CA2082319C - Optical signal equalizer for wavelength division multiplexed optical fiber systems - Google Patents
Optical signal equalizer for wavelength division multiplexed optical fiber systems Download PDFInfo
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- CA2082319C CA2082319C CA002082319A CA2082319A CA2082319C CA 2082319 C CA2082319 C CA 2082319C CA 002082319 A CA002082319 A CA 002082319A CA 2082319 A CA2082319 A CA 2082319A CA 2082319 C CA2082319 C CA 2082319C
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/25073—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion using spectral equalisation, e.g. spectral filtering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0221—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant
Abstract
This invention disclosure describes the application of a polarization insensitive acoustically-tuned optical filter used in a multichannel WDM system to equalize variations in the power level of the WDM channels. The invention also describes a simple means for providing a low frequency control system which enables the equalizer to determine the signal levels of N optical carriers prior to equalizing the signals.
Description
~~a~~~
OPTICAL SIGNAL EQUALIZER FOR__WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXED OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEMS
The present invention relates to equalization of wavelength-dependent optical signals, and more particularly to equalization of wavelength-dependent optical signals using a polarization-independent acoustically tuned optical filter.
It is known that long optical fiber transmission links for telecommunications can be built using cascaded chains of optical amplifiers. Erbium doped optical fiber amplifiers are particularly well-suited for implementing these long distance transmission systems due to their excellent performance characteristics and ease of fabrication.
However, multiplexed optical signals utilizing wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems and erbium doped optical amplifiers exhibit a variation in signal 20gain that is a function of the individual wavelengths.
Moreover, utilizing cascaded optical amplifiers to compensate for attenuation over the transmission link only exaggerates the variation in signal gain for the separate wavelengths. For example, a 10 channel WDM system with a 1 nm channel spacing could easily have a gain variation over the 10 nm signal band of from 1 to 3 dB after amplification. The total gain variation is increased by the product of the number of cascaded amplifiers, and thus will certainly be much larger. While a 1 to 3 dB gain 30variation may be acceptable for short amplifier chains, with 10 or more cascaded amplifiers the resulting 10 to 30 dB gain variation is not likely to be acceptable.
Large variation in component signal levels of a multiplexed signal over the wavelength spectrum complicates the design and performance of optical receivers and detectors, and thus it i~; advantageous to equalize variation in signal level for any wavelength-dependent elements in the optical transmission path, particularly wavelength-dependent gain due to amplification.
Large variation in component signal levels of a multiplexed signal over the wavelength spectrum complicates the design and perforimance of optical receivers and detectors, and thus it is advantageous to equalize variation in signal level for any wavelength-dependent elements in the optical transmission path, particularly wavelength-dependent gain due to amplification.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly it is a primary object of this invention to obviate the above noted and other disadvantages of the prior art.
It is a further object of this invention to control the optical signal level of a optical signal composed of a plurality of differing wavelengths.
It is a yet further object of this invention to provide .for uniform wavelength amplification of an optical signal composed of a plurality of differing wavelengths.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide for automatic adjustment of an optical signal composed of multiple wavelengths.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above and other objects and advantages are achieved in one aspect of the invention by including a polarization-independent acoustically tuned optical filter (PIATOF) after a set of cascaded optical amplifiers to produce a uniform signal level for each associated wavelength of the input optical signals.
Multiple optical signals at differing wavelengths are combined by a wavelength division multiplexor and passed through a series of optical amplifiers. The output signal from the cascaded amplifiers is input to a PIATOF. A PIATOF is a two port output device, and the output of port one of the PIATOF= is tapped and the tapped signal is supplied to a demultiplexer to separate the input signal according to -2a-wavelength. The resultant output signals of the demulti~>lexer are input to a control circuitry. The control circuitry compares the out-put signal levels of the PIATOF for each wavelength and determines a proper RF power signal to be input at the control electrode of the PIATOF so that the signal level for each wavelength of the output signal at port one of the PIATOF is uniform after the amplification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1. is an illustration of a fiber optic communication link including a DFB
laser and an optical amplifier.
