CA2219666C - Nonwoven, melt blown fluid filtration media with integral co-located support and filtration fibers, filter cartridges employing, and methods and apparatus of making, the same - Google Patents
Nonwoven, melt blown fluid filtration media with integral co-located support and filtration fibers, filter cartridges employing, and methods and apparatus of making, the same Download PDFInfo
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- CA2219666C CA2219666C CA002219666A CA2219666A CA2219666C CA 2219666 C CA2219666 C CA 2219666C CA 002219666 A CA002219666 A CA 002219666A CA 2219666 A CA2219666 A CA 2219666A CA 2219666 C CA2219666 C CA 2219666C
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- fibers
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- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 247
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims description 23
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 108
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 44
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- 229920002988 biodegradable polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004621 biodegradable polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002573 ethenylidene group Chemical group [*]=C=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004750 melt-blown nonwoven Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MMINFSMURORWKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,6-dioxabicyclo[6.2.2]dodeca-1(10),8,11-triene-2,7-dione Chemical compound O=C1OCCOC(=O)C2=CC=C1C=C2 MMINFSMURORWKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
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- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/02—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments
- D04H3/03—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments at random
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
- B01D29/11—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with bag, cage, hose, tube, sleeve or like filtering elements
- B01D29/111—Making filtering elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
- B01D29/11—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with bag, cage, hose, tube, sleeve or like filtering elements
- B01D29/13—Supported filter elements
- B01D29/15—Supported filter elements arranged for inward flow filtration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
- B01D29/50—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition
- B01D29/56—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition in series connection
- B01D29/58—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition in series connection arranged concentrically or coaxially
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/016—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the fineness
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
- D04H3/16—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic filaments produced in association with filament formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2101/00—Types of filters having loose filtering material
- B01D2101/005—Types of filters having loose filtering material with a binder between the individual particles or fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2201/00—Details relating to filtering apparatus
- B01D2201/52—Filter identification means
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
- Y10S264/75—Processes of uniting two or more fibers
Abstract
Filtration medium is formed of a mass of non-woven melt blown support and filtration fibers which are integrally co-located with one another. The support fibers (32) have, on average, relatively larger diameters as compared to the filtration fibers (30) which are integrally co-located therewith. Preferably the filtration medium is disposed within at least one annular zone of a filtration element, for example, a disposable cylindrical filter cartridge having an axially elongated central hollow passageway (12) which is surrounded by the filtration media. A
depth filter cartridge in accordance with the present invention may thus be formed having one or more additional zones (Z1, Z2, Z3) (which additional filtration zones may or may not respectively be provided with integrally co-located support fibers) in annular relationship to another. As result of the melt blown, non-woven fiber structure in accordance to the invention whereby at least one filtration zone is comprised of relatively larger diameter support fibers integrally co-located with relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers, a filter cartridge having a wide range of "engineered" physical properties (e.g. in terms of filtration, pressure drop tolerance and the like) can be provided.
depth filter cartridge in accordance with the present invention may thus be formed having one or more additional zones (Z1, Z2, Z3) (which additional filtration zones may or may not respectively be provided with integrally co-located support fibers) in annular relationship to another. As result of the melt blown, non-woven fiber structure in accordance to the invention whereby at least one filtration zone is comprised of relatively larger diameter support fibers integrally co-located with relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers, a filter cartridge having a wide range of "engineered" physical properties (e.g. in terms of filtration, pressure drop tolerance and the like) can be provided.
Description
r CA 02219666 1997-10-28 t~.
NONWOVEN, MELT BLOWN FLUID FILTRATION MEDIA WITH
INTEGRAL CO-LOCATED SUPPORT AND FILTRATION FIBERS, FILTER CARTRIDGES EMPLOYING, AND METHODS AND
APPARATUS OF MAKING, THE SAME
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to the field of fluid filtration. More specifically, the present invention relates to melt blown fluid filtration media. In preferred forms, the filter media is embodied in cylindrical disposable filter cartridges wherein the filter media is disposed in at least one of several annularly adjacent nonwoven, melt blown filtration media layers. In this regard, the annularly adjacent layers may exhibit graded pore sizes/densities so as to achieve a selective fluid filtration e~ciency gradient throughout the depth of the filter cartridge (i.e., so-called "depth filter cartridges").
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Depth filter cartridges formed of a nonwoven mass of a melt blown polymer are well lmown and have achieved widespread use in fluid filtration applications. Typically, such melt blown filter cartridges are made by e~trudi_ng a polymer through orifices associated with a melt blowing die to form fibers which aie directed toward a rotating forming mandrel. During melt blowing, a flow of
NONWOVEN, MELT BLOWN FLUID FILTRATION MEDIA WITH
INTEGRAL CO-LOCATED SUPPORT AND FILTRATION FIBERS, FILTER CARTRIDGES EMPLOYING, AND METHODS AND
APPARATUS OF MAKING, THE SAME
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to the field of fluid filtration. More specifically, the present invention relates to melt blown fluid filtration media. In preferred forms, the filter media is embodied in cylindrical disposable filter cartridges wherein the filter media is disposed in at least one of several annularly adjacent nonwoven, melt blown filtration media layers. In this regard, the annularly adjacent layers may exhibit graded pore sizes/densities so as to achieve a selective fluid filtration e~ciency gradient throughout the depth of the filter cartridge (i.e., so-called "depth filter cartridges").
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Depth filter cartridges formed of a nonwoven mass of a melt blown polymer are well lmown and have achieved widespread use in fluid filtration applications. Typically, such melt blown filter cartridges are made by e~trudi_ng a polymer through orifices associated with a melt blowing die to form fibers which aie directed toward a rotating forming mandrel. During melt blowing, a flow of
2 inert gas (e.g., air) acts on the molten fibers so as to attenuate the fibers to relatively fine diameter and to randomly distribute the attenuated fibers onto the forming mandrel. Over time, therefore, a mass of nonwoven, randomly intermingled solidified fibers builds up on the forming mandrel. Controlled anal movement of the built-up mass of melt blown fibers relative to the melt blowing die will therefore allow a cylindrical filter cartridge of indefinite length to be formed continuously.
o During melt blowing, it is well lmown that one or more of the process conditions associated with the melt blowing die may be varied so as to responsively achieve varied attributes of the resulting melt blown fibers in terms of fiber diameter and/or density, and thereby pore size. For ezample, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,904,798 and 3,801,400 s there is disclosed a technique whereby the (i) temperature of the polymer, (ii) speed of polymer egtTUSion, (iii) speed of rotation of the forming mandrel, (iv) distance between the melt blowing die and forming mandrel, and/or (v) weight of an idler roll assocsated with the forming mandrel, may be changed so as to gradually change 20 the density of a melt blown fiber layer relative to a previously melt blown adjacent layer.
zs U.S. Patent Nos. 4,594,202 and 4,726,901 disclose a technique whereby the fiber diameter of the melt blown fibers is controllably varied to achieve substantially constant voids volume for
o During melt blowing, it is well lmown that one or more of the process conditions associated with the melt blowing die may be varied so as to responsively achieve varied attributes of the resulting melt blown fibers in terms of fiber diameter and/or density, and thereby pore size. For ezample, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,904,798 and 3,801,400 s there is disclosed a technique whereby the (i) temperature of the polymer, (ii) speed of polymer egtTUSion, (iii) speed of rotation of the forming mandrel, (iv) distance between the melt blowing die and forming mandrel, and/or (v) weight of an idler roll assocsated with the forming mandrel, may be changed so as to gradually change 20 the density of a melt blown fiber layer relative to a previously melt blown adjacent layer.
zs U.S. Patent Nos. 4,594,202 and 4,726,901 disclose a technique whereby the fiber diameter of the melt blown fibers is controllably varied to achieve substantially constant voids volume for
3 each level of fiber diameter variance throughout the radial dimension (depth) of the filter cartridge without substantial fiber-to-fiber bonding.
In use, a filter cartridge must be capable of withstanding a significant pressure drop across its radial thiclmess (which pressure drop increases with increasing entrapment of particulates removed from the filtered fluid). In order to permit the filter cartridge to withstand pressure drops within design limits without collapse of the filter medium, it has been conventional practice to include a separate perforated tubular core around which the filter medium is disposed.
(Please see in this regard, U.S. Patent Nos. 3,933,557, 4,032,688 and
In use, a filter cartridge must be capable of withstanding a significant pressure drop across its radial thiclmess (which pressure drop increases with increasing entrapment of particulates removed from the filtered fluid). In order to permit the filter cartridge to withstand pressure drops within design limits without collapse of the filter medium, it has been conventional practice to include a separate perforated tubular core around which the filter medium is disposed.
(Please see in this regard, U.S. Patent Nos. 3,933,557, 4,032,688 and
4,112,159).
~s It has also been proposed in the art to form "coreless" depth filter cartridges which include a nonwoven mass of melt blo~,~n fibers.
For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,240,864 discloses a technique whereby a coreless melt blown filter cartridge may be made by 20 vatyiag the pressure applied to the accumulating fibers on the forming mandrel so as to obtain a filter of varying media density.
Thus, although the diameters of the fibers in the various layers is substantially constant, by varying the pressure on such accumulated fibers from one zone to the next, a filter cartridge may be made 25 having an innermost zone of sufficiently high density to serve as an integral "core".
More recently, U.S. Patent No. 5,340,479 has disclosed a depth filter cartridge formed of melt blown fibers having support filaments at a central area of the filter with diameters su~ciently large to thermally bind into a structure which is strong enough to support the remainder of the filter structure without collapse. This zone of relatively large diameter fibers thereby serves as an integral "core" for the remaining surrounding relatively small diameter filtration fibers.
While the above-described filter cartridges possess ceita~in beneficial attributes, some improvements are still needed. For ezample, it would especially be desirable if a melt blown, nonwoven filter cartridge could be provided whereby one or more of the annular filtration zones was provided with integral support structure. It would furthermore be desirable if such integral support structure was in the form of continuously produced melt blown support fibers which are integrally co-located (i.e., intermingled) with concurrently melt blown filtration fibers within one or more of the annular filtration 2o zones so that the filtration characteristics and pressure drop limits could be selectively "engineered" to meet specific end-use applications. It is towards f"lfll,ng such a need that the present invention is directed.
Y_. x SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Broadly, the present invention is embodied in filtration media formed of a mass of nonwoven melt blown support and filtration fibers which are integrally co-located with one another. The support fibers have, on average, relatively larger diameters as compared to the filtration fibers which are integrally co-located therewith. In preferred embodiments, the filtration media is disposed within at least one annular zone of a filtration element, for example, a disposable cylindrical filter cartridge having an axially elongate central hollow passageway which is surrounded by the filtration media.
