CA2172525A1 - Flywheel system for mobile energy storage - Google Patents

Abstract

A flywheel support system isolates the flywheel (11) and its motor-generator (21) from the driving environment of an electrically powered motor vehicle. A suit-able liquid (9), placed between the outer (8) and vacuum (10) housings of the flywheel assembly, provides buoyancy and damping to the vacuum housing, cooling the motor-generator, and serves as one of the barri-ers to rotor energy and angular momentum transfer in the event of and accident or fail-ure. During normal operation, a shearable mechanical gimbal system (80) keeps the vacuum housing centered in the outer hous-ing, reacts the spin moments generated by the motor-generator, and provides a path for the electrical leads into the vacuum hous-ing. In the event of bearing seizure or rotor failure, the mechanical gimbal will shear and allow the vacuum housing to gradu-ally spin down against the fluid. A system of angular-contact oil-lubricated ball bear-ings (12, 13) supports the rotating assem-bly including the rotor (21b) of the motor-generator. A squeeze film damper (145) associated with the lowermost bearing (13) minimizes mechanical vibrations. A molec-ular drag pump (26) maintains a high vac-uum for the rotating assembly. The place-ment of the center of gravity of the vacuum housing and its contents below the center of buoyancy produces a vertical orientation of the vacuum housing in the absence of accelerations, allowing the offloading of the flywheel rotor weight by a magnet (23).

Description

WO 95/13647 PCr/US94111809 FLYWHEEL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE ENERGY STORAGE
.

This is a combined Continuation of Serial No. 08/148,361, which was filed on November 8, 1993, and entitled "FLYWHEEL SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
ENERGY STORAGE", Serial No. 08/242,647, which was filed on May 13, 1994, 5 and entitled "FLYWHEEL ROTOR WITH CONICAL HUB AND METHODS OF MANU-FACTURE THEREFOR", which is a Continuation-in-Part of Application Serial No.
08/181,038 filed January 14, 1994, also entitled "FLYWHEEL ROTOR WITH
CONICAL HUB AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURE THEREFOR", and Serial No.
08/199,897, which was filed on February 22, 1994, and entitled "FLYWHEEL
10 ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM WITH INTEGRAL MOLECULAR PUMP".

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generaily to a flywheel energy storage device.
More specifically, the present invention is related to a flywheel-motor-generator 15 combination providing surge power, dynamic braking, and energy storage for a hybrid electric motor vehicle. The present invention is particularly advantageous when adapted for use in a hybrid electric motor vehicle.

One aspect of the present invention relates to the maintenance of a vacuum within the space occupied by a high speed flywheel rotor. More specifically, the 20 use of a molecular pump incorporated into the flywheel assembly of a flywheel energy storage systerri to pump gases from a rotor environment into a separate 21 7 ~ 5 2 5 PCT/US9~/11809 chamber is disclosed. Thç separate chamber advantageously can contain molecular sieves for adsorbing gas molecules given off by the rotor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The manufacture of electric vehicles powered by chemical batteries is being encouraged by air quality control agencies in an effort to reduce the air pollution created by the internal combustion engines in current use. Even though the electric power utilities which supply the energy used to charge the batteries are themselves polluters, the net result is favorable with respect to air quality. However, therelatively poor characteristics of chemical batteries, in terms of weight, cycle life, and cost make it difficult for them to compete in the market place with internal-combustion engines as the power system of choice.
A hybrid electric powertrain, consisting of a turbo-generatorwhich generates the average power consumed by the vehicle, a flywheel surge power generator, an electric traction motor, and an electronic power control system can achieve the low pollution levels needed for good air quality, bùt with performance characteristics which exceed those of the internal combustion engine. Even though the turbine burns hydrocarbon fuels, its use of a catalytic combustor results in less air pollution than that created by the utilities which provide the electricity needed to charge the chemical batteries in vehicles so powered. The separation of the power sources into elements separately optimized to supply the average and the peak power, respectively, coupled with the ability to use dynamic braking, causes the efficiency over most driving schedules to be enhanced and, thus, less fuel is consumed.

