CA2101144A1

CA2101144A1 - Power supply circuit with power factor correction

Info

Publication number: CA2101144A1
Application number: CA002101144A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Louis R. Nerone; David J. Kachmarik
Original assignee: General Electric Co
Current assignee: General Electric Co
Priority date: 1992-08-25
Filing date: 1993-07-22
Publication date: 1994-02-26
Also published as: JP2719096B2; US5408403A; DE69302872T2; EP0585077A1; EP0585077B1; DE69302872D1; JPH06197558A

Abstract

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A power supply circuit for powering a load with bi-directional current comprises means for supplying d.c. power from an a.c. voltage, a series half-bridge converter, and a boost converter. The series half-bridge convener alternately impresses a d.c. bus voltage from a bus conductor across a load circuit first with one polarity and then with the opposite polarity. The series half-bridge converter includes a first switch interposed between the bus conductor and a bridge-switch end of the load circuit; a second switch interposed between ground and the bridge-switch end of the load circuit; and a switching control circuit for alternately switching on the first and second switches. The boost converter comprises a boost capacitor connected between the bus conductor and ground and whose level of charge determines the bus voltage on the bus conductor; a boost inductor for storing energy from the means for supplying d.c. power, the boost inductor being connected by a one-way valve to the boost capacitor for discharging its energy into the boost capacitor; and means for periodically connecting a load end of the boost inductor through a low impedance path to ground, such path including a boost switch. A condensed power supply circuit results from making the second switch of the series half-bridge converter additionally serve as the boost switch. An alternative circuit simplification results from making constant the ratio of on time to switching repetition period of the boost switch.

Description

2 1 01 ~ 4 ~ LD0010466 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT WITH POWER FACI QR CORRECTIQN

FIELD OF T :~1~
The present invention relates to circuits for both powering a load with bi-directional current and improving the power factor of the load.

BACKGROI JND OF THE INVE~IION
A prior art circuit for supplying a load with bi-directional current includes a series half-bridge converter comprising a pair of series-connected switches which are alternately switched on to achieve bi-directional current flow through the load.
In order to improve the power factor of the load, the prior art power supply circuit incorporates a boost converter which receives rec~ ed, or d.c., voltage from a full-wave rectifier, which, in turn, is supplied with a.c. voleage and current. The boost converter generates a voltage boosted above the input d.c. voltage on a capacitor of the boost converter ("the boost capacitor"), which supplies the d.c. bus voltage for powering the mentioned series half-bridge converter. The prior art boost converter includes a dedicated switch ("the boost switch") which repetitively connects an inductor of the boost converter ("the boost inductor") to ground and thereby causes current flow in the such inductor, and hence energy storage in the inductor.
20 The energy stored in the boost inductor is then directed to the boost capacitor, to maintain a desired bus voltage on such capacitor.
In the operation of the prior art boost converter, the ener~ stored in the boost inductor is completely discharged into the boost capacitor prior to the boost switch again connecting the boost inductor to ground.
25 Operation of the boost converter as described, i.e. with complete energy discharge of the boost inductor, is known as operation in the discontinuous mode of energy storage.
The described prior art power supply circuit has been found to 2 1 ~

achieve a typical power factor of about 0.98; it has also been found to result in a total harmonic distortion of the a.c. input current supplied to the full-wave rectifier of less than about 13~o, which distortion arises from the power supply circuit drawing an a.c. current that departs from a perfect 5 sinusoidal waveform.
One drawback of ~he described prior art circuit is that its overall gain typically has a wide variation, especially when powering such loads as a fluorescent lamp whose loading varies considerably in normal operation.
This can cause a large ripple in the voltage applied to the load, with the 10 ratio of actual voltage to r.m.s. voltage exceeding 1.7. It would be desirable if such ratio, known as the crest factor, could be maintained below about 1.7. This would reduce fatigue on a fluorescent lamp load, for instance, that would otherwise shorten lamp life.

