CA2249318A1 - Process for oxidative functionalization of polymers containing alkylstyrene - Google Patents
Process for oxidative functionalization of polymers containing alkylstyrene Download PDFInfo
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- CA2249318A1 CA2249318A1 CA002249318A CA2249318A CA2249318A1 CA 2249318 A1 CA2249318 A1 CA 2249318A1 CA 002249318 A CA002249318 A CA 002249318A CA 2249318 A CA2249318 A CA 2249318A CA 2249318 A1 CA2249318 A1 CA 2249318A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/06—Oxidation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2800/00—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed
- C08F2800/10—Copolymer characterised by the proportions of the comonomers expressed as molar percentages
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2810/00—Chemical modification of a polymer
- C08F2810/50—Chemical modification of a polymer wherein the polymer is a copolymer and the modification is taking place only on one or more of the monomers present in minority
Abstract
This invention provides a method by which an alkylstyrene containing polymer may be exclusively functionalized at the primary benzylic carbon site of the styrenic monomer. The process of this invention comprises the treatment of an alkylstyrene containing polymer dissolved in a non-polar liquid medium with an organic hydroperoxide oxidizing reagent in the presence of a catalytically sufficient amount of a chromium compound, to oxidize a portion of the aromatic alkyl groups of the polymer to an oxygen containing functional group.
Description
W 097138026 PCT~US97/06278 PROCESS FOR OXIDATIVE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLYMERS
CONTAINING ALKYLSTYRENE
BACKGRO~JND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention:
This invention relates to polymers co~ g alkyl styrene monomer units, the alkyl substituent group(s) of which are funGtionalized by a catalytic oxidative procedure.
Ba~k~round of the Invention:
Heretofore, butyl rubbers, i.e., polymers of isobutylene and small amounts of isoprene as a comonomer, and/or halobutyl rubbers, i.e., a halogenated derivative of a butyl rubber, have been used for forming blend compositions withthermoplastic compounds and other elastomer compounds for use in tire production and the like. The butyl and/or halobutyl rubbers impart a number of desirable physical plopel lies to such blends, such as low air permeability, relatively low glass transition te~pe~a~LIre (Tg), broad damping peaks, environm~nt~l agingresistance in~ ding a resi~t~nce to oxidation, etc., that are significant in theproduction of tires of superior pe-ru,,-,ance properties. However, various difficulties are encountered with the use of the butyl and/or halobutyl rubbers for this purpose, chief among which is their compatibility with most other polymers,inchlfling unsaturated elastomeric compounds. Hence, that aspect of a butyl rubber that provides properties which make it desirable as a component in blends for tire production, namely the chemical "inertness" that results from the unreactiveness of the hydrocarbon backbone of the butyl rubber polymer, also results in its low reactivity and co.llpalibility with most other materials and this has limited its use in many areas.
Recently, in U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445 a unique copolymer of isobutylene has been disclosed, together with a procedure for introducing non-backbone functionalities into this copolymer, which well suits it to use as a blend component having all the property advantages of a butyl and/or halobutyl rubber, but whichimproves the compatibility compared to butyl and/or halobutyl rubber. In its broadest description, the new copolymer is a direct reaction product of an isoolefin 3~ having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms with a para-alkylstyrene; isobutylene andparamethylstyrene being the prere~.~d monomers; wherein the copolymer has a W O 97/38026 PCT~US97/06278 substantially homogeneous compositional distribution, m~ning all weight fractions of the copolymer have ecsenti~lly the same ratio of isoolefin to para-alkylstyrene.
The homogeneity of the comonomer distribution and molecular weight distribution of this new isobutylene-paraalkylstyrene (IB-AS) copolymer impart to it superiorproperties. One of the aspects in which this new IB-AS copolymer is superior to butyl rubbers is its resistance to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen and ozone. The new isobutylene-paraalkylstyrene (IB-AS) copolymer can be produced over a broad range of number average molecular weight (Mn) greater than 25,000 and a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of less than 6.0, even of less than2Ø Derivatives of this new isobutylene-paraalkylstyrene copolymer (IB-AS
copolymer) having functionalities that render it compatible and/or cross-linkable with other polymer materials, both thermoplastic and elastomeric po'ym.ers, are produced in t~,vo step process, by nucleophilic substitution of a halogenated intermediate that is first produced by a free radical initi~ted halogenation of the IB-AS copolymer.
As related by U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445, it was found that free radical bromination of the new IB-AS copolymer proceeded at the alkyl group (the alkyl primary benzylic carbon atom) of the styrenic comonomer and to the substantial exclusion of b~ ,ination at the tertiary primary benzylic carbon atom (in the backbone chain of the copolymer). This then preserves the initial microstructure of the IB-AS copolymer backbone chain, thus preserving the hydrocarbon nature with its "hlel Iness" of the backbone and the beneficial physical properties.
In U.S. Patent 5,162,445 a prerel,ed copolymer is that of isobutylene (IB) and paramethylstyrene (PMS) and this copolymer (IB-PMS) is l)lo,nil-~ted to provide a copolymer having a portion of its paramethylstyrene bro~ ted at the paramethyl group. The blo~ ed copolymer is essentially a high molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution polymer of a homogeneous distribution of isobutylene-pal ~ll,c~llylstyrene-paral~l olllolllc;Lllylstyrene. The benzylic bromine atoms are reactive under mild conditions in the presence of a nucleophilic reagent. It was found that a variety of functional groups could be introduced at the site of the bromin~ed paramethyl carbon atoms of the pendant phenyl groups without disruption of the backbone structure or altering the molecular weight and/or molecular weight distribution characteristics of this copolymer. This is then particularly well suited for use as a blending component with other thermoplastics and/or elastomeric polymers for use in the fabrication of desirable products, especially for tire production.
Though the functionalized derivatives that are realized through the bro.,linaled-copolymer intermediate in two step process, it would be desirable to provide additional methods for function~li7~tion in a single step. To convert the new isobutylene-paraalkylstyrene copolymer materials into functionalized derivatives without the need to employ a halogen in the process, a met~lation procedure was developed as desc~il,ed in commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/446,753. In this procedure the paramethyl group of a paramethylstyrene unit of the IB-PMS copolymer is first met~ ted by a super basereagent and quenched reacted with a suitable electrophile. An advantage of this procedure is that it is free from use of any halogen, essentially a single step process, albeit that it requires the employment of more expensive reagents.
Neither the free radical halogenation and then nucleophilic ~ p!~c~ment procedure as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445 nor the single step super base met~l~tion-electrophilic displacement procedure as disclosed in commonly owned USSN 08/446,753 provides for the direct introduction of carbonyl functionalitiesinto IB-AS copolymer. To directly introduce a carbonyl functionality into an IB-AS copolymer would require an oxidative procedure.
The oxidation of simple molecules of mono alkyl or multi alkyl substituted benzene have been reported in a variety of references, such as Bird, C.W. et al., "A
convenient synthesis by p-hydroxyben7~ldehydes," Org. Prep. and Procedures Int.
12, 201 (1980); Lee, H. et al., "Benzylic oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in aqueous media. A convenient synthesis of aryl ketones and aldehydes," J. Org. Chem. 48, 749 (1983); Chidambaram, N. et al., "tert-Butyl hydroperoxide pyridinium dichro",ale: A convenient reagent system for allylic and benzylic oxidation," J. Org. Chem., 52, 5048 (1978); Capdeville, P. et al., "A new oxidizing copper reagent: Cu02H p-~l,a,~lion and prelin,il1ary stl~dy of reactivity,"
Tetrahedron Lett. 31, 3891 (1990); Hay, A.S. et al. "Auto;idation reactions catalyzed by cobalt acetate bromide," Can~ n J. Chem. 43, 1306 (1965); Sala, T.
et al. "Tetrabutylammonium pe~ ng~net: an efficient oxidant for organic substrates," J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 253 (1978); Muzart, J. et al.
"Practical chromium VI oxide-catalyzed benzylic oxidations using 70% tert-butylhydroperoxide," Tetradedron Letts. 23, 2132 (1987); Zhang, S. et al., "Selective indirect electrooxidation of the side chain of aromatic compounds,"
Chin. Chem. Lett. 3(8), 595 (1992); Shul'pin, B.G. et al., "Photoinduced reactions of organic compounds with transition metal complexes. Oxidation of alkanes and alkylben7enes with oxo compounds of chromium (VI) under irradiation with light,"Zh. Obscheh. Khim. 59(11), 2604 (1989). Hronec, M. et al, "Kinetics and meçll~ni.sm of cobalt-catalyzed oxidation of p-xylene in the presence of water,"Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 23, 787-794 (1985); Hendricks, C. et al, "The oxidation of substituted toluenes by cobalt (III) acetate in acetic acid solution,"
Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 17(3), 256-260 (1978); Hanotier, J. et al., "Effect of strong acids on the oxidation of alkylarenes by m~ng~nic and cobaltic ~cet~tes in acetic Acid," J. Chem. Soc. Perkins Trans. 2, 381-383 (1973); Okada, T. et al., "The liquid-phase oxidation of methylbenzenes by the cobalt-copper-bromide system," Bull. Chem. Sos. Jpn. 54, 2724-2727; Harustiak, M. et al., "Kinetics and mec~-~ni~m of cobalt bromide catalyzed oxidation of p-xylene in the presence of phase transfer catalysts," J. Mol. Catal. 53(1), 209-217. Alkyl substituted benzenes in the presence of a polar metlil-m, such as acetic acid, reported to be oxidized by chromic oxide, cobalt salts, m~ng~nic and cobaltic acet~te~, and cobalt-copper-bromide systems. Although such systems are applicable to molecular materials, such as toluene, xylene, etc., they are not applicable to polymeric materials, such as alkyl styrene con~A~ g polyolefin, which is highly non-polar and therefore ess~nti~lly insoluble in the polar reaction medium.