PC rlUss4/l 1809 Wo 95/13647 A description of a turbo-generator suitable for use in a hybrid electric vehicle is given in a paper by Robin Mackay for the SAE International Congress and Exposi-tion, March, 1994, entitled "Development of a 24 KW Gas Turbine Generator Set for Hybrid Vehicles", which paper is incorporated herein by reference for all purpos-5 es. Many different types of electric motors have been used for traction of eiectrical-ly propelled vehicles for over a century. The present disclosure relates to the design of the flywheel energy storage system. The electric power control system, the fourth major element of the electric power train, is described in a co-pending U.S.
Patent Application Serial No. 08/246,240, which is entitled "ELECTRIC POWER
10 TRAIN CONTROL" and which is incorporated herein for all purposes.
Modern high strength-to-weight ratio fibers make it possible to construct high energy density flywheels, which, when combined with a high power motor-genera-tors, are an attractive alternative to electrochemical batteries for use as energy buffers in hybrid electric vehicles. A properly designed flywheel system would 15 provide higher energy density, higher power density, higher efficiency, and longer life than a conventional electrochemical battery.
The vehicle environment, however, presents special challenges to successful implementation of a flywheel to motor vehicle applications. Among these challeng-es are the need to deal with the gyroscopic torques resulting from the vehicle's 20 angular motions and the need to accommodate the translational accelerations of the vehicle. Several safety issues resulting from the high energy and momentum stored in the flywheel also need to be taken into account, as does the difficulty of cooling the motor-generator operating in a vacuum chamber. In addition, energy PCTIUS9.1/1 1809 WO 9~i/13647 2 ~ 7 2 5 ~ 5 conservation consideratiQns and user convenience dictate the requirement that the flywheei storage system possess a slow self-discharge rate.
Flywheel energy storage systems have been proposed for many years; many of the storage systems have even been proposed for use in motor vehicles. U.S.
Patent No.3,741,034, for example, discloses a flywheel contained in an evacuatedsphere which is surrounded by a liquid and having various safety features. Howev-er, the '034 patent does not address waste heat production and the requirement for cooling the motor-generator. In addition, the '034 patent does not address itself to the dynamics of the driving environment, or the minimization of the power drain when parked. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,266,442, 4,285,251 and 4,860,611, on the other hand, disclose different ways of constructing high speed rotors. However, the above referenced patents do not recognize, let alone describe, design fea~ures needed for compatibility with the environment of a motor vehicle.
Moreover, in order to accommodate a rim speed of about 1000 meters per second, a housing containing the flywheel should be maintained at a very low pressure, e.g., a pressure below .01 Pascal, to limit windage losses. While thispressure can be readily achieved before sealing the housing, the fiber compositematerials used in the construction of high energy density flywheels have a residual gas evolution rate which make it difficult to achieve this desired degree of pressure, ;.e., near vacuum conditions, in a sealed container. Thus, continuous pumping ofthe evolving gases from the container is often needed. Most often, an external pump is employed to maintain the desired pressure.
U.S. Patent Nos. 4,023,920, 4,732,529 and 4,826,393 describe various implementations of molecular pumps, which are a class of high vacuum pump wherein the dimensions of the critical elements are comparable to the mean free path of the gas molecules at the pressure of interest. Two types are generally known, a turbo-molecular pump, which is similar in construction to an axial flow compressor in a gas turbine employing interleaved rotor and stator blades, and a 5 molecular drag pump, which uses helical grooves cut in the stator, which, in turn, is disposed in close proximity to a high speed rotor so as to direct gas flow through the pump. It will be appreciated that hybrid molecular pumps, which pumps con-tains separate sections of each of these types or molecular pumps, are also known.
More specifically, U.S. Patent No. 4,023,920 discloses a turbo-molecular pump 10 using magnetic bearings to support the pump rotor at high rotational speeds. U.S.
Patent Nos. 4,732,529 and 4,826,393 disclose hybrid molecular pumps in which a turbo-molecular section is used on the high vacuum input side and a spiral groove drag pump is used on the discharge side.
All of these pumps are designed as self-contained systems, each with its own 15 shaft, bearing system and power source, i.e., motor. While this solution is satisfac-tory for stationary systems, it is more difficult to apply in mobile applications because the space and weight for its implementation is not readily available.
As discussed above, flywheel systems currently being designed for mobile energy storage are generally intended to replace batteries in electrically powered 20 vehicles. In such applications, multiple units are needed to store the required energy, so that each motor-generator need supply only a small portion of the vehicle's power. In systems where all of the surge power must be supplied by a single flywheel, the relatively large size of the single motor-generator makes it difficult to provide the needed energy density without reducing safety factors, e.g., Wo 95/13647 ~ ~ 7 ~ 5 ~ PCT/US94/ 1 1 809 for radial stresses, to unacceptable low levels or raising manufacturing costs to exorbitantly high levels.
The above-mentioned U.S. Patent No. 3,741,034 discloses rotor designs using high strength-to-weight ratio filament wound composites in relatively thin 5 concentric cylinders, which cylinders are separated by radial springs. While this arrangement limits the radial stresses to tolerable values, it is expensive to manufac-ture. U.S. Patent No. 3,859,868 discloses techniques for varying the elasticity-density ratio of the rotor elements to minimize radial stresses. On the other hand, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,341,001 and 4,821,599 describe the use of curved metallic 10 hubs to connect the energy storage elements to the axle. Additionally, U.S. Patent No. 5,124,605 discloses a flywheel system employing counter-rotating flywheels, each of which includes a hub, a rim and a plurality of tubular assemblies disposed parallel to the hub axis for connecting the hub to the rim while allowing for differen-tial radial expansion between the hub and the rim.
None of the latter references deal with the integration of a large, high power motor-generator into the flywheel energy storage system currently being designed for vehicles.
The present invention was, thus, motivated by a desire to provide an im-proved flywheel-motor-generator energy storage system suitable for moving 20 vehicles. More specifically, the present invention was motivated by a desire to correct the perceived weaknesses and identified problems associated with conven-tional flywheel energy storage systems.

PC rtUSs~/1 1809 Wo 95t13647 ~ ~ 7 2 ~ ~ 5 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The principal purpose of the present invention is to provide a fiywheel energy s,torage system that is optimized for the motor vehicle environment. According to one aspect of the invention, the flywheel energy storage system provides substan-5 tial surge power needed to accommodate transient load requirements associatedwith the automobile.
An object to the present invention is to provide isolation for the flywheel from the vehicle's angular motions.
Another object of the present invention is to provide support for the rotor 10 during omni-directional accelerations, while maintaining small radial gaps between the spinning and stationary elements.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an efficient and compact cooling system for a high-power motor-generator.
Another object of the present invention is to provide protection for the vehicle 15 in which it is contained from accidental release of stored energy and angular momentum .
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an energy storage device having a slow self-discharge rate.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a system located within 20 a sealed chamber for maintaining pressure below a predetermined threshold.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a pressure regulating system for a flywheel energy storage system disposed within a sealed housing wherein a shaft of the flywheel drives a pump for moving gas molecules from a first chamber to a second chamber within the housing.

WO 95/13647 ~ '~ 7 ~ 5 PCT/US94/11809 Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a pressure reguiating system for a flywheel energy storage system disposed within a sealed housing wherein bearings supporting a shaft of a flywheel supports rotating elements of a pump moving gas molecules from a first chamber to a second chamber within the 5 housing.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a pressure regulating system for a flywheel energy storage system disposed within a sealed housing wherein a pump for moving gas molecules from a first chamber to a second cham-ber within the housing is provided at a low incremental cost.
An additional object of the present invention is to provide a pressure regulat-ing system for a flywheel energy storage system disposed within a sealed housing wherein the pressure is maintained by adsorbing gas molecules moving from a first chamber to a second chamber within the housing on a molecular sieve.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a high energy 1 5 density rotor.
Another object according the present invention is to provide a high energy density rotor which includes ample space within its volume for a large, relatively high power motor-generator.
Still another object according the present invention is to provide a high energy 20 density rotor which can be easily manufactured.
Yet another object according the present invention is to provide a high energy density rotor which can be manufactured at a reasonable cost.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention are accomplished by a flywheel energy storage system including a fiber composite WO 95/13647 2 ~ 7 2 5 2 5 PCT/US94/11809 energy storing rotor, a high-powered, liquid-cooled motor-generator supported byball bearings in an evacuated sphere, which sphere floats in a liquid contained in an outer spherical housing. The energy storage system includes a flywheel-motor-generator assembly having a low center of mass location with respect to the evacuated sphere so as to provide a vertical orientation of the flywheel-motor-generator along a rotor axis.
These and other objects, features and advantages according to the present invention are provided by an integral flywheel energy storage system combining amolecular pump into a flywheel energy storage system for vacuum control purpos-es. The integral flywheel energy storage system includes a sealed housing, a baffle including an orifice dividing the housing into a low pressure first chamber and a relatively high pressure second chamber, a shaft suspended between first bearings located in the first chamber and second bearing in the second chamber, the shaftbeing disposed within the orifice, a flywheel disposed within the first chamber spinning at high speed, and a molecular pump operatively connected for driving by the shaft for pumping gas molecules from the first chamber to the second chamber.
It will be appreciated that other bearing arrangements for operatively supporting the shaft can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention .
According to one aspect of the invention, the molecular pump is designed into the flywheel assembly so as to permit the high speed motor, shaft, and bearing needed by the molecular pump to be supplied by components already present in the energy storage system. Preferably, the molecular pump transfers the gases evolving from the flywheel rotor and its environs into a separate chamber within the houslng g WO 95/13647 21 7 2 5 2 5 PCT/US9~/11809 of the energy storage system, i.e., contained within the overall vacuum housing.
This chamber advantageously may contain so-called molecular sieve materials designed to adsorb the most prevalent of the gases given off by the flywheel rotor.
It will be appreciated that other getter materials may aiso be used throughout the 5 vacuum housing to adsorb trace elements not adsorbed by the molecular sieves.
These and other objects, features and advantages according to the present invention are provided by a molecular pump disposed with a sealed housing of a flywheel energy storage system, wherein the shaft supporting the flywheel powers the molecular pump to maintain gas pressure in the vicinity of the flywheel rotor 10 at or below a predetermined pressure producing negligible drag on the spinning flywheel. It will be appreciated that the molecular pump transfers gas molecules generated by the flywheel rotor material to a receiving chamber which advanta-geously contains so-called molecular sieves, which adsorb these gas molecules, thereby maintaining the pressure of the receiving chamber at a predetermined 15 second pressure.
These and other objects, features and advantages according to the present invention are provided by a rotor including a generally cylindrical outer portion for storing most of the energy, and a hub portion attaching the outer portion to the shaft. In an exemplary case, the hub portion includes an engineered metallic disc 20 member which can be attached to the outer cylindrical portion via an inner cylindri-cal member having a relatively short axial extent.
According to another aspect of the invention, the arrangement of rotor components provides the desired geometric properties in a readily manufacturable configuration.