The cylindrical filter cartridge according to the present invention will thus preferably include at least one annular filtration zone surrounding a central a~ally elongate hollow passageway and will integrally be formed of the co-located relatively larger diameter support fibers and relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers. A
depth filter cartridge in accordance with the present invention may 2o therefore be formed having one or more additional filtration zones (which additional filtration zones may or may not respectively be provided with integrally co-located support fibers) in annular relationship to one another. As a result of the melt blown, nonwoven fiber structuz-e in accordance with the present invention whereby at least one filtration zone is comprised of relatively larger diameter support fibers integrally co-located with relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers, a filter cartridge having a wide range of "engineered"
physical properties (e.g., in terms of filtration, pressure drop tolerance and the Like) can be provided.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filter cartridge having an axially elongate central hollow passageway, and a cylindrical filtration element surrounding said passageway which includes a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average relatively larger diameters as compared to said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas in at least one annular zone of said filtration element, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers within said at least one annular zone of said filtration element so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filter cartridge which includes at least one annular zone formed of a mass of melt blown nonwoven fibers comprised of continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 hum and about 500 ~m which define a random matrix of open areas in said at least one annular zone, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and and about 50 ~,m which are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
6a According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filter cartridge having an axially elongate central hollow passageway, and a cylindrical filtration element surrounding said passageway, said filtration element including at least one annular zone which includes continuous support and filtration fibers which are co-located and intimately entangled with one another, wherein said support fibers have a mean diameter of between about 60 ~,m and about 500 ~,m, and said filtration fibers have a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and about 50 hum.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a cylindrical filter cartridge having at least one annular zone comprised of relatively larger diameter support fibers which are integrally co-located with relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers, comprising the steps of: (a) directing melt blown fibers from a pair of radially separated melt-blowing dies toward a rotating forming mandrel so that melt blown fibers from one of said melt blowing die are integrally co-located with respect to melt blown fibers of the other of said melt blowing die upon reaching said forming mandrel; (b) controlling said pair of melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to relatively smaller diameters of said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die, and so that said relatively larger diameter melt-blown fibers from said one die define a random network of void spaces in said at least one annular zone with said relatively smaller diameter melt-blown fibers being 6b integrally co-located with said defined void spaces; and (c) allowing said integrally co-located melt blown fibers from said one and other melt blowing dies to accumulate on said forming mandrel to thereby form said at least one annular zone.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers comprising the steps of (a) issuing melt blown fibers from one and another melt blowing dies; (b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers issued from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to relatively smaller diameters of said melt blown fibers issued from said other melt blowing die, and so that said relatively larger diameter melt blown fibers issued from said one melt blowing die define a random matrix of open areas with said relatively smaller diameter melt blown fibers issued from said other melt blowing die co-located with said relatively larger diameter melt blown fibers so as to be disposed physically within said open areas defined thereby; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter melt-blown fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter melt blown fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown mass of said support and filtration fibers.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers 6c comprising the steps of: (a) positioning one and another melt blowing dies in spaced axial opposition to each other, and issuing melt blown fibers from said one and another melt blowing dies; (b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown co-located mass of said support and filtration fibers with said support fibers defining a random matrix of open areas and said filtration fibers being disposed physically within said open areas.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers comprising the steps of (a) issuing melt blown fibers from one and another melt blowing dies such that said one die is directed toward a rotating forming mandrel in general opposition to said other die; (b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown co-located mass of said support and filtration fibers with said support fibers defining a random matrix of open 6d areas and said filtration fibers being disposed physically within said open areas.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making filtration medium comprising: (i) issuing a first stream of melt blown fibers from a first melt blowing die toward a forming mandrel; (ii) issuing a second stream of melt blown fibers from a second melt blowing die toward a collection/transfer surface positioned adjacent to said forming mandrel such that said second stream of melt blown fibers is blocked from said first stream of melt blown fibers; and (iii) moving said collection/transfer surface so that said melt blown fibers of said second stream are brought into contact with said melt blown fibers of said first stream and transferred to said forming mandrel.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a melt-blown fibrous medium comprising: (i) issuing a first stream of melt-blown fibers along a melt-blowing path from a first melt blowing die toward a forming surface; (ii) interposing a transfer surface between said first melt blowing die and said forming surface in said melt-blowing path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer surface in advance of said collection surface;
(iii) moving said transfer surface so that said melt-blown fibers of said first stream which impinge thereon are transferred to and laid upon said forming surface; and (iv) issuing at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers from at least one other melt blowing die and directing said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers toward said forming surface, wherein 6e said at least one other melt blowing die is positioned so that said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers issuing therefrom is mutually blocked by said transfer surface from said first stream of melt-blown fibers issuing from said first melt blowing die, whereby to form said melt-blown fibrous medium.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for making filtration medium comprising: (i) a forming mandrel; (ii) first and second melt blowing dies for issuing first and second streams of melt blown fibers toward said forming mandrel along first and second melt-blowing paths, respectively; (iii) a rotatable transfer roller interposed between said forming mandrel and said first melt blowing die in said first melt-blowing path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer roller in advance of said forming mandrel and so that said transfer roller substantially blocks said first stream of melt blown fibers from said second stream of melt blown fibers, wherein (iv) said transfer roller transfers said first stream of melt blown fibers issued by said first melt blowing die into contact with said second stream of melt blown fibers issued by said second melt blowing die so that said first and second streams of melt blown fibers are commingled with one another on said forming mandrel.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for making a melt-blown fibrous medium comprising: (i) first and second melt blowing dies for respectively issuing first and second streams of melt-blown fibers along first and second melt 6f blown paths; (ii) a forming surface on which the first and second streams of melt-blown fibers issued from said first and second melt-blowing dies are collected to form a melt-blown fibrous medium; and (iii) a movable transfer surface interposed between said first melt blowing die and said forming surface in said first melt-blown path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer surface in advance of said forming surface to thereby be transferred to and brought into contact with said second stream of melt-blown fibers on said forming surface.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average a relatively larger diameter as compared to a diameter of said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown fibers including continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 ~.m and about 500 pin which define a random matrix of open areas, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and about 50 ~m which are integrally co-located with 6g said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fluid filter which includes a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average a relatively larger diameter as compared to a diameter of said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fluid filter which includes a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown fibers including continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 ~,m and about 500 ~,m which define a random matrix of open areas, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and about 50 ~.m which are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided A filtration medium having at least one filtration zone including continuous support fibers, and continuous filtration fibers which are co-located and intimately entangled with said support fibers, wherein said 6h support fibers have a mean diameter of between about 60 ~,m and about 500 ~,m and define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers have a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and about 50 ~.m.
Further aspects and advantages of this invention will become more clear after careful consideration is given to the following detailed description of the preferred exemplary embodiments thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference will hereinafter be made to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals throughout the various FIGURES denote like structural elements, and wherein;
FIGURE 1 is a schematic perspective view showing one preferred melt blowing system for producing the filter cartridges of this invention;
FIGURE 2A is a schematic end view of the melt blowing system shown in FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 2B is a schematic end view of an alternative melt blowing system that may be used in accordance with this invention;
FIGURE 3 is a schematic end view of an alternative melt blowing system to produce the filter cartridges of this invention;
FIGURE 4 is a schematic perspective view, partly in section, showing an exemplary cylindrical filter cartridge in accordance with the present invention;
FIGURE 5 is a schematic representation showing the structural relationship between the co-located support fibers and filtration fibers in accordance with the present invention;
FIGURES 6A-6F are each photomicrographs of representative portions of Invention Cartridges IC1 through IC6 obtained in the following Examples showing the structural relationship between the melt blown, integrally co-located support fibers and filtration fibers;
FIGURES 7A-7C are graphs corresponding respectively to the ~ 5 initial particle removal e~.ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric e~ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 1;
FIGURES 8A-8C are graphs corresponding respectively to the initial particle removal e~ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric 2o e~ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 2;
FIGURES 9A-9C are graphs corresponding respectively to the initial particle removal e~ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric e~ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 3;
r~
FIGURES IOA-lOC are graphs corresponding respectively to initial particle removal ef..6.ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric e~ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 4; and FIGURES 11A-I1C are graphs corresponding respectively to initial particle removal e~ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric e~.ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
One form of an apparatus 10 which is especially adapted to produce a depth filter cartridge FC in accordance with the present ~ 5 invention is depicted schematically in accompanying FIGURE 1. As is seen, the apparatus 10 generally includes a forming mandrel composed of a length of a perforated tube 12 (which will ultimately form the core of the filter cartridge FC) supported for axial and rotational movements (arrows A, and Ar, respectively) by means of 2o skewed drive rollers I4a-14c. Although not shown, another set of rollers 14a-14c is employed downstream,° but contact the exterior surface of the filter media on the tube 12. A bank of melt blowing dies 16a-16c fed by a respective extruder 18a-18c is aligned parallel to the anal movement (arrow Aa) of the perforated tube 12 so as to 25 sequentially melt blow filtration fibers toward the perforated tube 12 and thereby respectively create at least three annular zones Zl-Z3 of the filter cartridge FC (see also, FIGURE 4).
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) c x The melt blowing dies 16a-16c are, in and of themselves conventional, in that they are each supplied with a flow of pressurized fluid (e.g., pressurized air) via line 19 which acts upon the fiber melt streams discharged from the respective dies so as to attenuate the individual fibers and propel them toward the perforated tube 12. The extruders I8a-18c and/or air streams associated with the respective dies 16a-I6c may, however be individually controlled by metering pumps 20a-20c and flow controllers 21a-21c which are operatively coupled to master controller 1o I~ZC1. Thus, the extruders may be controlled as to temperature, polymer flow rate and the like, while the air stream may be controlled as to pressure, flow rate and the Like so that any number of processing conditions may be selected to obtain melt blown fibers of desired diameter. These processing conditions may be preset by an t5 operator in the master controller MC1 in dependence upon the desired filter cartridge FC to be manufactux-ed so that the various annular zones Zi-Zs may be manufactured automatically.
The a~.al movement of the perforated tube (and hence the melt 2o blown fibers which respectively accumulate in annular zones. ZI-Z3 by virtue of the operation of melt blowing dies 16a-16c) is controlled by the rotation speed and angle of the skewed drive rollers 14a-14c.
ITItimately, however, a tubular section formed of accumulated melt bloa.-n fibers from dies I6a-16c of indefinite, but predetermined, 25 length will extend a~ally beyond the bank of dies 16a-16c. A
conventional cutting apparatus (e.g., a motorized saw MS which may be mounted for reciprocal movements) may then be operated SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) ~ WO 96134673 PCT/US96/04938 manually or automatically, so as to sever the extended length and thereby form a filter cartridge FC. In such a manner, the apparatus 10 shown in FIGURE 1 sequentially forms filter cartridges FC on a continuous basis. The filter cartridges FC may then be ftu then
~s It has also been proposed in the art to form "coreless" depth filter cartridges which include a nonwoven mass of melt blo~,~n fibers.
For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,240,864 discloses a technique whereby a coreless melt blown filter cartridge may be made by 20 vatyiag the pressure applied to the accumulating fibers on the forming mandrel so as to obtain a filter of varying media density.
Thus, although the diameters of the fibers in the various layers is substantially constant, by varying the pressure on such accumulated fibers from one zone to the next, a filter cartridge may be made 25 having an innermost zone of sufficiently high density to serve as an integral "core".
More recently, U.S. Patent No. 5,340,479 has disclosed a depth filter cartridge formed of melt blown fibers having support filaments at a central area of the filter with diameters su~ciently large to thermally bind into a structure which is strong enough to support the remainder of the filter structure without collapse. This zone of relatively large diameter fibers thereby serves as an integral "core" for the remaining surrounding relatively small diameter filtration fibers.
While the above-described filter cartridges possess ceita~in beneficial attributes, some improvements are still needed. For ezample, it would especially be desirable if a melt blown, nonwoven filter cartridge could be provided whereby one or more of the annular filtration zones was provided with integral support structure. It would furthermore be desirable if such integral support structure was in the form of continuously produced melt blown support fibers which are integrally co-located (i.e., intermingled) with concurrently melt blown filtration fibers within one or more of the annular filtration 2o zones so that the filtration characteristics and pressure drop limits could be selectively "engineered" to meet specific end-use applications. It is towards f"lfll,ng such a need that the present invention is directed.
Y_. x SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Broadly, the present invention is embodied in filtration media formed of a mass of nonwoven melt blown support and filtration fibers which are integrally co-located with one another. The support fibers have, on average, relatively larger diameters as compared to the filtration fibers which are integrally co-located therewith. In preferred embodiments, the filtration media is disposed within at least one annular zone of a filtration element, for example, a disposable cylindrical filter cartridge having an axially elongate central hollow passageway which is surrounded by the filtration media.