OBJECI S AND SUMMARY OF lll~V~I~
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a circuit for powering a load with bi-directional current and providing a high degree of power factor correction.
Another object of the invention is to provide a power supply circuit of the foregoing type that is condensed in relation to the prior art power 20 supply circuit described above, to achieve compactness and economy of the circuit.
In accordance with the invention, a power supply circuit for powering a load with bi-directional curren~ is provided. The circuit comprises means for supplying d.c. power from an a.c. voltage, a series half-bridge converter, 25 and a boost converter. The series half-bridge converter alternately impresses a d.c. bus voltage from a bus conductor across a load circuit first with one polarity and then with the opposite polarity. The series half-bridge converter includes a first switch interposed between said bus conductor and a bridge-switch end of the load circuit; a second switch interposed between 2 ~
L~001 0466 a ground conductor and the bridge-switch end of the load circuit; and a switching control circuit for altemately switching on the first and second switches. The boost converter comprises a boost capacitor connected between the bus and ground conductors and whose level of charge 5 determines the bus voltage on the bus conductor; a boost inductor for storing energy from the means for supplying d.c. power, the boost inductor being connected by a one-way valve to the boost capacitor for discharging its energy into the boost capacitor; and means for periodically connec~ing a load end of the boost inductor through a low impedance path to ~he 10 ground conductor and thereby charging the boost inductor, such path including a boost switch. A condensed power supply circuit results from making the second switch of the series half-bridge converter additionally serve as the boost switch. An alternative circuit simplification results from making constant the ratio of on time to switching repetition period of the boost switch.

BRIEF D~SCRI~ION OF THE DRAWING
The foregoing objects and further advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following specification taken in conjunction with the appended drawing, in which:
Fig. l is a simplified schematic of a prior art circuit for powering a load with bi-directional current.
Figs. 2 and 3 are waveforms for explaining the operation of the prior art circuit of Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is a simpli~led schematic of a condensed circuit for powering a circuit with bi-directional current in accordance with the invention.
Figs. 5-7 and 7A are waveforms for explaining the operation of the circuit of Fig. 4, Fig. 7A being a detail view of a modification taken at bracket 710 in Fig. 7.
Fig. 8 shows waveforrns from a circuit constructed in accordance with 2 ~ 4 LD0010466 the principles of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
To introduce concepts that will assist in understanding the present invention, the prior art circuit of Fig. 1 is first described. Fig. 1 shows a S simplified schematic of a prior art power supply circuit for a load 100, such as a low pressure discharge lamp, e.g., a fluorescent lamp. The prior art power supply circuit uses a full-wave rectifier 102 to recti~ a.c. voltage VAC
supplied from a source 104, to thereby provide a rectified, or d.c., voltage on conductor 106 with respect to a ground, or reference-voltage, conductor `- 10 108. A boost converter 120 of known construction then provides a bus voltage V8 on the upper terminal of a boost capacitor CB. The bus voltage V8 is boosted above the d.c. voltage VIN input to the boost converter, as explained below.
The boosted bus voltage V~ is then applied to the upper switch S~ of 15 a series half-bridge converter 130. Upper switch Sl is alternately switched with lower switch S2, by a switch control circuit 132, to provide bi-directionalcurrent flow through a load circuit such as a resonant circuit 133. Resonant circuit 133 includes a load 100, which is shown by way of illustration as a resistive load characterizing a fluorescent lamp. Load 100 is connected 20 between a node 138 to its right and a node 139 to its left. A resonant capacitor CR is connected in parallel with load 100, and a resonant inductor LR is connected between node 139 to its right and a node 140 to its left, so as to be in series with resonant capacitor CR. Capacitors 134 and 136 maintain the voltage at their common node 138 at one-half the bus voltage, 25 or VB/2.
To provide bi-directional current to resonant circuit 133, switch S~ is momentarily turned on (i.e., made to conduct) and switch S2 turned off, so that the voltage VB/2 (i.e. VB - V8 /2 on node 138) is impressed across resonant circuit 133 from a node 140 on its left to a node 138 on its right.

