CA2230567A1 - Motion estimation and compensation of video object planes for interlaced digital video - Google Patents

Motion estimation and compensation of video object planes for interlaced digital video

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Publication number
CA2230567A1
CA2230567A1 CA002230567A CA2230567A CA2230567A1 CA 2230567 A1 CA2230567 A1 CA 2230567A1 CA 002230567 A CA002230567 A CA 002230567A CA 2230567 A CA2230567 A CA 2230567A CA 2230567 A1 CA2230567 A1 CA 2230567A1
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motion vector
macroblock
field
vector components
vertical motion
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CA002230567A
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French (fr)
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CA2230567C (en
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Robert O. Eifrig
Xuemin Chen
Ajay Luthra
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Arris Technology Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
    • H04N19/649—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding the transform being applied to non rectangular image segments
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/103—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode
    • H04N19/105—Selection of the reference unit for prediction within a chosen coding or prediction mode, e.g. adaptive choice of position and number of pixels used for prediction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/103—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode
    • H04N19/112—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode according to a given display mode, e.g. for interlaced or progressive display mode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/136—Incoming video signal characteristics or properties
    • H04N19/137—Motion inside a coding unit, e.g. average field, frame or block difference
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/186—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being a colour or a chrominance component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/20—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using video object coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H04N19/513—Processing of motion vectors
    • H04N19/517—Processing of motion vectors by encoding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H04N19/56—Motion estimation with initialisation of the vector search, e.g. estimating a good candidate to initiate a search
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H04N19/563—Motion estimation with padding, i.e. with filling of non-object values in an arbitrarily shaped picture block or region for estimation purposes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/503—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving temporal prediction
    • H04N19/51—Motion estimation or motion compensation
    • H04N19/583—Motion compensation with overlapping blocks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/593—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving spatial prediction techniques
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/103—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode
    • H04N19/107—Selection of coding mode or of prediction mode between spatial and temporal predictive coding, e.g. picture refresh
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
    • H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
    • H04N19/63—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding using sub-band based transform, e.g. wavelets

Abstract

A motion estimation and compensation technique is provided for interlaced digital video such as video object planes (VOPs). Predictor motion vectors for use in differentially encoding a current field coded macroblock (700) are obtained using the median of motion vectors (MV1, MV2, MV3) of surrounding blocks or macroblocks (712, 722, 732).
When a surrounding macroblock (820) is itself interlaced coded, an average motion vector for that macroblock is used, with fractional pixel values being mapped to the half-pixel. When the current block (912) is not interlaced coded but a surrounding block (820) is, the field motion vectors may be used individually or averaged. In a repetitive padding technique for an interlaced coded VOP (1,010), the even (0, 2, ..., 14) and odd (1, 3, ..., 15) lines of the VOP and surrounding block (1,000) are grouped. Within each field (1,210, 1,220), exterior pixels (1,6) are padded by setting them to the value of the nearest boundary pixel (0,6), or to an average of two boundary pixels (0,6;
1,7). The lines are then reordered to provide a single padded reference VOP image.

Claims (60)