WO95113647 2 1 7~S PCT/US94/11809 These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

The preferred embodiments are described with reference to the drawings, in which like elements are denoted by like numbers, and in which:
Fig. 1 is a cutaway sketch of a hybrid eiectric vehicle showing respective elements of its power train;
Fig. 2 is a high level block diagram illustrating the power control system of the vehicle shown in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is an illustration showing the general arrangement of a flywheel assembly according to the present invention;
Fig. 4A is a cross-sectional view taken perpendicular to the axis of the 15 flywheel illustrated in Fig. 3, Fig. 4B is a sectional view of the disc member, which is included in Fig. 4A, is useful in understanding the construction and operation of the disc member, while Fig. 4C illustrates radial stress and Fig. 4D illustrates tangential stress in the disc member profiled in Fig. 4B;
Fig. 5 is a detailed illustration of the upper bearing assembly and its lubrica-20 tion system of the flywheel illustrated in Fig. 3;
Fig. 6 is a detailed illustration which is useful in understanding the construc-tion and operation of lower bearing system and the associated lubrication system for the flywheel illustrated in Fig. 3;

Wo 95/136-17 2 ~ 7 2 5 ~ 5 Pcr/uss~/ll8o9 Fig. 7 illustrates the molecular drag pump used to maintain adequate vacuum in the chamber containing the flywheel rotor for the flywheei illustrated in Fig. 3;
Fig. 8 is a detailed illustration of an exemplary mechanical gimbal supporting the flywheel assembly shown in Fig. 3;
Fig. 9 is an exemplary illustration showing an external protective barrier and the external radiator; and Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B are illustrations which are useful in explaining the construction and operation of a squeeze film damper employed by the flywheel shown in Fig. 3 in the bearing of Fig. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF THE Pl~t~tl~tL~ EMBODIMENTS
Fig. 1 shows the power train elements of a hybrid electric vehicle using a flywheel 1 as an energy buffer. In this configuration, the flywheel 1 provides surge power for accelerating the vehicle and for hill climbing, complementing the relatively low, steady power provided by a fuel-burning power source 3, e.g., a turbo-gener-ator set. The flywheel 1 is also used to absorb energy by storing it during dynamic braking and downhill driving. An electric motor 4 converts the electric power from either the flywheel 1 or power source 3 to mechanical motive power. Preferably, all of these elements are regulated by the electronic controller 2.
Fig. 2 is high level a block diagram of a power control system showing how the electronic controller 2 regulates the vehicle's power flow in response to the driver's inputs, which inputs are supplied by the accelerator pedal 5 and the brake pedal 6. Controller 2 channels power to the drive motor 4 from the turbo-generator 3 during cruise conditions and augments this power with power from flywheel 1 W095/13647 21 72525 PCr/US9~111809 for accelerating or hill climbing. Controller 2 advantageously charges the flywheel 1 with power from the drive motor 4 which is acting as a generator during braking or downhill driving. Preferably, controller 2 maintains the speed of flywheel 1 within a predetermined range by charging it from power source 3 to avoid its lower limit or giving flywheel 1 a higher share of the driving load to thus avoid the flywheel's 1 upper limit. Controller 2 also channels power from the flywheel 1 to the power source 3 for starting. In Fig. 2, power leads are designated by solid lines and signal leads are designated by dashed lines.
Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the entire flywheel assembly showing the general arrangement of its parts. An outer housing 8 surrounds the assembly and provides mechanical and electrical connections to the vehicle. The space betweenhousing 8 and a vacuum housing 10 is filled with a liquid 9 in which the vacuum housing 10 floats. It will be noted that bearings 14 and 15 are part of the mechani-cal gimbal system 80, which advantageously is provided between housings 8 and 10. The gimbal system 80 is discussed in greater detail below while referring toFig. 8.
The rotating assembly 100 includes a metal shaft 18 and is supported by an upper bearing assembly 12 and a lower bearing assembly 16. A squeeze film damper 145 operates in conjunction with the lower bearing assembly 16. The rotating assembly 100 is powered by a motor-generator 17 including rotor 21 a and a stator 21b.
The stator 21 b is in good thermal contact with the re-entrant portion 25 of the vacuum housing, i. ~., a metal cylinder 20 perforated with axial holes 20a, which provide passageways for flow of the liquid 9. Advantageously, alternate holes 20a WO 95/13647 2 ~ 7 2 5 2 5 PCT/US94/11809 .

