CA2181459C - Electronic toll payment - Google Patents
Electronic toll payment Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2181459C CA2181459C CA002181459A CA2181459A CA2181459C CA 2181459 C CA2181459 C CA 2181459C CA 002181459 A CA002181459 A CA 002181459A CA 2181459 A CA2181459 A CA 2181459A CA 2181459 C CA2181459 C CA 2181459C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- mobile
- localiser
- identifier
- purse
- electronic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
- G07F7/0866—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means by active credit-cards adapted therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/36—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
- G06Q20/363—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes with the personal data of a user
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07B—TICKET-ISSUING APPARATUS; FARE-REGISTERING APPARATUS; FRANKING APPARATUS
- G07B15/00—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points
- G07B15/06—Arrangements for road pricing or congestion charging of vehicles or vehicle users, e.g. automatic toll systems
- G07B15/063—Arrangements for road pricing or congestion charging of vehicles or vehicle users, e.g. automatic toll systems using wireless information transmission between the vehicle and a fixed station
Abstract
A system for toll payment by electronic cash identifies an electronic purse and effects value transfer over a communication system without stopping the mobile (vehicle or person). Mobile identity MID is temporarily correlated with purse identity PID and one or another identity is erased on satisfactory or non-satisfactory completion of the transaction thereby allowing non-payers to be pursued while preserving the principle of anonymity.
Description
WO 95/2I4?A PCT/GB95/OOI98 ~v ~ :~ ~.~9 ELECTRONIC TOLL PAYMENT
. The invention relates-to electronic toll payment.
A toll is a charge for access to a facility. As far i 5 as road vehicles are concerned tolls may be payable for access to roads, tunnels and bridges, for example.
As far as individuals are-concerned the entrance fees to entertainments such as sporting events or the fares for mass transit facilities may be regarded as tolls.
A problem with toll fee collection is that it takes time and vehicles and individuals are held up by passage through toll gates or turnstiles. Proposals have been made for the electronic payment of tolls whereby fixed sensors interact remotely with devices carried by passing vehicles or persons and, for example, a pre-paid token or card in the device is -cancelled or partially cancelled as payment.
Facility-specific pre-paid cards (a 'phone card is an example) have the important advantage of anonymity but are inflexible in use. Transactions involving them are insecure and are not themselves fund-transfer transactions. An object of the invention is to facilitate toll payment by electronic cash.
Electronic cash is held in electronic purses. An electronic purse is a device used in a value transfer system for cashless transactions. Value is transferred electronically from one purse to another or from banks' or retailers' terminals. Transfer may be- made by direct electronic connection between purses, by telephone connection using modems or by remote communication using infra-red light or radio.
Key features of a satisfactory electronic cash system are true, anonymity and security. Security is a particular problem when value messages in the system
. The invention relates-to electronic toll payment.
A toll is a charge for access to a facility. As far i 5 as road vehicles are concerned tolls may be payable for access to roads, tunnels and bridges, for example.
As far as individuals are-concerned the entrance fees to entertainments such as sporting events or the fares for mass transit facilities may be regarded as tolls.
A problem with toll fee collection is that it takes time and vehicles and individuals are held up by passage through toll gates or turnstiles. Proposals have been made for the electronic payment of tolls whereby fixed sensors interact remotely with devices carried by passing vehicles or persons and, for example, a pre-paid token or card in the device is -cancelled or partially cancelled as payment.
Facility-specific pre-paid cards (a 'phone card is an example) have the important advantage of anonymity but are inflexible in use. Transactions involving them are insecure and are not themselves fund-transfer transactions. An object of the invention is to facilitate toll payment by electronic cash.
Electronic cash is held in electronic purses. An electronic purse is a device used in a value transfer system for cashless transactions. Value is transferred electronically from one purse to another or from banks' or retailers' terminals. Transfer may be- made by direct electronic connection between purses, by telephone connection using modems or by remote communication using infra-red light or radio.
Key features of a satisfactory electronic cash system are true, anonymity and security. Security is a particular problem when value messages in the system
2 are broadcast by radio, magnetic or optical/infra-red signals as is inevitable in a remote, contactless transaction. A
suitable electronic cash system is described in patent application Nos. W091/16691 published October 31, 1991 and W093/08545 published April 29, 1993. Here, transactions are truly anonymous and security is ensured by a public/private key encryption system. Individual messages in the system can be transmitted in less than 100ms but there may typically be three or four messages interchanged in a transaction and encryption/decryption of each may take 500ms. Therefore, a typical transaction may -take seconds to complete. This is too long to allow swiftly moving traffic to effect a secure electronic cash transaction in passing a toll gantry.