1. A method for providing horizontal and vertical motion vector components for use in differentially encoding respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components of a current block of a digital video image, wherein:
candidate first, second and third blocks have associated horizontal and vertical motion vector components;
said first block being at least a portion of a first macroblock which immediately precedes said current block in a current row;
said second block being at least a portion of a second macroblock which is immediately above said current block in a preceding row;
said third block being at least a portion of a third macroblock which immediately follows said second macroblock in said preceding row; and at least one of said first, second and third candidate blocks and said current block is field-coded;
said method comprising at least one of the steps of:
(a) selecting a horizontal motion vector component for use in differentially encoding the horizontal motion vector component of said current block according to a value derived from the horizontal motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; and (b) selecting a vertical motion vector component for use in differentially encoding the vertical motion vector component of said current block according to a value derived from the vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a particular one of said first, second and third macroblocks comprises a plurality of blocks, each of which have associated horizontal and vertical motion vector components suitable for use in differentially encoding said motion vector components of said current block, said method comprising the further step of:
selecting one of said plurality of blocks in said particular macroblock which is closest to an upper left-hand portion of said current block as the candidate block of said particular macroblock.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2, comprising the further step of:
providing data for transmission with said at least one differentially encoded motion vector component indicating whether said current block is field coded.
4. The method of one of the preceding claims, wherein:
said current block is a progressive-coded or advanced prediction-coded block; and at least one of said candidate blocks is a field coded candidate macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein:
said horizontal motion vector component selecting step makes a selection according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks, including said corresponding horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock; and said vertical motion vector component selecting step makes a selection according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks, including said corresponding vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock.
6. The method of claim 4 or 5, comprising the further steps of:
averaging the respective first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component;
wherein said horizontal motion vector component selecting step makes a selection according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and said at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; and averaging the respective first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component; wherein:
said vertical motion vector component selecting step makes a selection according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and said at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein:
the first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement; and the first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement.
8. The method of one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said current block is a field coded macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components, said method comprising the further steps of:
selecting a horizontal motion vector component for use in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock according to a value derived from the horizontal motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; and selecting a vertical motion vector component for use in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock according to a value derived from the vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein at least one of said candidate blocks is a field coded candidate macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein:

said horizontal motion vector component selecting step makes a selection for encoding said horizontal motion vector component of said first field of said current macroblock according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the horizontal motion vector components of the first field of said least one field coded candidate macroblock;
said horizontal motion vector component selecting step makes a selection for encoding said horizontal motion vector component of said second field of said current macroblock according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the horizontal motion vector components of the second field of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock;
said vertical motion vector component selecting step makes a selection for encoding said vertical motion vector component of said first field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the vertical motion vector components of the first field of said least one field coded candidate macroblock; and said vertical motion vector component selection step makes a selection for encoding said vertical motion vector component of said second field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the vertical motion vector components of the second field of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock.
11. The method of claim 9, comprising the further steps of:
averaging the respective first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; wherein:
the selected horizontal motion vector component for use in differentially encoding the horizontal motion vector component(s) of at least one of said first and second fields of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) said at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; and averaging the respective first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component; wherein:
the selected vertical motion vector component for use in differentially encoding the vertical motion vector component(s) of at least one of said first and second fields of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) said at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein:
the first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement; and the first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement
13. A method for decoding a current block of digital video image data, said current block having associated differentially encoded horizontal and vertical motion vector components, comprising at least one of the steps of:
(a) determining a horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector component of said current block according to a value based on horizontal motion vector components of first, second and third candidate blocks; and (b) determining a vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding a vertical motion vector component of said current block according to a value based on vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; wherein:
said first block is at least a portion of a first macroblock which immediately precedes said current block in a current row;
said second block is at least a portion of a second macroblock which is immediately above said current block in a preceding row;
said third block is at least a portion of a third macroblock which immediately follows said second macroblock in said preceding row; and at least one of said first, second and third candidate blocks and said current block is field coded.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein:
said current block is a progressive-coded or advanced prediction-coded block; and at least one of said candidate blocks is a field coded candidate macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein:
the horizontal motion vector component used in encoding the horizontal motion vector component of said first field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the horizontal motion vector components of the first field of said least one field coded candidate macroblock;
the horizontal motion vector component used in encoding the horizontal motion vector component of said second field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the horizontal motion vector components of the second field of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock;

