CA2260785C - Improved gum base in chewing gum having improved compatibility and flavor - Google Patents

Abstract

Improved gum base and chewing gum made therefrom. The gum base includes non-soy lecithin. The non-soy lecithin may be either in a liquid state or powder form.

Description

CA 02260785 l999-01-l9 WO 9~ 3075 PCT/US96/11880 -g P E C ~ F I C A T I O N
TI~LE
"IMPROVED G~ BA~E IN ~ G GUM HA~ING
IMPROVED COMPAT~B~ITY AND FLAVOR"
RELATED APPLICATIO~S
This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Serial No. 08/405,344 filed on March ~6, 1995.
BACKGROUND OF TH~ lNV~N'l'lO~
The present invention relates generally to chewing gums and methods of making same. More specifically, the present invention relates to chewing gum bases and chewing gums made therefrom.
Chewing gum compositions typically comprise a water soluble bulk portion, a water insoluble chewable gum base portion, and flavorinq agents. The water soluble portion dissipates with the flavoring agent over a period of time during chewing. The gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chew.
The chewing gum base can include a number of ingredients. One ingredient that is typically used in chewing gum base is lecithin. In gum base, the lecithin acts as an emulsifier, softener, mouth texturizer, moisture retainer, stabilizer, and flavor sensory enhancer.
When used as an emulsifier, lecithin allows fats and oils to be added to the base more easily and allows same to be blended into other gum ingredients that may be present therein, ~uch as polyvinyl acetate. This allows the resultant gum base to be more homogeneous.
As a mouth texturizer, lecithin imparts a smooth mouth feel in chewing gums made with lecithin containing bases. Flavor ~ensory perception is also enhanced in CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 chewing gums made with lecithin containing bases by a pleasant feeling to the mouth and tongue.
The term lecithin, from a true chemical sense, refers to phosphatidyl choline. However, as used by suppliers of "lecithin" it refers to a ~rown liquid oil product or a de-oiled, powder product, derived from vegetables, e.g., corn, or beans, e.g., soy, that includes in addition to phosphatidyl choline:
phosphatidyl ethanolamine; phosphatidyl inositol;
phosphatidic acid; phosphatidyl serine; glycolipids; and other components. The amount of phosphatides in typically supplied lecithin oil is approximately 35% to about 65% by weight.
The use of lecithin in gum base, and in a chewing gum made from a lecithin-containing base, can create discoloration problems. In this regard, in a lecithin gum base, browning is a function of temperature and time and can occur when the manufacturing and holding temperature of the gum base exceeds 180~F for over an 8 hour period. Although, typically gum bases are manufactured within a 2 to 3 hour period at 200 to 220~F, at the chewing gum factory, gum base can be held for up to 18 hours at 200 to 230~F.
Another issue with typically supplied lecithin is that it typically causes the chewing gum to have poor taste. Specifically, lecithin, when used in chewing gum including mint flavor, causes poor mint sensations, e.g., reduced mint flavor and cooling sensation.
As noted above, lecithin provides many beneficial characteristics to chewing gum when used in a gum base.
Attempts at replacing lecithin with other ingredients is possible, however, effects to flavor perception and mouth feel may be noticed. For example, attempting to replace CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 WO ~)81'~3075 PCT/US96/11880 lecithin with fats and oils will result in a chewing gum having reduced flavor and mouth feel.
It is therefore desirable to provide a base that includes the characteristics provided by lecithin, but, 5that does not discolor.

SUMMARY O~ THE INVENTION
The present invention provides an improved chewing gum base, and chewing gum that contains the chewing g~m 10base, that includes a ~on-soy based lecithin.
In an embodiment, a non-soy liquid lecithin is used in a gum base. In a further embodiment, the non-soy lecithin, which may be either liquid or powdered, is utilized in a gum base that includes wax having alkanes 15that predominantly have a carbon length greater than 30.
To this end, in an embodiment, the present invention provides a gum base comprising a non-soy liquid lecithin composition.
In an embodiment, non-soy liquid lecithin comprises 20approximately 1 to about 13 by weight of the composition.
In an embodiment, non-soy powdered lecithin comprises approximately 0.1% to that 6% by weight of the composition.
In an embodiment, the base includes non-soy powdered 25lecithin.
In an embodiment, the non-soy lecithin includes corn or palm oil.
In an embodiment, the non-soy lecithin does not include phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
30In an embodiment, the non-soy lecithin includes a modified phosphatide.
The non-soy lecithin includes a modified phosphatide having the structure:

. . . ~ . . . ~

CA 0226078~ lsss-ol-ls W098/03075 PCT~S96/11880 CHz-O-R
CH-O-Rl CH2-0~ R2 wherein ~ = a fatty acid Rl = a fatty acid or an optional side-chain identical to the structures of any R2 R2 = a primary side-chain the same as or different from Rl and having a structure:
-cH2-cH2-N(cH3)3 -CH2-CH2-(al);
-CH2-CH2-(a2);
+

CH2 CH(NH3)-CO2H -C6H6-(OH)~; and -H; and wherein al and a2 are secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines of the optional and primary side chains Rl and R2, respectively, al and a2 each having identical or different ctructures from one another, the structures being one or more of Z Z
+ +l +l Z Z Z
Zl -~H -N
~. Z
wherein each Z is one or more substituted side chains that is the same as or different from each other, the CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 WO 98~'~3075 PCT/US96/11880 side chtins being other than -CH3 and -C--o and being side chains that inhibit a carbonyl reaction of a saccharide to an amine.
In an embodiment, the gum base includes at least one softener chosen from the group consisting of monohydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and fully hydrogenated glycerides chosen from the group consisting of cottonseed, palm, palm kernel, coconut, safflower, and tallow.
In an embodiment, the gum base includes at least one wax having a number average molecular weight of at least 600 and a viscosity of at 10 mm2/s.
In another embodiment, a gum base is provided comprising: a wax ~o~ ound that comprises less than 50%
alkanes having a carbon length of less than C-30: and non-soy lecithin.
In an embodiment, the non-soy lecithin is powdered.
In a still further embodiment, a method for improving flavor in a chewing gum is provided comprising the steps of manufacturing chewing gum from a gum base that includes lecithin but does not include soybean oil.
It is an advantage of the present invention to provide an improved gum base.
Still further, an advantage of the present invention is to provide an improved chewing gum cGL~oaition.
Furthermore, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a gum base that has i~proved flavor characteristics.
Moreover, an advantage of the present invention is to provide the use of non-soy lecithin that can be used alone or blended with other ingredients suitable for use .. .. . .. . . .. ... .

CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 WO 98/03075 rCTtUS96/11880 in base in order to accom~o~Ate variable processing requirements.
Further, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a gum base including non-soy lecithin and softeners that are not derived from soy bean.
Additionally, an advantage of the present invention is to provide a gum base having improved compati~ility and containing an effective combination of wax as for use with non-soy lecithin.
Additional features and advantaqes of the present invention are described in, and will be apparent from, the detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments and from the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION
OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention provides an improved chewing gum base and resultant chewing gum. To this end, the present invention provides a chewing gum base comprising a non-soy lecithin.
As used herein, "lecithin" is used in its common, commercial sense and includes phosphatides, emulsifying or suspending oils, and may have other components present such as carbohydrates, saccharides, and/or fats.
As used herein, "non-soy lecithin" refers to lecithin, ~s that term is used above, that does not include soybean oil and if it includes oil comprises as the suspension oil, vegetable oils not derived from soybean. Since typical lecithin oil has soy oil, this lecithin may be a powder when it is in the non-soy state.
However, the non-soy lecithin may also be in an oily, viscous state wherein the lecithin comprises vegetable oils other than soybean, e.g., corn or palm.