The liquid phase oxidation of homopolymer of para-methylstyrene (PMS) using air as an oxidizing agent in the presel~ce of a bromine promoted catalyst has been reported by Stover et al. U.S. Patent 5,376,732 (1994) and WO 94/10215 publication. This procedure as described by the Stover patent and/or the relatedpaper of Ferrari, L. et al., "Cobalt-catalyzed oxidation of poly(4-methylstyrene),"
Macromolecules, 24, 6340-6342 (1991), requires use of a cosolvent medium con~ g acetic acid. The presence of acetic acid as a required component in the cosolvent medium severely limits the quantity of precursor polymer that may be treated, generally to conce"l~lions significantly less than 5 gm per 100 ml. Themaximum molecular weight of a precursor polymer reported to be treated by this method, as described in U.S. Patent 5,376,732, is a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 14,600 and Mw/Mn = 1.71. This limitation is readily attributable ~ CA 02249318 1998-09-18 to the poor solubility of the precursor polymer in a medium in which acetic acid is a cosolvent.
It is still desirable to devise a simple, direct and inexpensive way by which to convert the new IB-AS copolymer materials into functionalized derivatives without the need to employ a halogen or halogenated compounds, acetic acid or other polar cosolvents in the process.
A method of functionalization is necessary for IB-alkylstyrene (AS) copolymer in which alkyl group may be in ortho, meta, or para position, including multi alkyl groups at random in any position of the aromatic ring.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides a method by which an alkylstyrene containing polymer, for example, an isobutylene-alkylstyrene (IB-AS) copolymer, may be functionalized at the primary benzylic carbon site of the styrenic monomer without the need to employ a halogen or halogenated compound, acetic acid or other polarcompounds as a cosolvent. As described with respect to an IB-AS copolymer, the method comprises treating the copolymer while in solution in a non-polar medium,such as a hydrocarbon solvent, to the action of an effective catalytic amount of a chromium compound capable of performing as an oxidation catalyst, preferably a Cr (VI) compound such as chromium oxide (CrO,) or a Cr compound that oxidizes to Cr (VI) during the catalvtic action, and an effective amount of an organic hydroperoxide, preferably an alkyl hydroperoxide, to oxidize alkyl group at the primary benzylic carbon atom of the styrene units of the copolymer to a carbonyl functional group.
With the method of this invention it is now possible to introduce cer~ain types of carbonyl atom functional groups into the isobutylene-alkylstyrene copolymer which cannot be introduced through the bromination and then nucleophilic displacement procedure as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445 orthe metalation-electrophilic reagent procedure described in U.S. Patent 5,191,017.
Further, the oxidative procedure of this invention is not subject to the deficiencies of previously described oxidative procedures which preclude their effective application to high molecular weight polymeric materials cont~ining alkylsytrenes, namely the requirement of a polar cosolvent component that severely reduces the solubility of such polymeric materials. In the oxidative procedure of this invention a polar cosolvent is not used and the precursor polymer may be treated as a highconcentration solution, making the oxidative procedure of this invention applicable to treatment of all compositions of isoolefin-alkylstyrene (ISO-AS). The oxidative procedure of this invention is particularly effective for oxidizing an isobutylene-alkylstyrene copolymer (IB-AS) which is otherwise resistant to oxidation by techniques employed on simple alkylstyrene molecules of homopolymers. The process is versatile in the sense that more than one alkyl substituted styrene co~ g copolymer may be oxidized to carbonyl functionality at one or more to alkyl site of the aromatic ring. As a matter of fact, homopolymers of mono or multi alkyl substituted styrene may be effectively oxidized also.
DE~SCRIPTION OF T~E PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
This invention comprises a method for converting amono or multi alkyl substituted styrene col-(~it~ precursor polymer to a product polymer in which a fraction of the alkyl groups of the styrene unit in homo- or co- polymer are converted into a carbonyl atom functional group. The conversion of an alkylsytrene monomer col.lained by a precursor polymer which is accomplished by practice of this invention may be illustrated as follows:
p ~_ CH2--CH '--P ~ p ._ CH2--CH '--P ~ p ._ CH2--CH '--P
~C
CH2Rl O~ \R2 ~C~
(I) ~II) , (III) wherein:
P represents the remainder of the polymer chain of the precursor polymer.
Rl is hydrogen or an alkyl group plefe~ably having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R2 is hydrogen, alkyl (preferably having from l to 8 carbon atoms) or a hydroxyl group, and R3 is an alkoxy, amino, halogen or metal group.
The precursor polymer, formula I, is first oxidized to a product polymer in which the primary benzylic carbon atom of the alkyl group of the styrene monomer . .
96B009 PCT/mcz ' ~ . ' ~
is oxidized to a carboxylic acid and an aldehyde group, represented by formula II.
The conditions of the oxidation reaction determine which derivative, the aldehyde or the carboxylic acid, predominate. This product polymer (II) may be recovered and used as such or it may be further reacted with an alcohol, amine, acid halide or a base to convert the carbonyl functional group thereof to an ester, amide, acidhallde or carboxylic salt functional group as represented by formula (III).
The precursor polymer may be a homo or copolymer of an alkylstyrene in which the alkyl group is located at any position, ortho, meta or para, on the phenyl 0 ring. The alkyl group may be one or more in the ortho, meta, and/or para position of the phenyl ring. Typically, the precursor polymers are polyalkylstyrenes, such as poly-p-alkylstyrene, poly-o-alkylstyrene poly-m-alkylstyrene, poly-2,4-alkylstyrene, poly-2,5-alkylstyrene, wherein the alkyl groups can have from I to 8 carbons, preferably I to 4 carbon atoms, and most preferably I or 2 carbon atoms; isoolefin-alkylstyrenes copolymers wherein the isoolefin can have from I to 7 carbon atomsand the alkyl group can have from I to 8 carbon atoms such as isobutylene-p-methylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-m-styrene copolymers, isobutylene-o-methylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-p-ethylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-o-ethylstyrene, isobutylene-m-ethylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-2, S-methylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-2,4-methylstyrene copolymers and mixtures thereof such as a mixture of isobutylene-p-methylstyrene copolymers and isobutylene-o-methylstyrene copolymers. The precursor polymer may be of any molecular weight, as high as 1,000,000 or even greater, limited only by a necessity that the precursor polymer must be soluble to some degree in a non-polar medium,such as a hydrocarbon solvent. The process of this invention is particularly useful with respect to copolymers of an isoolefin and an alkylstyrene wherein the isoolefin content of the copolymer is 50 mole% or greater of the copolymer and preferably 50 -90 mole% of the copolymer. Such copolymers of an alkylstyrene are generally resistant to oxidation, which is one of their properties that makes them desirable for use in various applications, and heretofore it has not been possible to produce functionalized derivatives of such copolymers by an oxidation procedure.
Precursor polymers of particular interest are those wherein the alkyl substituent of the styrene monomer are located in the para position, such as poly(4-alkylstyrenes) and isoolefin-paraalkylstyrene copolymers. Of these the isoolefin-para-alkylstyrene copolymers are of particular interest and the process of this 96B009.PCT/mcz ~ , . . , ,~; , .. . .-- ..
invention will hereafter be described with reference to these copolymers, although it should be understood that the process is applicable to the other classes of homo and copolymer precursors as described.
In an embodiment of this invention there is provided a process comprising the treatment of an isoolefin-alkylstyrene (ISO-AS) copolymer dissolved in a non-polar liquid medium with an organic hydroperoxide oxidizing reagent in the presence of a catalytically sufficient amount of a chromium compound, such as CrO3, in order to oxidize a fraction of the alkyl groups of the alkylstyrene to an 0 oxygen containing functional group. In one embodiment, this invention provides for the oxidation of the primary benzylic carbon of the alkyl group of the styrenic comonomer unit. The degree to which the alkylstyrene content of the precursor copolymer is converted to an oxygen containing functionalized derivative may be conveniently controlled through appropriate selection of the conditions of reaction such as the organic hydroperoxide concentration, catalyst amount and/or the timeand temperature of the reaction.
The isoolefin-alkylstyrene (ISO-AS) particularly preferred for application of the oxidative-functionalization process of this invention are those as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth and described herein for purposes of U. S. patent practice . Those copolymers of particular interest, and hence the preferred copolymers, are those of isobutylene (IB) and alkylstyrene (AS) and particularlythose of isobutylene and paramethylstyrene (PMS), which may hereafter be referred to as an IB-PMS copolymer. Of these IB-PMS copolymers, the most preferred are the IB-PMS copolymers that exhibit elastomeric properties. The more prefe~led elastomeric IB-PMS copolymers have an isobutylene content of from 80 to 96 weight percent (89 to 98 mole%) and a paramethystyrene content of 20 to 4 weight percent ( I l -2 mole%). Generally, the elastomeric IB-PMS
copolymers have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 500 or greater, preferably of 25,000 or greater, ranging up to 2,000,000 and their molecular weight distribution is less than 6.0, preferably less than 4.0, and most preferably less than 2.5. Preferably the Mn is between 80,000 and 1,000,000.
The high molecular weight IB-PMS elastomeric copolymers, when functionalized in accordance with this invention, retain their superior rubber 96BOO9.PCT/mcz ;;;
properties and are especially useful and desired as compounded rubber compositions and as blending components for the formulation of blend compositions with other thermoplastic and/or elastomeric polymers used in the production of carcass, side wall, tread and other components of pneumatic tires having superior performance properties. The lower molecular weight lB PMS
~.
elastomeric copolymers when functionalized by the process of this invention are particularly useful as lube oil additives and adhesives.