The cylindrical filter cartridge according to the present invention will thus preferably include at least one annular filtration zone surrounding a central a~ally elongate hollow passageway and will integrally be formed of the co-located relatively larger diameter support fibers and relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers. A
depth filter cartridge in accordance with the present invention may 2o therefore be formed having one or more additional filtration zones (which additional filtration zones may or may not respectively be provided with integrally co-located support fibers) in annular relationship to one another. As a result of the melt blown, nonwoven fiber structuz-e in accordance with the present invention whereby at least one filtration zone is comprised of relatively larger diameter support fibers integrally co-located with relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers, a filter cartridge having a wide range of "engineered"
physical properties (e.g., in terms of filtration, pressure drop tolerance and the Like) can be provided.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filter cartridge having an axially elongate central hollow passageway, and a cylindrical filtration element surrounding said passageway which includes a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average relatively larger diameters as compared to said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas in at least one annular zone of said filtration element, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers within said at least one annular zone of said filtration element so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filter cartridge which includes at least one annular zone formed of a mass of melt blown nonwoven fibers comprised of continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 hum and about 500 ~m which define a random matrix of open areas in said at least one annular zone, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and and about 50 ~,m which are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
6a According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filter cartridge having an axially elongate central hollow passageway, and a cylindrical filtration element surrounding said passageway, said filtration element including at least one annular zone which includes continuous support and filtration fibers which are co-located and intimately entangled with one another, wherein said support fibers have a mean diameter of between about 60 ~,m and about 500 ~,m, and said filtration fibers have a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and about 50 hum.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a cylindrical filter cartridge having at least one annular zone comprised of relatively larger diameter support fibers which are integrally co-located with relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers, comprising the steps of: (a) directing melt blown fibers from a pair of radially separated melt-blowing dies toward a rotating forming mandrel so that melt blown fibers from one of said melt blowing die are integrally co-located with respect to melt blown fibers of the other of said melt blowing die upon reaching said forming mandrel; (b) controlling said pair of melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to relatively smaller diameters of said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die, and so that said relatively larger diameter melt-blown fibers from said one die define a random network of void spaces in said at least one annular zone with said relatively smaller diameter melt-blown fibers being 6b integrally co-located with said defined void spaces; and (c) allowing said integrally co-located melt blown fibers from said one and other melt blowing dies to accumulate on said forming mandrel to thereby form said at least one annular zone.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers comprising the steps of (a) issuing melt blown fibers from one and another melt blowing dies; (b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers issued from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to relatively smaller diameters of said melt blown fibers issued from said other melt blowing die, and so that said relatively larger diameter melt blown fibers issued from said one melt blowing die define a random matrix of open areas with said relatively smaller diameter melt blown fibers issued from said other melt blowing die co-located with said relatively larger diameter melt blown fibers so as to be disposed physically within said open areas defined thereby; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter melt-blown fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter melt blown fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown mass of said support and filtration fibers.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers 6c comprising the steps of: (a) positioning one and another melt blowing dies in spaced axial opposition to each other, and issuing melt blown fibers from said one and another melt blowing dies; (b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown co-located mass of said support and filtration fibers with said support fibers defining a random matrix of open areas and said filtration fibers being disposed physically within said open areas.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers comprising the steps of (a) issuing melt blown fibers from one and another melt blowing dies such that said one die is directed toward a rotating forming mandrel in general opposition to said other die; (b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown co-located mass of said support and filtration fibers with said support fibers defining a random matrix of open 6d areas and said filtration fibers being disposed physically within said open areas.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making filtration medium comprising: (i) issuing a first stream of melt blown fibers from a first melt blowing die toward a forming mandrel; (ii) issuing a second stream of melt blown fibers from a second melt blowing die toward a collection/transfer surface positioned adjacent to said forming mandrel such that said second stream of melt blown fibers is blocked from said first stream of melt blown fibers; and (iii) moving said collection/transfer surface so that said melt blown fibers of said second stream are brought into contact with said melt blown fibers of said first stream and transferred to said forming mandrel.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of making a melt-blown fibrous medium comprising: (i) issuing a first stream of melt-blown fibers along a melt-blowing path from a first melt blowing die toward a forming surface; (ii) interposing a transfer surface between said first melt blowing die and said forming surface in said melt-blowing path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer surface in advance of said collection surface;
(iii) moving said transfer surface so that said melt-blown fibers of said first stream which impinge thereon are transferred to and laid upon said forming surface; and (iv) issuing at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers from at least one other melt blowing die and directing said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers toward said forming surface, wherein 6e said at least one other melt blowing die is positioned so that said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers issuing therefrom is mutually blocked by said transfer surface from said first stream of melt-blown fibers issuing from said first melt blowing die, whereby to form said melt-blown fibrous medium.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for making filtration medium comprising: (i) a forming mandrel; (ii) first and second melt blowing dies for issuing first and second streams of melt blown fibers toward said forming mandrel along first and second melt-blowing paths, respectively; (iii) a rotatable transfer roller interposed between said forming mandrel and said first melt blowing die in said first melt-blowing path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer roller in advance of said forming mandrel and so that said transfer roller substantially blocks said first stream of melt blown fibers from said second stream of melt blown fibers, wherein (iv) said transfer roller transfers said first stream of melt blown fibers issued by said first melt blowing die into contact with said second stream of melt blown fibers issued by said second melt blowing die so that said first and second streams of melt blown fibers are commingled with one another on said forming mandrel.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for making a melt-blown fibrous medium comprising: (i) first and second melt blowing dies for respectively issuing first and second streams of melt-blown fibers along first and second melt 6f blown paths; (ii) a forming surface on which the first and second streams of melt-blown fibers issued from said first and second melt-blowing dies are collected to form a melt-blown fibrous medium; and (iii) a movable transfer surface interposed between said first melt blowing die and said forming surface in said first melt-blown path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer surface in advance of said forming surface to thereby be transferred to and brought into contact with said second stream of melt-blown fibers on said forming surface.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average a relatively larger diameter as compared to a diameter of said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown fibers including continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 ~.m and about 500 pin which define a random matrix of open areas, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and about 50 ~m which are integrally co-located with 6g said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fluid filter which includes a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average a relatively larger diameter as compared to a diameter of said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fluid filter which includes a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown fibers including continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 ~,m and about 500 ~,m which define a random matrix of open areas, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and about 50 ~.m which are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided A filtration medium having at least one filtration zone including continuous support fibers, and continuous filtration fibers which are co-located and intimately entangled with said support fibers, wherein said 6h support fibers have a mean diameter of between about 60 ~,m and about 500 ~,m and define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers have a mean diameter of between about 1 ~.m and about 50 ~.m.
Further aspects and advantages of this invention will become more clear after careful consideration is given to the following detailed description of the preferred exemplary embodiments thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference will hereinafter be made to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals throughout the various FIGURES denote like structural elements, and wherein;
FIGURE 1 is a schematic perspective view showing one preferred melt blowing system for producing the filter cartridges of this invention;
FIGURE 2A is a schematic end view of the melt blowing system shown in FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 2B is a schematic end view of an alternative melt blowing system that may be used in accordance with this invention;
FIGURE 3 is a schematic end view of an alternative melt blowing system to produce the filter cartridges of this invention;
FIGURE 4 is a schematic perspective view, partly in section, showing an exemplary cylindrical filter cartridge in accordance with the present invention;
FIGURE 5 is a schematic representation showing the structural relationship between the co-located support fibers and filtration fibers in accordance with the present invention;
FIGURES 6A-6F are each photomicrographs of representative portions of Invention Cartridges IC1 through IC6 obtained in the following Examples showing the structural relationship between the melt blown, integrally co-located support fibers and filtration fibers;
FIGURES 7A-7C are graphs corresponding respectively to the ~ 5 initial particle removal e~.ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric e~ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 1;
FIGURES 8A-8C are graphs corresponding respectively to the initial particle removal e~ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric 2o e~ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 2;
FIGURES 9A-9C are graphs corresponding respectively to the initial particle removal e~ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric e~ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 3;
r~
FIGURES IOA-lOC are graphs corresponding respectively to initial particle removal ef..6.ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric e~ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 4; and FIGURES 11A-I1C are graphs corresponding respectively to initial particle removal e~ciency, plugging data and turbidimetric e~.ciency for the filter cartridges tested according to Example 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED
EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
One form of an apparatus 10 which is especially adapted to produce a depth filter cartridge FC in accordance with the present ~ 5 invention is depicted schematically in accompanying FIGURE 1. As is seen, the apparatus 10 generally includes a forming mandrel composed of a length of a perforated tube 12 (which will ultimately form the core of the filter cartridge FC) supported for axial and rotational movements (arrows A, and Ar, respectively) by means of 2o skewed drive rollers I4a-14c. Although not shown, another set of rollers 14a-14c is employed downstream,° but contact the exterior surface of the filter media on the tube 12. A bank of melt blowing dies 16a-16c fed by a respective extruder 18a-18c is aligned parallel to the anal movement (arrow Aa) of the perforated tube 12 so as to 25 sequentially melt blow filtration fibers toward the perforated tube 12 and thereby respectively create at least three annular zones Zl-Z3 of the filter cartridge FC (see also, FIGURE 4).
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) c x The melt blowing dies 16a-16c are, in and of themselves conventional, in that they are each supplied with a flow of pressurized fluid (e.g., pressurized air) via line 19 which acts upon the fiber melt streams discharged from the respective dies so as to attenuate the individual fibers and propel them toward the perforated tube 12. The extruders I8a-18c and/or air streams associated with the respective dies 16a-I6c may, however be individually controlled by metering pumps 20a-20c and flow controllers 21a-21c which are operatively coupled to master controller 1o I~ZC1. Thus, the extruders may be controlled as to temperature, polymer flow rate and the like, while the air stream may be controlled as to pressure, flow rate and the Like so that any number of processing conditions may be selected to obtain melt blown fibers of desired diameter. These processing conditions may be preset by an t5 operator in the master controller MC1 in dependence upon the desired filter cartridge FC to be manufactux-ed so that the various annular zones Zi-Zs may be manufactured automatically.
The a~.al movement of the perforated tube (and hence the melt 2o blown fibers which respectively accumulate in annular zones. ZI-Z3 by virtue of the operation of melt blowing dies 16a-16c) is controlled by the rotation speed and angle of the skewed drive rollers 14a-14c.
ITItimately, however, a tubular section formed of accumulated melt bloa.-n fibers from dies I6a-16c of indefinite, but predetermined, 25 length will extend a~ally beyond the bank of dies 16a-16c. A
conventional cutting apparatus (e.g., a motorized saw MS which may be mounted for reciprocal movements) may then be operated SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) ~ WO 96134673 PCT/US96/04938 manually or automatically, so as to sever the extended length and thereby form a filter cartridge FC. In such a manner, the apparatus 10 shown in FIGURE 1 sequentially forms filter cartridges FC on a continuous basis. The filter cartridges FC may then be ftu then
5 severed to finished length in a subsequent sizing process (not shown).
Important to the present invention, the apparatus 10 is provided with at least one additional melt blowing die 22a which is disposed in radially spaced relationship to a conically shaped 1 o collectionltransfer roller 23. Like the dies 16a-16c, the die 22a is of conventional design in that it discharges a plurality of polymer fiber melt streams which are acted upon by a stream of pressurized fluid (e.g., air) supplied to the die 22a via line 25. The operation of the extruder 24a which feeds the die 22a with a melt flow of polymer may be controlled together with the fluid stream associated with the die 22a via controllers 27a and 29a, respectively, so as to obtain support fibers having a relatively larger diameter as compared to the diameter of the filtration fibers formed by die 16a. The controllers 27a, 29a may be operatively connected to a master controller MCZ so that an operator may input the requisite processing set points to achieve the desired diameter support fibers.
The die 22a is positioned relative to the collection/transfer roller 23 in such a manner that the attenuated support fibers issuing therefrom impinge upon the rotating exterior surface of the roller 23 and are carried thereby so as to be presented to the stream of filtration fibers issuing from the dies 16a and/or 16b and transferred w0 96/34673 PCT/L1S96/04938 to the surface of the forming filter cartridge as schematically shown in FIGURE 2A. By positioning the die 22a in the manner shown in FIGURE 2A, therefore, the support fiber steams issuing therefrom will substantially be unaffected by the attenuating air flow associated with the filtration fiber streams issuing from dies 16a and/or 16b, and vice versa. In other words, the fiber streams and their associated attenuating air flows issuing from the die 22a on the one hand, and dies 16a., 16b on the other hand, are mutually blocked or "hidden" from one another by virtue of the collection/transfer roller 23 being interposed between the dies 22a and 16a., 16b so that proper process control can be exercised over the respective streams.
An alternative arrangement of the dies 22a and 16a is shown schematically in accompanying FIGURE 2B. As seen, the dies 22a ~ 5 and 16a are positioned substantially in the same plane as, but on opposite sides of, the collection/transfer roller 23 -- i.e., the dies 22a and I6a are a~ally aligned in opposed relationship to one another.
In such. an arrangement, the roller 23 will beneficially serve to prevent disruption of the fiber stream issuing from the die 16a by the 2o fiber stream issuing from die 23a by virtue of its flow-blocking positioning as described above with reference to FIGURE 2A.
Therefore, according to the present invention, the die 22a may be angularly oriented between about 0° to about 90° relative to a horizontal plane passing through the collection/transfer roller 23.
25 When the embodiment depicted in FIGURE 2A is employed, the die 22a is most preferably oriented about 45° relative to a horizontal plane passing through the collection/transfer roller 23.
' CA 02219666 1997-10-28 The fibers issuing from die 22a will be at an elevated ' temperature so that the support fibers are maintained in a su~ci.entiy molten state throughout the rotation segment of the roller 23 until they are presented to the stream of filtration fibers issuing from the dies 16a and/or I6b. In such a manner, therefore, the support fibers are presented in a su~.ciently molten state to the filtration fiber streams issuing from dies 16a and/or 16b so that at least some of the support and filtration fibers melt bond with one another at their crossing points. That is, since the support fibers are maintained in a su~ciently softened or molten state, the impact of the filtration fibers at the nip area between the roller 23 and the filter cartridge then being formed will cause at least some of the C1TTT(1w~ w~ a ~.ZJ....wL ~_ ~L -- s. 1 --rr~l~ ~u ~~d~un aDers zo be melt bonded with one another at their respectiv a crossing points to such an extent that such support and filtration fibers unitarily fuse upon cooling. This fusion of at least some of the support and filtration fibers is highly beneficial since it is believed to contribute to filter cartridges having improved capabilities to withstand sienificant pressure drops across their radial thicl~ess. If desired, the collection/transfer roller 23 may be heated 2o by external means, for ezample, by means of an electrical resistance heater and/or heated fluid (e.g., heated air) passed to the roller 23 as depicted schematically by heater 23a in FIGURE 1 so as to obtain the desired at Ieast partially molten characteristics of the support fibers when presented to the filtration fibers.
The support fiber die 22a may alternatively be positioned relative to the filtration fiber die 16a in the manner depicted in SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) w0 96/34673 PGT/US96/04938 r FIGURE 3. As shown, the support fiber die 22a may be positioned in such a manner that the support fibers issued therefrom become entrained with the stream of filtration fibers issued from die 16a. In this alternative die arrangement, die 22a are most preferably positioned substantially 90° relative to the die 16a, but is located downstream thereof. In such a manner, the support fibers issuing from dies 22a become entrained and intimately entangled with the filtration fibers issuing from die 16a so as to form a nonwoven entangled mass comprised of both the support and filtration fibers upon striking the filter cartridge being formed. In this case also, the support and filtration fibers will be thermally bonded to some extent as descx-ibed above with reference to FIGURES 2A and 2B.