210 L 1 A~ ~ LD0010466 Then, switch S2 is momentarily turned on and switch Sl off, so that a voltage of -V8/2 (or 0 - VB/2 on node 138) is impressed across resonant circuit 133 from node 140 to node 138.
Switch control circuit 132 provides switch signals such as shown at S 142 and 144 for controlling switches S, and S2, respectively. As mentioned, switches S, and S2 are alternately switched; that is, with switch signal 142 in a high state, switch signal 144 is in a low state, and vice-versa. Typically, s vitch signals 142 and 144 alternate at one-half of the illustrated switching repetition period Ts of the switch signals, or at TS/2.
Referring to boost converter 120, it was explained above that the bus voltage VB constitutes the voltage on boost capacitor CB. The voltage on boost capacitor CB results from charge provided from a boost inductor LB, through a one-way valve 150, such as a p-n diode. Boost inductor LB, in turn, is repeatedly energized through the intermittent svwitching action of a 15 boost switch SB, which is controlled by a switch control circuit 152. When 1 switch SB is turned on, the input current IIN to boost conductor L~ increases -~ in a generally linear fashion until s vitch SB, under control of circuit 152, -1 turns of The energy in boost inductor LB is then discharged into boost capacitor C~ through one-way valve 150. During discharge of boost inductor :~ 20 LB. a positive voltage from left ~o right across inductor LB augments the input voltage VIN, to thereby produce a boosted bus voltage YB on the ` upper terminal of boost capacitor CB.
A typical current waveform for the input current IIN in boost inductor LB is shown in Fig. 2. As shown in that figure, input current IIN
25 compAses approximately triangular waveforms 200, 202,204, etc. TAangular waveform 200, for instance, ramps up at a generally linear rate to a peak value, and then decreases to zero as the energy of the inductor discharges into the boost capacitor CB. Succeeding tAangular waveforms follow a similar pattern, but increase to a higher peak value before discharging into 30 the capacitor. The higher peak value of waveform 202 mainly results from :

a rising value of input voltage VIN; the converse is true when the input voltage VIN is falling. Typically contributing to the higher value for waveform 202, also, is a delay in the switching point X2 within the respective switching period TB Of waveform 202 vith respect to switching point Xl in 5 the preceding period T~. In the same manner, triangular waveform 204 reaches a still higher peak value than the preceding waveforrn 202, with a higher input voltage VIN and an even more delayed switching point X3.
Boost inductor L8 conducts, as input current IIN~ a series 300 of triangular current waveforms, as shown in Fig. 3. As a result, the a.c. Iine 10 current IAC from source 104 approximates a sinusoidal waveforrn 302. The a.c. current IAC. further, is smoothed through the filtering action of an input filter network (not shown) for boost converter 120, such as shown, for instance, in R.P. Severns and G. Bloom, "Modern DC-to-DC Switchmode Power Converter Circuits," New York: Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co., 1985, 15 pp. 55-61. A further filter capacitor, not shown, ~pically is placed in parallel with a.c. source 104 to reduce electromagnetic interference in the frequency range of 400 hz-500 Khz. The foregoing several filter components collectively function as a low pass filter to smooth the effects of the - relatively jagged triangular waveforrns of the input current IIN to boost 20 converter 120. Owing to the rectification in full-wave rectifier 102, triangular current waveforms IIN that are positive are translated into negative waveforms during the negative half of a period TAC (Fig. 3) of the - input a.c. voltage VAC. Due to the low pass filtering action mentioned, the ` negative waveforms 304 appear as an approximately sinusoidal waveform 25 306.
The a.c. current IAC supplied from source 104, i.e., waveforrns 302 and 306, beneficially is closely in phase v~lith the a.c. voltage VAC from source 104. The combination of such closely in-phase relationship and the approximately sinusoidal nature of the a.c. current IAC result in a high power 30 factor for the circuit of Fig. 1. The sinusoldal nature of the a.c. current IAC