Solvents which may be employed as the neutral non-polar liquid medium for reaction are one or more hydrocarbon solvents that have boiling points from 0~C to 200~C. The hydrocarbon solvent can be benzene or an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and preferably is a hydrocarbon in which the IB-AS
copolymer is soluble to at least the extent of 5 gm per lO0 ml Among the suitable solvents, preferred solvents include pentane, n-hexane, heptane, octane, nonane,decane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and the like The oxidizing agent for this procedure may be any organic hydroperoxide which is sufficiently soluble in the selected non-polar medium tO provide for a soluble concentration of the organic hydroperoxide that, with reference to the alkyl styrene content of the IB-AS copolymer dissolved in the medium, provides for a molar ratio of hydroperoxide to alkyl styrene of from 8 to 25 Illustrative of the preferred organic hydroperoxides for use are 1,1-dimethylethyl hydroperoxide [t-butyl hydroperoxide]; 1, I-dimethylpropyl hydroperoxide [t-amyl hydroperoxide]; 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide;
and ( I ,1 ,4,4-tetramethyl- l ,4-butadienyl)bis hydroperoxide. Of these t-butylhydroperoxide is the most preferred for use as the oxidizing agent The organic hydroperoxide selected for use may be directly used in its commercially available form -- generally as a 5.0 to 6.0 M solution of the hydroperoxide in decane or nonane The catalyst for the oxidation reactions may suitably be any chromium moiety, oxidizable to Chromium Vl under the conditions for oxidizing the alkyl group, and which is soluble in the non-polar reaction medium when mixed with an organic hydroperoxide. Suitable chromium compounds which may serve as a 96B009.PCT/mcz ~~
~ ~ ... ..
..... ..
... . .. . .. ..
catalyst include chromium trioxide (CrO;); various co-ordinate ligand derivatives of chromium tetra carbonyl, such as Cr(CO)4X wherein coordinate ligand X is 1,10phenanthroline, 2,2'-dipyridyl, ethylenediamine, cyclohexane-1,2-diamine or 2,5-~lishi~exane; coordinate ligand derivatives of chromium tricarbonyl, such as Cr(CO);Y wherein coordinate ligand Y is diethylenetriamine or 3,6,9-trithi~mdecane; chromyl oxides like CrO2Z2 where Z is acetate, benzoate or the like; chromium anhydride compounds of the formula:
\/~Cr R'/~/ ~O
R' /
R' where R' is an alkyl group and each R~ is preferably a methyl. Of these the mostpreferred as the catalyst for reaction is CrO;.
In its most general application the process of this invention is practiced by bringing the rB-AS copolymer, oxidizing reagent and catalyst together in solution in a non-polar liguid medium under a condition of temperature and for a time sufficient to affect oxidation of at least 5 mole% of the AS content available in the non-polar liquid medium solution. The oxidization reaction will proceed at temperatures as low as 0~C, albeit at a slow rate. Hence, it is preferred to conduct the reaction at a temperature of at least 10~C, and more preferably at least 20~C.
Generally it is not beneficial or desirable to exceed a temperature of 60~C for the reaction. The reactants may be maintained in contact for any length of time desired. Generally, in the temperature range of 20~C to 60~C for the reaction, the degree of reaction desired may be achieved within a contact period of 8 to 20 hours.
The order in which any of the respective components -- precursor polymer, oxidizing agent, catalyst -- are first brought into solution in the non-polar medium can be anv. For convenience, the IB-AS copolymer may be, and preferably is, first dissolved in the non-polar medium in an amount to provide for the concentration of copolymer desired, up to and including that amount corresponding to its solubility limited concentration in the medium selected.
96BOO9.PCT/mcz ~ . ~ . .
Hence, it is preferred to utilize the rB-AS copolymer in solution concentrations of at least 5 gm per 100 ml., and more preferably in concentrations of 10 to 20 gm per l00 ml. Once the polymer solution is prepared, either or bothof the catalyst and oxidizing agent may be added to the solution, together or separately, preferably with stirring or mixing of the solution during and following their addition. In another embodiment, the catalyst composition may be added to the concentration in which the catalyst is desired to be present and thereafter the organic hydroperoxide may be added. In another embodiment, the catalyst and oxidizing agent may be added to the polymer solution while m~int~ining the 0 solution at the temperature at which it is desired to conduct the oxidation reaction or, if the medium temperature is lower during the course of these additions it may be elevated to the temperature desired for the reaction following their addition The quantity of catalyst and organic hydroperoxide to be used is most conveniently expressed as a mole% or molar ratio relative to the alkylstyrene content of the IB-AS copolymer being treated Hence, for the desired degree of conversion of AS groups to be achieved within a reasonable frame of time (24 hours or less) the catalyst composition should be used in a quantity which provides for at least 1 mole% of catalyst relative to the AS content The catalyst quantity may, but preferably does not exceed lS mole% of the AS content Wherein the catalyst is CrO~ it is preferably employed in an amount that provides for from 5 to 10 mole% of PMS content of IB-PMS copolymer Generally, the organic hydroperoxide oxidizing agent may be used in an amount which provides a mole ratio of hydroperoxide to the AS content of the copolymer undergoing treatment of at least 8: l For a given time and temperatureof the reaction the quantity of AS converted by oxidation to a functionalized group will increase as the quantity of organic hydroperoxide utilized increases, up to a mole ratio of hydroperoxide to the AS content of the copolymer undergoing treatment of 25:1 Utilization of quantities of organic hydroperoxide beyond thisamount does not significantly increase the degree of conversion Within the above described concentration ranges for the lB-AS copolymer, catalyst and organic hydroperoxide components the oxidation reaction will occur within a range of temperature of from 20~C to 50~C to affect a conversion of from 5 to 50 mole% of the AS content available for reaction within a period of time 96BOO9.PCT/mcz ;; ~ .
. ..; . .
ranging from 8 to 24 hours The resulting oxidation product is an isobutylene-methylstyrene-vinylbenzoic acid terpolymer, with trace amounts of vinylbenzaldehyde which possesses a Mw/Mn and a number average molecular weight which substantially corresponds to that of the precursor IB-methylstyrene(MS) copolymer.
The product polymer resulting from the oxidation of the IB-AS copolymer is a IB-AS-vinylbenzoic acid terpolymer The terpolymer product which may be recovered as such or it may be further reacted with another reagent to convert all or part of its carboxylic functional group to an acid halide, amide, ester, or carboxylic salt functional group EXAMPLES
The following examples illustrate practices in accordance with the process of this invention. Unless otherwise stated, molecular weights reported as Mn andMw were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) , respectively.
The percentage of PMS content of a IB-PMS copolymer was determined by 'H
NMR. The acid content of a product polymer was determined by 'H NMR and FTIR
In each of Example 1-7 which follow the precursor polymer used was an isobutylene-paramethylstyrene copolymer (IB-PMS), which had a content of isobutylene of 97.5 mole% and a content of paramethylstyrene of 2 5 mole%. The precursor polymer had a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 35,000 and a molecular weight distribution (M~,/Mn) of 3 . 5 .
Example 1:
To a 20 gm per 100 ml solution in dry n-hexane of an IB-PMS copolymer, having an IB content = 97.5 mole%, a PMS content = 2.5 mole%, Mw = 35.000, and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/M~) = 3.5, a catalytic amount of CrO~
(0 004 g/gm of polymer i.e., 10 mole% of PMS unit) was added and stirred under an argon atmosphere. To this solution t-butyl hydrohydroperoxide (5M solution indecane) was then added in an excess of 15 times the molar amount of PMS unit.
The reaction was conducted at 45- j0~C for 20 hours.
96B009 . PCT/mcz , , ' ' . ' ., .
The product was washed with 50% HCI saturated NaCl solution, and 5 times with acetone water (20/80 v/v) to near neutral. Finally, the product polymer was precipitated in acetone, washed with acetone and dried at 60-65~C for 2 days.
'H NMR and FTIR indicated -COOH functionality, and conversion was 40% of tota! PMS content of the starting copolymer. GPC results indicated that the product polymer had Mw = 28,000 and a Mw/Mn = 4 7 Example 2:
The same TB-PMS copolymer as in Example 1 was prepared as a 5 gm per 100 ml solution in dry n-hexane (3.47g polymer in 70 ml n-hexane). To this solution 14 mg of CrO~ (10 mole% of PMS) was added with stirring under an argon atmosphere while the solution was maintained at 40-45~C. Thereafter 5 5 mlof 5M t-butyl hydroperoxide in decane was added to the solution and the reactionwas conducted at 45-50~C for 25 hours. Recovery of the product and drying were carried out under identical condition as Example 1 'H NMR and FTIR indicated -COOH functionality and a conversion of 20.5% of the total PMS content of the starting copolymer.
Example 3: Effect of Reaction Temperature The same reaction conditions of Example 2 were followed with the exception that the reaction was conducted at 60~C. As t-butyl hydroperoxide was added to the solution of IB-PMS copolymer at 60~C, it started to decompose (visible vigorous bubbling observed). No reaction of the IB-PMS copolymer to a -COOH functional derivative was found to have occurred after 4 hours. This example demostrates that high temperature is undesirable.
Examnle 4:
A 5 gm per 100 ml solution of the IB-PMS copolymer of Example 1 in dry n-hexane (3g IB-PMS copolymer in 60 ml he~ane) was prepared and 12 mg of CrO; was added to this solution with stirring under an argon atmosphere.
Thereafter 2 ml of 5M t-butyl hydroperoxide in decane was added to the solution and the reaction was conducted at 45-50~C for 12 hours after which a first aliquot of the reaction solution was drawn off and thereafter an additional 2 ml of the 5M
tertbutyl hydroperoxide solution was added and the course of reaction was continued at 45-50~C for further 15 hours, after which the reaction was ended and CA 022493l8 l998-09-l8 96so09.PCT/mcz .
,, ~
the product polymer was recovered under the same conditions as described in Example 1.
'H NMR and FTIR analysis of the product polymer sampled after the end of 12 hours revealed that 15% of PMS content of the starting copolymer has undergone conversion to a -COOH functionality. The final product polymer analyzed to have 20% of the starting copolymer PMS content converted to -COOH functionality.