An exemplary depth filter cartridge FC formed with the t 5 apparatus described above with reference to FIGURES 1-3, is shown in accompanying FIGURE 4. The filter cartridge FC depicted in FIGURE 4 includes three annular filtration zones Z,-Z3 surrounding the central perforated tube 12 since three dies 16a-16c were employed in the apparatus 10. However, more or less than tree dies 20 16a-16c may be employed in dependence upon the particular filter cartridge design parameters. Thus, an additional die 16d and its associated extruder 18d and controllers 20d, 21d may be provided downstream of die 16c so as to form a forth annular filtration zone.
The use of only one or two of the dies -- for example, dies 16a and/or 25 16b and their associated respective extruders I8a and 18b -- may likewise be practiced so as to form a filter cartridge. having only one or two corresponding annular zones.
~ WO 96/34673 PCT/LTS96/04938 Similarly, one or more other dies (e.g., die 22b and its associated extruder 24b and controllers 2?b, 29b as shown in FIGURE 1) may be provided in radially spaced relationship to one or more of the dies I6b-16c (and die 16d, if present) so that other s annular zones may be provided with relatively large diameter support fibers in a manner similar to that provided by die 22a and its associated extruder 24a. These additional dies 22b may likewise be provided so as to co-locate non-supporting fibers of, for example, a different polymer, so as to achieve a mix of fibers in one or more of, 1 o the annular zones Z1, Z2 and/or Z3. The die 22b may, however, be fed from the same extruder 24a as die 22a so that support fibers of the same polymer are formed. In any case, the processing conditions of die 22a and/or 22b may be selected so that support fibers of different relative diameters are formed. Thus, for example, die 22b may be ~ 5 employed so as to form support fibers having an intermediate diameter as compared to the support fibers formed by die 22a and the filtration fibers formed by die I6a.
It will be understood that only one of the dies 22a and 16a are 2o depicted in FIGURES 2A, 2B and 3, but that the discussion above with regard to such FIGURES is equally applicable to the relative orientations of dies 22b and 16b-I6d as well.
In the apparatus 10 discussed above, it is the innermost 25 annular zone Zl which is provided with relatively large diameter support fibers and relatively small diameter filtration fibers due to the operation of dies I6a and 22a, respectively. However, as also SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2S) ' CA 02219666 1997-10-28 noted above, one or more of the other zones ZZ Z3 may also be provided with such relatively large diameter support fibers. A
schematic representation of the fibrous structure forming exemplary zone Zl is shown in accompanying FIGURE 5.
The relatively small diameter filtration fibers 30 and the relatively large diameter support fibers 32 are integrally co-located within zone Zl -- that is to say, the filtration fibers 30 and support fibers 32 are melt blown by their respective dies 16a and 22a so as to 10 impinge on the central tube I2 in such a way to become commingled W th one another. Thus, by the term "integrally co-located" as employed in the specification and the accompanying claims, there is meant to convey that the relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers 30 and the relatively large diameter support fibers 32 are intimately 15 entangled with one another. The relatively small diameter filtration fibers and large diameter support fibers may also be thermally bonded to some extent. That is, as described briefly above, at least some of the filtration fibers may be therma3ly fused to at least some of the support fibers at their respective crossing points.
As is seen in FIGURE 5, the relatively large diameter support fibers 32 form a random matrix of open areas or void spaces occupied by a tangled mass of filtration fibers 30. Thus, this random matrix of void spaces which is defined by the support fibers 32 provides a network structure for supporting the filtration fibers 30. It is surmised that the support fibers 32 do not contribute substantially to the filtration properties of the filtration cartridge. Instead, the ' CA 02219666 1997-10-28 overall filtration e~ciency is believed to be determined substantially by the mass of filtration fibers 30 which occupy the void spaces of the supporting fiber network. The supporting fibers, however, are believed to contribute substantially to supporting the filtration fibers 30 against collapse due to increased pressures so that their filtration effectiveness may be prolonged in use.
Preferably, the relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers will have a mean diameter of between about 1 um to about 50 Vim, and 1 o more preferably betty een about i ~m to about 40 p_m. The relatively larger diameter support fibers will preferably have a mean diameter of between about 60 ~ to about 500 pm, and more preferably between about 80 um to about 300 pm. The filtration fiber diameters noted above are the mean diameters within individual annular zones ~ 5 of the filtration cartridge. Filter cartridge zones having mean filtration fiber diameters greater than about 20 lim may not require the presence of the support fibers. If present in the filter cartridge zone, however, the relatively larger diameter support fibers will preferably comprise between about 10 to about 60 wt.%, more 2o preferably between about 20 to about 50 wt.%, of the fibers which constitute the filtration zone in which such support fibers are employed.
Virtually any polymer which is capable of being melt blown 25 may be used to form the filter cartridges FC according to this invention. Such polymers may, for example, be polyolefins (e.g., polymers and copolymers of polyethylene, polypropylene and the like), SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2fi) A
polyamides (e.g., nylon-6, nylon-6,6 and other nylons), polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polycyclohegylene dimethylene terephthalate and the like), acetals, fluoropolvmers (e.g., ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene), polyphenylene sulfide, biodegradable polymers (e.g., poly(lactide)), liquid crystal polymers, recycled polymers, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polystyrenes, polymers of vinylidene monomers such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, and acrylonitrile), and mixtures thereof. Particularly, preferred are the polyolefins, polyesters and nylons.
T'he individual zones Zl-Z3 may be comprised of filtration fibers formed of the same polymer, or may be formed of different polymers in order to achieve the filter cartridge designer's goal for particular end-use applications. Similarly, the filtration fibers 30 and support fibers 32 may be formed of the same or different polymer or may be formed of different melt flow indices of the same polymer as may be desired.
2o A further understanding of this invention will be gained by reference to the following non-limiting examples.
EXAM Pl...ES
A. Generallnfomiation:
In the folloa-ing examples, a number of filter cartridges identified as Invention Cartridges IC1 through IC6 were fabricated using an apparatus of the type essentially as shown in FIGURE 3, but modified in the manner described below. The filtration fibers were generated from three conventional 6-inch wide melt blowing dies, each containing 88 polymer orifices 0.015 inch in diameter and 1 o adjustable air gaps. The dies were aligned parallel to the support core of the filter cartridge, as shown in FIGURE 1, to thereby form filter cartridges containing three annular zones of filtration media.
The filtration fiber die air gap settings were 0.025, 0.030 and 0.035 inch at the inner, middle and outer zone dies, respectively.
Each die was supplied molten polymer from an independently driven metering pump. Each metering pump was fed by a 3/a, inch diameter, 24J1 IJD extruder (Killion Extruders, Inc., Model KLS075?.
Heated compressed air was also supplied to the three dies to attenuate the fibers and propel them toward the support core.
Different air temperatures were employed in the examples. However, in each example, the air temperature was the same at each of the three dies. The process variables of air flow rate, polymer temperature and polymer flow rate were selected for each die to produce filtration fibers of the desired diameter in the corresponding filter media zones. The distance from the face of the dies to the support core (i.e., the distance over which the filtration fibers were ' CA 02219666 1997-10-28 t Y
attenuated and conveyed by the air streams) w as held constant at 16-inches in all of the examples.
The support fibers were generated from a single 1-inch diameter, 24/1 L/D extruder (Rainville Company) fitted with an appropriate fiber forming die. Two different die designs, described below, were employed for support fiber formation. The extruder was mounted on a moveable base with height and angular adjustments which provided considerable flexibility in the position of the die o relative to the filtration fiber streams and the cartridge. Various di.e positions were employed in the examples as described below. In all examples, the support fiber die was positioned such that the support fibers were discharged directly into the filtration fibsr streams, between the filtration fiber dies and the cartridge. The support fiber 't 5 die was angled appro~aately 90° to the filtration fiber streams and was elevated an estimated distance of about 9-inches above the filtration fiber streams. The support fiber die was also positioned such that the support fibers entered the filtration fiber streams close to the outlet of the filtration fiber dies (i.e., spaced downstream of the 2o filtration fiber dies by about 2 inches). Compressed heated air was supplied to the support fiber die from the same source which supplied the filtration fiber dies, therefore the support fiber die was operated at the same air temperature as the filtration fiber dies. The air discharged from the support fiber die served to both attenuate the 25 support fibers and to convey these fibers into the filtration fiber streams. The support fibers were then blown to the cartridge by the filtration fiber air streams. The process variables of air flow rate, ~O 96/34673 PCT/ITS96/04938 polymer temperature and polymer flow rate were selected to obtain support fibers of the desired diameter.
Both the support and filtration fibers were collected on the 5 perforated support tube which was rotated at a typical speed of about 2~0 R.PM and translated a~ally at a typical rate of about 19 inches per minute. These speeds were adjusted, as necessary, during operation to maintain a generally uniform cartridge outside diameter.
Unless otherwise noted, both the filtration and support fibers i_n. the following examples were formed from a polypropylene homopolymer material having a melt flow rate, as supplied, of 38 x/10 min. and a density of .904 g/cm3 (Amoco Chemical Company, Grade 796). The perforated support tube utilized was an industry ~ 5 standard injected molded polypropylene filter core having diameters of 1.31 inches O.D_ x 1.09 inches LD. The dimensions of the example cartridges were 2.44 inches O.D. x 1_09 inches LD. x 10 inches long.
The Mean Medium Void Volume and Air Permeabilities for 2o Invention Cartridges IC1 through IC6 were determined as follows:
Mean Medium Void Volume: The average void volume of the filter medium in a cartridge expressed as a percentage. This property was determined by measuring the dimensions (inside diameter, outside diameter and length) and weight of a sample of filter medium and calculating the density of the sample. The mean void volume was then calculated as follows:
Dr-Dm Mean Medium Void Volume = ( 100) Dr where, DT is the density of the resin (=.904 g/cm3), and Dm is the density of the medium.
'I 0 Air Pem,eabilfir: The air permeability of a complete, unused filter cartridge expressed in units of pressure differential at a specified air flow rate. This property was determined by flowing compressed air through a cartridge at a rate of 2 SCFM/10" cartridge and simultaneously measuring the pressure differential ( OP
in inches of water) across the cartridge. The direction of flow was inside out, i.e., through the perforated support tube first and then through the filter medium.
The Mean Medium Void Volume, Air Permeability, and other physical attributes of Invention Cartridges IC1 through IC6 appear in the Physical Data Table below.
B. Fitter Cartrid4e Performance Testing:
The filtration performance of the example cartridges was evaluated using the procedures described in Memtec America Corporation Technical Bulletin No. 1903-T (1991).
The test samples were then analyzed to obtain the properties and data noted below:
Initial Particle Removal Efficiency: The initial particle removal e~ciency of each test filter cartridge was determined based on particle size analysis of the inlet and outlet fluid samples. The sizes and numbers of particles were measured using an electronic particle o counter (Coulter Electronics, Inc. Model TA.II). The e~ciency was expressed in terms of beta ratio and was calculated as follows:
vz where: x = particle size in micrometers (um);
px = Beta Ratio at particle size x;
20 Ix = number of particles of size x in inlet sample; and .
Oz = number of particles of size x in outlet sample.
25 The initial particle removal e~ciency was presented graphically as a plot of the beta ratio vs. particle size.
WO 96(34673 PCT/US96/04938 Pluaaina Data: The plugging performance of each cartridge was evaluated by monitoring the differential pressure ( DP) across the cartridge and recording the result every 20 minutes. The plugging data are shown graphically as a plot of OP vs. run time.
Turbic3imetric Efficiency: The turbidimetric afficiency of each cartridge was determined every 20 minutes based on turbidity measurements of the inlet and outlet fluid samples. The turbidity of the samples was measured using a conventional turbidimeter (Hash Chemical company, I~Zodel 2100A) in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)_ The turbidimetric e~ciency was calculated, every 20 minutes as follows:
T~ - To °lo Turbidimetric E~ci.ency = (100) '1'i .
2o where: T; is the inlet turbidity; and To is the outlet turbidity.
The turbidimetric efficiency results were then plotted vs.
run time.
CVO 96/3,4673 PCT/US96I04938 For this Example 1, the support fiber die included a bank of nine nozzles with each nozzle similar in design to the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,543,332 (incorporated hereinto fully by reference).