can be used for upward and downward flow. All holes 20a are connected together in the top section of cylinder 25 but are separated at the bottom into respective inlet and outlet manifolds 25a, 25b. Flow separator 1 Oa, which advantageously has a small clearance with respect to outer housing 8, causes the liquid which is 5 pumped by an external pump 54 through an external radiator 55 to first flow bi-directionally past the stator 21 a, removing its heat, and then through the annular space between the outer housing 8 and the vacuum housing 10. It will be appreci-ated from Fig. 9 that radiator 55 can be a heat exchanger cooled by a dedicated fan 56. It will also be appreciated from Fig.3 that flow separator is positioned so 10 as to permit fluid flow through member 25 at all but the severest angles of vehicle operation. Since periods during which the vehicle negotiates large angles are expected to be extremely short, minimal flow interruptions will not produce unac-ceptable temperature increases in motor-generator 17.
Preferably, the relatively cool liquid 9 pumped from the radiator 55 enters the flywheel 1 via the inlet port 36 and exits the flywheel via outlet port 37 to return to the radiator 55 via pump 54.
The fiber composite cylinder 11 of assembly 100 is connected to the shaft 18 by means of a metallic hub 22 and an axially short fiber composite cylinder 24.
Preferably, the metallic hub 22 is formed of aluminum, although any metal, metallic 20 composite or compound having a substantially similar, i.e., similarly high, ultimate strength to modulus of elasticity ratio can be used. The assembly 100 stores energy in the form of rotational kinetic energy, most of it in cylinder 11. A toroidal magnet 23 advantageously can be provided to produce a lifting force equal to the weight of the rotating assembly 100.

SUBSTlTlJTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO9S/13647 2 1 7~525 PCT/US9~/11809 A molecular drag pump 26 pumps residual gases evolving from material in the low pressure compartment 28 into compartment 27, which contains molecular sieves 27a to adsorb these gases. These compartments are separated by a metal disc 29.
Fig. 4A is a sectional view taken perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the flywheel 1 shown in Fig.3, showing an aluminum hub 22 used to connect the shaft 18 to the cylinder 11 through the intermediate cylinder 24. The hub 22, which isshown in the cross-section in Fig. 4B, has an axial thickness which decreases with increasing radius in its main portion 22a. It will be noted that the main portion 22a accounts for the majority of the hub 22. This shape advantageously provides a nearly constant stress at each point along the radius. It will be appreciated that this constant stress profile permits maximal radial growth in this respective portion of hub 22.
At an outermost portion 22b of the radius, the axial thickness increases abruptly to thereby form a radially thin outer cylindrical section 22c. It should be noted that this cylindrical section 22c includes terminating pads 22d and 22e, which advantageously can be bonded to the intermediate composite cylinder 24 shown in Figs. 3, 4A and 4B. It will also be noted the cylindrical portion 22c flexes in response to variations in applied centrifugal force. It will be understood that the combination of the stretch of the main portion 22a with the flexibility of the cylindrical portion 22c permits pads 22d, 22e to follow the radial growth of thecylinder 24 without overstressing any point of the hub 22.
Preferably, rotating assembly 100, which in an exemplary case is 12 inches in diameter, stores approximately 2 kilowatt-hours, i.e., 7,200,000 joules, of energy W095/13647 ~ 7 ~5~5 pcTluss4lll8o9 at a maximum rotational speed of about 6500 radians per second. It will be appreciated that this corresponds to a surface speed of about 1000 meters per second. It will be noted that this high speed dictates that the rotating assembly be enclosed in an evacuated container. Moreover, the high centrifugal accelerations 5 require that the rotating assembly 100 be constructed primarily of high strength fiber composites, e.g., a filament wound in the circumferential direction.
Preferably, rotating assembly 100, which is shown in detail in Fig. 3, includes two major elements, an outer, primarily cylindrical portion 1 1, which in an exempla-ry case can be up to 12 inches long, and the metallic hub 22. The inner composite cylinder 24 connects hub 22 with outer composite cylinder 1 1. The outer compos-ite cylinder 11, which is shown in Fig. 3, consists of two regions, an outermost region 1 la, which preferably is a filament wound composite using the highest strength graphite fiber available to sustain the centrifugal acceleration of one million G's, and an innermost region 11b, which is a filament wound fiber composite, 1 5 whose combination of density and modulus of elasticity create a moderate compres-sive load on the outermost member 1 1 a. This advantageously minimizes the radial tension in the outermost member 11 a. The radial and tangential stresses achieved with this material are shown in Figs. 4C and 4D, respectively, as discussed in greater detail below.
The highest strength graphite fiber, which is used in fabrication of outermost region 1 1 a, advantageously has a minimum tensile strength of about 924,000 Ib/in2 (924 kpsi) while the wound fiber used in the fabrication of composite cylinder 24 has a tensile strength of about 450 kpsi. The cylinder 24 advantageously can be manufactured using a material sold under the brand name "Spectra". It should be W0 95113647 2 ~ 7 2 ~ ~ PCT/US94/11809 noted that the moderate strength graphite fiber used in innermost cylinder region 11b has a minimum tensile strength of about 714 kpsi. High strength aluminum with a minimum tensile strength of about 75 kpsi advantageously can be used in the construction of hub 22, as discussed in greater detail above.
The rotating assembly 100 advantageously can be fabricated as two separate pieces, the hub 22 and outer cylindrical portion including both cylinders 24 and 11.
These two pieces advantageously are then mated with an interference fit. It willbe appreciated that the interference fit results in compression of the terminating pads 22d, 22e in the direction of shaft 18.
The fiber properties in cylinders 24 and 11 important for this application are tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The radial stress in these cylinders, which extend from the inner radius of cylinder 24 of 3.7 inches to the outer radius ofcylinder 11 of 6 inches, is shown in Fig. 4C to be less than 4000 pounds per square inch at the highest rotational speed, well within the capability of the epoxy matrix material. The matrix material alone bears this stress, since the fiber, being circum-ferentially wound, makes no contribution to the radial strength. The gradation of the modulus of elasticity of the fibers from 24 million psi in cylinder 24 to 33 million psi for the inner portion of cylinder 11 b to 43 million psi for the outer portion of cylinder 11 a accounts for the shape of the radial stress curve and its desirably low maximum value.
The hoop stresses in the cylinders are shown in Fig. 4D. They are seen to be a maximum of 100,000 psi in cylinder 24 and 200,000 psi in cylinder 11. These- stresses are borne by the fibers, and are well below the ultimate capabilities of the materials employed. The fiber used in cylinder 24 has an ultimate tensile strength WO 95/13647 PCT/US9~/11809 5~5 - of 435,000 psi, which is reduced by the fill factor of two thirds in the composite to 290,000 psi. The fiber in the inner portion of cylinder 11 has a reduced ultimate strength of 476,000 psi, and the fiber in the outer portion has a reduced ultimate strength of 616,000 psi. The factor of three in strength indicated allows for both 5 degradation due to fatigue and a substantial margin of safety.
The cylinder 11 is assembled onto cylinder 24 with an interference fit, as is the cylinder 24 onto the hub 22. This causes the hub to be in compression when the rotor is at rest, which reduces its radial growth and tension when the rotor is spinning. This technique allows the metal hub to match the radial growth of the 10 composite cylinders without being overstressed.
Fig. 5 gives details of the upper bearing assembly 12. Preferably, an angular contact bearing 30, using ceramic balls 30a to provide long bearing life, supports the spinning shaft 18 disposed in vacuum housing 10. Bearing 12 advantageously can be lubricated by means of a circulating oil system in which oil pumping action 15 is provided by a combination of centrifugal and gravitational forces. When oil in a spinning reservoir 36, whose free surface forms a vertical cylinder when the shaft 18 is spinning, exceeds its desired level, a scoop 32 connected to a stationary shaft 37 scoops the excess oil into stationary reservoir 39. Preferably, the oil then flows by gravity from reservoir 39 to central chamber 40. The oil thus collected is 20 discharged to spinning chamber 35. Advantageously, the flow rate is regulated by the oil flow metering plug 34 through which the oil passes between central chamber 40 and spinning chamber 35. Centrifugal force in spinning chamber 35 throws the thus-introduced oil radially outward. This advantageously permits the flow of oil to pass through oil flow holes 33 so as to enter the bearing 30. The centrifugal WO 95/13647 2 1 7 ~ 5 2 5 PCT/US94/11809 force in the rotating portior~s of the bearing 30 slings oil into the spinning reservoir 36, thus permitting the cycle to begin anew.
It will be appreciated that the small gap 31 between the stationary and rotating conical surfaces of bearing 12 shown in Fig. 5 acts as an effective seal or trap which prevents oil droplets from escaping from the vicinity of bearing 12 into flywheel chamber 27. Any oil droplets which might enter gap 31 advantageously can be accelerated outwardly by the spinning wall of conical member 41 and, thus, caused to reenter the spinning reservoir 36.
It should be noted that before shaft 18 begins to rotate, the oil resides in spinning chamber 35. Once shaft rotation begins, the above-described oil circula-tion cycle begins.
Fig. 6 is an illustration which finds use in explaining the operation of the lower bearing assembly 16. Preferably, bearing 140 is of the angular contact type which advantageously uses ceramic balls 1 40a to accommodate long life, just as in the upper bearing 12. Bearing 140 can be lubricated by a circulating oil system.
Preferably, the circulating oil system 130 includes a rotating disc 141 which slings lubricating oil from the rotating part of bearing 140 outward into a reservoir 142. It should be noted that the oil level in reservoir 142 is indicated by the dashed line. Lubricating oil flows through hole 143 into a squeeze film damper 145, whose narrow annulus formed by concentric metal cylinders 1 45a, 1 45b contains a radial spring 1 45c as well as lubricating oil. Details of the squeeze film damper 145 are shown in Figure 10,. wherein Figure 1 OA is an axial view of a small arc of squeeze film damper 145 illustrating the annular space between concentric cylinders 1 45a and 1 45b occupied by radial spring 1 45c.