, 1 CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 W O 98103075 PCTAUS96tll880 "Non-soy liquid lecithin" refers to non-soy lecithin, as that term is defined above, that does not contain soy oil, but does include a suspension oil, such as vegetable oil not derived from soybean. Non-soy liquid lecithin does not refer to powder lecithin that is mixed with a triglyceride, such as medium chain triglycerides, prior to, or during, incorporation into a gum base.
Due to the use of the non-soy lecithin of the present invention, improved flavor is achieved because the lecithin does not include soy oil. It has been discovered that soy oils can adversely effect the flavor profiles of some gums made from respective gum bases.
Therefore, the removal of soy oil improves the flavor.
Additionally, due to the use of non-soy lecithin in a wax containing gum base, improved compatibility is achieved. Specifically, with respect to the use of non-soy powdered lecithin, improved compatibility is achieved via the phosphatide emulsifying effect of non-soy powdered lecithin and a reduction of oil added in the base (from a removal of the oil present in the lecithin).
This compatibility may be even greater if, as discussed in detail below, preferred waxes are used. It should be noted, however, that compatibility may be maximum in a wax-free base utilizing the non-soy lecithin of the present invention.
Pursuant to the present invention, the non-soy lecithin may either be "powdered" or "liquid." As noted above, "liquid" refers to non-soy lecithin that includes a suspension oil. "Powdered" refers to non-soy lecithin wherein effectively all of the oils have been removed.
As a powder, the non-soy lecithin can be added in its powdered form directly to gum base. However, at times it may be beneficial or desirable to pre-mix non-soy .. . .

CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 powdered lecithin, with non-soy based oils, and then add the pre-mix to the base.
In an embodiment, the non-soy lecithin is added to the gum base so it comprises approximately 0.1 to about 13% by weight of the base. If the non-soy lecithin is a powdered lecithin, less lecithin should be used. In this regard, preferably, for a non-soy powdered lecithin, approximately 0.1 to about 6% by weight of the base is used. For a non-soy liquid lecithin approximately 1 to about 13% by weight of the base should be the lecithin.
The non-soy lecithin may be, if desired, a modified lecithin. In this regard, the non-soy lecithin may include a modified phosphatide as is discussed in detail below.
With respect to the wax component of the gum base, as noted above, non-soy lecithin may have especially advantageous properties. However, as noted above, the non-soy lecithin can be used in wax-free gum bases.
Wax is composed of mainly straight-chained normal alkanes and branched iso-alkanes. The ratio of normal alkanes to iso-alkanes varies.
The branched chains and ring structures are located randomly along the carbon chain in those waxes that are predominantly iso-alkanic. The branched chains and ring structures are located near the end of the chain for those waxes that are predominantly normal-alkanic.
The normal alkanic waxes typically have carbon chain lengths >C-18 but the lengths are not predominantly greater than C-30. The viscosity of normal alkanic waxes is <10 mm2/s and the combined number averaqe molecular weight is <600 MW.
on the other hand, iso-alkanic waxes typically have carbon lengths that are predominantly greater than C-30.

T

CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 W O 98/03075 PCTrUS96/11880 Additionally, the viscosity of iso-alkanic waxes is greater than 10 mm2/s and the molecular weight is greater than 600 MW.
The typical physical specifications of the two types of waxes are as shown below:
Normal- Iso-Alkanic Alkanic Melting Range 15-70 62-99 (ASTM ~127 (CC)) Penetration (@25~C) 9-50 3-60 (ASTMD1321 mm/10) Visc. (98.9~C, mm2/s) 3-6 10-30 Avg. Molecular Weight 350-420 600-800 HC unit types present % normal-alkanes 60-100 20-70 (paraffinic compounds) % iso-alkanes 0-40 30-80 (iso-paraffinic compounds) normal-alkane C-chain Carbon chain lengths 50-99% 1-40%
30-40 1-50% 30-50%
> 40 ~ 1% 30-70%
Crystal size of solid wax large small It was determined that compatibility of gum bases made using normal-alkanic wax is less when compared to gum bases made with iso-alkanic waxes. It was therefore discovered that carbon chain length and carbon chain structure may have an effect on the degree of incompatibility.
Bases containing waxes having normal alkanic carbon chains of less than C-30 would be less compatible than those using waxes having normal-alkanic carbon chains of CA 0226078~ l999-Ol-l9 greater than C-30. More so, these latter bases would be even less compatible than gum bases containing iso-alkanic carbon chains greater than C-30.
Also, in the latter bases (using > "C-30 wax"), the wax forms smaller crystals when hard versus the wax of former bases, thus flavor oil retention is enhanced.
As was previously noted, lecithin includes phosphatides. The phosphatides present in lecithin are used in gum base for various reasons, two of which are ~0 to aid in the compatibility of the other ingredients and to aid in flavor perception of the final gum made using such a base. The oil of a typical lecithin composition usually introduces more unsaturated oils into the gum ~ase that only increases the incompatibility of the base.
Furthermore, if the oil is soy, this adversely effects the flavor perception of the gum.
Thus, with the inventive use of non-soy powdered lecithin, at approximately 0.1 to about 6.0% by weight of the base and preferably, from a~out approximately 1 to about 5%, and non-soy liquid lecithin at 1 to 10 percent, preferably approximately 1.2 to about 6 percent, alternative forms of lecithin that can be used in gum have been discovered which will afford the gum base the phosphatides necess~ry so as to be compatible with a wax-containing base. Additionally, these non-soy lecithins improve the gum flavor profile made from a wax or wax-free base.
~hus, pursuant to the present invention, improved gum bases and chewing gums made therefrom are provided.
Additionally, pursuant to the present invention, a color sta~le chewing gum base is provided. The color stable gum base reduces or eliminates darkening of the gum base over time at elevated temperatures.

CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 WO 98/0307~ PCT/US96/11880 In this regard, in an embodiment, the gum base includes a modified phosphatide. The modified phosphatide is provided as a substitute for phosphatidyl-ethanolamine that is present in lecithin, such as lecithin oil. lt is, however, believed that a color stable base can be achieved by eliminating phosphatidyl ethanolamine from any gum base containing lecithin.
Accordingly, in an embodiment of the present invention, a method of making gum base is provided comprising eliminating from a typical lecithin containing gum base formula phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
As noted previously, technically, lecithin refers to phosphatidyl choline. However, "lecithin" as that term is typically used in the industry refers to a "lecithin oil" mixture that is derived from glycerides or vegetable oils. A typical composition of commercial (supplier) lecithin derived from soybean oil is:
Phosphatidyl choline 21%
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine 22%
Phosphatidyl inositol 19%
Phosphatidic Acid 10%
Phosphatidyl serine 1%
Glycolipids 12%
Other 15%
The structures of phosphatides typically found in commercially available lecithin oils are:

CH-O-Rl ~l ~

O -R = a fatty acid Rl = a fatty acid or an optional side-chain identical to R2 = a primary side-chain have the structure +
-cH2-cH2-N(cH3)3 Phosphati~yl choline (PC) -CH2-CH2-(al) Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) -CH2-CH2-(a2) +
-CH2-CH(NH3)-CO2H Phosphatidyl serine (PS) -C6H~-(OH)6 Phosphatidyl inositol (PI) -H Phosphatidic acid (PA) +

al = -NH3 of the optional Rl side-chain a2 = -NH3 of the primary side chain R2 It has been determined that the darkening of gum base that contains lecithin is due to a carbonyl-amine (Maillard) reaction. In this reaction, the gum base is darkened ~ecause saccharides that are present (such as reducing sugars, glucose, fructose, glycolipids, maltose, etc.) react o~er time at elevated temperatures with amines of the phosphatides that are also present. This results in a browning of the product.
The amines that can be present in the lecithin oil include the following structure:
(1) (2) ~3) t4) (5) (6) Y y +l +l + +

Y Y Y Y Y
wherein: P ~ the remaining structure of the phosphatide, CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 CH-O-Rl O
Il and: (1) is a primary amine; (2) is a ~econdary amine:
(3) is a tertiary amine; (4) - (7) are quaternary amines.
Y can be any atomic entity or side chain, alike or different from each other.
The type of Y-entities or side chains further describe the amine. If all the Y-entities are identical for the secondary or tertiary amines, then the amine will be a simple amine. If the Y-entities are different, then one has mixed amines. With respect to the phosphatide, the type of Y-side chain or entity also determines the type of phosphatide. ~or example, if the Y-entity in (4) above was -CH3 and all the Y-side chains were identical, then the phosphatide would be phosphatidyl choline. If the Y-entity was -H in (4) above, then the phosphatide would be phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, because of its quaternary protonated amine, is more prone to undergo a carbonyl-amine reaction. It has been determined that if phosphatidyl ethanolamine is eliminated from typical lecithin oil, the Maillard reaction will not o~cur.
Additionally, if a modified phosphatide is used in the place of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, all of the desirable properties of lecithin oil can be provided without discoloration.
Pursuant to the present invention, modified phosphatides are provided wherein a side-chain or entity, ....