Each nozzle contained a single 0.035 inch diameter polymer orifice and three 0.083 inch diameter air holes. The nine nozzles were aligned parallel to the a~.s of the cartridge and were spaced over a distance of 18 inches. The support fiber die was positioned such that support fibers were discharged into the full width of the filtration 1 o fiber streams to achieve a mixture of support and filtration fibers in each annular zone of the cartridge. A system air temperature of 550°F was utilized. The process conditions at each die to produce a cartridge in accordance with the present invention (Invention Cartridge I, designated ICI) were as follows:
Polymer Air Flow Polymer Flow Temp. (°F) Rate (SCFM) Rate (c~lmin) Filtration Fiber Dies:
1. Inner Zone 500 76 22.3 2. Middle Zone 550 68 27.4 3. Outer Zone 550 62 48.8 Support Fiber Die 500 11 78.0 To ev aluate the effect of the support fibers, a cartridge which was formed entirely of filtration fibers (Control Cartridge 1 designated "CCI")was fabricated under the above 'conditions except with the support fiber die inoperative. The two cartridges were then performance tested, side by side, under the same test conditions. The results of such testing appear in the graphs of FIGURES 7A-7C, while a photomicrograph of the fibrous structure of IC1 is shown in 5 FIGURE 6A.
The support fiber die for this Example 2 was a conventional 6-inch wide melt blowing die with twelve (12) 0.015 inch diameter 10 polymer orifices and an air gap setting of 0.050 inch. The support fiber die was positioned such that support fibers were collected mainly in the inner zone and a small portion in the middle zone of the filter media. The air temperature was 500°F. The process utilized at each die to produce a cartridge according to the present 15 invention (Invention Cartridge 2 designated "IC2") are shown below:
Polymer Air Flow Polymer Flow Temp. (°F) Rate (SCFM) Rate lalmin) Filtration Fiber Dies:
1. Inner Zone 500 69 22.3 20 2. Middle Zone 550 69 27.4 3. Outer Zone 550 63 48.8 Support Fiber Die 440 43 53.8 25 To evaluate the effect of the support fibers, a cartridge which was formed entirely of filtration fibers (Control Cartridge 2 designated "CC2")was fabricated under the above conditions. The two cartridges were then performance tested with the results appearing in the graphs of FIGURES 8A-8C, while a photomicrograph of the fibrous structure of IC2 is shown in FIGURE 6B.
Example 2 was repeated except that the support fiber die polymer flow rate was reduced to 27.4 g/min., which reduced the support fiber content in the cartridge. The resulting cartridge (Invention Cartridge 3 designated "IC3") was performance tested 1o against a cartridge that did not contain any support fibers, but containing filtration fibers produced under the same conditions (Control Cartridge 3 designated "CC3"). The results appear in the graphs of FIGURES 9A-9C, while a photomicrograph of the fibrous structure of IC3 is shown in FIGURE 6C.
~5 The support fiber die for this Example 4 was positioned to collect fibers in the inner annular zone only by moving the support fiber die so that it was in line with the inner filtration fiber die. Based on 2o dissection and analysis of the cartridge that was produced, a very small amount of support fibers appeared to have been collected in the middle zone. However, the proportion of the support fiber in the middle zone was believed to be less than in the previous examples.
The support fiber polymer was a polypropylene material having a 25 melt flow rate of 12 grams per IO minutes. (Himont USAr Inc., Grade PD 626). A compressed air temperature of 500°F was used. The process conditions at the dies were as follows:
,WO 96/4673 PCT/US96/04938 Polymer Air Flow Polymer Flow Temp. (°F) Rate (SCFM) Rate (almin) Filtration Fiber Dies:
1. Inner Zone 500 69 16.6 2. Middle Zone 550 78 22.3 3. Outer Zone 550 69 43.0 Support Fiber Die 440 43 56.1 The resulting cartridge (Invention Cartridge 4 designated "IC4") 1 o was performance tested against a cartridge produced using the filtration die fiber conditions of Examples 2 and 3 above and containing no support fibers (Control Cartridge 4 designated "CC4").
The results appear in the graphs of FIGURES l0A-lOC, while a photomicrograph of the fibrous structure of IC4 is shown in FIGURE
~ 5 6D.
The process conditions of Ezample 2 were repeated except that the support fiber die polymer flow rate was increased to 95.4 g/min.
2o thereby increasing the support fiber content. The resulting cartridge (Invention Cartridge 5 designated "IC5") was performance tested against another cartridge of the present invention which was produced according to Example 2 (Invention Cartridge 6 designated "IC6") so as to evaluate the effect of different support fiber contents.
25 The results appear in the graphs of FIGURES 11A-11C, while photomicrographs of the fibrous structures of IC5 and IC6 are respectively shown in FIGURES 6E and 6F.
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The performance test results of Examples 1-4 above demonstrate that the cartridges of the present invention exhibit improved Iong term filtration performance compared to filter cartridges that do not include integrally co-located support and filtration fibers. Although the inclusion of support fibers results in slightly less initial particle removal efficiency, the removal e~ciency of the invention carf~-idges improves as the pressure differential increases over time as shown by the turbidimetric e~.ciency and plugging data. The gradual increase in differential pressure is a result of particles accumulating on the o surface and within the depth of the filter media. As more and more particles are removed by the filter, its e~ciency increases.
The control cai-txidges also exhibit increased e~ciency with increasing differential pressure, but only to a point. The data indicate that the control cartridges reach a point of differential pressure where the efficiency peaks and thereafter exhibits a downward trend. This decrease in e~ciency is believed to be the result of deformation of the filter media which causes the release of retained particles and/or a cartridge bypass due to separation of the 2o cartridge from the filter housing seal.
Ln each of the Examples 1-4, the particle removal e~ciency of the invention cartridge eventually surpassed that of the control cartridge and continued to increase until termination of the test. The improved long term e~ciency of the invention cartridges is believed to result from improved strength provided by the support fibers. The support fibers appear to be effective in preserving the structural WO 96/34673 PCT/LTS96l04938 integrity of the filter medium under increasing differential pressure to the extent that retained contaminate is not released from the cartridge and/or a bypass condition does not develop. As a result, the time period during which the filter cartridge continues to effectively 5 remove and retain particles from the fluid stream is extended. These advantages thereby translate into improved operating performance and reduced operating costs for filter cartridge users.
The test results of Example 5 show that similar performance 1 o results are achieved with different support fiber contents.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be ~ 5 limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Important to the present invention, the apparatus 10 is provided with at least one additional melt blowing die 22a which is disposed in radially spaced relationship to a conically shaped 1 o collectionltransfer roller 23. Like the dies 16a-16c, the die 22a is of conventional design in that it discharges a plurality of polymer fiber melt streams which are acted upon by a stream of pressurized fluid (e.g., air) supplied to the die 22a via line 25. The operation of the extruder 24a which feeds the die 22a with a melt flow of polymer may be controlled together with the fluid stream associated with the die 22a via controllers 27a and 29a, respectively, so as to obtain support fibers having a relatively larger diameter as compared to the diameter of the filtration fibers formed by die 16a. The controllers 27a, 29a may be operatively connected to a master controller MCZ so that an operator may input the requisite processing set points to achieve the desired diameter support fibers.
The die 22a is positioned relative to the collection/transfer roller 23 in such a manner that the attenuated support fibers issuing therefrom impinge upon the rotating exterior surface of the roller 23 and are carried thereby so as to be presented to the stream of filtration fibers issuing from the dies 16a and/or 16b and transferred w0 96/34673 PCT/L1S96/04938 to the surface of the forming filter cartridge as schematically shown in FIGURE 2A. By positioning the die 22a in the manner shown in FIGURE 2A, therefore, the support fiber steams issuing therefrom will substantially be unaffected by the attenuating air flow associated with the filtration fiber streams issuing from dies 16a and/or 16b, and vice versa. In other words, the fiber streams and their associated attenuating air flows issuing from the die 22a on the one hand, and dies 16a., 16b on the other hand, are mutually blocked or "hidden" from one another by virtue of the collection/transfer roller 23 being interposed between the dies 22a and 16a., 16b so that proper process control can be exercised over the respective streams.
An alternative arrangement of the dies 22a and 16a is shown schematically in accompanying FIGURE 2B. As seen, the dies 22a ~ 5 and 16a are positioned substantially in the same plane as, but on opposite sides of, the collection/transfer roller 23 -- i.e., the dies 22a and I6a are a~ally aligned in opposed relationship to one another.
In such. an arrangement, the roller 23 will beneficially serve to prevent disruption of the fiber stream issuing from the die 16a by the 2o fiber stream issuing from die 23a by virtue of its flow-blocking positioning as described above with reference to FIGURE 2A.
Therefore, according to the present invention, the die 22a may be angularly oriented between about 0° to about 90° relative to a horizontal plane passing through the collection/transfer roller 23.
25 When the embodiment depicted in FIGURE 2A is employed, the die 22a is most preferably oriented about 45° relative to a horizontal plane passing through the collection/transfer roller 23.
' CA 02219666 1997-10-28 The fibers issuing from die 22a will be at an elevated ' temperature so that the support fibers are maintained in a su~ci.entiy molten state throughout the rotation segment of the roller 23 until they are presented to the stream of filtration fibers issuing from the dies 16a and/or I6b. In such a manner, therefore, the support fibers are presented in a su~.ciently molten state to the filtration fiber streams issuing from dies 16a and/or 16b so that at least some of the support and filtration fibers melt bond with one another at their crossing points. That is, since the support fibers are maintained in a su~ciently softened or molten state, the impact of the filtration fibers at the nip area between the roller 23 and the filter cartridge then being formed will cause at least some of the C1TTT(1w~ w~ a ~.ZJ....wL ~_ ~L -- s. 1 --rr~l~ ~u ~~d~un aDers zo be melt bonded with one another at their respectiv a crossing points to such an extent that such support and filtration fibers unitarily fuse upon cooling. This fusion of at least some of the support and filtration fibers is highly beneficial since it is believed to contribute to filter cartridges having improved capabilities to withstand sienificant pressure drops across their radial thicl~ess. If desired, the collection/transfer roller 23 may be heated 2o by external means, for ezample, by means of an electrical resistance heater and/or heated fluid (e.g., heated air) passed to the roller 23 as depicted schematically by heater 23a in FIGURE 1 so as to obtain the desired at Ieast partially molten characteristics of the support fibers when presented to the filtration fibers.
The support fiber die 22a may alternatively be positioned relative to the filtration fiber die 16a in the manner depicted in SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) w0 96/34673 PGT/US96/04938 r FIGURE 3. As shown, the support fiber die 22a may be positioned in such a manner that the support fibers issued therefrom become entrained with the stream of filtration fibers issued from die 16a. In this alternative die arrangement, die 22a are most preferably positioned substantially 90° relative to the die 16a, but is located downstream thereof. In such a manner, the support fibers issuing from dies 22a become entrained and intimately entangled with the filtration fibers issuing from die 16a so as to form a nonwoven entangled mass comprised of both the support and filtration fibers upon striking the filter cartridge being formed. In this case also, the support and filtration fibers will be thermally bonded to some extent as descx-ibed above with reference to FIGURES 2A and 2B.
An exemplary depth filter cartridge FC formed with the t 5 apparatus described above with reference to FIGURES 1-3, is shown in accompanying FIGURE 4. The filter cartridge FC depicted in FIGURE 4 includes three annular filtration zones Z,-Z3 surrounding the central perforated tube 12 since three dies 16a-16c were employed in the apparatus 10. However, more or less than tree dies 20 16a-16c may be employed in dependence upon the particular filter cartridge design parameters. Thus, an additional die 16d and its associated extruder 18d and controllers 20d, 21d may be provided downstream of die 16c so as to form a forth annular filtration zone.
The use of only one or two of the dies -- for example, dies 16a and/or 25 16b and their associated respective extruders I8a and 18b -- may likewise be practiced so as to form a filter cartridge. having only one or two corresponding annular zones.
~ WO 96/34673 PCT/LTS96/04938 Similarly, one or more other dies (e.g., die 22b and its associated extruder 24b and controllers 2?b, 29b as shown in FIGURE 1) may be provided in radially spaced relationship to one or more of the dies I6b-16c (and die 16d, if present) so that other s annular zones may be provided with relatively large diameter support fibers in a manner similar to that provided by die 22a and its associated extruder 24a. These additional dies 22b may likewise be provided so as to co-locate non-supporting fibers of, for example, a different polymer, so as to achieve a mix of fibers in one or more of, 1 o the annular zones Z1, Z2 and/or Z3. The die 22b may, however, be fed from the same extruder 24a as die 22a so that support fibers of the same polymer are formed. In any case, the processing conditions of die 22a and/or 22b may be selected so that support fibers of different relative diameters are formed. Thus, for example, die 22b may be ~ 5 employed so as to form support fibers having an intermediate diameter as compared to the support fibers formed by die 22a and the filtration fibers formed by die I6a.
It will be understood that only one of the dies 22a and 16a are 2o depicted in FIGURES 2A, 2B and 3, but that the discussion above with regard to such FIGURES is equally applicable to the relative orientations of dies 22b and 16b-I6d as well.
In the apparatus 10 discussed above, it is the innermost 25 annular zone Zl which is provided with relatively large diameter support fibers and relatively small diameter filtration fibers due to the operation of dies I6a and 22a, respectively. However, as also SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2S) ' CA 02219666 1997-10-28 noted above, one or more of the other zones ZZ Z3 may also be provided with such relatively large diameter support fibers. A
schematic representation of the fibrous structure forming exemplary zone Zl is shown in accompanying FIGURE 5.