Example 5: Comnarative The same IB-PMS copolymer as in Example I was added to a cosolvent system of 15 ml dry n-hexane containing I ml acetic acid. The maximum concentration of dissolved IB-PMS copolymer that could be achieved was 0.56 g in 16 ml cosolvent or 3.5 gm per 100 ml To this 3.5 gm per 100 ml IB-PMS
copolymer solution cobalt acetate tetrahydratewas added in an amount to provide a molar ratio to the PMS content of the dissolved copolymer of 1:1. The solution was heated to 60~C and thereafter ~2 was bubbled through the solution under stirring for 15 hours. At the conclusion of this time, the solution was treated as described in Example 1 to recover polymer IH NMR and FTIR analysis were performed on the recovered polymer and revealed that no detectable portion of the PMS content of the starting copolymer had been converted to -COOH
functionality.
The procedure was repeated, except that NaBr was added in an amount equal to one equivalent of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate. Again 'H NMR and FTIR
revealed no detectable portion of the PMS content had been converted to -COOH
functionality.
Example 6:
The same reaction of Example 5 was repeated except that 7 mg of CrO;
was added instead of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate. All other conditions were the same as for Example 5 and the same results were observed, namely no detectable portion of the PMS content of the starting IB-PMS copolymer was converted to -COOH functionality.
96B009.PCTlmcz ~ ~;;; ;
E~amPle 7:
IB-PMS copolymer as in Example I was dissolved in dry n-hexane and then CrO3 was added. Then 4 ml t-BuOOH (5M solution in decane) containing a trace of water added. It did not dissolve CrO3 completely. A further 1.5 ml of the t-BuOOH solution was added, and the reaction was conducted at 40-45~C for 25 hours, and then at 60~C for 2 hours. The product was washed with 50% HCI, isopropyl alcohol/H20 and precipitated in isopropyl alcohol. It was then dried at 80-85~C for 3 days. 'H N~ analysis established that a conversion of 25.4 mole%
of the PMS content to a -COOH functionality had occurred.
Example 8: Oxidation of Homor)olvmer Poly(para-methylstyrene) of molecular weight, M~v= 517,800 and molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of 1.98 was dissolved in cyclohexane to obtain a 5 gm per 100 ml solution under argon atmosphere. To this solution a catalytic amount of CrO3 (I mole% of PMS unit) was added, and then t-butyl hydroperoxide (SM solution in decane) was added in excess of 10 times the molar amount of PMS unit. The reaction was conducted at room temperature (20-25~ C) for 25 hours. The product was washed with dilute HCI. The organic layer was evaporated and the solid polymer thus obtained was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran.The pure polymer was recovered by precipitation in water. It was reprecipitated from tetrahydrofuran to water, dried under vacuum at 50~C for 2 days. FTIR and 'H NMR indicated oxidation to -COOH functionality and a small amount of -CHO.
The conversion was 30 mole% of PMS unit. The molecular weight of the product, as obtained by GPC, indicated to be M~,- = 225,500, and Mw/Mn = 3 3 96BOO9.PCT/mcz .. ..
Exam~le 9: Effect of Molecular Wei~ht To find the effect of oxidation on the molecular weight, a very high molecular weight IB-PMS copolymer was oxidized following the procedure as set forth in the previous examples. The high molecular weight IB-PMS copolymer 5 having an IB content = 96.3 mole% and para-methylstyrene content = 3.7 mole%, Mw = 517,300 and a molecular weight distribution, MwtMn = 2.4~ was dissolved in cyclohexane to obtain a 5 gm per 100 ml solution under an argon atmosphere. To this stirring solution a catalytic amount of CrO~ (10 mole% of PMS) was added and followed by addition of t-butyl hydroperoxide (5M solution in decane) in an excess of 10 times of the molar amount of PMS. The reaction was conducted at room temperature for 22 hours. The product was recovered by the usual procedure as mentioned in Example 1. FTIR and 'H NMR indicated -COOH
functionality with conversion of 10% of total PMS unit. The molecular weight of the material was measured to have Mw = 417,600 and MWlMn = 2.20.
ExamPle 10:
The same high molecular weight IB-PMS copolymer as in Example 9, was prepared as a 5 gm per 100 ml solution in cyclohexane under a nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was heated in an oil bath to 45~C while stirring by magnetic stirrer. Then a catalytic amount of CrO; (10 mole% of PMS), and 15 times excess (of PMS unit) of t-butyl hydroperoxide (5M solution in decane) was added while stirring continued moderately. The reaction was conducted for 24 hours, and the oxidized product was recovered following the procedure as in Example 1. The FTIR and 'H NMR showed substantial oxidation of PMS unit to 30 mole%. The GPC result indicated Mw = 362,300 and molecular weight distribution, M~v/Mn = 2.35.
Although the invention has been described by reference to its preferred embodiments, from this description those having ordinary skill in the art may appreciate changes and modifications that may be made to the subject matter described which does not depart from the scope and spirit of the invention as described above or claimed below.
CONTAINING ALKYLSTYRENE
BACKGRO~JND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention:
This invention relates to polymers co~ g alkyl styrene monomer units, the alkyl substituent group(s) of which are funGtionalized by a catalytic oxidative procedure.
Ba~k~round of the Invention:
Heretofore, butyl rubbers, i.e., polymers of isobutylene and small amounts of isoprene as a comonomer, and/or halobutyl rubbers, i.e., a halogenated derivative of a butyl rubber, have been used for forming blend compositions withthermoplastic compounds and other elastomer compounds for use in tire production and the like. The butyl and/or halobutyl rubbers impart a number of desirable physical plopel lies to such blends, such as low air permeability, relatively low glass transition te~pe~a~LIre (Tg), broad damping peaks, environm~nt~l agingresistance in~ ding a resi~t~nce to oxidation, etc., that are significant in theproduction of tires of superior pe-ru,,-,ance properties. However, various difficulties are encountered with the use of the butyl and/or halobutyl rubbers for this purpose, chief among which is their compatibility with most other polymers,inchlfling unsaturated elastomeric compounds. Hence, that aspect of a butyl rubber that provides properties which make it desirable as a component in blends for tire production, namely the chemical "inertness" that results from the unreactiveness of the hydrocarbon backbone of the butyl rubber polymer, also results in its low reactivity and co.llpalibility with most other materials and this has limited its use in many areas.
Recently, in U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445 a unique copolymer of isobutylene has been disclosed, together with a procedure for introducing non-backbone functionalities into this copolymer, which well suits it to use as a blend component having all the property advantages of a butyl and/or halobutyl rubber, but whichimproves the compatibility compared to butyl and/or halobutyl rubber. In its broadest description, the new copolymer is a direct reaction product of an isoolefin 3~ having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms with a para-alkylstyrene; isobutylene andparamethylstyrene being the prere~.~d monomers; wherein the copolymer has a W O 97/38026 PCT~US97/06278 substantially homogeneous compositional distribution, m~ning all weight fractions of the copolymer have ecsenti~lly the same ratio of isoolefin to para-alkylstyrene.
The homogeneity of the comonomer distribution and molecular weight distribution of this new isobutylene-paraalkylstyrene (IB-AS) copolymer impart to it superiorproperties. One of the aspects in which this new IB-AS copolymer is superior to butyl rubbers is its resistance to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen and ozone. The new isobutylene-paraalkylstyrene (IB-AS) copolymer can be produced over a broad range of number average molecular weight (Mn) greater than 25,000 and a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of less than 6.0, even of less than2Ø Derivatives of this new isobutylene-paraalkylstyrene copolymer (IB-AS
copolymer) having functionalities that render it compatible and/or cross-linkable with other polymer materials, both thermoplastic and elastomeric po'ym.ers, are produced in t~,vo step process, by nucleophilic substitution of a halogenated intermediate that is first produced by a free radical initi~ted halogenation of the IB-AS copolymer.
As related by U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445, it was found that free radical bromination of the new IB-AS copolymer proceeded at the alkyl group (the alkyl primary benzylic carbon atom) of the styrenic comonomer and to the substantial exclusion of b~ ,ination at the tertiary primary benzylic carbon atom (in the backbone chain of the copolymer). This then preserves the initial microstructure of the IB-AS copolymer backbone chain, thus preserving the hydrocarbon nature with its "hlel Iness" of the backbone and the beneficial physical properties.
In U.S. Patent 5,162,445 a prerel,ed copolymer is that of isobutylene (IB) and paramethylstyrene (PMS) and this copolymer (IB-PMS) is l)lo,nil-~ted to provide a copolymer having a portion of its paramethylstyrene bro~ ted at the paramethyl group. The blo~ ed copolymer is essentially a high molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution polymer of a homogeneous distribution of isobutylene-pal ~ll,c~llylstyrene-paral~l olllolllc;Lllylstyrene. The benzylic bromine atoms are reactive under mild conditions in the presence of a nucleophilic reagent. It was found that a variety of functional groups could be introduced at the site of the bromin~ed paramethyl carbon atoms of the pendant phenyl groups without disruption of the backbone structure or altering the molecular weight and/or molecular weight distribution characteristics of this copolymer. This is then particularly well suited for use as a blending component with other thermoplastics and/or elastomeric polymers for use in the fabrication of desirable products, especially for tire production.
Though the functionalized derivatives that are realized through the bro.,linaled-copolymer intermediate in two step process, it would be desirable to provide additional methods for function~li7~tion in a single step. To convert the new isobutylene-paraalkylstyrene copolymer materials into functionalized derivatives without the need to employ a halogen in the process, a met~lation procedure was developed as desc~il,ed in commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/446,753. In this procedure the paramethyl group of a paramethylstyrene unit of the IB-PMS copolymer is first met~ ted by a super basereagent and quenched reacted with a suitable electrophile. An advantage of this procedure is that it is free from use of any halogen, essentially a single step process, albeit that it requires the employment of more expensive reagents.