According to the invention there is provided a system for toll payment by mobi=Les comprising: a communication device and an electronic purse coupled to the device located on each mobile, the electronic purse being part of an electronic cash system; localiser means f:or localising the communication devices; a remote communication system for communicating with the mobile communication devices to effect toll payments by exchanging cryptographically secure value transfer messages;
means for obtaining a mobile identifier identifying the communication device or the mobile carrying the electronic purse; means for correlating temporarily the mobile identifier with an identifier for th.e electronic purse; and means for (a) discarding the mobile identifier if a toll payment transaction is completed satisfactorily or (b) discarding the purse identifier if a toll payment transaction fails.
A "mobile" can be a vehicle or person.
A problem with remote toll payment systems is in maintaining the ability to pursue those who have not paid while 2a preserving the principle of anonymity. One method of enforcing payment is to arrange that the electronic purse shall carry a receipt of a completed toll payment. Physical spot checks can reveal non-payment and act as a deterrent. However, it may be preferred to enable automatic detection of non-payers. This is particularly difficult if the anonymity of electronic cash is to be preserved. A preferred P
~~
suitable electronic cash system is described in patent application Nos. W091/16691 published October 31, 1991 and W093/08545 published April 29, 1993. Here, transactions are truly anonymous and security is ensured by a public/private key encryption system. Individual messages in the system can be transmitted in less than 100ms but there may typically be three or four messages interchanged in a transaction and encryption/decryption of each may take 500ms. Therefore, a typical transaction may -take seconds to complete. This is too long to allow swiftly moving traffic to effect a secure electronic cash transaction in passing a toll gantry.
According to the invention there is provided a system for toll payment by mobi=Les comprising: a communication device and an electronic purse coupled to the device located on each mobile, the electronic purse being part of an electronic cash system; localiser means f:or localising the communication devices; a remote communication system for communicating with the mobile communication devices to effect toll payments by exchanging cryptographically secure value transfer messages;
means for obtaining a mobile identifier identifying the communication device or the mobile carrying the electronic purse; means for correlating temporarily the mobile identifier with an identifier for th.e electronic purse; and means for (a) discarding the mobile identifier if a toll payment transaction is completed satisfactorily or (b) discarding the purse identifier if a toll payment transaction fails.
A "mobile" can be a vehicle or person.
A problem with remote toll payment systems is in maintaining the ability to pursue those who have not paid while 2a preserving the principle of anonymity. One method of enforcing payment is to arrange that the electronic purse shall carry a receipt of a completed toll payment. Physical spot checks can reveal non-payment and act as a deterrent. However, it may be preferred to enable automatic detection of non-payers. This is particularly difficult if the anonymity of electronic cash is to be preserved. A preferred P
~~
-3-feature. of the invention provides a solution.
Thus, preferably means are provided for obtaining . a mobile identifier identifying the communication -device or-the mobi:Le carrying the electronic purse;
means are provided for correlating temporarily the mobile identifier with an identifierfor the electronic purse and means are provided for (a) discarding the mobile identifier if the toll payment transaction is-completed satisfactorily or (b) 0 discarding the purse identifier'if the toll payment transaction fails. With this arrangement while _.
anonymity is potentially destroyed by associating the purse identifier with the mobile identifier it is to be noted that this association is temporary only. It ~5 is ensured that the association is destroyed by discarding one or another of the identifiers in dependence on the outcome of the transaction. If the transaction is not completed then the mobile identifier can be used to trace-=the customer. Thus, 20 communication devices may be individually registered to customers and the mobile identifier may be that of thecommunication device. In particular, the communication device may be a mobile telephone in a cellular telephone system. The system may be a GSM
25 (Groupe Speciale Mobile) system in which each telephone carries a personal identifier chip. The customer may thus be identified by reference to his registration on the telephone system.