~ 7~525 Preferably, radial spring 145c is a chemically etched part whose etch pattern is as illustrated in Figure 1 OB. It will be appreciated that when the radial spring 145a is wrapped around cylinder 145a, the half rectangles of the pattern will stick out substantially, forming hundreds of elementary springs whose ends contact theinner surface of cylinder 145b. The space between the cylinders 145a, 145b not occupied by the radial spring 145c is filled with lubricating oil. Advantageously, the spring 145c gives a restoring force to counteract the radial displacement of the outer cylinder 145a, which is connected to the vacuum sphere 10, with respect to the inner cylinder 145b, which is rotably coupled to the spinning shaft 18 via bearing 140.
The presence of viscous oil in this annulus produces a radial force proportion-al to the rate of this displacement. The squeeze film damper 145 acts as a meansfor limiting the amplitude of vibrations at shaft critical frequencies caused byresidual unbalance of the rotating assembly 100.
Referring to Fig. 6, lubricating oil enters reservoir 144 through hole 149 at the bottom of squeeze film damper 145. It should be noted that the oil level is reservoir 144 is indicated by the dashed line. Lubricating oil enters the vertical hole 146 in spinning cone 150 and flows out through radial holes 147 to thereby impinge on the rotating part of bearing 140, and thereby begin its circulatory cycle anew.
Advantageously, a double Belleville washer 148 can be used to preload both bearing 12 and bearing 16. It will be noted washer 148 produces an axial force on the curved races of-bearings 12, 16, which advantageously squeezes the balls in each respective bearing radially. The stress thus produced creates the desired WO 95/13647 ~ 1 72 5 2 5 PCT/US94/11809 area of contact between the balls and the associated races, which, in turn, produc-es the desired radial stiffness of the bearing assembly. It wili be appreciated that since most of the service life of the bearings is spent with the preload as the only load, the preload is kept as small as consistent with the radial stiffness requirement, thus maximizing bearing life.
Fig.7 shows the construction of the molecular drag pump 26 which advanta-geously maintains the pressure in vacuum housing 10 at a predetermined pressure.It will be noted that gases slowly evoive from the flywheel materials. Preferably, molecular drag pump 26 pumps the offending gas molecules from the chamber 28 in which the shaft 18 spins into chamber 27, which contains molecular sieves 27a.
It will further be noted that molecular sieves 27a preferentially adsorb the pumped gas molecules. This pumping action advantageously maintains the gas pressure in chamber 28 low enough to achieve low aerodynamic drag and, thus, minimize heat generation due to the spinning fiber composite cylinder 11 of assembly 100,whose surface speed can easily exceed 1000 meters per second. Drag pump 26 consists of a spiral groove on the inside of the stationary cylinder 38 in closeproximity to the spinning shaft 18. Since the bearing assemblies 12, 16 and motor 17 used for powering drag pump 26 are those required for the flywheel 1, the additional cost of adding this important function is negligible.
More specifically, a separate gas storage chamber 27, located proximate to one of the bearings 12, 16 is formed by a baffle plate 29. It will be appreciated from Fig. 7 that baffle plate 29 includes an orifice 29a for positioning of the shaft 18. Preferably, the bearing 12 is disposed within molecular pump 26, which advantageously may be a moiecular drag pump 26. Preferably, gas storage cham-WO95/13647 2 ~ 7 ~ 5~5 PCT/US9~/11809 ber 27 contains so-called molecular sieves 27a, which will be discussed in greater detail below.
The purpose of the present invention is to maintain a high vacuum in the space in which the flywheel rotor spins so that a negligible drag on the flywheel 5 rotating assembly 100 will be produced. It will be appreciated that at a preferred rim speeds of about 1000 meters per second, the pressure in housing 10 should be less than to 0.01 Pascal. It will also be noted that the fiber composite materials used in the construction of high energy density flywheels, i.e., flywheel assembly 100, have a propensity for residual gas evolution at a rate which make it difficult 10 to achieve this desired degree of vacuum in a sealed container. Therefore, continu-ous pumping of the evolved gases from the container in conventional systems is often performed using an external pump.
In contrast to these conventional systems, a molecular pump, which is designed into the flywheel 1, and which employs the high speed motor, shaft, and 15 bearing system already present in the flywheel energy storage system, transfers the gases evolving from the flywheel assembly 100 and its environs into a separate chamber 27, which chamber is fully contained within the overall vacuum housing 10. Advantageously, chamber 27 contains molecular sieves 27a designed to adsorb the most prevalent of the gases generated by, e.g., cylinder 1 1. Preferably, getters 20 are disposed throughout the vacuum housing 10 to adsorb trace quantities of gases which are not readily adsorbed by molecular sieves 27a.
The flywheel assembly 100, in an exemplary case, is 12 inches in diameter and has a maximum rdtational speed of 6500 radians per second. This rotational speed corresponds to a surface speed of 1000 meters per second, which high speed WO9S/136~7 2 ~ 7~25 PCT/US9~/11809 requires that the surrounding gas pressure be maintained at a pressure less than 0.01 Pascal in order to permit a sufficiently long self discharge time.
It will be appreciated that even though the flywheel assembly 100 will be exposed to a high temperature bakeout while vacuum housing 10 is being evacuat-5 ed prior to being sealed, the high mass of the volatile materials of the composites,particularly the epoxy, employed in the construction of flywheel assembly 100 can be expected to produce a residual gas evolution rate which could exceed the allowable pressure for the vacuum housing 10 in a relatively short time. The molecular drag pump 26 advantageously can be used to pump these gases into gas 10 storage chamber 27 where the gases can be adsorbed by the molecular sieves 27a.
It will be appreciated that the pressure in housing 10 can, thus, be maintained in the vicinity of the flywheel cylinder 11, even though the pressure in the storage chamber 27 may rise as high as one Pascal.
It will also be appreciated that, e.g., molecular drag pump 26 would be too 15 expensive an item to be used for maintaining the pressure of housing 10 below its maximum allowable pressure if molecular drag pump 26 were to be provided as a self contained item, principally because of the cost of the high speed bearings and motor required by stand alone molecular pumps of any configuration. By integrating molecular drag pump 26 into the design of flywheel assembly 100, the shaft, 20 bearings, and motor of the flywheel assembly 100 advantageously can be used by molecular drag pump 100. It will be noted that the incremental cost of incorporat-ing the molecular pump into the flywheel energy storage system is very low.
Molecular sieves are adsorbents whose pores are tailored in size to the dimensions of the molecules to be adsorbed. They are available under the trade WO 9S/13647 ~ ~ 7 ~ 5 ~5 PCr/USs~/11809 name MOLSIV from the Union Carbide Corporation. Their ability to adsorb is strongly influenced by pressure, e.g., the adsorption ability is low at the pressure normally applied to flywheel assembly 100. In should also be noted that at the normal operating pressure of gas storage chamber 27, i.e., a pressure P2 which is 5 approximately one thousand times higher than a pressure P1 felt throughout housing 10, the molecular sieves 27a are capable of adsorbirig all of the gases evolved from flywheel assembly 100. In other words, at the upstream pressure P1 of the molecu-lar drag pump 26, the adsorption rate of the target gas molecules produced by the flywheel assembly 100 is low. The adsorption rate increases as the pressure P2 10 in chamber 27 is increased. Preferably, molecular sieve material is selected so that a minimum adsorption rate, e.g., the minimum adsorption rate necessary to match the gas molecule evolution rate of flywheel assembly 100, is achieved at a pressure lower than the shut off head of the molecular drag pump 26.
Preferably, a helical groove 26a cut into the stator of drag pump 26 provides 15 the flow path for the evolved gases from the high vacuum chamber, at pressure Pl, e.g., û.01 Pascal, to the chamber 27 containing the molecular sieves 27a in which the pressure P2 may be as high as 10.0 Pascal.
It will be appreciated that an alternate embodiment of the present invention wherein a turbo-molecular pump 26' is substituted for molecular drag pump 26.
20 The pump 26' consists of a multiplicity of turbine blades connected to the shaft 18 of the pump 26', interleaved with stator blades supported by plate 29. It will be appreciated that pump 26' serves the same function as pump 26 in pumping gases evolving from the flywheel rotor 100 into gas storage chamber 27 containing the molecular sieves 27a. Turbo-molecular pump 26' may be used advantageously WO9S/13647 2~ 7?525 PCT/US94/11809 with some flywheel configurations in which more space is available along the shaft than in the configuration shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 8 illustrates the mechanical gimbal assembly 80, consisting of a steel band 50 in the annular space between the outer housing 8 and vacuum housing 10. Band 50 is attached to the vacuum housing 10 by means of journal bearings 14 and 15, which are diametrically opposed to one another. A second set of journal bearings, 51 (shown) and 52 (not shown) also diametrically opposed to one another and are rotated by 90 (rotational degrees) from the first set of journal bearings 14, 15 connected to the band 50 on the outer surface of vacuum housing 10. This arrangement isolates the vacuum housing 10 which contains the flywheel assembly 100 from pitch and roll angular motions of the vehicle. The motor-generator torques are reacted by the gimbal 80, which also transmits the residual acceleration loads which result from the small departure from neutral buoyancy of the vacuum sphere in the flotation liquid 9. The journal bearing shafts are sized to shear under the high torque overloads which would occur in the event of a flywheel failure corresponding to bearing seizure. This is a safety feature to prevent the flywheel from jerking the vehicle.
In addition to these functions, the gimbal assembly also provides mechanical support for the power leads which must be routed from the outer housing into thevacuum housing to connect to the motor-generator.
The operation of the flywheel-motor-generator assembly will now be de-scribed in detail.
An object of the support system is to permit the flywheel 1 to safely perform its function as an energy buffer during all driving conditions, while consuming Wo9s/l36~7 z~7~5~5 PCT/U59J/11809 negiigible power when the vehicle is parked, even on a steep hill. Since the surface speed of the rotor 100 may exceed 1000 meters per second at peak charge, the assembly 100 must be maintained in a vacuum. The small, oil lubricated ceramic ball bearings 30, 140 can provide the desired service life provided the mechanical 5 loads are kept as low as possible. The overall design of this flywheel system is aimed at minimizing these loads.
It will be appreciated that placing the vacuum housing 10 in a gimbal system 80 makes the flywheel 1 nearly impervious to vehicle rotations. If the flywheel 1 were not gimballed, a vehicle rotation would cause a gyroscopic torque of magni-10 tude (HdP/dt), where H is the angular momentum of the flywheel 1 and dP/dt is thepitch or roll angular velocity of the vehicle. The reaction at each bearing of the unit depicted in Fig. 3, which preferably is capable of storing 2 KWH of energy at full charge, would be 6000 newtons per radian per second of vehicle pitch or roll. It will be appreciated that this represents a load that would shorten the life of the 15 bearings on all but the smoothest of roads. The use of the gimbal system 80 described above reduces the moments exerted on the bearings 30, 140 to those produced by hydrodynamic forces on the vacuum housing 10 and the spring forces produced by the power leads. Because the liquid 9 provides nearly neutral buoyan-cy to the inner housing, the mechanical gimbal need not support the bulk of the 20 acceleration loads, i.e., these loads mainly are borne by liquid 9. The mechanical gimbal need only react the spin-up and spin-down torques developed by the motor--generator 17, which are 12.5 newton-meters when the flywheel 1 is delivering or accepting 80 kilowatts of power at its quiescent operating speed of 6400 radians per second. Thus, gimbal 80 preferably can have a small enough drag area to make WO95113647 2 1 72~25 PCT/US9~/11809 .