CA 0226078~ lsss-ol-ls w098103075 PCT~S96/11880 most often a hydrogen atom, of the quaternary amine is replaced with one or more side groups other than -CH3 or o -C-O. These groups, that are identified as the Z side chains hereinafter, hinder the reducing sugar's (saccharide's) carbonyl group from reacting with the phosphatide amine group thus preventing the carbonyl-amine reaction.
The side groups may be linear or branched hydrocarbons such as, but not limited to, alkanes, iso-alkanes, alkenes, iso-alkenes, fatty acids, acetylated hydrocarbons such as acetate, or sulfatic and sulfitic groups such as sulfur dioxide and bisulfitic ions. These later groups are well suited for the low moisture environment of the gum base since their disassociation is high in a water environment.
The preferred side groups are sulfur dioxide, sodium or potassium bisulfate, and acetate. The most preferred side group is acetate. A preferred modified phosphatide for use in the gum base to reduce or eliminate browning via inhibition of the reducing sugar reaction with amine is acetylated phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Although phosphatidyl ethanolamine is a phosphatide that readily reacts with sugar present in the lecithin producing darker brown discoloration, it has been discovered that when acetylated, it will prevent the reaction. The acetylated phosphatidyl ethanolamine can have the following structure:

. .. ,_ , . 1 CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 W09~l~3075 PCT~S96/11880 CH-O-Rl O
Il C~2-0-P--O-R2 Rl = fatty acid side chain R2 = -CH2-CH2-(a3) side chain (acetyl group) a3 is a tertiary amine and is modified version of the quaternary amine a2, the a3 structure being O H
Il I
-NH - C---C-H

In the acetylation reaction, the guaternary a2 amine loses a hydrogen atom forming one HzO, becoming tertiary.
By using the modified phosphatide, a heat stable replacement for heat unstable lecithin is provided. This allows the advantageous properties provided by the heat unstable lecithin to be provided to the gum base. At the same time, however, it will produce a chewing gum without the disadvantages property of discoloration.
The modified phosphatide, e.g., acetylated phospha-tidyl ethanolamine, can be used alone as a substitute for a "lecithin" mixture (e.g., lecithin oil or powdered lecithin) or with other ingredients of a typical lecithin mixture, for example: phosphatidyl choline: phosphatidyl inositol; phosphatidic acid; phosphatidyl serine;
glycolipids; and other ingredients. Preferably, the modified phosphatide comprises at least approximately O.l percent and most preferably, at least 0.3 percent of the gum base. In a preferred em~odiment, the modified - ,.. . . .. . .

CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 phosphatide comprises approximately 0.3 to about 10 weight percent of the gum base.
The non-soy lecithin compositions of the present invention can be used in a variety of chewing gum bases to make a variety of chewing gums.
In general, a chewing gum composition typically comprises a water-soluble bulk portion, a water-insoluble chewable gum base portion, and ~lavoring agents. The water-soluble portion dissipates with a portion of the flavoring agent over a period of time during chewing.
The gum base portion is retained in the mouth throughout the chew. The term chewing gum refers to both a chewing and bubble type gum in its general sense.
The insoluble portion of the gum typically may contain any combination of elastomers, vinyl polymers, elastomer plasticizers, fillers, softeners, waxes and other optional ingredients such as colorants and antioxidants.
The variety of gum base ingredients typically used provide the ability to modify the chewing characteristics of gums made from the gum base.
Elastomers provide the rubbery, cohesive nature to the gum which varies depending on this ingredient's chemical structure and how it may be compounded with other ingredients. Elastomers suitable for use in the gum base and gum of the present invention may include natural or synthetic types.
Natural elastomers may include natural rubber such as smoked or liquid latex and guayule, natural gums such as jelutong, lechi caspi perillo, massaranduba balata, massaranduba chocolate, nispero rosidinha, chicle, gutta percha, gutta kataiu, niger gutta, tunu, chilte, chiquibul, gutta hang kang. Synthetic elastomers may CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 W O 98/03075 PCTrUS96/11880 include high molecular weight elastomers such as butadiene-styrene copolymers and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, low to high molecular weight elastomers such as polybutadiene and polyisobutylene, vinyl polymeric elastomers such as polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, vinyl copolymeric elastomers such as vinyl acetate/vinyl laurate, vinyl acetate/vinyl stearate, ethylene/vinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol or mixtures thereof.
Butadiene-styrene type elastomers, or S8R as they may be called, typically are copolymers of from a~out 20:80 to 60:40 styrene:butadiene monomers. The ratio of these monomers effects the elasticity of the SBR as evaluated by mooney viscosity. As the styrene:butadiene ratio decreases, the mooney viscosity decreases.
Isobutylene-isoprene type elastomers, or butyl as they may be called, have molar percent levels of isoprene ranging from 0.2 to 4Ø Similar to SBR, as the isoprene:isobutylene ratio decreases, so does the elasticity, measured by mooney viscosity.
The structure of SBR typically consists of straight chain 1,3-butadiene copolymerized with phenylethylene (styrene) and provides the non-linear molecular nature of these elastomers. The structure of butyl rubber typically consists of branched 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene tisoprene) copolymerized with branched 2-methy}propene (isobutylene), and, as with S8R, this type of structure is non-linear in nature.
Polyisobutylene, or PIB as they may be called, type elastomers are polymers of 2-methylpropene and, as with SBR and butyl, are non-linear in nature. These elastomers provide soft chew characteristics to the gum base ~nd still provide the elastic qualities as do the other elastomers. Average molecular weights may range ~ . . . . ..

CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 from about 30,000 to 120,000 and the penetration may range from about 4 millimeters to 20 millimeters. The higher the penetration, the softer the PIB.
Vinyl polymeric and copolymeric type elastomers provide tack resistance, vary the chew characteristics of gums made from these bases having vinyl polymers and offer hydrophilic properties beneficial to sensory perception of the final gums.
For copolymeric types, the amount of vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, or ethylene present in the vinyl laurate/vinyl acetate (VL/VA), vinyl stearate/vinyl acetate (VS/VA), or ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers respectively typically ranges from about 10 to about 60 percent ~y weight of the copolymer. Average molecular weights of these polymers may range from about 2000 to about 80000.
Polyvinyl acetate having an average molecular weight from about 8000 to about 65000 are preferred for use in the gum base and chewing gum of the present invention.
More preferred for gum bases are those of from about 10000 to about 35000 molecular weight and for bubble gum bases, those having from about 30000 to about 60000 molecular weight.
Polymers of vinyl acetate (PVAc), are branched in nature. The degree of branching is increased when vinyl acetate monomers are copolymerized with vinyl laurate, vinyl ~tearate, ethylene and the like. The higher the degree of branching, the higher the compatibility when blended or compounded with normal-alkanic and iso-alkanic type waxes.
The preferred elastomers for use in a gum base or gum of the present invention are the synthetic elastomers which include butadiene-styrene copolymers and CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, low to high molecular weight elastomers such as polybutadiene and polyisobutylene, vinyl polymeric elastomers such as polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, vinyl copolymeric elastomers such as vinyl acetate/vinyl laurate, vinyl acetate/vinyl stearate, ethylene/vinyl acetate,polyvinyl alcohol or mixtures thereof.
More preferably, the synthetic elastomers used are butadiene-styrene copolymers and isobutylene-isoprene copolymers, low to high molecular weiqht elastomers such as polyisobutylene, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene, or mixtures thereof. These preferred elastomers may be used in large block form or may be reduced in size by shredding or grinding prior to use in the gum base.
15Other optional ingredients such as antioxidants may also be used in the gum base.
Antioxidants prolong shelf-life and storage of gum base, finished gum or their respective components including fats and flavor oils. Antioxidants suitable 20for use in gum base or gum of the present invention include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), betacarotenes, tocopherols, acidulants such as Vitamin C, propyl gallate, other synthetic and natural types or mixtures thereof.
25Preferably, the antioxidants used in the gum base are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tocopherols, or mixtures thereof.
Petroleum waxes aid in the curing of the FG made from the gum base as well as improve shelf-life and 30texture. Wax crystal size when hard also improves the release of flavor. Those waxes high in iso-alkanes have a small crystal size than those waxes high in normal-alkanes, especially those with normal-alkanes of car~on CA 022607ss Isss-ol-ls W098/03075 PCT~S96/11880 numbers less than 30. The smaller crystal size allows slower release of flavor since their is more hindrance of the flavor's escape from this wax versus a wax having larger crystal sizes.
Prefera~ly, the gum base and gum of the present invention employs petroleum waxes containing little if any normal-alkanes, or straight-chained alkanes as they may be called, and contain predominantly iso-alkanes, or branched chain alkanes, having carbon chain lengths greater than about 30. Formulation of some gum bases of this type may result in these gum bases being more homogenous and that have ingredients exhibiting more compatibility with each other. Again, this compatibility is the result of the branched nature of the other gum base ingredients.
As set forth above, the preferred waxes are those petroleum waxes having at least a viscosity of 10 mm2/s, greater than 600 average molecular weight and containing predo~in~ntly iso-alkanes, or randomly branched alkanes as they may be called, of carbon lengths ~reater than 30.
Those waxes that are not preferred are those having less than 10 mm2/s viscosity, less than 600 averaqe molecular weight, containing predominantly normal-alkanes of car~on lengths less than 30 and some terminally branched iso-Alk~nes. Synthetic waxes are produced by means atypical of petroleum wax production and thus are not considered petroleum wax. These synthetic waxes may be used in accordance with the present in~ention and may be included optionally in the gum base and gum.
The synthetic waxes may include waxes containing branched al~anes ~nd copolymerized with monomers such as but not limited to propylene and polyethylene and Fischer Tropsch type waxes. Polyethylene wax is a synthetic wax '- T

CA 02260785 l999-01-l9 containing alkane units of varying lengths having attached thereto ethylene monomers.
The base may also be wax free. Wax free chewing gums are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent No.
5,286,500, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Elastomer plasticizers vary the firmness of the gum base. Their specificity on elastomer inter-molecular chain breaking (plasticizing) along with their varying softening points cause varying degrees of finished gum firmness and compatibility when used in base. This may be important when one wants to provide more elastomeric chain exposure to the alkanic chains of the waxes.
Elastomer plasticizers suitable for use in the present invention include natural rosin esters such as glycerol ester of partially hydrogenated rosin, glycerol ester of polymerized rosin, glycerol ester of partially dimerized rosin, glycerol ester of rosin, glycerol ester of tall oil rosin, pentaerythritol esters of partially hydrogenated rosin, partially hydrogenated methyl esters of rosin, pentaerythritol ester of rosin, hydrogenated methyl esters of rosin, pentaerythritol ester of rosin, synthetic elastomer plasticizers such as terpene resins derived from alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and/or d-limonene and mixtures thereof.
The elastomer plasticizers used may be of one type or of combinations of more than one type. Typically, the ratios of one to the other are dependent on each respective softening point, the effect on flavor release, and the respective degree of tack they case to the gum.
Ball and ring softening points of the rosin ester types described above may range from about 45~C to about 120~C.

CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 WO 98/~13075 PCT/US96/11880 Softeninq points of the terpene resins may range from about 60~C to about 130~C.
Occasionally, both terpene and rosin ester resins may be used in the present invention. The terpene:rosin 5ester ratios may range from about 1:15 to about 15:1.
Softeners modify the texture, cause the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of the base to be miscible, and may further plasticize the synthetic elastomers of the gum base. Softeners suitable for use in the gum base 10and gum of the present invention include triglycerides of non-hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated and fully hydrogenated cottonseed, palm, palm kernel, coconut, safflower, tallow, cocoa butter, medium chained triglycerides and the like.
15The preferred softeners include unsaturated, partially unsaturated, or fully saturated oils that contain, as one or more of their constituent groups, fatty acids of carbon chain length of from 6 to 18, determined from the fatty acid methyl ester distribution 20of gas chromatography.
The selection of softeners has an influence on the softness of the base. The caproic, caprylic, capric, myristic, lauric and palmitic fatty acids of the triglycerides tend to plasticize the synthetic elastomers 25more than triglycerides containing predominantly stearic fatty acid. As examples, triglycerides high in saturated lauric fatty acid more effectively plasticize the vinyl laurate/vinyl acetate copolymer, and those high in saturated palmitic fatty acid more effectively plasticize 30the polyvinyl acetate polymer, increasing the branching.
Monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, distilled mono- and diglycerides and lecithin may, from their manufacturing processing, CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 contain triglyceride levels less than 2 percent by weight. Though these ingredients are softeners, they would not be considered as being the same family as the above mentioned softeners oils and would be in a family of their own.
Fillers used in gum base modify the texture of the gum base and aid in processing. Fillers suitable for use in the gum base and gum of the present invention include carbonate, ground limestone and silicate types such as magnesium and aluminum silicate, clay, alumina, talc, as well as titanium oxide, mono-, di- and tricalcium phosphate, cellulose polymers such as ethyl, methyl and wood or mixtures thereof.
Particle size has an effect on cohesiveness, density and processing characteristics of the gum base and its compounding. The smaller the particle size, the more dense and cohesive the final gum base. Also, by selecting fillers based on their particle size distribution, initial mass compounding may be varied, thus allowing alteration of the compounding characteristics of the initial mass during gum base processing and ultimately the final chew characteristics of gums made from these gum bases.
Talc filler may be used in the gum base and gum of the present invention that may come in contact with or employ acid flavors or provide an acidic environment needed to prevent degradation of an artificial sweetener by reacting with calcium carbonate type fillers. Mean particle size for calcium carbonate and talc fillers typically range from about 0.1 micron to about 15 microns.
Preferably, the fillers used in the gum base and gum of the present invention are calcium carbonate, ground CA 02260785 lg99-ol-l9 limestone, talc, mono-, di- and tricalcium phosphate, zirconium silicate, or mixtures thereof.
More preferably, the fillers used have a mean particle size range from about 0.4 to about 14 microns and are calcium carbonate and talc.
The starting mass preferably may comprise one or more of filler, elastomer, elastomer plasticizer, ~inyl polymer or copolymer. Preferably, the starting mass is comprised of some or all of the natural or synthetic elastomer, some or all of the filler and some or all of the elastomer plasticizer.
The levels of gum base ingredients present in the starting mass may range from about 0 percent to about 40 percent elastomer plasticizer, 0-15 percent vinyl polymer, 0 to 40 percent and from about 10 percent to about 40 percent elastomer, all by weight of the gum base ingredient.
Flavorants and colorants impart characteristics or remove or mask undesired characteristics. Colorants may typically include FD&C type lakes, plant extracts, fruit and vegetable extracts and titanium dioxide flavorants may typically include cocoa powder, heat-modified amino acids and other vegetable extracts.
Preferably, the colorant and flavorant are ~D&C type lakes and cocoa powder respectively and are present at levels from about 0 percent to about 15 percent by weight.
Gum bases are typical~y prepared by adding an amount of the elastomer, elastomer plasticizer and filler, and on occasion a vinyl polymer, to a heated (50-240~) sigma blade mixer with a front to rear speed ratio of from about 1.2:1 to about 2:1, the higher ratio typically CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 W O 98/03075 PCTrUS96/11880 being used for chewin~ gum base which requires more rigorous compounding of its elastomers.
The initial amounts of ingredients comprising the initial mass may be determined by the working capacity S of the mixing kettle in order to attain a proper consistency and by the degree of compounding desired to break down the elastomer and increase chain branching.
The higher the level of filler at the start or selection of a filler having a certain particle size distribution, the higher the degree of compounding and thus more of the elastomeric chain crosslinking are broken, causing more branching of the elastomer thus lower viscosity bases and thus softer final gum base and gum made from such a base.
The longer the time of compounding, the use of lower molecular weight or softening point gum base ingredients, the lower the viscosity and firmness of the final gum base.
Compounding typically begins to be effective once the ingredients have massed together. Anywhere from 15 minutes to 90 minutes may be the length of compounding time.
Preferably, the time of compounding is from 20 minutes to about 60 minutes. The amount of added elastomer plasticizer depends on the level of elastomer and filler present. If too much elastomer plasticizer is added, t~e initial mass becomes over plasticized and not homogeneous.
After the initial ingredients have massed homogeneously and compounded for the time desired, the balance of the base ingredients are added in a sequential manner until a completely homogeneous molten mass is attained. Typically, any remainder of elastomer, elastomer plasticizer, vinyl polymer and filler, are CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 added within 60 minutes after the initial compounding time. The filler and the elastomer plasticizer would typically be individually weighed and added in portions during this time. The optional waxes and the oils are typically added after the elastomer and elastomer plasticizers and during the next 60 minutes. Then the mass is allowed to become homogeneous before dumping.
Typical base processing times may vary from about one to about three hours, preferably from about 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 hours, depending on the formulation. The final mass temperature when dumped may be between 70~C and 130~C and preferably between 100~C and 120~C. The completed molten mass is emptied from the mixing kettle into coated or lined pans, extruded or cast into any desirable shape and allowed to cool and solidify. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations of the above described procedure may be followed.
Examples of gum bases having modified phosphatides made in accordance with the present invention are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below. These are presented to exemplify embodiments of the present invention and in no way are presented to limit the scope of the present invention.
Gum formulas may comprise from about 10 to about 95 weight percent of a gum base made in accordance with the present invention in a gum formula typically known to those in the art and may have added thereto non-soy lecithin. This lecithin may be added as a powder or may be pre-blended with oils other than medium chain triglycerides.
The water-soluble portion of the chewing gum may comprise 60fteners, ~weeteners, flavoring agents and combinations thereof. The 6weeteners often fill the role CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 WO ~8J~3075 PCT/US96/11880 of bulking agents in the gum. The bulking agents generally comprise from about 5 percent to about 90 percent, preferably from about 20 percent to about 80 percent of the chewing gum.
Softeners are added to the chewing gum in order to optimize the chewability and mouth feel of the gum.
Softeners typically constitute from about 0.5 percent to about 25.0 percent by weight of the chewing gum.
Softeners contemplated for use in t~e gum include glycerin, modified lecithin and combinations thereof.
Further aqueous sweetener solutions such as those containing sorbitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, corn syrup and combinations thereof may be used as softeners and bulking agents in gum. Sugar-free formulations are also typical.
Sugar sweeteners generally include saccharide-containing components commonly known in the chewing gum art which comprise, but are not limited to, sucrose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, dried invert sugar, fructose, levulose, galactose, corn syrup solids and the like, alone or in any combination.
The sweetener for use in the present invention can also be used in combination with sugarless sweeteners.
Generally, sugarless sweeteners include components with sweetening characteristics but which are devoid of the commonly known sugars and comprise, ~ut are not limited to, sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates, maltitol an the like, alone or in any combination.
Depending on the particular sweetness release profile and shelf-life stability needed, bulk sweeteners of the present invention can also be used in combination with coated or uncoated high-intensity sweeteners or with ... . . ....

CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 high-intensity sweeteners coated wit~ other materials and by other techniques.
High-intensity sweeteners, or artificial sweeteners and peptide sweeteners as they may be referred to, typically may include, but are not limited to, alitame, thaumatin, aspartame, sucralose, acesulfame, saccharin and dihydrochalcones. The range of these sweetener types in gum typically may range from about 0.02 to 0.10 weight percent for sweeteners such as alitame, thaumatin and dihydrochalcones, and from about 0.1 to about 0.3 weight percent for sweeteners like aspartame, sucralose, acesulfame and saccharin.
A flavoring agent may be present in the chewing gum in an amount within the range of from about 0.5 to about 3.0 weight percent of the gum. The flavoring agents may comprise essential oils, synthetic flavors, or mixtures thereof including, but not limited to, oils derived from plants and fruits such as citrus oils, fruit essences, peppermint oil, spearmint oil, clove oil, oil of wintergreen, anise and the like. Artificial flavoring components are also contemplated for use in gums of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that natural and artificial flavoring agents may be combined in any sensory acceptable blend. All 2~ 6uch flavors and flavor blends are contemplated for use in gums of the present invention.
Optional ingredients such as colors, emulsifiers and pharmaceutical agents may be added to the cbewing gum.
In general, chewing gum is manufactured by ~equentially adding the various chewing gum ingredients to a commercially available mixer known in the art.
After the initial ingredients have been thoroughly mixed, the gum mass is discharged from the mixer and shaped into CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 W O 98/03075 PCTrUS96/11880 the desired form such as by rolling into sheets and cutting into stic~s, extruded into chunks or casting into pellets.
Generally, the ingredients are mixed by first melting the gum base and adding it to the running mixer.
The base may also be melted in the mixer itself. Color or emulsifiers may also be added at this time. A
softener such as glycerin may also be added at this time, along with syrup and a portion of the bulking agent/sweetener. Further portions of the bulking agent/sweetener may then be added to the mixer. A
flavoring agent is typically added with the final portion of the bulking agent/sweetener. A high-intensity sweetener is preferably added after the final portion of bulking agent and flavor have been added.
The entire mixing procedure typically takes from five to fifteen minutes, but longer mixing times may sometimes be required. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations of the above described procedure may be followed.
Gum bases were made not in accordance with the present invention and compared to those made in accordance with the present invention. Gums were made from these bases and their flavor profiles evaluated.
Those bases containing wax were seen to be less compatible with the liquid lecithin. The compatibility was seen to improve when powdered lecithin of the invention was added. Though the wax containing bases with liguid non-soy based lecithins were acceptable, they were slightly less compatible than those having powdered non-soy lecithin added.
Gums using a typical wax-free gum base was made and the mint flavor characteristics of this gum was compared CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 to that of each of a gum having (1) first the soy based fats replaced with non-soy fats, (2) then, the soy lecithin liquid replaced with a non-soy lecithin liquid.
Gum made from base (2) had stronger mint flavor and a longer coolness sensation. The gum made from (1), though not as improved as that of the gum using base (2), had stronger mint flavor and cooling sensation than that of a gum made from base (1), the standard and typical base. Some poor flavor notes were noticed. The gum made from (1) also had poor flavor notes, attributed to the soy fats.
Thus, replacing the soy lecithin of the gum base with a non- soy lecithin improves the flavor characteristics of the gum. Further gum flavor improvements are associated with replacing the remaining soy fats with non-soy fats in addition to the lecithin replacement.
Examples of gum formulas including modified phosphatides made in accordance with the present invention are shown in Table 1. These are presented to exemplify embodiments of the present invention and in no way are presented to limit the scope of the present invention .
8y way of example, and not limitation, examples of the present invention will now be given:

CA 02260785 l999-01-l9 EXAMPLES OF MODIFIED P~OSPHATIDF USE IN GUM BASE
TABLE NO. 1 Base TY~e ~_ BB BB BB BB
Ingredient 5Wax Micro MP >70~C -- -- 12 20 --Elastomer Present SBR g 8 8 7 Butyl 2 Natural Elastomer Plast Rosin Esters 36 49 42 24 Terpene Resin 13 Filler 46 37 34 40 15 Vinyl Polymers Mol Wgt <15000 15000 < x ~50000 10 Mol Wgt >50000 16 Glycerol M.S. 1 3 4 1 8 Hyd. Veg. Oil MP >55 ~C
MP <55 ~C
Modified Phosphatide 7 3 1 4 2 Acetylated Glyc. 5 Triacetin 3 CA 02260785 l999-01-l9 TABLE NO. 2 Base Tv~e C8 CB CB CB CB CB CB
Ingredient Wax Micro MP >70~C ~ 16 19 30 Elastomer Present SBR
Butyl 8 5 9 6 7 9 7 Natural 25 28 25 3 Elastomer Plast Rosin Esters 14 16 30 21 22 19 11 Terpene Resin 3 Filler 14 9 42 6 24 22 20 Vinyl Polymers Mol Wgt <15000 19 27 38 1 13 8 15000 < x ~50000 Mol Wgt >50000 Polyethylene 2 Glycerol M.S. 2 8 3 4 6 Hyd. Veq. Oil NP >55 ~C 8 6 4 5 6 MP <55 ~C
Nodified Phosphatide 6 5 7 3 2 1 4 25 EXAMPn~ OF CHEWING GUM INCLUDING MODTFI~n PHOSPHATIDES
TABt.F. NO. 3 Suqar GumSu~arless Gum Water Insoluble Ingredients Gum Base 10 - 50 23 - 55 Flavor Oil 0.2 - 2.5 0.2 - 3.5 Water Soluble Ingredients Natural Sweetener35 - 65 ---Polyol Sweeteners --- 30 - 65 CA 0226078~ 1999-01-19 WO 98/0307!; PCTtUS96/11880 Corn Syrup 5 - 35 ___ Glycerine 0.1 - 3.5 3 - 25 Optional Ingredients Softeners 0 - 2 0 - 2 Water o - 0.3 ---Artificial Sweetenerso - 0.6 0 - 0.6 Fruit Acids 0 - 0.6 o - 0.6 Examples of natural and synthetic gum bases containing wax, non-soy lecithin, and made in accordance with the present invention are shown in Table 4, Examples 1-15. Examples of wax-free chewing gum ~ases including non-soy lecithin made in accordance with the present invention are shown in Table 5, Examples 1-39. These examples are presented to exemplify embodiments of the present invention and in no w2y are presented to limit the scope of the present invention.

Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Butyl Rubber --- --- 2.5 Styrene Butadiene R~lhh~r 10.3 1.6 ---Polyiso~utylene --- 9.1 9.0 Jelutong --- --- ---Ester Gum 24.7 22.5 15.0 Terpene Resin --- -__ ___ Low MW Polyvinyl acetate --- --- -__ High MW Polyvinyl Acetate --- 30.0 24.1 Talc --- --- 25.4 Calcium Carbonate 56.8 21.7 ---Acetylated Monoglyceride --- --- j.o Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil 1.5 --- ---Hydrogenated Soybean Oil --- --- ---CA 0226078~ lsss-ol-ls W098/03075 pcT~ss6lll88o Partially Hydrogenated Soybean and Palm Oil --- 2.0 ---Partially Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil --- -__ ___ Non-Soy Lecithin Oil --- 1.5 ---Non-Soy Lecithin Powder 1.5 --- 3.5 Glycerol Monostearate 1.1 --- 7.1 Triacetin --- 4.5 3.2 Wax (C >30, Mw ~600) --- 2.2 6.2 Wax (C < & > 30, Mw <600) 4.1 4.3 ---100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Butyl Rubber 11.7 10.0 9.0 Styrene Butadiene Rubber --- --- ---Polyisobutylene --- 10.4 5.3 ~elutong ~~~ ~~~ ~~~
Ester Gum 14.8 --- ---Terpene Resin 9.9 6.8 16.7 Low MW Polyvinyl acetate 21.2 23.2 24.6 High MW Polyvinyl Acetate --- ___ ___ Talc ___ ___ ___ Calcium Carbonate 11.32 14.7 20.1 Acetylated Monoglyceride --- ___ ___ Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil --- 21.1 3.3 Hydrogenated Soybean Oil 9.0 --- ---Partially Hydrogenated Soybean and Palm Oil --- --- ---Partially Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil --- 2.3 3.3 Non-Soy Lecithin Oil 8.4 --- 5.0 CA 02260785 l999-Ol-l9 Non-Soy Lecithin Powder --- 4.3 ---Glycerol Nonostearate 4.8 4.1 4.2 Triacetin --- ___ ___ Wax (C >30, Mw >600) 6.0 3.1 8.5 Wax (C ~ & > 30, Mw <600)3.0 -~

100.0 100.0100.0 Ex. 7 Ex. 8 Ex. 9 Butyl Rubber 6.8 6.8 8.8 Styrene Butadiene Rubber --- --- ---Polyisobutylene 3.0 3.2 4.1 Jelutong 21.1 18.2 4.0 Ester Gum 16.7 16.6 ---Terpene Resin -__ ___ ___ Low MW Polyvinyl acetate16.6 16.1 25.0 High MW Polyvinyl Acetate --- --- ---Talc --- --- 18.1 Calcium Carbonate 13.2 19.7 ---Acetylated Monoglyceride --- --- ---~ydrogenated Cottonseed Oil2.3 3.2 4.5 Hydrogenated Soybean Oil --- --- 2.7 Partially Hydrogenated Soybean and Palm Oil --- --- ___ Partially Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil --- 2.0 ---Non-Soy Lecithin Oil 3.0 --- ---Non-Soy Lecithin Powder --- 1.8 3.3 Glycerol Monostearate 2.1 4.5 4.1 Triacetin ___ ___ ___ Wax (C >30, Mw ~600) 15.2 6.8 6.1 Wax (C < & > 30, Mw <600) --- 1.1 2.0 _____ __________ 100. 0 100. 0100. 0 .~ .. ~ , . , CA 02260785 l999-01-l9 W O 98/03075 PCTrUS96/11880 Ex. 10 Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Butyl Rubber --- 9.1 9.3 Styrene Butadiene Rubber --- --- ---Polyisobutylene 8.0 3.5 }0.5 Jelutong --- 3.1 ---Ester Gum 14.7 1.5 ---Terpene Resin --- 15.0 13.0 Low MW Polyvinyl acetate --- 22.8 23.0 High MW Polyvinyl Acetate 34.5 --- ---Talc 2 8. 6 --- ---Calcium Carbonate --- 23.0 14.9 Acetylated Monoglyceride 2.5 --- ---Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil --- 4.6 8.0 ~Iydrogenated Soybean Oil --- 2.9 5. 2 Partially Hydrogenated Soybean and Palm Oil --- --- 3.1 Partially Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil --- --- 1.5 Non-Soy Lecithin Oil 0.9 0.3 ---Non-Soy Lecithin Powder --- 2.9 2.1 Glycerol Monostearate 4.4 2. 8 4.5 Triacetin 4.6 --- ---Wax (C >30, M W ~600) --- 7.0 4.4 Wax (C ~ ~ ~ 30, Mw ~600) 1.8 1.5 0.5 -_-__ _____ _____ 100 . O 100 . O100 . O

Ex.13 Ex.14 Ex.. 15 Butyl Rubber 6.1 8.1 ---Styrene Butadiene Rubber --- --- 6.0 Polyisobutylene 7.1 5.5 7.5 Jelutong --- --- ---Ester Gum --- 7.1 12.2 Terpene Resin 14.1 7.1 ---Low MW Polyvinyl acetate28.122.2 ---High MW Polyvinyl Acetate --- --- 29.0 Talc --- --- 28.9 Calcium Carbonate 18.9 25.6 ---Acetylated Monoglyceride --- ___ 3.7 Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil10.1 13.2 2.7 Hydrogenated Soybean Oil 5.1 5.1 ---Partially Hydrogenated Soybean and Palm Oil --- --- ---Partially Hydrogenated Cottonseed Oil --- --- ---Non-Soy Lecithin Oil --- 4.6 ---Non-Soy Lecit~in Powder 4.8 --- 1.3 Glycerol Monostearate 1.5 1.5 3.1 Triacetin --- --- 1.2 Wax (C > 30, Mw >600) 3.1 --- 4.4 Wax (C < & > 30, Mw <600) 1.1 --- ---100.0 100.0 100.0 , .... . . . . . .......