Neither the free radical halogenation and then nucleophilic ~ p!~c~ment procedure as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445 nor the single step super base met~l~tion-electrophilic displacement procedure as disclosed in commonly owned USSN 08/446,753 provides for the direct introduction of carbonyl functionalitiesinto IB-AS copolymer. To directly introduce a carbonyl functionality into an IB-AS copolymer would require an oxidative procedure.
The oxidation of simple molecules of mono alkyl or multi alkyl substituted benzene have been reported in a variety of references, such as Bird, C.W. et al., "A
convenient synthesis by p-hydroxyben7~ldehydes," Org. Prep. and Procedures Int.
12, 201 (1980); Lee, H. et al., "Benzylic oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in aqueous media. A convenient synthesis of aryl ketones and aldehydes," J. Org. Chem. 48, 749 (1983); Chidambaram, N. et al., "tert-Butyl hydroperoxide pyridinium dichro",ale: A convenient reagent system for allylic and benzylic oxidation," J. Org. Chem., 52, 5048 (1978); Capdeville, P. et al., "A new oxidizing copper reagent: Cu02H p-~l,a,~lion and prelin,il1ary stl~dy of reactivity,"
Tetrahedron Lett. 31, 3891 (1990); Hay, A.S. et al. "Auto;idation reactions catalyzed by cobalt acetate bromide," Can~ n J. Chem. 43, 1306 (1965); Sala, T.
et al. "Tetrabutylammonium pe~ ng~net: an efficient oxidant for organic substrates," J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 253 (1978); Muzart, J. et al.
"Practical chromium VI oxide-catalyzed benzylic oxidations using 70% tert-butylhydroperoxide," Tetradedron Letts. 23, 2132 (1987); Zhang, S. et al., "Selective indirect electrooxidation of the side chain of aromatic compounds,"
Chin. Chem. Lett. 3(8), 595 (1992); Shul'pin, B.G. et al., "Photoinduced reactions of organic compounds with transition metal complexes. Oxidation of alkanes and alkylben7enes with oxo compounds of chromium (VI) under irradiation with light,"Zh. Obscheh. Khim. 59(11), 2604 (1989). Hronec, M. et al, "Kinetics and meçll~ni.sm of cobalt-catalyzed oxidation of p-xylene in the presence of water,"Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 23, 787-794 (1985); Hendricks, C. et al, "The oxidation of substituted toluenes by cobalt (III) acetate in acetic acid solution,"
Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 17(3), 256-260 (1978); Hanotier, J. et al., "Effect of strong acids on the oxidation of alkylarenes by m~ng~nic and cobaltic ~cet~tes in acetic Acid," J. Chem. Soc. Perkins Trans. 2, 381-383 (1973); Okada, T. et al., "The liquid-phase oxidation of methylbenzenes by the cobalt-copper-bromide system," Bull. Chem. Sos. Jpn. 54, 2724-2727; Harustiak, M. et al., "Kinetics and mec~-~ni~m of cobalt bromide catalyzed oxidation of p-xylene in the presence of phase transfer catalysts," J. Mol. Catal. 53(1), 209-217. Alkyl substituted benzenes in the presence of a polar metlil-m, such as acetic acid, reported to be oxidized by chromic oxide, cobalt salts, m~ng~nic and cobaltic acet~te~, and cobalt-copper-bromide systems. Although such systems are applicable to molecular materials, such as toluene, xylene, etc., they are not applicable to polymeric materials, such as alkyl styrene con~A~ g polyolefin, which is highly non-polar and therefore ess~nti~lly insoluble in the polar reaction medium.
The liquid phase oxidation of homopolymer of para-methylstyrene (PMS) using air as an oxidizing agent in the presel~ce of a bromine promoted catalyst has been reported by Stover et al. U.S. Patent 5,376,732 (1994) and WO 94/10215 publication. This procedure as described by the Stover patent and/or the relatedpaper of Ferrari, L. et al., "Cobalt-catalyzed oxidation of poly(4-methylstyrene),"
Macromolecules, 24, 6340-6342 (1991), requires use of a cosolvent medium con~ g acetic acid. The presence of acetic acid as a required component in the cosolvent medium severely limits the quantity of precursor polymer that may be treated, generally to conce"l~lions significantly less than 5 gm per 100 ml. Themaximum molecular weight of a precursor polymer reported to be treated by this method, as described in U.S. Patent 5,376,732, is a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 14,600 and Mw/Mn = 1.71. This limitation is readily attributable ~ CA 02249318 1998-09-18 to the poor solubility of the precursor polymer in a medium in which acetic acid is a cosolvent.
It is still desirable to devise a simple, direct and inexpensive way by which to convert the new IB-AS copolymer materials into functionalized derivatives without the need to employ a halogen or halogenated compounds, acetic acid or other polar cosolvents in the process.
A method of functionalization is necessary for IB-alkylstyrene (AS) copolymer in which alkyl group may be in ortho, meta, or para position, including multi alkyl groups at random in any position of the aromatic ring.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention provides a method by which an alkylstyrene containing polymer, for example, an isobutylene-alkylstyrene (IB-AS) copolymer, may be functionalized at the primary benzylic carbon site of the styrenic monomer without the need to employ a halogen or halogenated compound, acetic acid or other polarcompounds as a cosolvent. As described with respect to an IB-AS copolymer, the method comprises treating the copolymer while in solution in a non-polar medium,such as a hydrocarbon solvent, to the action of an effective catalytic amount of a chromium compound capable of performing as an oxidation catalyst, preferably a Cr (VI) compound such as chromium oxide (CrO,) or a Cr compound that oxidizes to Cr (VI) during the catalvtic action, and an effective amount of an organic hydroperoxide, preferably an alkyl hydroperoxide, to oxidize alkyl group at the primary benzylic carbon atom of the styrene units of the copolymer to a carbonyl functional group.
With the method of this invention it is now possible to introduce cer~ain types of carbonyl atom functional groups into the isobutylene-alkylstyrene copolymer which cannot be introduced through the bromination and then nucleophilic displacement procedure as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445 orthe metalation-electrophilic reagent procedure described in U.S. Patent 5,191,017.
Further, the oxidative procedure of this invention is not subject to the deficiencies of previously described oxidative procedures which preclude their effective application to high molecular weight polymeric materials cont~ining alkylsytrenes, namely the requirement of a polar cosolvent component that severely reduces the solubility of such polymeric materials. In the oxidative procedure of this invention a polar cosolvent is not used and the precursor polymer may be treated as a highconcentration solution, making the oxidative procedure of this invention applicable to treatment of all compositions of isoolefin-alkylstyrene (ISO-AS). The oxidative procedure of this invention is particularly effective for oxidizing an isobutylene-alkylstyrene copolymer (IB-AS) which is otherwise resistant to oxidation by techniques employed on simple alkylstyrene molecules of homopolymers. The process is versatile in the sense that more than one alkyl substituted styrene co~ g copolymer may be oxidized to carbonyl functionality at one or more to alkyl site of the aromatic ring. As a matter of fact, homopolymers of mono or multi alkyl substituted styrene may be effectively oxidized also.
DE~SCRIPTION OF T~E PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
This invention comprises a method for converting amono or multi alkyl substituted styrene col-(~it~ precursor polymer to a product polymer in which a fraction of the alkyl groups of the styrene unit in homo- or co- polymer are converted into a carbonyl atom functional group. The conversion of an alkylsytrene monomer col.lained by a precursor polymer which is accomplished by practice of this invention may be illustrated as follows:
p ~_ CH2--CH '--P ~ p ._ CH2--CH '--P ~ p ._ CH2--CH '--P
~C
CH2Rl O~ \R2 ~C~
(I) ~II) , (III) wherein:
P represents the remainder of the polymer chain of the precursor polymer.
Rl is hydrogen or an alkyl group plefe~ably having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R2 is hydrogen, alkyl (preferably having from l to 8 carbon atoms) or a hydroxyl group, and R3 is an alkoxy, amino, halogen or metal group.
The precursor polymer, formula I, is first oxidized to a product polymer in which the primary benzylic carbon atom of the alkyl group of the styrene monomer . .
96B009 PCT/mcz ' ~ . ' ~
is oxidized to a carboxylic acid and an aldehyde group, represented by formula II.
The conditions of the oxidation reaction determine which derivative, the aldehyde or the carboxylic acid, predominate. This product polymer (II) may be recovered and used as such or it may be further reacted with an alcohol, amine, acid halide or a base to convert the carbonyl functional group thereof to an ester, amide, acidhallde or carboxylic salt functional group as represented by formula (III).
The precursor polymer may be a homo or copolymer of an alkylstyrene in which the alkyl group is located at any position, ortho, meta or para, on the phenyl 0 ring. The alkyl group may be one or more in the ortho, meta, and/or para position of the phenyl ring. Typically, the precursor polymers are polyalkylstyrenes, such as poly-p-alkylstyrene, poly-o-alkylstyrene poly-m-alkylstyrene, poly-2,4-alkylstyrene, poly-2,5-alkylstyrene, wherein the alkyl groups can have from I to 8 carbons, preferably I to 4 carbon atoms, and most preferably I or 2 carbon atoms; isoolefin-alkylstyrenes copolymers wherein the isoolefin can have from I to 7 carbon atomsand the alkyl group can have from I to 8 carbon atoms such as isobutylene-p-methylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-m-styrene copolymers, isobutylene-o-methylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-p-ethylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-o-ethylstyrene, isobutylene-m-ethylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-2, S-methylstyrene copolymers, isobutylene-2,4-methylstyrene copolymers and mixtures thereof such as a mixture of isobutylene-p-methylstyrene copolymers and isobutylene-o-methylstyrene copolymers. The precursor polymer may be of any molecular weight, as high as 1,000,000 or even greater, limited only by a necessity that the precursor polymer must be soluble to some degree in a non-polar medium,such as a hydrocarbon solvent. The process of this invention is particularly useful with respect to copolymers of an isoolefin and an alkylstyrene wherein the isoolefin content of the copolymer is 50 mole% or greater of the copolymer and preferably 50 -90 mole% of the copolymer. Such copolymers of an alkylstyrene are generally resistant to oxidation, which is one of their properties that makes them desirable for use in various applications, and heretofore it has not been possible to produce functionalized derivatives of such copolymers by an oxidation procedure.
