodiment, the ungrooved portion of the sleeve;
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WO91~1~39~ 14- PCT/VS91/01853 and in the Figure 8 embodiment, the outer, ungrooved portion of the sleeve.
In each embodiment, the continuous polymer expanse provides a relatively incompressible expanse 5 effective to increase the column strength of the encased ~`
distal end portion of the wire core (Figures 2, 4, and 6-8), or a flexible substrate on which a relatively incompressible grooved portion of the sleeve i5 mounted, for producing the requisite column strength (Figure 5).
B. Guidewire Method '- -In another aspect the invention includes a ;~ !
method of increasing the column strength in the tapered, ~ ~`
reduced diameter distal end section of a catheter guide-wire wire core. The method includes encasing the distal end section of the core in a polymeric sleeve having (a) a substantially continuous planar expanse along its length, and (b) axially spaced grooves disposed along the length of the sleeve for increasing the bending flexibility of 20 the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially ~
any bending direction, substantially along the length of ~ -the sleeve, over the bending flexibility in the absence of ~-~
the grooves.
A variety o~ polymer sleeves suitable for use in practicing the invention have been described in Section A
above. The sleeve may be secured to a wire core~s distal end region by adhesives, heat shrinking the slee~e on the wire core, or by chemical bonding to a chemically treated ~-core coated surface. Alternatively, the sleeve may be ;
formed on the wire core by dip coating.
The grooves in the sleeve may be formed before or after attachment of the sleeve to the core wire. In a generally preferred method, the sleeve is attached to the core prior to grooving the sleeve.
Figure 9 illustrates, in schematic view, a method for forming a helical groove in a sleeve lO0 ~ ;
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:,, , ,:; . : '............... , ' ,', '' .' ' ' . ' ' ' ' '., :' ': ' WO91/14395 -15~ 7 !~ PCT/US9t/01853 encasing a wire core 102. ~ machine having a pair of motor-driven chucks which are (a) rotated synchronously, and (b) biased under tension away from one another (in the direction of arrows 105, 107) is suitable for use in the Figure 9 method. The opposite ends of the distal end section of the wire core are supported in the chucks, under tension, and the chuclcs arerotated at a selected rotational speed, preferably between about 10 and 50 rpm.
The direction of rotation is indicated by arrow 106 in the figure.
The sleeve is grooved by a blade 108 which can be positioned (in the direction of arrow 112) a selected distance from the guidewire to a desired depth of cut in ~;
the sleeve~ The blade, which is also referred to as a cutting tool, is mounted on a carriage 114 for shifting at a selected speed along the axis of the guidewire, as the wire is rotated. The speed of shifting (in the direction of arrow 116) is adjusted to achieve a desired helical pitch in the sleeve. The method of forming a helical groove in a sleeve is suitable for forming the guidewire illustrated in Figure 2.
If a sleeve 119 with an outer portion having axially spaced circumferential grooves of constant depth `~
formed in the sleeve, a cutting configuration like that shown in Figure 10 can be used. The distal end section of a guide wire is supported in synchronously rotating chucks, as described above. A multiple-blade cutting tool 118 having a plurality of blades, such as blades 120, is mounted adjacent the rotating guidewire for shifting in the direction of arrow 122 to a selected cutting depth in the guide wire sleeve. The cutting tool is preferably moved toward the rotating wire incrementally, such that the maximum groove depth is reached only after several guidewire revolutions. The spacing between adjacent blades is adjusted to produce a desired spacing between adjacent grooves in the sleeve.
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A method of forming an outer sleeve portion having a bellows-like construction is illustrated in `
Figure 11. The figure shows the extrusion tip 126 of a polymer-tube extrusion device 128 having an annulus 130 through which polymer material is extruded ln molten form.
The tip is modified, in accordance with the present ~-application, to include an oscillatory element 132 which oscillates in the direction of arrow 134 as the polymer material is extruded. This oscillation causes extruded material to be alternately and repeatedly comprassed and extended, forming the accordion-like surface feature of the tube which is indicated in the figure. After the tube is formed, it is cut into sections and attached ~o a guidewire core, e.g., by heat shrinking. ~-From the foregoing it can be seen how the various objectives of the present invention can be met.
The polymeric expanse in the sleeve is effective to give the tapered wire core region of the guidewire added column -~
strength for advancing the wire through a tortuous path vessel region. When the sleeve is bent, compression of the rings or windings in the sleeve provides continued column strength. -The grooves in the sleeve significantly reduce the bending force required to form sharp bends in the distal region of the wire, by (a) effectively reducing the outer diameter of the sleeve on the outer arc of the turn, and (b) accommodating compression on the inner arc of the turn by radial sliding movement. The tendency of the guidewire to buckle in a region of sharp turn is also reduced by the shifting the windings or turns in the inner arc of the turn to reduce localized compression in the sleeve.
The guidewire can be readily formed from inexpensive polymer tube materials, and the composition of the polymer and groove pattern, depth, and axial width can be selected to achieve desired bending and column strength :; . . . ....... . - ~ . ,,: . ~ ~ , : , , . :
, . , , WO~1/143~5 -17- ,'~ J~ (3P~T/us9l/ol853 properties along the length of the sleeve portion of the guidewire.