The relatively small diameter filtration fibers 30 and the relatively large diameter support fibers 32 are integrally co-located within zone Zl -- that is to say, the filtration fibers 30 and support fibers 32 are melt blown by their respective dies 16a and 22a so as to 10 impinge on the central tube I2 in such a way to become commingled W th one another. Thus, by the term "integrally co-located" as employed in the specification and the accompanying claims, there is meant to convey that the relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers 30 and the relatively large diameter support fibers 32 are intimately 15 entangled with one another. The relatively small diameter filtration fibers and large diameter support fibers may also be thermally bonded to some extent. That is, as described briefly above, at least some of the filtration fibers may be therma3ly fused to at least some of the support fibers at their respective crossing points.
As is seen in FIGURE 5, the relatively large diameter support fibers 32 form a random matrix of open areas or void spaces occupied by a tangled mass of filtration fibers 30. Thus, this random matrix of void spaces which is defined by the support fibers 32 provides a network structure for supporting the filtration fibers 30. It is surmised that the support fibers 32 do not contribute substantially to the filtration properties of the filtration cartridge. Instead, the ' CA 02219666 1997-10-28 overall filtration e~ciency is believed to be determined substantially by the mass of filtration fibers 30 which occupy the void spaces of the supporting fiber network. The supporting fibers, however, are believed to contribute substantially to supporting the filtration fibers 30 against collapse due to increased pressures so that their filtration effectiveness may be prolonged in use.
Preferably, the relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers will have a mean diameter of between about 1 um to about 50 Vim, and 1 o more preferably betty een about i ~m to about 40 p_m. The relatively larger diameter support fibers will preferably have a mean diameter of between about 60 ~ to about 500 pm, and more preferably between about 80 um to about 300 pm. The filtration fiber diameters noted above are the mean diameters within individual annular zones ~ 5 of the filtration cartridge. Filter cartridge zones having mean filtration fiber diameters greater than about 20 lim may not require the presence of the support fibers. If present in the filter cartridge zone, however, the relatively larger diameter support fibers will preferably comprise between about 10 to about 60 wt.%, more 2o preferably between about 20 to about 50 wt.%, of the fibers which constitute the filtration zone in which such support fibers are employed.
Virtually any polymer which is capable of being melt blown 25 may be used to form the filter cartridges FC according to this invention. Such polymers may, for example, be polyolefins (e.g., polymers and copolymers of polyethylene, polypropylene and the like), SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2fi) A
polyamides (e.g., nylon-6, nylon-6,6 and other nylons), polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polycyclohegylene dimethylene terephthalate and the like), acetals, fluoropolvmers (e.g., ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene), polyphenylene sulfide, biodegradable polymers (e.g., poly(lactide)), liquid crystal polymers, recycled polymers, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polystyrenes, polymers of vinylidene monomers such as vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, and acrylonitrile), and mixtures thereof. Particularly, preferred are the polyolefins, polyesters and nylons.
T'he individual zones Zl-Z3 may be comprised of filtration fibers formed of the same polymer, or may be formed of different polymers in order to achieve the filter cartridge designer's goal for particular end-use applications. Similarly, the filtration fibers 30 and support fibers 32 may be formed of the same or different polymer or may be formed of different melt flow indices of the same polymer as may be desired.
2o A further understanding of this invention will be gained by reference to the following non-limiting examples.
EXAM Pl...ES
A. Generallnfomiation:
In the folloa-ing examples, a number of filter cartridges identified as Invention Cartridges IC1 through IC6 were fabricated using an apparatus of the type essentially as shown in FIGURE 3, but modified in the manner described below. The filtration fibers were generated from three conventional 6-inch wide melt blowing dies, each containing 88 polymer orifices 0.015 inch in diameter and 1 o adjustable air gaps. The dies were aligned parallel to the support core of the filter cartridge, as shown in FIGURE 1, to thereby form filter cartridges containing three annular zones of filtration media.
The filtration fiber die air gap settings were 0.025, 0.030 and 0.035 inch at the inner, middle and outer zone dies, respectively.
Each die was supplied molten polymer from an independently driven metering pump. Each metering pump was fed by a 3/a, inch diameter, 24J1 IJD extruder (Killion Extruders, Inc., Model KLS075?.
Heated compressed air was also supplied to the three dies to attenuate the fibers and propel them toward the support core.
Different air temperatures were employed in the examples. However, in each example, the air temperature was the same at each of the three dies. The process variables of air flow rate, polymer temperature and polymer flow rate were selected for each die to produce filtration fibers of the desired diameter in the corresponding filter media zones. The distance from the face of the dies to the support core (i.e., the distance over which the filtration fibers were ' CA 02219666 1997-10-28 t Y
attenuated and conveyed by the air streams) w as held constant at 16-inches in all of the examples.
The support fibers were generated from a single 1-inch diameter, 24/1 L/D extruder (Rainville Company) fitted with an appropriate fiber forming die. Two different die designs, described below, were employed for support fiber formation. The extruder was mounted on a moveable base with height and angular adjustments which provided considerable flexibility in the position of the die o relative to the filtration fiber streams and the cartridge. Various di.e positions were employed in the examples as described below. In all examples, the support fiber die was positioned such that the support fibers were discharged directly into the filtration fibsr streams, between the filtration fiber dies and the cartridge. The support fiber 't 5 die was angled appro~aately 90° to the filtration fiber streams and was elevated an estimated distance of about 9-inches above the filtration fiber streams. The support fiber die was also positioned such that the support fibers entered the filtration fiber streams close to the outlet of the filtration fiber dies (i.e., spaced downstream of the 2o filtration fiber dies by about 2 inches). Compressed heated air was supplied to the support fiber die from the same source which supplied the filtration fiber dies, therefore the support fiber die was operated at the same air temperature as the filtration fiber dies. The air discharged from the support fiber die served to both attenuate the 25 support fibers and to convey these fibers into the filtration fiber streams. The support fibers were then blown to the cartridge by the filtration fiber air streams. The process variables of air flow rate, ~O 96/34673 PCT/ITS96/04938 polymer temperature and polymer flow rate were selected to obtain support fibers of the desired diameter.
Both the support and filtration fibers were collected on the 5 perforated support tube which was rotated at a typical speed of about 2~0 R.PM and translated a~ally at a typical rate of about 19 inches per minute. These speeds were adjusted, as necessary, during operation to maintain a generally uniform cartridge outside diameter.
Unless otherwise noted, both the filtration and support fibers i_n. the following examples were formed from a polypropylene homopolymer material having a melt flow rate, as supplied, of 38 x/10 min. and a density of .904 g/cm3 (Amoco Chemical Company, Grade 796). The perforated support tube utilized was an industry ~ 5 standard injected molded polypropylene filter core having diameters of 1.31 inches O.D_ x 1.09 inches LD. The dimensions of the example cartridges were 2.44 inches O.D. x 1_09 inches LD. x 10 inches long.
The Mean Medium Void Volume and Air Permeabilities for 2o Invention Cartridges IC1 through IC6 were determined as follows:
Mean Medium Void Volume: The average void volume of the filter medium in a cartridge expressed as a percentage. This property was determined by measuring the dimensions (inside diameter, outside diameter and length) and weight of a sample of filter medium and calculating the density of the sample. The mean void volume was then calculated as follows:
Dr-Dm Mean Medium Void Volume = ( 100) Dr where, DT is the density of the resin (=.904 g/cm3), and Dm is the density of the medium.
'I 0 Air Pem,eabilfir: The air permeability of a complete, unused filter cartridge expressed in units of pressure differential at a specified air flow rate. This property was determined by flowing compressed air through a cartridge at a rate of 2 SCFM/10" cartridge and simultaneously measuring the pressure differential ( OP
in inches of water) across the cartridge. The direction of flow was inside out, i.e., through the perforated support tube first and then through the filter medium.
The Mean Medium Void Volume, Air Permeability, and other physical attributes of Invention Cartridges IC1 through IC6 appear in the Physical Data Table below.
B. Fitter Cartrid4e Performance Testing:
The filtration performance of the example cartridges was evaluated using the procedures described in Memtec America Corporation Technical Bulletin No. 1903-T (1991).
The test samples were then analyzed to obtain the properties and data noted below:
Initial Particle Removal Efficiency: The initial particle removal e~ciency of each test filter cartridge was determined based on particle size analysis of the inlet and outlet fluid samples. The sizes and numbers of particles were measured using an electronic particle o counter (Coulter Electronics, Inc. Model TA.II). The e~ciency was expressed in terms of beta ratio and was calculated as follows:
vz where: x = particle size in micrometers (um);
px = Beta Ratio at particle size x;
20 Ix = number of particles of size x in inlet sample; and .
Oz = number of particles of size x in outlet sample.
25 The initial particle removal e~ciency was presented graphically as a plot of the beta ratio vs. particle size.
WO 96(34673 PCT/US96/04938 Pluaaina Data: The plugging performance of each cartridge was evaluated by monitoring the differential pressure ( DP) across the cartridge and recording the result every 20 minutes. The plugging data are shown graphically as a plot of OP vs. run time.
Turbic3imetric Efficiency: The turbidimetric afficiency of each cartridge was determined every 20 minutes based on turbidity measurements of the inlet and outlet fluid samples. The turbidity of the samples was measured using a conventional turbidimeter (Hash Chemical company, I~Zodel 2100A) in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)_ The turbidimetric e~ciency was calculated, every 20 minutes as follows:
T~ - To °lo Turbidimetric E~ci.ency = (100) '1'i .
2o where: T; is the inlet turbidity; and To is the outlet turbidity.
The turbidimetric efficiency results were then plotted vs.
run time.
CVO 96/3,4673 PCT/US96I04938 For this Example 1, the support fiber die included a bank of nine nozzles with each nozzle similar in design to the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,543,332 (incorporated hereinto fully by reference).
Each nozzle contained a single 0.035 inch diameter polymer orifice and three 0.083 inch diameter air holes. The nine nozzles were aligned parallel to the a~.s of the cartridge and were spaced over a distance of 18 inches. The support fiber die was positioned such that support fibers were discharged into the full width of the filtration 1 o fiber streams to achieve a mixture of support and filtration fibers in each annular zone of the cartridge. A system air temperature of 550°F was utilized. The process conditions at each die to produce a cartridge in accordance with the present invention (Invention Cartridge I, designated ICI) were as follows:
Polymer Air Flow Polymer Flow Temp. (°F) Rate (SCFM) Rate (c~lmin) Filtration Fiber Dies:
1. Inner Zone 500 76 22.3 2. Middle Zone 550 68 27.4 3. Outer Zone 550 62 48.8 Support Fiber Die 500 11 78.0 To ev aluate the effect of the support fibers, a cartridge which was formed entirely of filtration fibers (Control Cartridge 1 designated "CCI")was fabricated under the above 'conditions except with the support fiber die inoperative. The two cartridges were then performance tested, side by side, under the same test conditions. The results of such testing appear in the graphs of FIGURES 7A-7C, while a photomicrograph of the fibrous structure of IC1 is shown in 5 FIGURE 6A.
The support fiber die for this Example 2 was a conventional 6-inch wide melt blowing die with twelve (12) 0.015 inch diameter 10 polymer orifices and an air gap setting of 0.050 inch. The support fiber die was positioned such that support fibers were collected mainly in the inner zone and a small portion in the middle zone of the filter media. The air temperature was 500°F. The process utilized at each die to produce a cartridge according to the present 15 invention (Invention Cartridge 2 designated "IC2") are shown below:
Polymer Air Flow Polymer Flow Temp. (°F) Rate (SCFM) Rate lalmin) Filtration Fiber Dies:
1. Inner Zone 500 69 22.3 20 2. Middle Zone 550 69 27.4 3. Outer Zone 550 63 48.8 Support Fiber Die 440 43 53.8 25 To evaluate the effect of the support fibers, a cartridge which was formed entirely of filtration fibers (Control Cartridge 2 designated "CC2")was fabricated under the above conditions. The two cartridges were then performance tested with the results appearing in the graphs of FIGURES 8A-8C, while a photomicrograph of the fibrous structure of IC2 is shown in FIGURE 6B.
Example 2 was repeated except that the support fiber die polymer flow rate was reduced to 27.4 g/min., which reduced the support fiber content in the cartridge. The resulting cartridge (Invention Cartridge 3 designated "IC3") was performance tested 1o against a cartridge that did not contain any support fibers, but containing filtration fibers produced under the same conditions (Control Cartridge 3 designated "CC3"). The results appear in the graphs of FIGURES 9A-9C, while a photomicrograph of the fibrous structure of IC3 is shown in FIGURE 6C.
~5 The support fiber die for this Example 4 was positioned to collect fibers in the inner annular zone only by moving the support fiber die so that it was in line with the inner filtration fiber die. Based on 2o dissection and analysis of the cartridge that was produced, a very small amount of support fibers appeared to have been collected in the middle zone. However, the proportion of the support fiber in the middle zone was believed to be less than in the previous examples.