2~

also reduces the total harmonic distortion of the a.c. current IAC. These various benefits result &om the use of boost converter 120, as is apparent from the foregoing description.
The present invention provides a power supply circuit that also S realizes, in addition to the foregoing benefits of the prior art Fig. 1 circuit, benefits including a reduced number of circuit components, which condenses the circuit size, and is particularly desirable for achieving compactness in a fluorescent lamp.
Fig. 4 shows an exemplary version of a condensed power supply 10 circuit according to the invention. In Fig. 4, parts similar to those described in connection with Fig. 1 share like reference numerals; only the first digit -of the reference numeral, relating to figure number, is different.
Fig. 4 may contain a series half-bridge converter having parts similar to those in the series half-bridge converter 130 of prior art Fig. 1. However, 15 the configuration of a boost converter in Fig. 4 and its interaction with theseries half-bridge converter in Fig. 4 differs from the prior art Fig. 1 arrangement.
~-~,In Fig. 4, energy transfer from boost inductor LB to boost capacitor CB occurs through one-way valve 450, corresponding to one-way valve 150 20 in prior art Fig. 1. The charging path for boost conductor LB Of Fig. 4, however, is markedly different from the corresponding charging path in Fig.
1 that includes boost switch SB connected from the "load" side of inductor LB t ground. Rather, in Fig. 4, the charging path for boost inductor LB
includes the lower switch S2 of a series half-bridge converter, which switch 25 S2 consequently serves dual purposes. When switch S2 is on (i.e.
-~conducting), charging current from boost conductor LB flows through such switch via one-way valve 460, such as a p-n diode. A further one-way valve 462, such as a p-n diode, may be connected with its anode grounded and its cathode connected to the "load" side of boost conductor LB. One-way valve 30 462 serves as a precaution to rninimize parasitic voltage caused by a 2 ~ LD0010466 resonant interaction between boost inductor LB and a parasitic capacitance (not shown) between the output electrodes of switch S2.
Since boost switch SB in Fig. 4 lacks an independent switch control circuit, such as circuit 152 in prior art Fig. 1, the boost converter operates 5 under the typically more limited control of a switch control circuit 432 for switch S2 (as well as switch Sl). Such circuit 432 typically provides a ratio of switch on time to a constant switching repetition period of about 0.5.
This allows for a simplified power supply circuit in contrast to prior art Fig.
1, which typically uses a complex switch control circuit 152 providing an 10 adjustable ratio of switch on time to switching repetition period for boost switch SB. This is believed a departure from prior art practice, in addition to the preferred extra-function role of svntch S2 in Fig. 4 of serving as a boost switch.
For cost considerations, control circuit 432 is preferably of the self-15 oscillating type, wherein the switching repetition period of bridge switchesS1 and S, is determined by the resonant frequency of resonant circuit 433, and is constant. A control circuit 432 of this type is described in the following, co-pending application, assigned to the instant assignee:
Application Serial No. 07/766,489, filed September 26, 1991, entitled, 20 "Electronic Ballast Arrangement for a Compact Fluorescent I~np," by L
R. Nerone, one of the instant inventors.
` As waveforms 442 and 444 in ~ig. 4 indicate, switch control circuit 432 turns switch S~ on for half the switching period Ts~ or Ts/2. This is also shown in Fig. 5, wherein successive waveforms 500, 502 and 504 of input 25 current I~N each have a charging portion, or upward ramp, while switch Sl is on that terminates at Ts/2, or half way through the switching period Ts of switches S~ and S2. The increasing peak values of successive waveforms in Fig. 5 results from an increasing voltage VIN produced by full-wave rectifier 402 as the input a.c. voltage VAC sinusoidally increases; the converse- 30 is true when the input a.c. voltage decreases.