the vertical motion vector component used in encoding the vertical motion vector component of said first field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the vertical motion vector components of the first field of said least one field coded candidate macroblock; and the vertical motion vector component used in encoding the vertical motion vector component of said second field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the vertical motion vector components of the second field of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock.
16. The method of claim 14 or 15, comprising the further steps of:
averaging the respective first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; wherein:
the horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding the horizontal motion vector component(s) of at least one of said first and second fields of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) said at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; and averaging the respective first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component; wherein:
the vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding the vertical motion vector component(s) of at least one of said first and second fields of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) said at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein:
the first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement; and the first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement.
18. The method of one of claims 13 to 17, wherein said current block is a field coded macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components, said method comprising the further steps of:
determining a horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock according to a value based on the horizontal motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; and determining a vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock according to a value based on the vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein at least one of said candidate blocks is a field coded macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein:
the horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector components of at least one of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock is determined according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks, including said corresponding horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock; and said vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector components of at least one of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock is determined according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks, including said corresponding vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock.
21. The method of claim 19, comprising the further steps of:
averaging the respective first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component;
wherein said horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock is determined according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and said at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; and averaging the respective first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component; wherein:
said vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock is determined according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and said at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein:

the first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement; and the first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement.
23. The method of one of claims 13 to 22, wherein:
the horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector component of said current block is determined according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; and the vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector component of said current block is determined according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks.
24. The method of one of claims 13 to 23, comprising the further step of:

decoding said candidate first, second and third blocks to recover said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated therewith.
25. The method of one of claims 13 to 24, comprising the further step of:
recovering transmitted data with said at least one differentially encoded motion vector component indicating whether said current block is field coded.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein:
said coding mode designates the motion vector components of one of said candidate first, second and third blocks as being the same as the motion vector components used in differentially encoding the motion vector components of said current block.
27. The method of one of claims 13 to 26, wherein said digital video image comprises macroblocks which are processed row by row, comprising the further steps of:
processing said second and third macroblocks in said preceding row to recover said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated therewith;
storing said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated with said second and third macroblocks;

processing said first macroblock in said current row to recover said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated therewith; and subsequently retrieving said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated with said second and third macroblocks for use in said at least one of said determining steps.
28. A method for padding a digital video image which includes a field coded video object plane (VOP) comprising top and bottom field pixel lines carried in an interleaved order to provide a reference padded VOP, said VOP being carried, at least in part, in a region which includes pixels which are exterior to boundary pixels of said VOP, said method comprising the steps of:
processing said top and bottom field pixel lines from said interleaved order to provide a top field block comprising said top field pixel lines, and a bottom field block comprising said bottom field pixel lines; and padding said exterior pixels separately within said respective top and bottom field blocks.
29. The method of claim 28, comprising the further step of:
processing said top and bottom field pixel lines comprising said padded exterior pixels in said interleaved order.
30. The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein:
when a particular one of said exterior pixels is located between two of said boundary pixels of said VOP in the corresponding field block, said padding step comprises the further step of:
assigning said particular one of said exterior pixels a value according to an average of said two boundary pixels.
31. The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein:
when a particular one of said exterior pixels is located between one of said boundary pixels of said VOP and an edge of said region in the corresponding field block, but not between two of said boundary pixels of said VOP in the corresponding field block, said padding step comprises the further step of.
assigning said particular one of said exterior pixels a value according to said one of said boundary pixels.
32. The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein:
when a particular one of said exterior pixels is located between two edges of said region in the corresponding field block, but not between one of said boundary pixels of said VOP and an edge of said region in the corresponding field block, and not between two of said boundary pixels of said VOP in the corresponding field block, said padding step comprises the further step of:
assigning said particular one of said exterior pixels a value according to at least one of:
(a) a padded exterior pixel which is closest to said particular one of said exterior pixels moving horizontally in said region in the corresponding field block; and (b) a padded exterior pixel which is closest to said particular one of said exterior pixels moving vertically in said region in the corresponding field block.
33. An apparatus for providing horizontal and vertical motion vector components for use in differentially encoding respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components of a current block of a digital video image, wherein:
candidate first, second and third blocks have associated horizontal and vertical motion vector components;
said first block being at least a portion of a first macroblock which immediately precedes said current block in a current row;
said second block being at least a portion of a second macroblock which is immediately above said current block in a preceding row;