The mobile identifier may take other forms. For 30 example, a photographic or video camera may be positioned on a gantry to photograph the number plates of vehicles in a road toll system. Such photographs or more-usually video recordings would be discarded if -the toll payment transaction were completed 35 satisfactorily. Alternatively microwave or radio tag
Thus, preferably means are provided for obtaining . a mobile identifier identifying the communication -device or-the mobi:Le carrying the electronic purse;
means are provided for correlating temporarily the mobile identifier with an identifierfor the electronic purse and means are provided for (a) discarding the mobile identifier if the toll payment transaction is-completed satisfactorily or (b) 0 discarding the purse identifier'if the toll payment transaction fails. With this arrangement while _.
anonymity is potentially destroyed by associating the purse identifier with the mobile identifier it is to be noted that this association is temporary only. It ~5 is ensured that the association is destroyed by discarding one or another of the identifiers in dependence on the outcome of the transaction. If the transaction is not completed then the mobile identifier can be used to trace-=the customer. Thus, 20 communication devices may be individually registered to customers and the mobile identifier may be that of thecommunication device. In particular, the communication device may be a mobile telephone in a cellular telephone system. The system may be a GSM
25 (Groupe Speciale Mobile) system in which each telephone carries a personal identifier chip. The customer may thus be identified by reference to his registration on the telephone system.
The mobile identifier may take other forms. For 30 example, a photographic or video camera may be positioned on a gantry to photograph the number plates of vehicles in a road toll system. Such photographs or more-usually video recordings would be discarded if -the toll payment transaction were completed 35 satisfactorily. Alternatively microwave or radio tag
4 PCT/GB95/00198 S
21.~~.~~9 identification' association with" the vehicles or-communication devices might be employed_ The localises means may comprise a physical channelling system to allow individual mobiles to be identified. However, in some arrangements the mere , presence of a communication device in a general area or in.a particular succession of areas may be sufficient to generate a requirement for a toll payment.
A cellular telephone. system gives a coarse location of a telephone by reference to cell identity.
This in itself may provide sufficient localises information in some instances.
Alternatively it is envisaged that localises.
inforntation may be obtained from a navigation system such as the GPS (Geogr_aphical Position System) satellite system.
The invention will -further be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:-Figure 1 is a plan view of dart-of a toll payment system in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 is a diagram of the communication device and electronic purse of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the toll payment system of Figure I_ Referring to Figure =1 there is shown onethree-lane express payment carriageway 1 of a road for which tolls are to be levied. Traffic islands 2 channel the lanes at a toll gantry 3. The three express lanes 4, ,
21.~~.~~9 identification' association with" the vehicles or-communication devices might be employed_ The localises means may comprise a physical channelling system to allow individual mobiles to be identified. However, in some arrangements the mere , presence of a communication device in a general area or in.a particular succession of areas may be sufficient to generate a requirement for a toll payment.
A cellular telephone. system gives a coarse location of a telephone by reference to cell identity.
This in itself may provide sufficient localises information in some instances.
Alternatively it is envisaged that localises.
inforntation may be obtained from a navigation system such as the GPS (Geogr_aphical Position System) satellite system.
The invention will -further be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:-Figure 1 is a plan view of dart-of a toll payment system in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 is a diagram of the communication device and electronic purse of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the toll payment system of Figure I_ Referring to Figure =1 there is shown onethree-lane express payment carriageway 1 of a road for which tolls are to be levied. Traffic islands 2 channel the lanes at a toll gantry 3. The three express lanes 4, ,
5, 6 are for-non=stop electronic toll payment. .It is to be understood that traffic without electronic , payment facilities is diverted through conventional toll gates (not shown). _ _ 2g~~4~9 Each of the three lanes is observed by a respective video camera 7, 8, 9 which is triggered to photograph the rear of each vehicle. Each lane also has a very short range radio transmitter/receiver 10, 11, 12 shielded frola its neighbours by electromagnetic shielding to give a respective .radio footprint 10f, 11f, 12f covering only its respective lane so as to allow localised communication with a vehicle such as that shown at 13.
0 Referring now to Figure.2 there is shown a communication device 14 mounted on the dash-board of vehicle 13. . The device is connected to a GSM digital.
telephone 15 in xhe vehicle and also incorporates a very short range- radio transmitter/receiver 16 tuned to the frequency of the units 10, 11, 12 on the gantry. The communication device 14 also has a slot to accept an electronic purse in the form of a smart card 17. This forms part of an electronic cash system of the kind described in patent publications Nos W091/16691 and W093/08545. The electronic cash system employs value transactions using encrypted value messages as described in the foregoing specifications.