IDENTIElCATION - E~CAMPLES #: 1 2 3 4 5 GENERIC INGREDIENTS
'- SYNT~}ETIC EL~STOMER '-POLYISOBUTYLENE ELASTOMER7.9 13.0 7.9 11.6 11.8 POLYVINYL ACETATE 34.2 37.1 34.2 37.8 35.6 ~ EL~STOMER PI~STICIZERS ~-GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN14.8 GLYCEROL ESTERS OF PART
HYD ROSIN -- 19.8 14.8 19.8 19.8 ~- FILLER ~~
CALCIUM CARBONATE 29.8 165 29.8 -- --TALC -- 17.0 19.7 2 5 ~- SOFTENER ~~
NON-SOY LECITHIN 05 15 1.0 2.6 0.8 GLYCEROL TRIACETATE 53 S.6 43 3.0 4.0 GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE 45 65 5.0 3.2 23 ACETYlATED MONOGLYCERIDE 3.0 -- 3.0 5.0 6.0 TOTAL PERCENT 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 CA 02260785 lggg-ol-l9 IDENTIFICATION - EXAMPLES #: 6 7 8 9 GENERIC INGREDIENTS
~- SYNTHETIC EI~STOMER ~~
POLYISOBUTYLE~E ELASTOMER 17.1 11.7 11.6 S.4 POLYVlNYL ACETATE 24.9 29.4 31.5 34.8 ~- El~STOl~IER PLASTICIZERS ~
GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN 6.8 10.7 19.8 163 GLYCEROL ESTERS OF PART
HYD ROSIN
~- FILLER ~-CALCIUM CARBONATE -- -- -- 30.2 TALC 34.~ 34.1 21.9 --2 5 ~- SOFTEMER ~-NON-SOY LECITHIN 1.1 3.4 3.0 2.0 GLYCEROL TRlACETATE 4.6 4.4 S.0 5.3 GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE 5.8 43 4.9 3.9 ACETYLATED MONOGLYCERIDE 5.0 2.0 23 2.1 3 5 TOT~L PERCENT 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .

CA 02260785 lg99-01-l9 IDENTIFICATION - EXAMPLES #: 10 11 12 13 14 GENERlC INGREDIENTS
~- NATURAL EI~STOMER ~-NATURAL GUM 23.8 18.7 14.4 18.2 25.2 ~- SYNTHETIC El~STOl~ER ~-STYRENE-BUTADIENE ELASTOMER -- .. .. .. .
BUTYL (ISOPRENE-lSOBUTYLENE) ELASTOMER 3.1 6.0 9.1 6.8 2.4 POLYISOBUTYLENE ELASTOMER 7.7 5.5 3.6 5.4 4.9 POLYVINYL ACETATE 205 14.8 18.1 155 19.9 ~- EI~STOMER PI~STICIZERS ~~
GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN -- -- 11.9 - 15.6 HYD ROSIN 10.4 lS5 13.0 12.7 METHYL ESTERS OF ROSIN 2.0 -- -- 2.6 --3 0 TERPENE RESINS S.1 -- -- -- 2.1 ~- FILLER ~-CALCIUM CARBONATE _ 18.8 14.1 15.7 ..
TALC 53 -- -- -- 7.1 ~ SOFTEI~ER ~-HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL -- 65 7.0 - --HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL 7.9 - _ 5.0 10.0 PARTL~LLY HYDROGENATED
SOYBEAN AND PALM OIL -- -- 2.0 -- --PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL -- -- -- 6.0 --CA 02260785 lg99-01-l9 NON-SOY LECITHIN 7.9 65 6.8 5.0 8.4 GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE 63 7.7 - 7.1 4.4 TOTAL PERCENT 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.00 CA 02260785 lggg-ol-l9 Wo 98/0307S PCT/US96111880 lDENTIFlCATlON - EXAMPLES #: lS 16 17 18 GENERIC INGREDIENTS
~- NATURAL ELASTOMER ~
NATURAL GUM 15.7 22.6 2~221.1 ~ SYNTHETIC EL~STO~1ER
STYRENE-BUTADIENE ELASTOMER 1.9 -~
BUTYL (ISOPRENE ISOBUTYLENE) ELASTOMER 3.7 5.8 5.7 6.1 POLYlSOBUTYLENE ELASTOMER 4.1 3.1 3.1 2.8 POLYVINYL ACETATE 26.2 20.4 22.018.0 2 0 ~- EI~STOMER Pl~STICIZERS ~-GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN -- -- -- 15.7 GLYCEROL ESTERS OF PART
HYD ROSIN 153 11.7 15.2 --METHYL ESTERS OF ROSIN -- 4.0 -- --TERPENE RESINS - .
'- FILLER ~-CALCIUM CARBONATE 12.2 11.6 11.4 3 5 TALC -- - -- 15.4 ~~ SO~TENER ~-HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL 3.0 2.0 - 9.1 HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL -- -- 6.2 PARTlALLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN
AND PALM OIL -- lSD -- --PARTL~LLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL 12.0 -- 6.0 ~ NON-SOY LECITHIN 0.1 0.5 4.9 6.0 GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE 5.8 33 33 5.8 TOT~L PERCENT 100.0100.0100.0100.0 SDENTIFICATION - EXAMPLES #: 19 20 21 22 GENERIC SNGREDIENTS
~- NATURAL El~STOMER ~
NATURAL GUM 22.025.1 22.817.6 ~- SYNTHETIC EI~STOMER ~-STYRENE-BUTADIENE ElASTOMER -- 1.9 2.6 --BUTYL (ISOPRENE ISOBUTYLENE) EL~STOMER 4.8 2.1 4.110.2 POLYSSOBUTYLENE EIASTOMER 5.7 4.7 3.2 2.1 POLYVINYL ACETATE 16.424.8 16326.9 ~- EI~STOMER Pl~STICIZERS ~
GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN 3.8 3.2 6.9 113 HYD ROSIN 12.312.6 11.84.8 METHYL ESTERS OF ROSIN -- 2.1 1.? --~ FIS LER '-CALCSUM CARBONATE -- 4.4 9.3 TALC 7.1 -- -- 4.6 ~ SOS~TENER ~-HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL -- 10.0 5.6 HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OSL 5.0 -- -PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN
AND PALM OIL 11.0 12.0 -- 5.0 PA'RTlALLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL 5.0 -- 3.7 .