The distal end region of the guidewire can be adapted readily for visualization, e.g., in a fluoroscopic procedure, by radio-opaque bands adjacent opposite ends of the guidewire sleeve.
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Claims (18)
1. A guidewire for use with a catheter or the like comprising an elongate wire core having a proximal section and a flexible distal end section which is at least about 3 cm long, and encasing said distal end section, an elongate polymeric sleeve having (a) a substantially continuous planar expanse along its length, and (b) groove means along the length of the sleeve for increasing the bending flexibility of the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially any bending direction, substantially along the length of the distal end section, over the bending flexibility in the absence of said groove means.
2. The guidewire of claim 1, wherein the proximal section of said core has a substantially constant diameter of between about 8-30 mils, and said distal end segment has a reduced, tapered diameter which, at the wire's distal end, is between about 1-5 mils.
3. The guidewire of claim 1, wherein said poly-meric sleeve is formed of a polymer selected from the group consisting of TeflonTM, polyurethane, or polyethylene.
4. The guidewire of claim 1, wherein said sleeve includes inner and outer sleeve portions which are formed of polymer materials having different flexibilities.
5. The guidewire of claim 4, wherein said inner sleeve portion is formed of low-density polyethylene, and said outer sleeve portion, of TeflonTM or polyurethane.
6. The guidewire of claim 1, wherein said sleeve includes inner and outer sleeve portions, and said groove means is formed in the outer sleeve portion.
7. The guidewire of claim 6, wherein said groove means includes axially spaced circumferential grooves which form a series of axially spaced rings in said outer sleeve portion.
8. The guidewire of claim 6, wherein said inner sleeve portion is formed of an elastomeric material, and said outer grooved portion of the sleeve is formed of a relatively incompressible polymer material.
9. The guidewire of claim 1, wherein said groove means provides greater flexibility on progressing toward the distal end of the sleeve.
10. The guidewire of claim 9, wherein said groove means includes a series of axially spaced grooves which have a greater radial depth on progressing toward the distal end of the wire.
11. The guidewire of claim 9, wherein the poly-mer material forming the polymeric sleeve has a greater flexibility on progressing from the proximal to the distal end of the sleeve.
12. The guidewire of claim 11, wherein said sleeve includes a proximal section formed of a relatively less flexible polymer material, and a distal section formed of a relatively more flexible polymer material.
13. The guidewire of claim 1, wherein the distal end section of said core is plated with a radio-opaque material.
14. A method of increasing the column strength in the tapered, reduced diameter distal end section of a catheter guidewire wire core, comprising encasing said end section in an elongate poly-meric sleeve having (a) a substantially continuous planar expanse along its length, and (b) axially spaced grooves formed along the length of the sleeve for increasing the bending flexibility of the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially any bending direction, substantially along the length of the distal end section, over the bending flexibility in the absence of said groove means.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein said grooves are formed to a depth of more than half the wall thickness of said sleeve.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein said sleeve has a inner sleeve portion formed of a relatively soft polymer material, and an outer sleeve portion formed of a relatively rigid polymer material, and said grooves are formed in said outer portion.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the sleeve has a bellows-like construction formed by extruding a polymerictube under conditions of axial oscillation which produces regular and repeated bunching in the extruded tube material.
18. Catheter apparatus comprising a guidewire having (i) an elongate wire having a proximal section and a flexible distal end section which is at least about 3 cm long, and (ii) encasing said distal end section, an elongate polymeric sleeve having (a) a substantially continuous planar expanse along its length, and (b) groove means along the length of the sleeve for increasing the bending flexibility of the sleeve and encased distal end section in substantially any bending direction, substantially along the length of the distal end section, over the bending flexibility in the absence of said groove means.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/495,567 US5095915A (en) | 1990-03-19 | 1990-03-19 | Guidewire with flexible distal tip |
| US495,567 | 1990-03-19 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2077558A1 true CA2077558A1 (en) | 1991-09-20 |
Family
ID=23969134
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002077558A Abandoned CA2077558A1 (en) | 1990-03-19 | 1991-03-19 | Guidewire with flexible distal tip |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5095915A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0521091A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH05507857A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU651094B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2077558A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1991014395A1 (en) |
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- 1990-03-19 US US07/495,567 patent/US5095915A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1991
- 1991-03-19 EP EP19910907117 patent/EP0521091A4/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-03-19 WO PCT/US1991/001853 patent/WO1991014395A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-03-19 AU AU75618/91A patent/AU651094B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-03-19 CA CA002077558A patent/CA2077558A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-03-19 JP JP91506624A patent/JPH05507857A/en active Pending
-
1994
- 1994-12-16 US US08/357,975 patent/US5599492A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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|---|---|
| US5095915A (en) | 1992-03-17 |
| WO1991014395A1 (en) | 1991-10-03 |
| EP0521091A1 (en) | 1993-01-07 |
| JPH05507857A (en) | 1993-11-11 |
| EP0521091A4 (en) | 1993-06-30 |
| AU7561891A (en) | 1991-10-21 |
| US5599492A (en) | 1997-02-04 |
| AU651094B2 (en) | 1994-07-14 |
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