Referring now to Figure 3 the vehicle 13 is shown having passed the gantry at full speed. On passing the gantry the transmitter/receiver 16 detects a signal from transmi.tter/receiver l0 and responds with a digital serial signal conveying the identity of the electronic purse 17. This identity is unique in the -electronic cash system. The transmitter/receiver 16 passes this identity to a correlator which is linked , also to a video recorder 18_ The correlator identifies the frames of the video recording pertinent to vehicle 13 and stores this information in a store 19 as a mobile identification signal MID with the associated purse-identification information PID.
:~ "~'.t ~~_~~
After sending its PID--the communication device is triggered automatically to_call a predetermined number on the GSM telephone system and establish a link-with an electronic purse 20of-the road operator. An electronic funds transfer is initiated to transfer the toll required from the customer's purse 17 to-the purse 20_ On satisfactory transfer-of the funds an acknowledgement message is sent to purse 17 and this can be displayed on the communication device at 21 (Figure 2).
The PIDs of successful transactions are passed from the purse 20-to a central unit 22 and this is effective to identify the PID in the store and to erase at least the associated MID and preferably both the PID and MID_ Thus there is no identifiable correlation between a mobile identifier and a purse identifier for a successful toll payment. The. video-images may or may not be retained.
Any MIDs which are not cancelled after a predetermined time represent vehicles for which the toll payment has failed f or one reason or another.
For these MIDs the associated PIDs are deleted to preserve anonymity of the purses. The remaining MIDs are used to identify the appropriate video frames which can be automatically processed to extract vehicle registration numbers in order that their ~ -owners can be pursued forpayment. Some- vehicles may pass along the express lanes with defective or-non existent communication equipment or electronic purses.
The video images of these vehicles will be processed for pursuit of toll fees with appreciable surcharge.
The principle of- local identifi-cation and subsequent payment by electranic cash can be-extended to individuals.
Various personal-identification methods are W095121424 PCTlGB95/00195 -'- 21 ~ ~.~~'~
available such as personal electronic transponder tags which transmit an identification code ~n interrogation, or finger-print readers;-for example.
It is envisaged that an entrance region to a sporting event may be covered by an infra-red communication system allowing the use of hand-held communication devices.
0 Referring now to Figure.2 there is shown a communication device 14 mounted on the dash-board of vehicle 13. . The device is connected to a GSM digital.
telephone 15 in xhe vehicle and also incorporates a very short range- radio transmitter/receiver 16 tuned to the frequency of the units 10, 11, 12 on the gantry. The communication device 14 also has a slot to accept an electronic purse in the form of a smart card 17. This forms part of an electronic cash system of the kind described in patent publications Nos W091/16691 and W093/08545. The electronic cash system employs value transactions using encrypted value messages as described in the foregoing specifications.
Referring now to Figure 3 the vehicle 13 is shown having passed the gantry at full speed. On passing the gantry the transmitter/receiver 16 detects a signal from transmi.tter/receiver l0 and responds with a digital serial signal conveying the identity of the electronic purse 17. This identity is unique in the -electronic cash system. The transmitter/receiver 16 passes this identity to a correlator which is linked , also to a video recorder 18_ The correlator identifies the frames of the video recording pertinent to vehicle 13 and stores this information in a store 19 as a mobile identification signal MID with the associated purse-identification information PID.
:~ "~'.t ~~_~~
After sending its PID--the communication device is triggered automatically to_call a predetermined number on the GSM telephone system and establish a link-with an electronic purse 20of-the road operator. An electronic funds transfer is initiated to transfer the toll required from the customer's purse 17 to-the purse 20_ On satisfactory transfer-of the funds an acknowledgement message is sent to purse 17 and this can be displayed on the communication device at 21 (Figure 2).
The PIDs of successful transactions are passed from the purse 20-to a central unit 22 and this is effective to identify the PID in the store and to erase at least the associated MID and preferably both the PID and MID_ Thus there is no identifiable correlation between a mobile identifier and a purse identifier for a successful toll payment. The. video-images may or may not be retained.
Any MIDs which are not cancelled after a predetermined time represent vehicles for which the toll payment has failed f or one reason or another.