The support fiber polymer was a polypropylene material having a 25 melt flow rate of 12 grams per IO minutes. (Himont USAr Inc., Grade PD 626). A compressed air temperature of 500°F was used. The process conditions at the dies were as follows:
,WO 96/4673 PCT/US96/04938 Polymer Air Flow Polymer Flow Temp. (°F) Rate (SCFM) Rate (almin) Filtration Fiber Dies:
1. Inner Zone 500 69 16.6 2. Middle Zone 550 78 22.3 3. Outer Zone 550 69 43.0 Support Fiber Die 440 43 56.1 The resulting cartridge (Invention Cartridge 4 designated "IC4") 1 o was performance tested against a cartridge produced using the filtration die fiber conditions of Examples 2 and 3 above and containing no support fibers (Control Cartridge 4 designated "CC4").
The results appear in the graphs of FIGURES l0A-lOC, while a photomicrograph of the fibrous structure of IC4 is shown in FIGURE
~ 5 6D.
The process conditions of Ezample 2 were repeated except that the support fiber die polymer flow rate was increased to 95.4 g/min.
2o thereby increasing the support fiber content. The resulting cartridge (Invention Cartridge 5 designated "IC5") was performance tested against another cartridge of the present invention which was produced according to Example 2 (Invention Cartridge 6 designated "IC6") so as to evaluate the effect of different support fiber contents.
25 The results appear in the graphs of FIGURES 11A-11C, while photomicrographs of the fibrous structures of IC5 and IC6 are respectively shown in FIGURES 6E and 6F.
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The performance test results of Examples 1-4 above demonstrate that the cartridges of the present invention exhibit improved Iong term filtration performance compared to filter cartridges that do not include integrally co-located support and filtration fibers. Although the inclusion of support fibers results in slightly less initial particle removal efficiency, the removal e~ciency of the invention carf~-idges improves as the pressure differential increases over time as shown by the turbidimetric e~.ciency and plugging data. The gradual increase in differential pressure is a result of particles accumulating on the o surface and within the depth of the filter media. As more and more particles are removed by the filter, its e~ciency increases.
The control cai-txidges also exhibit increased e~ciency with increasing differential pressure, but only to a point. The data indicate that the control cartridges reach a point of differential pressure where the efficiency peaks and thereafter exhibits a downward trend. This decrease in e~ciency is believed to be the result of deformation of the filter media which causes the release of retained particles and/or a cartridge bypass due to separation of the 2o cartridge from the filter housing seal.
Ln each of the Examples 1-4, the particle removal e~ciency of the invention cartridge eventually surpassed that of the control cartridge and continued to increase until termination of the test. The improved long term e~ciency of the invention cartridges is believed to result from improved strength provided by the support fibers. The support fibers appear to be effective in preserving the structural WO 96/34673 PCT/LTS96l04938 integrity of the filter medium under increasing differential pressure to the extent that retained contaminate is not released from the cartridge and/or a bypass condition does not develop. As a result, the time period during which the filter cartridge continues to effectively 5 remove and retain particles from the fluid stream is extended. These advantages thereby translate into improved operating performance and reduced operating costs for filter cartridge users.
The test results of Example 5 show that similar performance 1 o results are achieved with different support fiber contents.
While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be ~ 5 limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Claims (75)
1. A filter cartridge having an axially elongate central hollow passageway, and a cylindrical filtration element surrounding said passageway which includes a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average relatively larger diameters as compared to said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas in at least one annular zone of said filtration element, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers within said at least one annular zone of said filtration element so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
2. A filter cartridge as in claim 1, wherein at least some of said support and filtration fibers are unitarily fused one to another.
3. A filter cartridge as in claim 1, which includes another annular zone comprised of a mass of melt blown, nonwoven filtration fibers which exhibit a different filtration property as compared to the filtration fibers in said at least one annular zone.
4. A filter cartridge as in claim 3, wherein said another annular zone is also comprised of said support fibers.
5. A filter cartridge as in claim 4, wherein said support fibers of said at least one and another annular zones have different diameters as compared to one another.
6. A filter cartridge as in claim 1, wherein said support and filtration fibers are formed of the same or different polymer.
7. A filter cartridge as in claim 6, wherein said support or said filtration fibers or said support and said filtration fibers are formed of a polyolefin, polyamide, polyester, acetal, fluoropolymer, polyphenylene sulfide, biodegradable polymer, liquid crystal polymer, polyetheretherketone, polystyrene, polymer of vinylidene monomers, or a mixture thereof.
32 A filter cartridge which includes at least one annular zone formed of a mass of melt blown nonwoven fibers comprised of continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 µm and about 500 µm which define a random matrix of open areas in said at least one annular zone, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 µm and and about 50 µm which are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
9. A filter cartridge as in claim 1 or 8, wherein said support fibers are present in said at least one annular zone in an amount between about 10 and about 60 wt. %.
10. A filter cartridge as in claim 8, wherein at least some of said support and filtration fibers are unitarily fused one to another.
11. A filter cartridge as in claim 8, which includes another annular zone comprised of a mass of melt blown, nonwoven filtration fibers which exhibit a different filtration property as compared to the filtration fibers in said at least one annular zone.
12. A filter cartridge as in claim 11, wherein said another annular zone is also comprised of said support fibers.
13. A filter cartridge as in claim 12, wherein said support fibers of said at least one and another annular zones have different diameters as compared to one another.
14. A filter cartridge as in claim 9, wherein said support and filtration fibers are formed of the same or different polymer.
15. A filter cartridge as in claim 14, wherein said support or said filtration fibers or said support and said filtration fibers are formed of a polyolefin, polyamide, polyester, acetal, fluoropolymer, polyphenylene sulfide, biodegradable polymer, liquid crystal polymer, polyetherether ketone, polystyrene, polymer of vinylidene monomers, or a mixture thereof.
16. A filter cartridge having an axially elongate central hollow passageway, and a cylindrical filtration element surrounding said passageway, said filtration element including at least one annular zone which includes continuous support and filtration fibers which are co-located and intimately entangled with one another, wherein said support fibers have a mean diameter of between about 60 µm and about 500 µm, and said filtration fibers have a mean diameter of between about 1 µm and about 50 µm.
17. A filter cartridge as in claim 16, wherein said support fibers are present in said at least one annular zone in an amount between about 10 and about 60 wt. %.
18. A filter cartridge as in claim 16, wherein at least some of said support and filtration fibers are unitarily fused one to another.
19. A filter cartridge as in claim 16, which includes another annular zone comprised of a mass of melt blown, nonwoven filtration fibers which exhibit a different filtration property as compared to the filtration fibers in said at least one annular zone.
20. A filter cartridge as in claim 19, wherein said another annular zone is also comprised of said support fibers.
21. A filter cartridge as in claim 20, wherein said support fibers of said at least one and another annular zones have different diameters as compared to one another.
22. A filter cartridge as in claim 16, wherein said support and filtration fibers are formed of the same or different polymer.
23. A filter cartridge as in claim 22, wherein said support and/or said filtration fibers are formed of a polyolefin, polyamide, polyester, acetal, fluoropolymer, polyphenylene sulfide, biodegradable polymer, liquid crystal polymer, polyetherether ketone, polystyrene, polymer of vinylidene monomers, or a mixture thereof.
24. A method of making a cylindrical filter cartridge having at least one annular zone comprised of relatively larger diameter support fibers which are integrally co-located with relatively smaller diameter filtration fibers, comprising the steps of:
(a) directing melt blown fibers from a pair of radially separated melt-blowing dies toward a rotating forming mandrel so that melt blown fibers from one of said melt blowing die are integrally co-located with respect to melt blown fibers of the other of said melt blowing die upon reaching said forming mandrel;
(b) controlling said pair of melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to relatively smaller diameters of said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die, and so that said relatively larger diameter melt-blown fibers from said one die define a random network of void spaces in said at least one annular zone with said relatively smaller diameter melt-blown fibers being integrally co-located with said defined void spaces; and (c) allowing said integrally co-located melt blown fibers from said one and other melt blowing dies to accumulate on said forming mandrel to thereby form said at least one annular zone.
(a) directing melt blown fibers from a pair of radially separated melt-blowing dies toward a rotating forming mandrel so that melt blown fibers from one of said melt blowing die are integrally co-located with respect to melt blown fibers of the other of said melt blowing die upon reaching said forming mandrel;
(b) controlling said pair of melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to relatively smaller diameters of said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die, and so that said relatively larger diameter melt-blown fibers from said one die define a random network of void spaces in said at least one annular zone with said relatively smaller diameter melt-blown fibers being integrally co-located with said defined void spaces; and (c) allowing said integrally co-located melt blown fibers from said one and other melt blowing dies to accumulate on said forming mandrel to thereby form said at least one annular zone.
25. A method of making a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers comprising the steps of:
(a) issuing melt blown fibers from one and another melt blowing dies;
(b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers issued from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to relatively smaller diameters of said melt blown fibers issued from said other melt blowing die, and so that said relatively larger diameter melt blown fibers issued from said one melt blowing die define a random matrix of open areas with said relatively smaller diameter melt blown fibers issued from said other melt blowing die co-located with said relatively larger diameter melt blown fibers so as to be disposed physically within said open areas defined thereby; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter melt-blown fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter melt blown fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown mass of said support and filtration fibers.
(a) issuing melt blown fibers from one and another melt blowing dies;
(b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers issued from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to relatively smaller diameters of said melt blown fibers issued from said other melt blowing die, and so that said relatively larger diameter melt blown fibers issued from said one melt blowing die define a random matrix of open areas with said relatively smaller diameter melt blown fibers issued from said other melt blowing die co-located with said relatively larger diameter melt blown fibers so as to be disposed physically within said open areas defined thereby; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter melt-blown fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter melt blown fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown mass of said support and filtration fibers.
26. A method as in claim 25, wherein said one die is oriented at an angle between about 0° and about 90° relative to a horizontal plane.
27. A method as in claim 25, wherein said other die issues melt blown fibers toward a forming mandrel, and wherein said one die is located downstream of said other die such that said fibers issuing from said one die become entrained with said melt blown fibers issuing from said other die, said entrained fibers from said one and other dies concurrently contacting said forming mandrel to form said mass nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers.
28. A method as in claim 24 or 25, wherein step (b) is practiced such that said support fibers have a mean diameter of between about 60 µm and about 500 µm, and wherein filtration fibers have a mean diameter of between about 1 µm and about 50 µm
29. A method as in claim 24 or 25, wherein step (b) is practiced such that said support fibers are present in an amount between about 10 and about 60 wt. %.
30. A method of making filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers comprising the steps of:
(a) positioning one and another melt blowing dies in spaced axial opposition to each other, and issuing melt blown fibers from said one and another melt blowing dies;
(b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown co-located mass of said support and filtration fibers with said support fibers defining a random matrix of open areas and said filtration fibers being disposed physically within said open areas.
(a) positioning one and another melt blowing dies in spaced axial opposition to each other, and issuing melt blown fibers from said one and another melt blowing dies;
(b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown co-located mass of said support and filtration fibers with said support fibers defining a random matrix of open areas and said filtration fibers being disposed physically within said open areas.
31. A method of making filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown integrally co-located support and filtration fibers comprising the steps of (a) issuing melt blown fibers from one and another melt blowing dies such that said one die is directed toward a rotating forming mandrel in general opposition to said other die;
(b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown co-located mass of said support and filtration fibers with said support fibers defining a random matrix of open areas and said filtration fibers being disposed physically within said open areas.
(b) controlling said one and another melt blowing dies so that said melt blown fibers from said one melt blowing die have relatively larger diameters as compared to said melt blown fibers from said other melt blowing die; and (c) bringing said relatively larger diameter fibers issued from said one die into contact with said relatively smaller diameter fibers issued from said other die to thereby form a nonwoven melt blown co-located mass of said support and filtration fibers with said support fibers defining a random matrix of open areas and said filtration fibers being disposed physically within said open areas.
32. A method as in claim 25, 26, 30 or 31, wherein said fibers are issued from said one die toward an exterior surface of a collection/transfer roller which carries said fibers from said one die into contact with fibers issuing from said other die.
33. A method as in claim 32, comprising heating said collection/transfer roller to maintain said fibers issued from said one die and carried on the exterior surface thereof in sufficiently molten state until contact with fibers issued by said other die.
34. A method of making filtration medium comprising:
(i) issuing a first stream of melt blown fibers from a first melt blowing die toward a forming mandrel;
(ii) issuing a second stream of melt blown fibers from a second melt blowing die toward a collection/transfer surface positioned adjacent to said forming mandrel such that said second stream of melt blown fibers is blocked from said first stream of melt blown fibers; and (iii) moving said collection/transfer surface so that said melt blown fibers of said second stream are brought into contact with said melt blown fibers of said first stream and transferred to said forming mandrel.
(i) issuing a first stream of melt blown fibers from a first melt blowing die toward a forming mandrel;
(ii) issuing a second stream of melt blown fibers from a second melt blowing die toward a collection/transfer surface positioned adjacent to said forming mandrel such that said second stream of melt blown fibers is blocked from said first stream of melt blown fibers; and (iii) moving said collection/transfer surface so that said melt blown fibers of said second stream are brought into contact with said melt blown fibers of said first stream and transferred to said forming mandrel.