the hydrodynamic torques it develops during vehicle pitching and rolling negligibly small.
During steady driving the orientation of the rotor axis is vertical, a conse-quence of the center of mass of the vacuum housing 10 and its contents being 5 below the center of buoyancy, which arrangement advantageously produces a righting rnoment on vacuum housing 10. In this orientation, the weight of the assembly 100 is borne by the toroidal magnet 23 and the forces on the bearings are those produced by the preload spring 148. This advantageously can be made as small as the radial stiffness requirement permits.
When the vehicle is accelerating or braking, the spin axis is no longer vertical, aligning itself, after a transient, to the equivalent gravitational field which is the vector sum of the earth's gravitational acceleration and the vehicle's acceleration.
Thus, the bearing load during steady accelerations is primarily axial. During tran-sients, which cause a damped precessional motion of the axis, the bearings react 15 to the small torques associated with this motion by exerting radial forces.
When the vehicle is parked, even on a hill, the spin axis is very close to vertical, just as in steady driving. The spring forces exerted by the power leads routed along the gimbal system 80 produce a torque tending to align the axis perpendicular to the hill, but these forces advantageously are small enough to keep 20 the resulting offset from vertical negligibly small. With a vertical orientation of the rotor axis when the vehicle is stationary, the rotor weight is exactly offset by the magnet 23, thus minimizing the load on the bearings 12, 16, thereby maximizing bearing iife.