The triangular waveforms of Fig. S di~er from the prior art wa~eforms of Fig. 2 by having a fixed switching point at half-way though a switching period Ts (i.e. at Ts/2), rather than at the selectable switching points Xl, X2, etc. in Fig. 2. Boost inductor L~ in Fig. 4 thus has a fixed S charging cycle of one-half of a switching period, in contrast to boost inductor LB of prior art Fig. 1.
On the other hand, the waveforms of Fig. S are similar to the waveforms of Fig. 2 in regard to indicating complete discharge of current from the boost inductor ~B between successive charging cycles, as shown by 10 troughs 506 and 508 between triangular waveforsns in Fig. 5, for example.
Energy storage in this mode, in which the boost inductor completely discharges, is known as discontinuous energy storage. In addition to operating in the discontinuous mode, the invention of Fig. 4 may, alternatively, utilize for part of the period of the input a.c. voltage VAC a 15 continuous mode of energy storage in the boost indu~or. The continuous mode of energy storage is shown in Fig. 6, wherein successive triangular current waveforms 6~0, 602 and 604 all have non-zero values. The increasing peak levels of the waveforms in Fig. 6 results mainly from an increasing level of sinusoidal input a.c. voltage VAC; the cQnverse is true 20 when such a.c. voltage decreases.
Fig. 7 illustrates operation of the boost convertor circuit of Fig. 4 in the continuous mode ("C.M."), centered about the peaks 700 and 702 of the input a.c. voltage VAC The remainder of the illustrated period of a.c.
voltage VAC in Fig. 7 is characterized by operation in the discontinuous 25 mode, centered about the zero crossings 704, 706 and 708 of a.c. voltage VAC~
Operation of a boost converter solely in the discontinuous mode (not shown in Fig. 7) provides a highly improved power factor and a low total harmonic distortion (THD). Such operation typically achieves an 30 improvement in power factor from about 0.5 to about 0.98, and a reduction 210 ~ LD0010466 in THD from about 170% to about 13%.
Operation solely in the discontinuous mode, however, has the disadvantage that the overall circuit has a widely varying gain. This is particularly true where load 400 comprises a fluorescent lamp, since the 5 resistive loading of a fluorescent lamp varies significantly with various factors, such as applied power. Additionally, the series half-bridge converter of both Figs. 1 and 4 inherently provides very little power control when operated, as they typically are, in the self-oscillating mode, as described, forinstance, in the above-referenced application Serial No. 07/766,489. The 10 widely varying system gain adversely affects both the power stabili~ of the load and the bus voltage VB applied to the load. Such widely varying gain, additionally, can give rise to large ripple on the output voltage. For fluorescent lamps in particular, a current ripple value, equalling the peak bus voltage VB divided by the r.m.s. bus voltage VB, Of 1.7 or less is typically15 required to avoid adverse effects on the lamp that shorten its useful life.
This ripple specification is knovm as the crest factor.
The present inventors have discovered that the large variance in gain of the Fig. 4 circuit can be avoided by operating, for part of the input a.c.
voltage period, in a continuous mode of energy storage. This is shown in 20 Fig. 7 as continuous mode (C.M.) operation, which is centered about the peak values 700 and 702 of the input a.c. voltage VAC. During the remainder of the period of the a.c. input voltage, the circuit operates in the discontinuous mode, centered about the zero crossings 704, 706 and 708 of , ; the input a.c. voltage VAC. Operation in the continuous mode is achieved 25 through selection of values of the boost inductance L~, the boost capacitance CB, and the switching repetition period Ts for switches Sl and ; S2, taking into account the loading of boost capacitor CB. Such selection of values will be routine to those skilled in the art.
The following mathematical analysis guides in selecting the duration 30 of operation in the continuous mode. In the continuous mode, the gain of ~ ` .
:` . ` ', ~ ~ O ~

~.1 the boost converter, i.e. the ratio of the bus voltage VB to the input voltage VIN, varies as follows:

Continuous-mode gain = 1 (1) where D is the ratio of on-time of boost switch SB to the repetition period Ts of the boost switch, or 0~5 for the circuit of Fig. 4.
The circuit of Fig. 4 thus has a maximum gain of 2 in the continuous mode, which mode beneficially is centered about the highest values of input a.c. voltage YAC-In the discontinuous mode, the boost converter in Fig. 4 has a gain (i.e., VB/VIN) as follows:

~ (2 Discon~inuous-mode g~in = 2 where D is de~med above in connection with equation 1 (i.e.
0.5 for the circuit of Fig. 4);
Ll3 is the value of the boost inductance;
R is the overall load across the boost converter, i.e., between the upper tern~inal of the boost capacitor CB
and ground in Fig. 4; and Ts is the switching repetition period for boost switch Sl3.
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the value of inductance for the boost inductance L~ must be kept below a critical value, above which conduction in the continuous mode will always occur. One 20 useful expression for such critical value is:

Critical ualue of LB = 2 S (3 D(1 -D)2 21(~ 1 LDOO1 0466 where R, Ts~ and D are as defined above in connection with equations 1 and 2.
Typically, a maximum gain in ~he discontinuous mode on the order of about 2.6 or less is chosen by selecting values for the boost inductance LB
5 and the repetition period Ts of boost switch S~ to satis~ equation 2 above.
Because such a gain (e.g. 2.6~ is centered about the zero crossing 704, 706 and 708 (Fig. 7), away from the pealc values 700 and 702 of the a.c. voltage, the affect on the bus voltage V8 is usually less than with the lower gain in the continuous mode (e.g. 2), which occurs near the peak values of the a.c.
10 voltage.
The present inventors have discovered that operation of the circuit of Fig. 4 in the bi-modal arrangement as illustrated in Fig. 7 can result in a crest factor of below 1.7, with a power factor higher than about 0.9 (e.g.
about 0.96) and a limitation of the total harmonic distortion of the input ac.
15 current IAC to about 25~o. Actual waveforms for the input VAC and inpu~
period IAC are shown in Fig. 8.
The Fig. 8 wavefonns were produced using the following values for the components of the circuit of Fig. 4: inductance LB~ 2.9 rnillihenries;
switching repetition period Ts for boost switch SB (the same period for 20 switches Sl and S,), 20 microseconds; D, as defined above in regard to equation 1, 0.5; boost capacitance CB, 10 micro~arads; capacitances 434 and 436, each 0.5 microfarads; resonant inductance LR. 2.2 millihenries; resonant capacitance CR, 2.2 nanofarads; and resistance of load 400, 600 ohms. The mentioned circuit also included filter elements not shown in Fig. 4. Thus, 25 an input filter network for the boost converter comprised an inductance of 1 millihenry connected between the positive ("+") output of full-wave rectifier 402 and the a.c. source-side of boost inductor LB, and a capacitance of 0.10 microfarads connected be~Areen the a.c. source-side of boost inductor LB and ground. A capacitance of 47 nanofarads for reducing 30 electromagnetic interference on a.c. source 404 was connected between the . . -210 ~ LD0010466 output terrninals of a.c. source 404.
When the circuit of Fig. 4 is operated solely in the discontinuous mode of energy storage in the boost inductor, it is preferred that the duration of troughs, such as 506 and 508, shown in Fig. 5, approach zero at 5 the peak of the input a.c. VAC. Fig. 7A illustrates this condition. Fig. 7A
is a detail view taken at bracket 710 in Fig. 7, but is modified to indicate only discontinuous mode operation. Thus, in the vicini~ 7Z of the peak 700 of the a.c. voltage VAC, adjacent triangular waveforrns join together near the zero axis, but away from such peak troughs 724, 726 etc. separate 10 adjacent waveforms. This provides for the highest power factor for the circuit of Fig. 4, and for the lowest total harmonic distortion of the current waveform in source 404 of a.c. power.
From the foregoing, it is apparent that the present invention provides a power supply circuit with a high level of power factor correction, and that 15 such circuit may be condensed, if desired, in relation to a prior art circuit.
It is further apparent that the inventive power supply circuit can be operated with a low value of total harmonic distortion of the input ac. current.
Further, operating the invention in both continuous and discontinuous energy storage modes in the boost inductor beneficially results in a low crest 20 factor, or ripple voltage, on the load.
While the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments by way of illustration, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes 2S as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

., :'' ' `' '

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A condensed power supply circuit for powering a gas discharge lamp with bi-directional current, the circuit comprising:
(a) means for supplying d.c. power from an a.c. voltage;
(b) a series half-bridge converter for alternately impressing a d.c.
bus voltage from a bus conductor across a load circuit first with one polarity and then with the opposite polarity, said series half-bridge converter including:
(i) a first switch interposed between said bus conductor and a bridge-switch end of said load circuit;
(ii) a second switch interposed between a ground conductor and said bridge-switch end of said load circuit; and (iii) a switching control circuit for alternately switching on said first and second switches; and (c) a boost converter comprising:
(i) a boost capacitor connected between said bus and ground conductors and whose level of charge determines the bus voltage on said bus conductor;
(ii) a boost inductor for storing energy from said means for supplying d.c. power, said boost inductor being connected by a one-way valve to said boost capacitor for discharging its energy into said boost capacitor; and (iii) means for periodically connecting a load end of said boost inductor through a low impedance path to said ground conductor and therby charging said boost inductor;
(d) said boost switch comprising said second switch of said series half-bridge converter.

2. The power supply circuit of claim 1, wherein said low impedance path includes a one-way valve allowing current flow from said boost inductor to said boost switch.

3. The power supply circuit of claim 1, wherein:
(a) said switching control circuit is effective for switching on said first and second switches for substantially the same duration and at a predetermined switching repetition frequency; and (b) said load circuit is a resonant circuit, and said switching repetition frequency is determined by a resonant frequency of said resonant load circuit.

4. The power supply circuit of claim 1, wherein said gas discharge lamp comprises a fluorescent lamp.

5. The power supply circuit of claim 1, wherein the inductance of said boost inductor and the frequency of switching of said switching control circuit are selected to cause said boost converter to operate with discontinuous energy storage in said boost inductor during at least a substantial period of said a.c. voltage.