For these MIDs the associated PIDs are deleted to preserve anonymity of the purses. The remaining MIDs are used to identify the appropriate video frames which can be automatically processed to extract vehicle registration numbers in order that their ~ -owners can be pursued forpayment. Some- vehicles may pass along the express lanes with defective or-non existent communication equipment or electronic purses.
The video images of these vehicles will be processed for pursuit of toll fees with appreciable surcharge.
The principle of- local identifi-cation and subsequent payment by electranic cash can be-extended to individuals.
Various personal-identification methods are W095121424 PCTlGB95/00195 -'- 21 ~ ~.~~'~
available such as personal electronic transponder tags which transmit an identification code ~n interrogation, or finger-print readers;-for example.
It is envisaged that an entrance region to a sporting event may be covered by an infra-red communication system allowing the use of hand-held communication devices.
Claims (13)
1. A system for toll payment by mobiles comprising:
a communication device and an electronic purse coupled to the device located on each mobile, the electronic purse being part of an electronic cash system;
localiser means for localising the communication devices;
a remote communication system for communicating with the mobile communication devices to effect toll payments by exchanging cryptographically secure value transfer messages;
means for obtaining a mobile identifier identifying the communication device or the mobile carrying the electronic purse;
means for correlating temporarily the mobile identifier with an identifier for the electronic purse; and means for (a) discarding the mobile identifier if a toll payment transaction is completed satisfactorily or (b) discarding the purse identifier if a toll payment transaction fails.
a communication device and an electronic purse coupled to the device located on each mobile, the electronic purse being part of an electronic cash system;
localiser means for localising the communication devices;
a remote communication system for communicating with the mobile communication devices to effect toll payments by exchanging cryptographically secure value transfer messages;
means for obtaining a mobile identifier identifying the communication device or the mobile carrying the electronic purse;
means for correlating temporarily the mobile identifier with an identifier for the electronic purse; and means for (a) discarding the mobile identifier if a toll payment transaction is completed satisfactorily or (b) discarding the purse identifier if a toll payment transaction fails.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the remote communication system is a cellular telephone system and each communication device is a mobile telephone and a mobile identifier is a mobile telephone identifier.
3. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the localiser means identifies the presence of a mobile within a general area.
4. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the localiser means comprises a radio or satellite location system.
5. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cellular telephone system is a GSM system including personal smart cards and the mobile identifier is a personal identifier in the GSM system.
6. The system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the localiser means identifies the presence of a mobile within a general area.
7. The system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the localiser means comprises a radio or satellite location system.
8. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mobile identifier is an optical image, the means for obtaining which is a camera associate with the localiser means.
9. The system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the localiser means comprises an observation station associated with a channelling system for the mobiles whereby mobiles may be individually located in channels as they pass the observation station.
10. The system as claimed in claim 8, wherein the localiser means comprises a radio or satellite location system.
11. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the localiser means comprises an observation station associated with a channelling system for the mobiles whereby mobiles may be individually located in channels as they pass the observation station.
12. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the localiser means identifies the presence of a mobile within a general area.
13. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the localiser means comprises a radio or satellite location system.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9401924.7 | 1994-02-01 | ||
| GB9401924A GB9401924D0 (en) | 1994-02-01 | 1994-02-01 | System for road toll payment |
| PCT/GB1995/000198 WO1995021424A1 (en) | 1994-02-01 | 1995-02-01 | Electronic toll payment |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2181459A1 CA2181459A1 (en) | 1995-08-10 |
| CA2181459C true CA2181459C (en) | 2002-06-18 |
Family
ID=10749692
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002181459A Expired - Lifetime CA2181459C (en) | 1994-02-01 | 1995-02-01 | Electronic toll payment |
Country Status (23)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5857152A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0741890B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3136611B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100218663B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1066835C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE169139T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU682923B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9506571A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2181459C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69503755T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0741890T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2119387T3 (en) |
| GB (2) | GB9401924D0 (en) |
| GE (1) | GEP19991762B (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1001504A1 (en) |
| LV (1) | LV11714B (en) |
| MD (1) | MD960321A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO310003B1 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ278931A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL177179B1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2140669C1 (en) |
| SI (1) | SI0741890T1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1995021424A1 (en) |
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- 1995-02-01 AU AU15417/95A patent/AU682923B2/en not_active Expired
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- 1995-02-01 US US08/682,503 patent/US5857152A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1995-02-01 WO PCT/GB1995/000198 patent/WO1995021424A1/en active IP Right Grant
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