35. A method of making a melt-blown fibrous medium comprising:
(i) issuing a first stream of melt-blown fibers along a melt-blowing path from a first melt blowing die toward a forming surface;
(ii) interposing a transfer surface between said first melt blowing die and said forming surface in said melt-blowing path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer surface in advance of said collection surface;
(iii) moving said transfer surface so that said melt-blown fibers of said first stream which impinge thereon are transferred to and laid upon said forming surface; and (iv) issuing at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers from at least one other melt blowing die and directing said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers toward said forming surface, wherein said at least one other melt blowing die is positioned so that said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers issuing therefrom is mutually blocked by said transfer surface from said first stream of melt-blown fibers issuing from said first melt blowing die, whereby to form said melt-blown fibrous medium.
(i) issuing a first stream of melt-blown fibers along a melt-blowing path from a first melt blowing die toward a forming surface;
(ii) interposing a transfer surface between said first melt blowing die and said forming surface in said melt-blowing path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer surface in advance of said collection surface;
(iii) moving said transfer surface so that said melt-blown fibers of said first stream which impinge thereon are transferred to and laid upon said forming surface; and (iv) issuing at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers from at least one other melt blowing die and directing said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers toward said forming surface, wherein said at least one other melt blowing die is positioned so that said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers issuing therefrom is mutually blocked by said transfer surface from said first stream of melt-blown fibers issuing from said first melt blowing die, whereby to form said melt-blown fibrous medium.
36. A method as in claim 35, wherein step (iii) is practiced by rotating said transfer surface relative to said forming surface.
37. A method as in claim 35, which includes positioning the first melt-blowing die at an angle of between about 0° and about 90° relative to a horizontal plane passing through the transfer surface.
38. A method as in claim 37, wherein the first melt-blowing die is positioned at an angle of about 45° relative to the horizontal surface.
39. A method as in claim 35, wherein said forming surface is a cylindrical core element, and wherein said transfer surface is a rotatable conically shaped roller.
40. Apparatus for making filtration medium comprising:
(i) a forming mandrel;
(ii) first and second melt blowing dies for issuing first and second streams of melt blown fibers toward said forming mandrel along first and second melt-blowing paths, respectively;
(iii) a rotatable transfer roller interposed between said forming mandrel and said first melt blowing die in said first melt-blowing path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer roller in advance of said forming mandrel and so that said transfer roller substantially blocks said first stream of melt blown fibers from said second stream of melt blown fibers, wherein (iv) said transfer roller transfers said first stream of melt blown fibers issued by said first melt blowing die into contact with said second stream of melt blown fibers issued by said second melt blowing die so that said first and second streams of melt blown fibers are commingled with one another on said forming mandrel.
(i) a forming mandrel;
(ii) first and second melt blowing dies for issuing first and second streams of melt blown fibers toward said forming mandrel along first and second melt-blowing paths, respectively;
(iii) a rotatable transfer roller interposed between said forming mandrel and said first melt blowing die in said first melt-blowing path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer roller in advance of said forming mandrel and so that said transfer roller substantially blocks said first stream of melt blown fibers from said second stream of melt blown fibers, wherein (iv) said transfer roller transfers said first stream of melt blown fibers issued by said first melt blowing die into contact with said second stream of melt blown fibers issued by said second melt blowing die so that said first and second streams of melt blown fibers are commingled with one another on said forming mandrel.
41. Apparatus as in claim 40, which includes a number of said first melt blowing dies.
42. Apparatus as in claim 40, which includes a number of said second melt blowing dies.
43. Apparatus as in claim 40, comprising a controller for controlling at least one of said first and second melt blowing dies so as to obtain melt blown fibers of a different relative diameters issuing therefrom.
44. Apparatus as in claim 40, wherein said transfer roller is comically shaped.
45. Apparatus as in claim 40, comprising a heater connected to said transfer roller.
46. Apparatus for making a melt-blown fibrous medium comprising:
(i) first and second melt blowing dies for respectively issuing first and second streams of melt-blown fibers along first and second melt-blown paths;
(ii) a forming surface on which the first and second streams of melt-blown fibers issued from said first and second melt-blowing dies are collected to form a melt-blown fibrous medium; and (iii) a movable transfer surface interposed between said first melt blowing die and said forming surface in said first melt-blown path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer surface in advance of said forming surface to thereby be transferred to and brought into contact with said second stream of melt-blown fibers on said forming surface.
(i) first and second melt blowing dies for respectively issuing first and second streams of melt-blown fibers along first and second melt-blown paths;
(ii) a forming surface on which the first and second streams of melt-blown fibers issued from said first and second melt-blowing dies are collected to form a melt-blown fibrous medium; and (iii) a movable transfer surface interposed between said first melt blowing die and said forming surface in said first melt-blown path so that said first stream of melt-blown fibers impinges upon said transfer surface in advance of said forming surface to thereby be transferred to and brought into contact with said second stream of melt-blown fibers on said forming surface.
47. Apparatus as in claim 46, wherein said transfer surface is an exterior surface of a rotatable transfer roller.
48. Apparatus as in claim 46, wherein said melt-blowing die is positioned at an angle of between approximately 0° and approximately 90° relative to a horizontal plane passing through the transfer surface.
49. Apparatus as in claim 48, wherein the melt-blowing die is positioned at an angle of approximately 45° relative to the horizontal surface.
50. Apparatus as in claim 46, wherein said forming surface is a cylindrical core element, and wherein said transfer surface is an exterior surface of a rotatable conically shaped roller.
51. Apparatus as in claim 46 which comprises at least one other melt-blowing die for issuing at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers which are directed toward said forming surface.
52. Apparatus as in claim 51, wherein said at least one other melt blowing die is positioned so that said at least one other stream of melt-blown fibers issuing therefrom is mutually blocked from said second stream of melt-blown fibers issuing from said second melt blowing die by said transfer surface.
53. Apparatus as in claim 41, wherein said number of said first melt blowing dies are positioned in substantial axial alignment with said forming mandrel.
54. Apparatus as in claim 42, wherein said number of said second melt blowing dies are positioned in substantial axial alignment with said forming mandrel.
55. Filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average a relatively larger diameter as compared to a diameter of said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
56. Filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown fibers including continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 µm and about 500 µm which define a random matrix of open areas, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 µm and about 50 µm which are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
57. Filtration medium as in claim 55 or 56, wherein at least some of said support and filtration fibers are unitarily fused one to another.
58. Filtration medium as in claim 55 or 56, wherein said support and filtration fibers are formed of a same or different polymer.
59. Filtration medium as in claim 58, wherein said support or said filtration fibers are formed of a polyolefin, polyamide, polyester, acetal, fluoropolymer, polyphenylene sulfide, biodegradable polymer, liquid crystal polymer, polyetheretherketone, polystyrene, polymer of vinylidene monomers, or a mixture thereof.
60. Filtration medium as in claim 55 or 56, wherein said support fibers comprise between about 10 and about 60 wt. % of said filtration medium.
61. A fluid filter which includes a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown continuous support and filtration fibers, said support fibers having on average a relatively larger diameter as compared to a diameter of said filtration fibers, wherein said relatively larger diameter support fibers define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined by said support fibers.
62. A fluid filter which includes a filtration medium comprised of a mass of nonwoven melt blown fibers including continuous support fibers having a mean diameter of between about 60 µm and about 500 µm which define a random matrix of open areas, and continuous filtration fibers having a mean diameter of between about 1 µm and about 50 µm which are integrally co-located with said relatively larger diameter support fibers so as to be disposed physically within said random matrix of open areas defined thereby.
63. A fluid filter in claim 61 or 62, wherein at least some of said support and filtration fibers are unitarily fused one to another.
64. A fluid filter as in claim 61 or 62, wherein said support and filtration fibers are formed of the same or different polymer.
65. A fluid filter as in claim 61 or 62, wherein said support or said filtration fibers are formed of a polyolefin, polyamide, polyester, acetal, fluoropolymer, polyphenylene sulfide, biodegradable polymer, liquid crystal polymer, polyetheretherketone, polystyrene, polymer of vinylidene monomers, or a mixture thereof.
66. A fluid filter as in claim 61 or 62, wherein said support fibers comprise between about 10 and about 60 wt. % of said filtration medium.
67. A fluid filter as in claim 61 or 62, which is comprised of a plurality of filtration zones, and wherein said filtration medium is included in at least one of said filtration zones.
68. A filtration medium having at least one filtration zone including continuous support fibers, and continuous filtration fibers which are co-located and intimately entangled with said support fibers, wherein said support fibers have a mean diameter of between about 60 µm and about 500 µm and define a random matrix of open areas, and wherein said filtration fibers have a mean diameter of between about 1 µm and about 50 µm.
69. Filtration medium as in claim 68, wherein said support fibers are present in an amount between about 10 and about 60 wt. % of said filtration medium.
70. Filtration medium as in claim 68, wherein at least some of said support and filtration fibers are unitarily fused one to another.
71. Filtration medium as in claim 68, which includes another filtration zone comprised of a mass of melt blown, nonwoven filtration fibers which exhibit a different filtration property as compared to the filtration fibers of said at least one filtration zone.
72. Filtration medium as in claim 71, wherein said another filtration zone is also comprised of said support fibers.
73. Filtration medium as in claim 72, wherein said support fibers of said at least one and another filtration zones have different diameters as compared to one another.
74. Filtration medium as in claim 68, wherein said support and filtration fibers are formed of the same or different polymer.
75. Filtration medium as in claim 74, wherein said support or said filtration fibers or said support and said filtration fibers are formed of a polyolefin, polyamide, polyester, acetal, fluoropolymer, polyphenylene sulfide, biodegradable polymer, liquid crystal polymer, polyetherether ketone, polystyrene, polymer of vinylidene monomers, or a mixture thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/433,006 | 1995-05-02 | ||
| US08/433,006 US5591335A (en) | 1995-05-02 | 1995-05-02 | Filter cartridges having nonwoven melt blown filtration media with integral co-located support and filtration |
| PCT/US1996/004938 WO1996034673A1 (en) | 1995-05-02 | 1996-04-10 | Nonwoven, melt blown fluid filtration media with integral co-located support and filtration fibers, filter cartridges employing, and methods and apparatus of making, the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2219666A1 CA2219666A1 (en) | 1996-11-07 |
| CA2219666C true CA2219666C (en) | 2007-01-09 |
Family
ID=23718476
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002219666A Expired - Lifetime CA2219666C (en) | 1995-05-02 | 1996-04-10 | Nonwoven, melt blown fluid filtration media with integral co-located support and filtration fibers, filter cartridges employing, and methods and apparatus of making, the same |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US5591335A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0830191B1 (en) |
| JP (2) | JP4049812B2 (en) |
| CN (2) | CN1073868C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU703176B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2219666C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69628752T2 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL118106A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1996034673A1 (en) |
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1995
- 1995-05-02 US US08/433,006 patent/US5591335A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-04-10 AU AU53892/96A patent/AU703176B2/en not_active Expired
- 1996-04-10 CA CA002219666A patent/CA2219666C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-10 JP JP53331796A patent/JP4049812B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-10 WO PCT/US1996/004938 patent/WO1996034673A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-04-10 DE DE69628752T patent/DE69628752T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-10 CN CN96194924A patent/CN1073868C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-10 EP EP96910797A patent/EP0830191B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-01 IL IL11810696A patent/IL118106A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-07 US US08/646,151 patent/US5783011A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-02 US US08/678,415 patent/US5681469A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-02 US US08/677,353 patent/US5733581A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-03-24 CN CNB011120789A patent/CN1180148C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2007
- 2007-09-12 JP JP2007237229A patent/JP4451902B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH11504853A (en) | 1999-05-11 |
| CA2219666A1 (en) | 1996-11-07 |
| EP0830191A1 (en) | 1998-03-25 |
| EP0830191B1 (en) | 2003-06-18 |
| WO1996034673A1 (en) | 1996-11-07 |
| JP2008036634A (en) | 2008-02-21 |
| IL118106A0 (en) | 1996-09-12 |
| CN1346909A (en) | 2002-05-01 |
| US5783011A (en) | 1998-07-21 |
| DE69628752T2 (en) | 2004-04-22 |
| DE69628752D1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
| CN1188422A (en) | 1998-07-22 |
| AU703176B2 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
| US5733581A (en) | 1998-03-31 |
| JP4451902B2 (en) | 2010-04-14 |
| US5591335A (en) | 1997-01-07 |
| CN1073868C (en) | 2001-10-31 |
| EP0830191A4 (en) | 1999-02-10 |
| CN1180148C (en) | 2004-12-15 |
| JP4049812B2 (en) | 2008-02-20 |
| AU5389296A (en) | 1996-11-21 |
| US5681469A (en) | 1997-10-28 |
| IL118106A (en) | 1999-12-31 |
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