FIG 2. is an illustration of a fiber optic communication system in accordance with the instant invention and including multiple light sources emitting different wavelengths with a polarization independent acoustically-tuned optical filter for equalizing the output signal of an amplifier:
vJ ~;
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein a plurality of digital signals are combined with a low frequency reference carrier, amplified, and input to a polarization independent acoustically-tuned optical filter which equalizes the signal level of the individual signals.
Referring now to FIG. l, wherein is depicted an optical fiber 110 coupled to a lightwave source 120 such as a DEB laser with optical intensity L at wavelength ~.
Optical Fiber 110 is coupled to an optical amplifier 130, resulting in an optical gain and an output optical intensity of LA. The gain, K = LA/L, of optical amplifier 130 is a function of the wavelength ~ of the input lightwave. Thus if multiple wavelengths are combined in an input lightwave source and amplified, the gain for each wavelength after amplification will not be uniform, but rather dependent on the input wavelength.
Referring now to FIG. 2, wherein one embodiment of the instant invention is depicted. N lightwave sources 210 transmit separate lightwaves with wavelengths Vii, i=1,...,n, which are input to a wavelength division multiplexor 220 (WDM). The signals are combined in WDM 220 and transmitted on fiber optic cable 110 to optical amplifier 130. The optical input signal to amplifier 130 is designated as Lin, and as stated above is the combination of the individual lightwaves at wavelengths a.. After amplification by amplifier 130, the resultant i optical signal Lout' which is the sum of 'the individual amplified lightwaves at wavelengths ai does not exemplify a uniform optical signal at the individual wavelengths.
The output signal Lout is tapped at tap 230 and a portion of Lout is input into a 1xN demultiplexer 240 to isolate each separate lightwave at wavelength Vii. The intensity of the optical signal from the output of the demultiplexer is designated as Li for each wavelength ai. The untapped optical signal is input into a polarization independent acoustically-tuned optical filter 250 (PIATOF) which functions as a multi-channel splitter and equalizer.
Polarization independent acoustically-tuned optical filters using wavelength division multiplexing are described by D.A. Smith et al. in, "Integrated-optic Acoustically Tunable Filters for WDM Networks" IEEE JSAC, vol. 8, pgs. 1151-1159, 1990, and D.A. Smith et al. in "Integrated-optic Acoustically-Tunable Filters:. Devices and Applications"; Optical Fiber Conference (OFC'91), San Diego, February 18-22, 1991, p. 142, Pi.ATOF 250 has~one input port, two output ports; and a control electrode for determining the distribution of the input optical signal between the two ports. For the N
WDM (3~1'~2' " ...an) wavelengths of Lout which are input to the PIATOF 250, each of the signals can be directed to either of the two output ports by applying an RF signal.at frequency) to the control electrode of the PIATOF. The frequency fi is the corresponding frequency for wavelength ai. After applying RF power Pi at frequency fi, all the optical signal .on channel i at wavelength a appears at port 2 of the PIATOF. Power Pi is determined empirically as it depends on construction of the PIATOF. ApplyingwRE
power XiPi at frequency' fi, the optical. signal levels corresponding to an initial, lightwave intensity Li appear at the respective ports of the PIATOF.
OUTPIATOF1= Licos2(JXi~r/2) OUTPIATOF2= Lisin2(dXi~r/2) Accordingly the optical signal level appearing at port 1 can be independently controlled by applying a specified set of Rf power levels determined by a set of parameters n r~ 4) 91-3-034 -5- ~. ~ ~_~ ~ i~ _~. .~1 (X1 " " ,Xn) at frequencies fl corresponding to the wavelengths al.
Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, PIATOF 250 is used as a means for equalizing the power levels of the optical signals resulting from amplifier 130. After signal Lout is demultiplexed into the signals Li, each signal Li is input to a bank of n photodetectors 260 to determine the signal levels of the Li and is input to Control System 280 to compare the respective levels. Control System 280 determines the coefficients Xi for the respective wavelengths ~i so as to equalize the output signal from PIATOF 250. RF power XiPi at frequency fl for each i=1,...,n is combined and input to the PIATOF on the control port of the device. The resultant output of the PIATOF displays a uniform signal for each wavelength al.
A further embodiment of the instant invention is shown in FIG. 3. Multiple transmitting DFB lasers 310 carrying conventional digital data (D1,....,DN) are modulated by low frequency control signals (wi=lk to 10k) with a small modulation depth from m=.O1 to .05. Each transmitting laser 310 is modulated by a separate control frequency (wl,....,wN). After combining the modulated input signals at WDM multiplexor 320, the combined signal is passed through a series of fiber amplifiers 330. After the cascaded amplifiers 330, a PIATOF 340 is installed in the transmission path. A lOdB optical tap 345 is installed on output one of the PIATOF, and the tapped optical signal is provided to a single photodiode at photodetector 350. Photodetector 350 converts the tapped optical signal to an electrical signal, and demodulation circuitry 360 demultiplexes the signal into the signals Ci at the input frequencies wi. Each signal Ci is input to Control System 370 to compare. the respective levels.
Control System 370 determines the coefficients Xi for the respective frequencies wi so as to equalize the output signal from the PIATOF 340. Applying RF power XiPi at RF
source 390 at frequency wi for each i=1,...,n, the signals are combined and input to the PIATOF at the control port of the device. Each signal at the output port one of the PIATOF is attenuated by the factor cos2(dXim/2). By adjusting the coefficient Xi for frequency wi of the RF power at the control port, the output signal is equalized. Control circuitry 370 continuously monitors the modulated signal at the frequencies (wl,....,wN) providing dynamic equalization of gain/loss due to elements in the network.
While there has been shown and described what is at present considered the preferred embodiment of the invention it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit, and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
OPTICAL SIGNAL EQUALIZER FOR__WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXED OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEMS
The present invention relates to equalization of wavelength-dependent optical signals, and more particularly to equalization of wavelength-dependent optical signals using a polarization-independent acoustically tuned optical filter.
It is known that long optical fiber transmission links for telecommunications can be built using cascaded chains of optical amplifiers. Erbium doped optical fiber amplifiers are particularly well-suited for implementing these long distance transmission systems due to their excellent performance characteristics and ease of fabrication.
However, multiplexed optical signals utilizing wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems and erbium doped optical amplifiers exhibit a variation in signal 20gain that is a function of the individual wavelengths.
Moreover, utilizing cascaded optical amplifiers to compensate for attenuation over the transmission link only exaggerates the variation in signal gain for the separate wavelengths. For example, a 10 channel WDM system with a 1 nm channel spacing could easily have a gain variation over the 10 nm signal band of from 1 to 3 dB after amplification. The total gain variation is increased by the product of the number of cascaded amplifiers, and thus will certainly be much larger. While a 1 to 3 dB gain 30variation may be acceptable for short amplifier chains, with 10 or more cascaded amplifiers the resulting 10 to 30 dB gain variation is not likely to be acceptable.
Large variation in component signal levels of a multiplexed signal over the wavelength spectrum complicates the design and performance of optical receivers and detectors, and thus it i~; advantageous to equalize variation in signal level for any wavelength-dependent elements in the optical transmission path, particularly wavelength-dependent gain due to amplification.
Large variation in component signal levels of a multiplexed signal over the wavelength spectrum complicates the design and perforimance of optical receivers and detectors, and thus it is advantageous to equalize variation in signal level for any wavelength-dependent elements in the optical transmission path, particularly wavelength-dependent gain due to amplification.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly it is a primary object of this invention to obviate the above noted and other disadvantages of the prior art.