6. The power supply circuit of claim 5, wherein said inductance and frequency are selected to cause said boost converter to operate with discontinuous energy storage in said boost inductor throughout substantially the entire period of said a.c. voltage.

7. The power supply circuit of claim 6, wherein:
(a) said switching control circuit is effective for switching on said first and second switches at a predetermined switching repetition frequency;
and (b) said load circuit is a resonant circuit, and said switching repetition frequency is determined by a resonant frequency of said resonant load circuit.

8. The power supply circuit of claim 5, wherein the inductance of said boost inductor and the frequency of switching of said switching control circuit are selected to cause said boost converter to operate with:
(a) discontinuous energy storage in said boost inductor during at least a substantial portion of the period of said a.c. voltage; and (b) continuous energy storage in said boost inductor during at least another substantial portion of the period of said a.c. voltage.

9. The power supply circuit of claim 8, wherein said low impedance path includes a one-way valve allowing current flow from said boost inductor to said boost switch.

10. The power supply circuit of claim 8, wherein said switching control circuit includes means for alternately switching on said first and second switches for substantially the same duration.

11. The power supply circuit of claim 8, where said inductance and frequency are selected to cause said power supply circuit to operate with the ratio of the peak bus voltage to r.m.s. bus voltage being less than about 1.7.

12. The power supply circuit of claim 11, wherein said inductance and frequency are selected to cause said power supply circuit to operate with a power factor in excess of 0.9.

13. The power supply circuit of claim 11, wherein said inductance and frequency are selected to cause said power supply circuit to operate with a power factor in excess of 0.96.

14. The power supply circuit of claim 11, wherein:
(a) said switching control circuit is effective for switching on said first and second switches at a predetermined switching repetition frequency;
and (b) said load circuit is a resonant circuit, and said switching repetition frequency is determined by a resonant frequency of said resonant load circuit.

15. A power supply circuit for powering a load with bi-directional current, the circuit comprising:
(a) means for supplying d.c. power from an a.c. voltage;
(b) a series half-bridge converter for alternately impressing a d.c.
bus voltage from a bus conductor across a load circuit first with one polarity and then with the opposite polarity, said series half-bridge converter including:
(i) a first switch interposed between said bus conductor and a bridge-switch end of said load circuit;
(ii) a second switch interposed between a ground conductor and said bridge-switch end of said load circuit; and (iii) a switching control circuit for alternately switching on said first and second switches; and c) a boost converter comprising:
(i) a boost capacitor connected between said bus and ground conductors and whose level of charge determines the bus voltage on said bus conductor;
(ii) a boost inductor for storing energy from said means for supplying d.c. power, said boost inductor being connected by a one-way valve to said boost capacitor for discharging its energy into said boost capacitor; and (iii) means for periodically connecting a load end of said boost inductor through a low impedance path to said ground conductor and thereby charging said boost inductor, said low impedance path including a boost switch;
(d) wherein the inductance of said boost inductor and the frequency of switching of said switching control circuit are selected to cause said boost converter to operate with discontinuous energy storage in said boost inductor during at least a substantial period of said a.c. voltage.

16. The power supply circuit of claim 15, wherein said ratio of on time of said boost switch to a switching repetition period of said boost switch is constant and is approximately 0.5.

17. The power supply circuit of claim 15, wherein:
(a) said switching control circuit is effective for switching on said first and second switches at a predetermined switching repetition frequency;
and (b) said load circuit is a resonant circuit, and said switching repetition frequency is determined by a resonant frequency of said resonant load circuit.

18. The power supply circuit of claim 15, wherein said load circuit includes a gas discharge lamp.

19. The power supply circuit of claim 18, wherein said gas discharge lamp is a fluorescent lamp.

20. The power supply circuit of claim 15, wherein the inductance of said boost inductor and the frequency of switching of said switching control circuit are selected to cause said boost converter to operate with:
(a) discontinuous energy storage in said boost inductor during at least a substantial portion of the period of said a.c. voltage; and (b) continuous energy storage in said boost inductor during at least another substantial portion of the period of said a.c. voltage.

21. The invention as defined in any of the preceding claims including any further features of novelty disclosed.