Precursor polymers of particular interest are those wherein the alkyl substituent of the styrene monomer are located in the para position, such as poly(4-alkylstyrenes) and isoolefin-paraalkylstyrene copolymers. Of these the isoolefin-para-alkylstyrene copolymers are of particular interest and the process of this 96B009.PCT/mcz ~ , . . , ,~; , .. . .-- ..
invention will hereafter be described with reference to these copolymers, although it should be understood that the process is applicable to the other classes of homo and copolymer precursors as described.
In an embodiment of this invention there is provided a process comprising the treatment of an isoolefin-alkylstyrene (ISO-AS) copolymer dissolved in a non-polar liquid medium with an organic hydroperoxide oxidizing reagent in the presence of a catalytically sufficient amount of a chromium compound, such as CrO3, in order to oxidize a fraction of the alkyl groups of the alkylstyrene to an 0 oxygen containing functional group. In one embodiment, this invention provides for the oxidation of the primary benzylic carbon of the alkyl group of the styrenic comonomer unit. The degree to which the alkylstyrene content of the precursor copolymer is converted to an oxygen containing functionalized derivative may be conveniently controlled through appropriate selection of the conditions of reaction such as the organic hydroperoxide concentration, catalyst amount and/or the timeand temperature of the reaction.
The isoolefin-alkylstyrene (ISO-AS) particularly preferred for application of the oxidative-functionalization process of this invention are those as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,162,445, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth and described herein for purposes of U. S. patent practice . Those copolymers of particular interest, and hence the preferred copolymers, are those of isobutylene (IB) and alkylstyrene (AS) and particularlythose of isobutylene and paramethylstyrene (PMS), which may hereafter be referred to as an IB-PMS copolymer. Of these IB-PMS copolymers, the most preferred are the IB-PMS copolymers that exhibit elastomeric properties. The more prefe~led elastomeric IB-PMS copolymers have an isobutylene content of from 80 to 96 weight percent (89 to 98 mole%) and a paramethystyrene content of 20 to 4 weight percent ( I l -2 mole%). Generally, the elastomeric IB-PMS
copolymers have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 500 or greater, preferably of 25,000 or greater, ranging up to 2,000,000 and their molecular weight distribution is less than 6.0, preferably less than 4.0, and most preferably less than 2.5. Preferably the Mn is between 80,000 and 1,000,000.
The high molecular weight IB-PMS elastomeric copolymers, when functionalized in accordance with this invention, retain their superior rubber 96BOO9.PCT/mcz ;;;
properties and are especially useful and desired as compounded rubber compositions and as blending components for the formulation of blend compositions with other thermoplastic and/or elastomeric polymers used in the production of carcass, side wall, tread and other components of pneumatic tires having superior performance properties. The lower molecular weight lB PMS
~.
elastomeric copolymers when functionalized by the process of this invention are particularly useful as lube oil additives and adhesives.
Solvents which may be employed as the neutral non-polar liquid medium for reaction are one or more hydrocarbon solvents that have boiling points from 0~C to 200~C. The hydrocarbon solvent can be benzene or an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon and preferably is a hydrocarbon in which the IB-AS
copolymer is soluble to at least the extent of 5 gm per lO0 ml Among the suitable solvents, preferred solvents include pentane, n-hexane, heptane, octane, nonane,decane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and the like The oxidizing agent for this procedure may be any organic hydroperoxide which is sufficiently soluble in the selected non-polar medium tO provide for a soluble concentration of the organic hydroperoxide that, with reference to the alkyl styrene content of the IB-AS copolymer dissolved in the medium, provides for a molar ratio of hydroperoxide to alkyl styrene of from 8 to 25 Illustrative of the preferred organic hydroperoxides for use are 1,1-dimethylethyl hydroperoxide [t-butyl hydroperoxide]; 1, I-dimethylpropyl hydroperoxide [t-amyl hydroperoxide]; 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide;
and ( I ,1 ,4,4-tetramethyl- l ,4-butadienyl)bis hydroperoxide. Of these t-butylhydroperoxide is the most preferred for use as the oxidizing agent The organic hydroperoxide selected for use may be directly used in its commercially available form -- generally as a 5.0 to 6.0 M solution of the hydroperoxide in decane or nonane The catalyst for the oxidation reactions may suitably be any chromium moiety, oxidizable to Chromium Vl under the conditions for oxidizing the alkyl group, and which is soluble in the non-polar reaction medium when mixed with an organic hydroperoxide. Suitable chromium compounds which may serve as a 96B009.PCT/mcz ~~
~ ~ ... ..
..... ..
... . .. . .. ..
catalyst include chromium trioxide (CrO;); various co-ordinate ligand derivatives of chromium tetra carbonyl, such as Cr(CO)4X wherein coordinate ligand X is 1,10phenanthroline, 2,2'-dipyridyl, ethylenediamine, cyclohexane-1,2-diamine or 2,5-~lishi~exane; coordinate ligand derivatives of chromium tricarbonyl, such as Cr(CO);Y wherein coordinate ligand Y is diethylenetriamine or 3,6,9-trithi~mdecane; chromyl oxides like CrO2Z2 where Z is acetate, benzoate or the like; chromium anhydride compounds of the formula:
\/~Cr R'/~/ ~O
R' /
R' where R' is an alkyl group and each R~ is preferably a methyl. Of these the mostpreferred as the catalyst for reaction is CrO;.
In its most general application the process of this invention is practiced by bringing the rB-AS copolymer, oxidizing reagent and catalyst together in solution in a non-polar liguid medium under a condition of temperature and for a time sufficient to affect oxidation of at least 5 mole% of the AS content available in the non-polar liquid medium solution. The oxidization reaction will proceed at temperatures as low as 0~C, albeit at a slow rate. Hence, it is preferred to conduct the reaction at a temperature of at least 10~C, and more preferably at least 20~C.
Generally it is not beneficial or desirable to exceed a temperature of 60~C for the reaction. The reactants may be maintained in contact for any length of time desired. Generally, in the temperature range of 20~C to 60~C for the reaction, the degree of reaction desired may be achieved within a contact period of 8 to 20 hours.
The order in which any of the respective components -- precursor polymer, oxidizing agent, catalyst -- are first brought into solution in the non-polar medium can be anv. For convenience, the IB-AS copolymer may be, and preferably is, first dissolved in the non-polar medium in an amount to provide for the concentration of copolymer desired, up to and including that amount corresponding to its solubility limited concentration in the medium selected.
96BOO9.PCT/mcz ~ . ~ . .
Hence, it is preferred to utilize the rB-AS copolymer in solution concentrations of at least 5 gm per 100 ml., and more preferably in concentrations of 10 to 20 gm per l00 ml. Once the polymer solution is prepared, either or bothof the catalyst and oxidizing agent may be added to the solution, together or separately, preferably with stirring or mixing of the solution during and following their addition. In another embodiment, the catalyst composition may be added to the concentration in which the catalyst is desired to be present and thereafter the organic hydroperoxide may be added. In another embodiment, the catalyst and oxidizing agent may be added to the polymer solution while m~int~ining the 0 solution at the temperature at which it is desired to conduct the oxidation reaction or, if the medium temperature is lower during the course of these additions it may be elevated to the temperature desired for the reaction following their addition The quantity of catalyst and organic hydroperoxide to be used is most conveniently expressed as a mole% or molar ratio relative to the alkylstyrene content of the IB-AS copolymer being treated Hence, for the desired degree of conversion of AS groups to be achieved within a reasonable frame of time (24 hours or less) the catalyst composition should be used in a quantity which provides for at least 1 mole% of catalyst relative to the AS content The catalyst quantity may, but preferably does not exceed lS mole% of the AS content Wherein the catalyst is CrO~ it is preferably employed in an amount that provides for from 5 to 10 mole% of PMS content of IB-PMS copolymer Generally, the organic hydroperoxide oxidizing agent may be used in an amount which provides a mole ratio of hydroperoxide to the AS content of the copolymer undergoing treatment of at least 8: l For a given time and temperatureof the reaction the quantity of AS converted by oxidation to a functionalized group will increase as the quantity of organic hydroperoxide utilized increases, up to a mole ratio of hydroperoxide to the AS content of the copolymer undergoing treatment of 25:1 Utilization of quantities of organic hydroperoxide beyond thisamount does not significantly increase the degree of conversion Within the above described concentration ranges for the lB-AS copolymer, catalyst and organic hydroperoxide components the oxidation reaction will occur within a range of temperature of from 20~C to 50~C to affect a conversion of from 5 to 50 mole% of the AS content available for reaction within a period of time 96BOO9.PCT/mcz ;; ~ .
. ..; . .
ranging from 8 to 24 hours The resulting oxidation product is an isobutylene-methylstyrene-vinylbenzoic acid terpolymer, with trace amounts of vinylbenzaldehyde which possesses a Mw/Mn and a number average molecular weight which substantially corresponds to that of the precursor IB-methylstyrene(MS) copolymer.
The product polymer resulting from the oxidation of the IB-AS copolymer is a IB-AS-vinylbenzoic acid terpolymer The terpolymer product which may be recovered as such or it may be further reacted with another reagent to convert all or part of its carboxylic functional group to an acid halide, amide, ester, or carboxylic salt functional group EXAMPLES
The following examples illustrate practices in accordance with the process of this invention. Unless otherwise stated, molecular weights reported as Mn andMw were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) , respectively.