It is a further object of this invention to control the optical signal level of a optical signal composed of a plurality of differing wavelengths.
It is a yet further object of this invention to provide .for uniform wavelength amplification of an optical signal composed of a plurality of differing wavelengths.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide for automatic adjustment of an optical signal composed of multiple wavelengths.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above and other objects and advantages are achieved in one aspect of the invention by including a polarization-independent acoustically tuned optical filter (PIATOF) after a set of cascaded optical amplifiers to produce a uniform signal level for each associated wavelength of the input optical signals.
Multiple optical signals at differing wavelengths are combined by a wavelength division multiplexor and passed through a series of optical amplifiers. The output signal from the cascaded amplifiers is input to a PIATOF. A PIATOF is a two port output device, and the output of port one of the PIATOF= is tapped and the tapped signal is supplied to a demultiplexer to separate the input signal according to -2a-wavelength. The resultant output signals of the demulti~>lexer are input to a control circuitry. The control circuitry compares the out-put signal levels of the PIATOF for each wavelength and determines a proper RF power signal to be input at the control electrode of the PIATOF so that the signal level for each wavelength of the output signal at port one of the PIATOF is uniform after the amplification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1. is an illustration of a fiber optic communication link including a DFB
laser and an optical amplifier.
FIG 2. is an illustration of a fiber optic communication system in accordance with the instant invention and including multiple light sources emitting different wavelengths with a polarization independent acoustically-tuned optical filter for equalizing the output signal of an amplifier:
vJ ~;
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein a plurality of digital signals are combined with a low frequency reference carrier, amplified, and input to a polarization independent acoustically-tuned optical filter which equalizes the signal level of the individual signals.
Referring now to FIG. l, wherein is depicted an optical fiber 110 coupled to a lightwave source 120 such as a DEB laser with optical intensity L at wavelength ~.
Optical Fiber 110 is coupled to an optical amplifier 130, resulting in an optical gain and an output optical intensity of LA. The gain, K = LA/L, of optical amplifier 130 is a function of the wavelength ~ of the input lightwave. Thus if multiple wavelengths are combined in an input lightwave source and amplified, the gain for each wavelength after amplification will not be uniform, but rather dependent on the input wavelength.
Referring now to FIG. 2, wherein one embodiment of the instant invention is depicted. N lightwave sources 210 transmit separate lightwaves with wavelengths Vii, i=1,...,n, which are input to a wavelength division multiplexor 220 (WDM). The signals are combined in WDM 220 and transmitted on fiber optic cable 110 to optical amplifier 130. The optical input signal to amplifier 130 is designated as Lin, and as stated above is the combination of the individual lightwaves at wavelengths a.. After amplification by amplifier 130, the resultant i optical signal Lout' which is the sum of 'the individual amplified lightwaves at wavelengths ai does not exemplify a uniform optical signal at the individual wavelengths.
The output signal Lout is tapped at tap 230 and a portion of Lout is input into a 1xN demultiplexer 240 to isolate each separate lightwave at wavelength Vii. The intensity of the optical signal from the output of the demultiplexer is designated as Li for each wavelength ai. The untapped optical signal is input into a polarization independent acoustically-tuned optical filter 250 (PIATOF) which functions as a multi-channel splitter and equalizer.