said third block being at least a portion of a third macroblock which immediately follows said second macroblock in said preceding row; and at least one of said first, second and third candidate blocks and said current block is field coded;
said apparatus comprising at least one of:
(a) means for selecting a horizontal motion vector component for use in differentially encoding the horizontal motion vector component of said current block according to a value derived from the horizontal motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; and (b) means for selecting a vertical motion vector component for use in differentially encoding the vertical motion vector component of said current block according to a value derived from the vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks.
34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein at least a particular one of said first, second and third macroblocks comprises a plurality of blocks, each of which have associated horizontal and vertical motion vector components suitable for use in differentially encoding said motion vector components of said current block, said apparatus further comprising:

means for selecting one of said plurality of blocks in said particular macroblock which is closest to an upper left-hand portion of said current block as the candidate block of said particular macroblock.
35. The apparatus of claim 33 or 34, further comprising:
means for providing data for transmission with said at least one differentially encoded motion vector component indicating whether said current block is field coded.
36. The apparatus of one of claims 33 to 35, wherein:
said current block is a progressive-coded or advanced prediction-coded block; and at least one of said candidate blocks is a field coded candidate macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components.
37. The apparatus of claim 36, wherein:
said means for selecting a horizontal motion vector component makes a selection according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks, including said corresponding horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock; and said means for selecting a vertical motion vector component makes a selection according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks, including said corresponding vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock.
38. The apparatus of claim 36, further comprising:
means for averaging the respective first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component;
wherein said means for selecting a horizontal motion vector component makes a selection according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and said at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; and means for averaging the respective first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component; wherein:

said means for selecting a vertical motion vector component makes a selection according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and said at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component.
39. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein:
the first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement; and the first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement.
40. The apparatus of one of claims 33 to 35, wherein:
said current block is a field coded macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components;
said horizontal motion vector component selecting means selects a horizontal motion vector component for use in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock according to a value derived from the horizontal motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; and said vertical motion vector component selecting means selects a vertical motion vector component for use in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock according to a value derived from the vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks.
41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein:
at least one of said candidate blocks is a field coded candidate macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components.
42. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein:
said means for selecting a horizontal motion vector component makes a selection for encoding said horizontal motion vector component of said first field of said current macroblock according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the horizontal motion vector components of the first field of said least one field coded candidate macroblock;
said means for selecting a horizontal motion vector component makes a selection for encoding said horizontal motion vector component of said second field of said current macroblock according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the horizontal motion vector components of the second field of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock;
said means for selecting a vertical motion vector component makes a selection for encoding said vertical motion vector component of said first field of said current macroblock according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the vertical motion vector components of the first field of said least one field coded candidate macroblock;
and said means for selecting a vertical motion vector component makes a selection for encoding said vertical motion vector component of said second field of said current macroblock according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the vertical motion vector components of the second field of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock.
43. The apparatus of claim 41 or 42, further comprising:
means for averaging the respective first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; wherein:
the selected horizontal motion vector component for use in differentially encoding the horizontal motion vector component(s) of at least one of said first and second fields of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) said at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; and means for averaging the respective first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component; wherein:
the selected vertical motion vector component for use in differentially encoding the vertical motion vector component(s) of at least one of said first and second fields of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) said at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component.
44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein:
the first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement; and the first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement.
45. An apparatus for decoding a current block of digital video image data, said current block having associated differentially encoded horizontal and vertical motion vector components, comprising at least one of:
(a) means for determining a horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector component of said current block according to a value based on horizontal motion vector components of first, second and third candidate blocks; and (b) means for determining a vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding a vertical motion vector component of said current block according to a value based on vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; wherein:
said first block is at least a portion of a first macroblock which immediately precedes said current block in a current row;
said second block is at least a portion of a second macroblock which is immediately above said current block in a preceding row;
said third block is at least a portion of a third macroblock which immediately follows said second macroblock in said preceding row; and at least one of said first, second and third candidate blocks and said current block is field coded.
46. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein:
said current block is a progressive-coded or advanced prediction-coded block; and at least one of said candidate blocks is a field coded candidate macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components.
47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein:
the horizontal motion vector component used in encoding the horizontal motion vector component of said first field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the horizontal motion vector components of the first field of said least one field coded candidate macroblock;
the horizontal motion vector component used in encoding the horizontal motion vector component of said second field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the horizontal motion vector components of the second field of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock;
the vertical motion vector component used in encoding the vertical motion vector component of said first field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the vertical motion vector components of the first field of said least one field coded candidate macroblock; and the vertical motion vector component used in encoding the vertical motion vector component of said second field of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) the vertical motion vector components of the second field of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock.
48. The apparatus of claim 46, further comprising:
means for averaging the respective first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; wherein:
the horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding the horizontal motion vector component(s) of at least one of said first and second fields of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) said at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; and means for averaging the respective first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component; wherein:
the vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding the vertical motion vector component(s) of at least one of said first and second fields of said current macroblock is determined according to a median of (i) the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and (ii) said at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component.
49. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein:
the first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement; and the first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement.
50. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein said current block is a field coded macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components, said apparatus further comprising:
means for determining a horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock according to a value based on the horizontal motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; and means for determining a vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock according to a value based on the vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks.
51. The apparatus of claim 50, wherein at least one of said candidate blocks is a field coded macroblock having first and second fields, each with respective horizontal and vertical motion vector components.
52. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein:
the horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector components of at least one of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock is determined according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks, including said corresponding horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock; and said vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector components of at least one of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock is determined according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks, including said corresponding vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said at least one field coded candidate macroblock.
53. The apparatus of claim 51 or 52, further comprising:
means for averaging the respective first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component;
wherein said horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock is determined according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and said at least one corresponding averaged horizontal motion vector component; and means for averaging the respective first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock to obtain at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component; wherein:
said vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector components of said first and second fields of said current field coded macroblock is determined according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said candidate blocks other than said at least one field coded candidate macroblock, if any, and said at least one corresponding averaged vertical motion vector component.
54. The apparatus of claim 53, wherein:
the first and second field horizontal motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement; and the first and second field vertical motion vector components of the at least one field coded candidate macroblock are averaged such that all fractional pixel offsets are mapped to a half-pixel displacement.
55. The apparatus of one of claims 45 to 52, wherein:
the horizontal motion vector component used in differentially encoding said horizontal motion vector component of said current block is determined according to a median of the horizontal motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks; and the vertical motion vector component used in differentially encoding said vertical motion vector component of said current block is determined according to a median of the vertical motion vector components of said first, second and third candidate blocks.
56. The apparatus of one of claims 45 to 55, further comprising:
a decoder for decoding said candidate first, second and third blocks to recover said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated therewith.
57. The apparatus of one of claims 45 to 56, further comprising:

means for recovering transmitted data with said at least one differentially encoded motion vector component indicating whether said current block is field coded.
58. The apparatus of claim 57, wherein:
said coding mode designates the motion vector components of one of said candidate first, second and third blocks as being the same as the motion vector components used in differentially encoding the motion vector components of said current block.
59. The apparatus of one of claims 45 to 58, wherein said digital video image comprises macroblocks which are processed row by row, further comprising:
means for processing said second and third macroblocks in said preceding row to recover said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated therewith;
means for storing said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated with said second and third macroblocks;
means for processing said first macroblock in said current row to recover said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated therewith; and means for subsequently retrieving said horizontal and vertical motion vector components associated with said second and third macroblocks for use by said at least one of said means for determining.
60. An apparatus for padding a digital video image which includes a field coded video object plane (VOP) comprising top and bottom field pixel lines carried in an interleaved order to provide a reference padded VOP, said VOP being carried, at least in part, in a region which includes pixels which are exterior to boundary pixels of said VOP, said apparatus comprising:
means for processing said top and bottom field pixel lines from said interleaved order to provide a top field block comprising said top field pixel lines, and a bottom field block comprising said bottom field pixel lines; and means for padding said exterior pixels separately within said respective top and bottom field blocks.
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