W O 95/13647 PCTrUS94/11809 5~ --Another object of the present invention is to provide adequate cooling of the motor-generator 17 under all driving conditlons, the most demanding of which is a repetitive stop and go driving schedule. During this cyclic use, the motor-genera-tor 17 is alternately delivering power as a generator when accelerating the vehicle 5 or accepting power as a motor during dynamic braking. Even though it is advanta-geously very efficient in both operating modes, the high powers involved, e.g., many tens of kilowatts, create iron and copper losses which would lead to destruc-tive temperatures in the motor-generator 17 if cooling were not provided.
Advantageously, one preferred embodiment according to the present inven-10 tion provides effective cooling of the motor-generator stator 21a by circulating flotation liquid 9 through axial holes 20a in the metal cylinder 25, as previously de-scribed. Since the bearings 12, 16 provide very little thermal conduction from the rotating shaft 18, the rotor 21 b of the motor-generator is cooled primarily by radia-tion. The shaft temperature needed for this thermal radiation can be maintained 15 within acceptable limits by using a motor-generator design which minimizes rotor losses, such as a synchronous reluctance machine. The relatively cool spherical boundary, i.e., the vacuum housing 10, into which the rotating assembly 100 radiates helps keep the rotor temperature within acceptable limits.
Another object of the present invention is to protect the vehicle and its 20 passengers from (a) an accidental sudden release of the stored energy or (b) transfer of angular momentum, events which could be caused either by vehicle collision or by mechanical failure of the flywheel 1. Although the energy of a full charge is only equivalent to that resulting from the burning of six ounces of gasoline, its potentially dangerous form of release, i.e., sudden release, must be considered. Preferably, W095/13647 2 1 72~25 PCT/US94/11809 four barriers are provided between the rotating assembly 100 and the outside: the vacuum housing 10, the liquid 9, the outer enclosure 8, and an outer wrapping offiber composite material 52 which surrounds and supports the housing 8 using foam pads 53 in the intervening space. See Figure 9.
The heat reieased by a full charge will produce an increase the temperature in the fluid of approximately a few hundred degrees, causing no significant hazard.
The sudden transfer of the rotor's angular momentum to the vehicle could jerk the vehicle dangerously, if such were permitted to happen. This is precluded in the preferred embodiment of the present invention by allowing the vacuum housing 10 to spin down gradually in the liquid 9 when pins in the mechanical gimbal shear in the event of bearing seizure or of rotor disintegration. This detail is shown in Fig. 8.
The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to electric vehicles, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and withvarious modifications as are suited to the particular vehicle use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto .

Claims (30)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An integrated system for a flywheel-motor-generator assembly providing mobile energy storage and surge power generation, said system comprising:
an outer housing a vacuum housing within said outer housing wherein said vacuum housing and said outer housing define a cavity;
a radiator;
a pump for circulating a liquid in a predetermined portion of said cavity so as to transfer waste heat to said radiator.

2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein a stator of said flywheel-motor-generator is disposed proximate to said predetermined portion of said cavity.

3. The flywheel system as recited in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of shearable support members operatively disposed between said outer housing and said vacuum housing.

4. The flywheel support system as recited in claim 1, wherein the flywheel-motor-generator assembly has a respective center of mass, wherein said vacuum housing has an associated center of buoyancy and wherein said center of buoyancy is disposed with resect to said center of mass so as to produce a righting moment allied to the flywheel-motor-generator assembly.

5. The flywheel assembly system as recited in claim 4, wherein said righting moment is applied to a rotor axis of the flywheel-motor-generator assembly so as to permit alignment of the rotor axis along a vertical during steady driving or when the vehicle is parked, irrespective of the orientation of the vehicle.

6. The flywheel system as recited in claim 1, wherein said liquid outside of said portion is pumped so as to maintain said vacuum housing wetted by said liquid outside of said portion at close to ambient temperature.