Polarization independent acoustically-tuned optical filters using wavelength division multiplexing are described by D.A. Smith et al. in, "Integrated-optic Acoustically Tunable Filters for WDM Networks" IEEE JSAC, vol. 8, pgs. 1151-1159, 1990, and D.A. Smith et al. in "Integrated-optic Acoustically-Tunable Filters:. Devices and Applications"; Optical Fiber Conference (OFC'91), San Diego, February 18-22, 1991, p. 142, Pi.ATOF 250 has~one input port, two output ports; and a control electrode for determining the distribution of the input optical signal between the two ports. For the N
WDM (3~1'~2' " ...an) wavelengths of Lout which are input to the PIATOF 250, each of the signals can be directed to either of the two output ports by applying an RF signal.at frequency) to the control electrode of the PIATOF. The frequency fi is the corresponding frequency for wavelength ai. After applying RF power Pi at frequency fi, all the optical signal .on channel i at wavelength a appears at port 2 of the PIATOF. Power Pi is determined empirically as it depends on construction of the PIATOF. ApplyingwRE
power XiPi at frequency' fi, the optical. signal levels corresponding to an initial, lightwave intensity Li appear at the respective ports of the PIATOF.
OUTPIATOF1= Licos2(JXi~r/2) OUTPIATOF2= Lisin2(dXi~r/2) Accordingly the optical signal level appearing at port 1 can be independently controlled by applying a specified set of Rf power levels determined by a set of parameters n r~ 4) 91-3-034 -5- ~. ~ ~_~ ~ i~ _~. .~1 (X1 " " ,Xn) at frequencies fl corresponding to the wavelengths al.
Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, PIATOF 250 is used as a means for equalizing the power levels of the optical signals resulting from amplifier 130. After signal Lout is demultiplexed into the signals Li, each signal Li is input to a bank of n photodetectors 260 to determine the signal levels of the Li and is input to Control System 280 to compare the respective levels. Control System 280 determines the coefficients Xi for the respective wavelengths ~i so as to equalize the output signal from PIATOF 250. RF power XiPi at frequency fl for each i=1,...,n is combined and input to the PIATOF on the control port of the device. The resultant output of the PIATOF displays a uniform signal for each wavelength al.
A further embodiment of the instant invention is shown in FIG. 3. Multiple transmitting DFB lasers 310 carrying conventional digital data (D1,....,DN) are modulated by low frequency control signals (wi=lk to 10k) with a small modulation depth from m=.O1 to .05. Each transmitting laser 310 is modulated by a separate control frequency (wl,....,wN). After combining the modulated input signals at WDM multiplexor 320, the combined signal is passed through a series of fiber amplifiers 330. After the cascaded amplifiers 330, a PIATOF 340 is installed in the transmission path. A lOdB optical tap 345 is installed on output one of the PIATOF, and the tapped optical signal is provided to a single photodiode at photodetector 350. Photodetector 350 converts the tapped optical signal to an electrical signal, and demodulation circuitry 360 demultiplexes the signal into the signals Ci at the input frequencies wi. Each signal Ci is input to Control System 370 to compare. the respective levels.
Control System 370 determines the coefficients Xi for the respective frequencies wi so as to equalize the output signal from the PIATOF 340. Applying RF power XiPi at RF
source 390 at frequency wi for each i=1,...,n, the signals are combined and input to the PIATOF at the control port of the device. Each signal at the output port one of the PIATOF is attenuated by the factor cos2(dXim/2). By adjusting the coefficient Xi for frequency wi of the RF power at the control port, the output signal is equalized. Control circuitry 370 continuously monitors the modulated signal at the frequencies (wl,....,wN) providing dynamic equalization of gain/loss due to elements in the network.
While there has been shown and described what is at present considered the preferred embodiment of the invention it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit, and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. Apparatus in a communication system for controlling the level of a multiplexed optical signal composed of a plurality of amplified optical signals Si where i is a number denoting one of the plurality of optical signals at an individual frequency fi comprising :
tap means for tapping said multiplexed optical signal to produce a tapped multiplexed optical signal; means for converting said tapped multiplexed optical signal to demultiplexed electrical signals;
control means, having an input port for receiving said demultiplexed electrical signals, including a calculation means for calculating coefficient Xi at frequency fi;
filter means having an input port for receiving said input multiplexed optical signal, a first output port for transmitting a first output optical signal, and including a control port means for receiving said control signals;
wherein the filter means responsive to the control signal attenuates the level of one or more of the individual optical signals S at the first output port according to the relation cos2 (.sqroot.X.pi./2).