The percentage of PMS content of a IB-PMS copolymer was determined by 'H
NMR. The acid content of a product polymer was determined by 'H NMR and FTIR
In each of Example 1-7 which follow the precursor polymer used was an isobutylene-paramethylstyrene copolymer (IB-PMS), which had a content of isobutylene of 97.5 mole% and a content of paramethylstyrene of 2 5 mole%. The precursor polymer had a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 35,000 and a molecular weight distribution (M~,/Mn) of 3 . 5 .
Example 1:
To a 20 gm per 100 ml solution in dry n-hexane of an IB-PMS copolymer, having an IB content = 97.5 mole%, a PMS content = 2.5 mole%, Mw = 35.000, and a molecular weight distribution (Mw/M~) = 3.5, a catalytic amount of CrO~
(0 004 g/gm of polymer i.e., 10 mole% of PMS unit) was added and stirred under an argon atmosphere. To this solution t-butyl hydrohydroperoxide (5M solution indecane) was then added in an excess of 15 times the molar amount of PMS unit.
The reaction was conducted at 45- j0~C for 20 hours.
96B009 . PCT/mcz , , ' ' . ' ., .
The product was washed with 50% HCI saturated NaCl solution, and 5 times with acetone water (20/80 v/v) to near neutral. Finally, the product polymer was precipitated in acetone, washed with acetone and dried at 60-65~C for 2 days.
'H NMR and FTIR indicated -COOH functionality, and conversion was 40% of tota! PMS content of the starting copolymer. GPC results indicated that the product polymer had Mw = 28,000 and a Mw/Mn = 4 7 Example 2:
The same TB-PMS copolymer as in Example 1 was prepared as a 5 gm per 100 ml solution in dry n-hexane (3.47g polymer in 70 ml n-hexane). To this solution 14 mg of CrO~ (10 mole% of PMS) was added with stirring under an argon atmosphere while the solution was maintained at 40-45~C. Thereafter 5 5 mlof 5M t-butyl hydroperoxide in decane was added to the solution and the reactionwas conducted at 45-50~C for 25 hours. Recovery of the product and drying were carried out under identical condition as Example 1 'H NMR and FTIR indicated -COOH functionality and a conversion of 20.5% of the total PMS content of the starting copolymer.
Example 3: Effect of Reaction Temperature The same reaction conditions of Example 2 were followed with the exception that the reaction was conducted at 60~C. As t-butyl hydroperoxide was added to the solution of IB-PMS copolymer at 60~C, it started to decompose (visible vigorous bubbling observed). No reaction of the IB-PMS copolymer to a -COOH functional derivative was found to have occurred after 4 hours. This example demostrates that high temperature is undesirable.
Examnle 4:
A 5 gm per 100 ml solution of the IB-PMS copolymer of Example 1 in dry n-hexane (3g IB-PMS copolymer in 60 ml he~ane) was prepared and 12 mg of CrO; was added to this solution with stirring under an argon atmosphere.
Thereafter 2 ml of 5M t-butyl hydroperoxide in decane was added to the solution and the reaction was conducted at 45-50~C for 12 hours after which a first aliquot of the reaction solution was drawn off and thereafter an additional 2 ml of the 5M
tertbutyl hydroperoxide solution was added and the course of reaction was continued at 45-50~C for further 15 hours, after which the reaction was ended and CA 022493l8 l998-09-l8 96so09.PCT/mcz .
,, ~
the product polymer was recovered under the same conditions as described in Example 1.
'H NMR and FTIR analysis of the product polymer sampled after the end of 12 hours revealed that 15% of PMS content of the starting copolymer has undergone conversion to a -COOH functionality. The final product polymer analyzed to have 20% of the starting copolymer PMS content converted to -COOH functionality.
Example 5: Comnarative The same IB-PMS copolymer as in Example I was added to a cosolvent system of 15 ml dry n-hexane containing I ml acetic acid. The maximum concentration of dissolved IB-PMS copolymer that could be achieved was 0.56 g in 16 ml cosolvent or 3.5 gm per 100 ml To this 3.5 gm per 100 ml IB-PMS
copolymer solution cobalt acetate tetrahydratewas added in an amount to provide a molar ratio to the PMS content of the dissolved copolymer of 1:1. The solution was heated to 60~C and thereafter ~2 was bubbled through the solution under stirring for 15 hours. At the conclusion of this time, the solution was treated as described in Example 1 to recover polymer IH NMR and FTIR analysis were performed on the recovered polymer and revealed that no detectable portion of the PMS content of the starting copolymer had been converted to -COOH
functionality.
The procedure was repeated, except that NaBr was added in an amount equal to one equivalent of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate. Again 'H NMR and FTIR
revealed no detectable portion of the PMS content had been converted to -COOH
functionality.
Example 6:
The same reaction of Example 5 was repeated except that 7 mg of CrO;
was added instead of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate. All other conditions were the same as for Example 5 and the same results were observed, namely no detectable portion of the PMS content of the starting IB-PMS copolymer was converted to -COOH functionality.
96B009.PCTlmcz ~ ~;;; ;
E~amPle 7:
IB-PMS copolymer as in Example I was dissolved in dry n-hexane and then CrO3 was added. Then 4 ml t-BuOOH (5M solution in decane) containing a trace of water added. It did not dissolve CrO3 completely. A further 1.5 ml of the t-BuOOH solution was added, and the reaction was conducted at 40-45~C for 25 hours, and then at 60~C for 2 hours. The product was washed with 50% HCI, isopropyl alcohol/H20 and precipitated in isopropyl alcohol. It was then dried at 80-85~C for 3 days. 'H N~ analysis established that a conversion of 25.4 mole%
of the PMS content to a -COOH functionality had occurred.
Example 8: Oxidation of Homor)olvmer Poly(para-methylstyrene) of molecular weight, M~v= 517,800 and molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of 1.98 was dissolved in cyclohexane to obtain a 5 gm per 100 ml solution under argon atmosphere. To this solution a catalytic amount of CrO3 (I mole% of PMS unit) was added, and then t-butyl hydroperoxide (SM solution in decane) was added in excess of 10 times the molar amount of PMS unit. The reaction was conducted at room temperature (20-25~ C) for 25 hours. The product was washed with dilute HCI. The organic layer was evaporated and the solid polymer thus obtained was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran.The pure polymer was recovered by precipitation in water. It was reprecipitated from tetrahydrofuran to water, dried under vacuum at 50~C for 2 days. FTIR and 'H NMR indicated oxidation to -COOH functionality and a small amount of -CHO.
The conversion was 30 mole% of PMS unit. The molecular weight of the product, as obtained by GPC, indicated to be M~,- = 225,500, and Mw/Mn = 3 3 96BOO9.PCT/mcz .. ..
Exam~le 9: Effect of Molecular Wei~ht To find the effect of oxidation on the molecular weight, a very high molecular weight IB-PMS copolymer was oxidized following the procedure as set forth in the previous examples. The high molecular weight IB-PMS copolymer 5 having an IB content = 96.3 mole% and para-methylstyrene content = 3.7 mole%, Mw = 517,300 and a molecular weight distribution, MwtMn = 2.4~ was dissolved in cyclohexane to obtain a 5 gm per 100 ml solution under an argon atmosphere. To this stirring solution a catalytic amount of CrO~ (10 mole% of PMS) was added and followed by addition of t-butyl hydroperoxide (5M solution in decane) in an excess of 10 times of the molar amount of PMS. The reaction was conducted at room temperature for 22 hours. The product was recovered by the usual procedure as mentioned in Example 1. FTIR and 'H NMR indicated -COOH
functionality with conversion of 10% of total PMS unit. The molecular weight of the material was measured to have Mw = 417,600 and MWlMn = 2.20.
ExamPle 10:
The same high molecular weight IB-PMS copolymer as in Example 9, was prepared as a 5 gm per 100 ml solution in cyclohexane under a nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was heated in an oil bath to 45~C while stirring by magnetic stirrer. Then a catalytic amount of CrO; (10 mole% of PMS), and 15 times excess (of PMS unit) of t-butyl hydroperoxide (5M solution in decane) was added while stirring continued moderately. The reaction was conducted for 24 hours, and the oxidized product was recovered following the procedure as in Example 1. The FTIR and 'H NMR showed substantial oxidation of PMS unit to 30 mole%. The GPC result indicated Mw = 362,300 and molecular weight distribution, M~v/Mn = 2.35.
Although the invention has been described by reference to its preferred embodiments, from this description those having ordinary skill in the art may appreciate changes and modifications that may be made to the subject matter described which does not depart from the scope and spirit of the invention as described above or claimed below.
Claims (24)
1. A method of introducing functionality into a precursor polymer which is a copolymer of a C1 to C7 isoolefin and a C1 to C8 alkylstyrene containing one or more alkyl groups in the aromatic ring comprising the steps of:
forming a solution of said precursor polymer in a hydrocarbon solvent;
adding to said precursor polymer solution a catalytically effective amount of a hydrocarbon soluble chromium compound and an amount of an organic hydroperoxide effective to oxidize at least a portion of the alkyl substituents of the alkyl substituted styrene content of the said precursor polymer to form a product polymer containing a carbonyl atom containing functional groups.
forming a solution of said precursor polymer in a hydrocarbon solvent;
adding to said precursor polymer solution a catalytically effective amount of a hydrocarbon soluble chromium compound and an amount of an organic hydroperoxide effective to oxidize at least a portion of the alkyl substituents of the alkyl substituted styrene content of the said precursor polymer to form a product polymer containing a carbonyl atom containing functional groups.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said precursor polymer is a copolymer of the isoolefin and one or more of ortho, meta, and para alkylstyrenes.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the precursor polymer is isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said organic hydroperoxide is of the formula:
R--OOH and HOO--R*--OOH, wherein R is an alkyl group of from 4 to 12 carbon atoms and R* is an alkylene group of from 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
R--OOH and HOO--R*--OOH, wherein R is an alkyl group of from 4 to 12 carbon atoms and R* is an alkylene group of from 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said organic hydroperoxide is 1, 1-dimethylethyl hydroperoxide; 1, 1-dimethylpropyl hydroperoxide;
1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide; and (1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1, 4-butadienyl)bis hydroperoxide or a mixture thereof.