7. A flywheel support system for a flywheel-motor-generator assembly providing mobile energy storage, said support system including a liquid suspension system comprising:
an outer housing;
a vacuum housing disposed within said outer housing, wherein said vacuum housing and said outer housing define a cavity;
a radiator fluidly coupled to said cavity; and a pump operatively connected to said radiator and said cavity, wherein said pump, said radiator and said cavity define a cooling loop whereby said liquid is circulated between said radiator and said cavity so as to transfer waste heat to said radiator.

8. The flywheel support system as recited in claim 7, wherein said vacuum housing includes a member thermally coupled to a stator of said flywheel-motor-ge-nerator, said stator being disposed proximate to said member, and wherein said liquid flows through said member thereby providing cooling of said flywheel-motor--generator.

9. The flywheel support system as recited in claim 7, further comprising a plurality of shearable support members operatively disposed between said outer housing and said vacuum housing.

10. The flywheel support system as recited in claim 7, wherein the flywheel--motor-generator assembly has a respective center of mass, wherein said vacuum housing has an associated center of buoyancy and wherein said center of buoyancy is disposed with respect to said center of mass so as to produce a righting moment applied to the flywheel-motor-generator assembly.

11. The flywheel support system as recited in claim 10, wherein said righting moment is applied to a rotor axis of the flywheel-motor-generator assembly so as to permit alignment of the rotor axis along a vertical when an associated vehicle is parked irrespective of orientation of the vehicle.

12. The flywheel support system as recited in claim 7, wherein said liquid outside of said portion is forcibly circulated so as to maintain said vacuum housing wetted by said liquid outside of said member at ambient liquid temperature.

13. A safety system for a high energy density flywheel assembly, compris-ing:

a vacuum housing;
an energy absorbing suspension fluid;
an outer housing; and a reinforcing wrapping, arranged in the recited order and arranged to form a multiple barrier and energy dissipation means for protecting a vehicle and associated passengers from accidental sudden release of energy from the flywheel assembly.

14. The safety system as recited in claim 13, further comprising a mechani-cal gimbal including shearable gimbal pins protecting the passengers and the vehicle from sudden transfer of angular momentum resulting from bearing seizure of at least one of a plurality of bearings or contact between said vacuum housing and said flywheel assembly, wherein gimbal pins in said gimbal shear so as to permit said vacuum housing to gradually spin down against the fluid disposed between said vacuum housing and said outer housing.

15. A pressure maintenance system for a flywheel energy storage system including a sealed housing, a shaft suspended between first and second bearings operatively coupled to said housing, said shaft supporting a flywheel rotor spinning at high speed and evolving gas molecules at a predetermined rate, said system comprising:
a baffle including an orifice dividing the housing into a first chamber and a second chamber being maintained at first and second predetermined pressures, respectively; and a molecular pump operatively connected so as to be driven by said shaft for pumping the gas molecules from said first chamber to said second chamber.

16. The pressure maintenance system as recited in claim 15, further com-prising molecular sieves disposed in said second chamber for adsorbing said gas molecules discharged by said pump.

17. The pressure maintenance system as recited in claim 16, wherein said gas molecules of a predetermined size are produced by said flywheel and wherein said molecular sieves are characterized by an affinity for said gas molecules of said predetermined size.

18. The pressure maintenance system as recited in claim 16, wherein said gas molecules of a predetermined size are produced by said flywheel, wherein said gas molecules are absorbed by said molecular sieves characterized by an affinity for said gas molecules of said predetermined size, wherein said molecular sieves have a pressure influenced adsorption rate and wherein said predetermined second pressure is between a minimum absorption rate and shut off head of said molecular pump.

19. The pressure maintenance system as recited in claim 15, wherein said molecular pump is a molecular drag pump.

20. The pressure maintenance system as recited in claim 15, wherein said molecular pump is a molecular drag pump including a plurality of spiral grooves formed in a pump stator.

21. The pressure maintenance system as recited in claim 15, wherein said molecular pump is a turbo-molecular pump.

22. The pressure maintenance system as recited in claim 15, wherein said molecular pump is a hybrid molecular pump, comprising a turbo-molecular pump stage and a molecular drag pump stage.

23. An integrated bearing system for a flywheel-motor-generator assembly providing mobile energy storage and surge power generation and supporting a flywheel shaft, said bearing system comprising:
an upper angular contact bearing;
a lower angular contact bearing;
wherein each of said upper and said lower bearings is lubricated by a separate closed, circulating oil system, said oil circulating system characterized in that:
each respective circulating oil system being powered by a combination of gravitational and centrifugal forces;
each respective circulating oil system including flow barriers thereby prevent-ing the escape of the lubricating oil into an adjacent high vacuum chamber;

each respective circulating oil system being operatively coupled to a magnet removing the gravitational load of a rotating assembly disposed in the high vacuum chamber from the bearing system; and each respective circulating oil system being mechanically coupled to preload spring providing an axial force which creates desired radial stiffness in said upper and said lower bearings, respectively.

24. The integrated bearing system as recited in claim 23, wherein said lower angular contact bearing comprises:
squeeze film damper means including two concentric vertical cylinders defining a narrow annulus therebetween and containing a radial spring and oil, said squeeze film damper being integrated into the flow path of the lower bearing oil circulation system, for substantially reducing amplitude of shaft vibrations produced by rotor unbalance at critical frequencies.

25. A flywheel assembly storing energy and rotatable in response to the rotation of a shaft, comprising:
a hub containing a substantially cylindrical region disposed proximate to the shaft, a constant stress intermediate region and an outer connecting region forming a flexible cylinder substantially parallel to and concentric with the shaft; and a cylinder portion wherein a majority of the mass of said flywheel assembly is concentrated.

26. The flywheel assembly as recited in claim 25, wherein said flexible cylinder includes connecting pads disposed at opposing edges of said flexible cylinder thereby permitting connection to said cylinder portion.

27. The flywheel assembly as recited in claim 26, wherein said flexible cylinder including said connecting pads is compressed in a radial direction by said cylinder portion when said flywheel assembly is at rest.

28. The flywheel assembly as recited in claim 25, wherein said cylinder portion includes an innermost cylinder and an outermost cylinder, wherein said innermost cylinder mechanically connects said flexible cylinder to said outermost cylinder.

29. The flywheel assembly as recited in claim 28, wherein said outermost cylinder includes an inner first region and an outer second region, wherein said innermost cylinder, said first region and said second region are composed of a first strength fiber, a second strength fiber and third strength fiber, respectively, and wherein the respective strength of said fibers is selected responsive to distance from the shaft.

30. In a flywheel system, the combination of a vacuum pump maintaining high vacuum hence low aerodynamic drag on a rotating assembly and an offloading magnet reducing associated bearing load and result drag with respect to the rotating assembly, thereby providing a low total drag and an attendant long self-discharge time for the flywheel system.