tap means for tapping said multiplexed optical signal to produce a tapped multiplexed optical signal; means for converting said tapped multiplexed optical signal to demultiplexed electrical signals;
control means, having an input port for receiving said demultiplexed electrical signals, including a calculation means for calculating coefficient Xi at frequency fi;
filter means having an input port for receiving said input multiplexed optical signal, a first output port for transmitting a first output optical signal, and including a control port means for receiving said control signals;
wherein the filter means responsive to the control signal attenuates the level of one or more of the individual optical signals S at the first output port according to the relation cos2 (.sqroot.X.pi./2).
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the filter means is a polarization independent acoustically tuned optical filter.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the control signal of the control port means is a multiplexed signal composed of one. of more or the frequencies corresponding to the wavelengths of the individual optical signals.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the control signal of the control port means is an electrical signal.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the control port means for receiving a control signal is an optical signal.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a second output port for transmitting a second output signal;
wherein the filter means distributes the input optical signal between the first output port and the second output port.
a second output port for transmitting a second output signal;
wherein the filter means distributes the input optical signal between the first output port and the second output port.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the filter means distributes the input optical signals composed of a plurality of optical signals at separate wavelengths at the second output port proportional to sin2 (.sqroot.X.pi./2).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/796,165 | 1991-11-22 | ||
| US07/796,165 US5276543A (en) | 1991-11-22 | 1991-11-22 | Optical signal equalizer for wavelength division multiplexed optical fiber systems |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2082319A1 CA2082319A1 (en) | 1993-05-23 |
| CA2082319C true CA2082319C (en) | 2004-01-20 |
Family
ID=25167493
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002082319A Expired - Lifetime CA2082319C (en) | 1991-11-22 | 1992-11-06 | Optical signal equalizer for wavelength division multiplexed optical fiber systems |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5276543A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0543314B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH05347601A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2082319C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69222829T2 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2532802B1 (en) * | 1982-09-07 | 1986-02-14 | Lignes Telegraph Telephon | INFORMATION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM COMPRISING A DEVICE FOR REGULATING INFORMATION LEVELS |
| US4693547A (en) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-09-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Optically controlled integrated optical switch |
| US4890893A (en) * | 1989-03-02 | 1990-01-02 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Dark fiber switched bandwidth filter |
| JP2540935B2 (en) * | 1989-03-16 | 1996-10-09 | 日本電気株式会社 | Collective polarization control method |
| US4971417A (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1990-11-20 | The Boeing Company | Radiation-hardened optical repeater |
| US5002349A (en) * | 1989-11-29 | 1991-03-26 | Bell Communications Research, Inc. | Integrated acousto-optic filters and switches |
| US5050954A (en) * | 1990-01-12 | 1991-09-24 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Multiport optical devices |
| US5060302A (en) * | 1990-02-28 | 1991-10-22 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Automatic adjustment of optical power output of a plurality of optical transmitters |
-
1991
- 1991-11-22 US US07/796,165 patent/US5276543A/en not_active Ceased
-
1992
- 1992-11-06 CA CA002082319A patent/CA2082319C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-11-16 EP EP92119575A patent/EP0543314B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-11-16 DE DE69222829T patent/DE69222829T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-11-19 JP JP4332216A patent/JPH05347601A/en active Pending
Also Published As
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|---|---|
| EP0543314B1 (en) | 1997-10-22 |
| US5276543A (en) | 1994-01-04 |
| DE69222829T2 (en) | 1998-02-19 |
| EP0543314A2 (en) | 1993-05-26 |
| JPH05347601A (en) | 1993-12-27 |
| EP0543314A3 (en) | 1993-11-03 |
| CA2082319A1 (en) | 1993-05-23 |
| DE69222829D1 (en) | 1997-11-27 |
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