1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide; and (1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-1, 4-butadienyl)bis hydroperoxide or a mixture thereof.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the chromium compound is chromium trioxide (CrO3); chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)6); co-ordinate ligand derivatives of chromium tetra-carbonyl (Cr(CO)4X) wherein ligand X is 1,10 phenanthroline, 2,2'-dipyridyl, ethylenediamine, cyclohexane-1, 2-diamine or 2,5-dithiahexane; coordinate ligand derivatives of chromium tricarbonyl (Cr(CO)3Y) wherein ligand Y is diethylenetriamine or 3,6, 9-trithiaundecane; chromyl oxides CrO2Z2 wherein Z is acetate or benzoate;
or chromium (V1) anhydride compounds of the formula:
wherein R' is alkyl group.
or chromium (V1) anhydride compounds of the formula:
wherein R' is alkyl group.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the chromium compound is CrO3.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the organic hydroperoxide is added in an amount which provides a mole ratio of hydroperoxide to the alkyl substituted styrene of the precursor polymer of from 8:1 to 25:1 and the CrO3 is added in a molar amount that is from 5 to 15 mole% that of the alkyl substituted styrene content of the precursor polymer.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least 5 mole% of the paramethyl group of the paraalkylstyrene content of the precursor polymer is oxidized to a carbonyl atom containing functional group.
10. A method of introducing functionality into a copolymer of an isoolefin and an alkylstyrene at the primary benzyl carbon atom comprising the steps of:
forming a solution of said copolymer in a hydrocarbon solvent;
adding to said polymer solution a catalytically effective amount of CrO3 and an amount of an organic hydroperoxide effective to oxidize at least 5 mole% of the alkylstyrene group of said polymer.
forming a solution of said copolymer in a hydrocarbon solvent;
adding to said polymer solution a catalytically effective amount of CrO3 and an amount of an organic hydroperoxide effective to oxidize at least 5 mole% of the alkylstyrene group of said polymer.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the CrO3 is added in an amount relative to the alkylstyrene content of the copolymer to provide a (mole) ratio thereto of from 0.01 to 0.15.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the organic hydroperoxide is added in an amount relative to the alkylstyrene content of the copolymer to provide a mole ratio thereto of from 5:1 to 30:1.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the organic hydroperoxide is a dialkyl hydroperoxide or an alkyl hydroperoxide.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the polymer solution, after catalyst and organic hydroperoxide addition, is maintained at a temperature of from 20°C to 50°C for at least 10 hours.
15. A composition of matter comprising an isoolefin-alkylstyrene-vinyl benzoic acid terpolymer.
16. The composition of claim 15, comprising an isobutylene-alkylstyrene-vinyl benzoic acid terpolymer in one or more ortho, meta, and para position of aromatic ring.
17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the terpolymer comprises isobutylene-o, m, and/or p- methylstyrene-vinyl benzoic acid.
18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the terpolymer is isobutylene-p-methylstyrene-vinylbenzoic acid.
19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the isobutylene content of said terpolymer ranges from 89 to 99.5 mole% and the vinyl-benzoic acid content of said terpolymer is at least 5 mole% of paramethylstyrene.
20. A composition comprising an isoolefin-mono or dialkylstyrene-vinyl phenyl ketone terpolymer, wherein the ketone is a mono di ketone.
21. The composition of claim 16, further containing vinyl benzaldehyde units.
22. The composition of claim 20, wherein the alkyl group can be in the ortho, meta and/or para position and the ketone can be ortho, meta, and/or para position of the aromatic ring.
23; A composition of matter comprising an isobutylene-paramethylstyrene-paracarbonylstyrene terpolymer.
24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the paracarbonylstyrene comprises a carbonyl group which is an aldehyde, amide, acid halide, ester or carboxylic salt.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/628,416 US5679748A (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1996-04-05 | Process for oxidative functionalization of polymers containing alkylstyrene |
| US08/628,416 | 1996-04-05 |
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| CA2249318A1 true CA2249318A1 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
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| CA002249318A Abandoned CA2249318A1 (en) | 1996-04-05 | 1997-04-07 | Process for oxidative functionalization of polymers containing alkylstyrene |
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|---|---|
| US (4) | US5679748A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0891379B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3228425B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20000005236A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1215412A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE199912T1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9708524A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2249318A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ318498A3 (en) |
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| EA (1) | EA199800878A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2154899T3 (en) |
| PL (1) | PL329171A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997038026A1 (en) |
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| US5912302A (en) * | 1996-06-11 | 1999-06-15 | Gadkari; Avinash Chandrakant | Elastomeric compositions and a process to produce elastomeric compositions |
| US6252119B1 (en) * | 1997-07-28 | 2001-06-26 | Salvador Jorge Antonio Riberiro | Copper-catalysed allylic oxidation using alkyl hydroperoxide |
| US6281006B1 (en) * | 1998-08-24 | 2001-08-28 | Therasense, Inc. | Electrochemical affinity assay |
| AU2001282964A1 (en) * | 2000-07-27 | 2002-02-13 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Transformation of polymers to useful chemicals by oxidation |
| GB0124812D0 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2001-12-05 | Polymer Lab Ltd | Material |
| WO2004005388A1 (en) * | 2002-07-05 | 2004-01-15 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Functionalized elastomer nanocomposite |
| RU2356922C2 (en) * | 2002-07-05 | 2009-05-27 | Эксонмобил Кемикэл Пейтентс Инк. | Functionalised elastomer nanocomposite |
| KR20070087670A (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2007-08-28 | 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 인크. | Polypropylene-based adhesive compositions |
| ZA200707866B (en) | 2005-03-17 | 2008-12-31 | Dow Global Technologies Inc | Viscosity index improver for lubricant compositions |
| CN114805690A (en) | 2006-06-15 | 2022-07-29 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | Functionalized olefin interpolymers, compositions and articles made therefrom and methods of making the same |
| KR101455425B1 (en) | 2006-12-21 | 2014-10-27 | 다우 글로벌 테크놀로지스 엘엘씨 | Polyolefin compositions and articles prepared therefrom, and methods for making the same |
| EP2294102B1 (en) | 2008-06-30 | 2013-08-21 | Dow Global Technologies LLC | Polyolefin compositions and articles prepared therefrom and methods of making the same |
| CN104245834B (en) | 2011-12-14 | 2017-10-13 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | The block composite and crystalline blocks composite of functionalization |
| BR122020003369B1 (en) | 2013-07-01 | 2021-03-02 | Rohm And Haas Company | composite polymer composition |
| CN116410545A (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2023-07-11 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Impact-resistant copolymerized polypropylene resin and preparation method thereof |
| CN116410546A (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2023-07-11 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Polypropylene resin and preparation method thereof |
| CN114891135B (en) * | 2022-06-30 | 2023-03-07 | 西安交通大学 | Method for preparing poly-alkene containing polar oxygen function by carbon-hydrogen bond oxidation of polyolefin chain under iron catalysis |
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| US2911387A (en) * | 1954-07-06 | 1959-11-03 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Polymer phenol hydroperoxides |
| US3423382A (en) * | 1964-12-15 | 1969-01-21 | Mobil Oil Corp | Polymers containing carboxylic groups and their preparation |
| US3864293A (en) * | 1970-08-25 | 1975-02-04 | Seikisui Chemical Co Ltd | Photo-Degradable Styrene Resin Composition |
| GB1346650A (en) * | 1970-09-18 | 1974-02-13 | Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd | Photo-degradable resin compositions |
| US4593074A (en) * | 1984-03-14 | 1986-06-03 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Elastomer having random peroxide functionality and method |
| US5162445A (en) * | 1988-05-27 | 1992-11-10 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Para-alkylstyrene/isoolefin copolymers and functionalized copolymers thereof |
| US5214108A (en) * | 1992-07-10 | 1993-05-25 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process for modifying the viscosity of copolymers of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acids |
| US5376732A (en) * | 1992-10-30 | 1994-12-27 | Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. | Polymers having oxidic functionality and derivatives thereof |
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- 1997-04-07 EA EA199800878A patent/EA199800878A1/en unknown
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- 1997-04-07 CA CA002249318A patent/CA2249318A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-04-07 KR KR1019980707923A patent/KR20000005236A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-04-07 JP JP53654297A patent/JP3228425B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| US5807931A (en) | 1998-09-15 |
| KR20000005236A (en) | 2000-01-25 |
| EP0891379A1 (en) | 1999-01-20 |
| JP2000504059A (en) | 2000-04-04 |
| PL329171A1 (en) | 1999-03-15 |
| US5814707A (en) | 1998-09-29 |
| US5814708A (en) | 1998-09-29 |
| ATE199912T1 (en) | 2001-04-15 |
| EA199800878A1 (en) | 1999-06-24 |
| EP0891379B1 (en) | 2001-03-21 |
| WO1997038026A1 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
| BR9708524A (en) | 1999-08-03 |
| DE69704348D1 (en) | 2001-04-26 |
| DE69704348T2 (en) | 2001-07-12 |
| CN1215412A (en) | 1999-04-28 |
| JP3228425B2 (en) | 2001-11-12 |
| CZ318498A3 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
| ES2154899T3 (en) | 2001-04-16 |
| US5679748A (en) | 1997-10-21 |
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