T

NON-SOY LECITHIN 0.8 33 7.6 5.6 GLYCEROL MONOSTEAR~TE6.1 3.8 -- 63 TOTAL PERCEI~100.0100.0 100.0100.0 CA 02260785 lg99-01-l9 Wo 98/03075 PCT111S96111880 IDENTlFlCATlON - EXAMPLES #: 23 24 25 26 27 GENERIC INGREDIENTS
~- SYNTHETIC EI~STO~IER '~
STYRENE BUTADIENE E~STOMER 53 -- 2.1 1.8 --BUTYL (ISOPRENE-ISOBUTYLENE) ELASTOMER 8.6 7.9 7.2 8.1 POLYISOBUTYLENE ELASTOMER 7.1 -- 7.4 24.8 3.6 POLYVINYL ACETATE 10.5 27.2 153 10.1 27.3 '' ELASTOMER PLASTICIZERS ~
GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN 2.1 -- 19.0 3.7 --HYD ROSIN 43 18.2 -- 7.9 --TERPENE RESINS 10.8 -- -- 7.1 26.8 2 5 '- FILLER ~' CALCIUM CARBONATE -- 15.9 20.7 17.7 11.4 TALC 25.5 -- .-''' SOFTENER ~
HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL -- 6.0 7.0 --HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL 43 -- 6.1 --PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN
AND PALM OIL 33 -- 6.0 -- 9.1 COTTONSFFn OIL 53 7 0 --NON-SOY LECITHIN 10.0 12.1 -- 9.4 8.9 4 5 GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE 8 '~ 7.4 4.0 35 4.8 TOTAL PERCENT 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5 rCT/US96/11880 IDENTIFICATION - EXAMPLES #: 28 29 30 GENERIC ~GREDIENTS
~- SYNTHETIC ELASTOMER ~
STYRENE-BUTADIENE EIASTOMER 5.2 2.1 S.9 BUTYL (ISOPRENE-ISOBUTYLENE) ELASTOMER 4.1 7.2 6.9 POLYlSOBUTYLENE ELASTOMER 5.9 73 2.0 POLYVlNYL ACETATE 25.7 ~5.3 24.8 '~ EI~STOMER Pl~STICIZERS ~
GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN 235 19.1 8.6 2 0 GLYCEROL ESTERS OF PART HYD ROSIN -8.0 TERPENE RESINS 3.2 - 1.9 ~~ FILLER ~~
C~LCIUM CARBONATE 15.1 20.7 9.9 TALC ~ 7.2 3 0 ' SOF'rENER ~
HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL -- 7.0 HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL
PARTL~LLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN
AND PALM OIL S S 83 10.1 PARTL~LLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL3.0 g.6 --NON-SOY LECITHIN 3.7 6.4 4.0 GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE ~.1 4.0 3.7 TOT~L PERCENT 100.0 100.0 100.0 .. ~ , . . . .

CA 02260785 l999-01-l9 IDENTIFICATION - EXAMPLES #:31 32 33 34 GENERiC INGREDIENTS
~ SYNTHETIC ELASTOMER ~
STYRENE-BUTADIENE EUSTOMER 3.9 2.1 - -BUTYL tlSOPRENE-lSOBUTYLENE) ELASTOMER 5.3 6.0 8.9 3.6 POLYISOBUTYLENE EUSTOMER 12.7 8.5 10.0 11.1 POLWINYL ACETATE 14.9 15.3 21.3 21.9 ~ ELASTOMER PLASTICIZERS ~
GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN - 10.1 - 19.6 GLYCEROL ESTERS OF PART HYD ROSIN _ 8.9 _ 11.2 TERPENE RESINS 21.4 - 9.7 3.7 ~ PlLiLER ~
CALCIUM CARBONATE 13.7 20.9 21.5 6.4 TALC 1.4 ~ SOFTENER
HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL - 8.2 5.0 5.0 HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL 3.7 _ _ _ PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN
AND PALM OIL 4.3 5.0 - 10 PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL - - 15.0 NON-SOY LECITHIN 13.0 11.0 3.2 4.2 GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE 57 4.0 5.4 3 3 TOTAL PERCENT 100.0100.0 100.0100.0 WO ~)81'~3075 PCT/US96/11880 IDENTIFICATION - EXAMPLES #:35 36 37 38 39 GENERIC INGREDIENTS
~ SYNTHETIC ELASTOMER ~
STYRENE-BUTADIENE ELASTOMER - 3.2 4.1 BUTYL (ISOPRENE-ISOBUTYLENE) l 0 ELASTOMER 7.4 7.3 11.3 10.0 8.3 POLYISOBUTYLENE ELASTOMER1.9 7.5 7.9 1.9 3.6 POLWINYL ACETATE 24.821.1 18.2 27.6 27.5 ELASTOMER PLASIlCl''tRS ~
GLYCEROL ESTERS OF ROSIN - 15.3 - - -HYD ROSIN - 2.4 26.2 TERPENE RESINS 25.8 5.8 1.4 25.3 25.3 ~ FILLER ~
CALCIUM CARBONATE 18.6 - 13.6 11.3 11.3 TALC - 14.8 SOFTENER ~
HYDROGENATED COTTONSEED OIL 7.1 4.4 l.Z - -HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL - - - 5.6 4.0 PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN
AND PALM OIL - 4.0 - - 4.2 CO I I OIJSEED OIL
LECITHIN 10.011.4 l 0.9 9 5 1 1.0 GLYCEROL MONOSTEARATE 4.4 2.8 5.2 4.8 4.8 ~rOTAL PERCENT 100.0100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 CA 02260785 l999-01-l9 WO 9~/03075 PCT/US96/11880 The formulas listed in Table 6 comprise various contemplative sugar formulas in which non-soy lecithin can be added at various levels to gum.

~WEIGHT PERC~:NT~
Ex. 1 Ex. 2Ex. 3 Ex 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Sugar 61.55 61.561.35 62.5 62.0 61.0 Base 19.2 19.219.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 Corn Syrup 16.9 16.916.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 Pepper",i, lt Flavor o.g o.g o.g o.g 0 9 0 9 Glycerin 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Non-SoyLecithin 0.05 0.100.25 0.50 1.0 2.0 In Table ~, dextrose monohydrate is added to a 15 sugar formula with various levels of non-soy lecithin Ex. 7 Ex. 8.Ex 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Sugar 55.65 55.655.45 56.2 55.7 54.7 Base 19.2 19.219.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 Corn Syrup 12.9 12.912.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 Glycerin 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Dextrose Monohydrate 9.9 9.9 g.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 Peppe, . "int 2 5 Flavor 0.9 0.9 0.09 0.9 0.9 o g Non-SoyLeclthin 0.05 0.100.25 0.50 1.0 2.0 Examples 13-17 in Table 8 demonstrate the use of non-soy lecithin in medium-moisture sugar formulations having about 2% to about 5% moisture.

WO 98/03075 PCTtUS96/11880 Ex. 13 Ex. 14 ~2~ Ex. 16 Ex. 17 Sugar 53.35 53.2 52.g 52.3 52.0 Gum Base 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 S Com Syrup- 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 Dextrose Monohydrate 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Glycerinb 1.4 1.4 14 14 14 Flavor o.g o.g o.g o.g 0.9 Non SoyLecithin 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.5 ~Com syrup is evaporated to 85~,6 solids, 15% moisture.
~GIycerin and syrup can be blended and co~dpGIa~ed.
Examples 18-22 in Table 9 demonstrate the use of medium chain triglycerides in high moisture sugar 15 formulations having more than about 5% moisture.

Ex. 18 Ex. 19 Ex. 20 Ex. 21 Ex. 22 Sugar 50.95 50.7 50.4 48.9 48.0 Gum Base 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 Com Syrup 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.6 24.6 Glycerin 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0 4 ~lavor 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Non-Soy Lecl~hin 0.05 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.5 Examples 23-27 in Table 10 and Examples 39-48 in Tables 11 and 12 demonstrate the use of non-soy lecithin in low- and high-moisture gums that are sugar-free. Low-moisture gums have less than about 2% moisture, and high-moisture gums have greater than 2% moisture.

CA 0226078~ lsss-ol-ls W098/03075 pcT~ss6lll88o Ex. 23 Ex. 24 Ex. 25 Ex. 26 Ex. 27 Base 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 26.0 Sorbitol 50.85 50.7 50.5 50.0 48.0 Mannitol 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 Glycerin 10.0 10.0 l 0.0 10.0 10.0 Flavor 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Non-SoyLecilhin 0.15 0.3 0.5 10 1.5 TABLE1~
Ex. 28 Ex. 29 Ex. 30 Ex. 31 Ex. 32 Base 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 26.2 Sorbitol 50.95 50.8 50.5 51.9 49.8 Sorbitol Liquid~ 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 Mannitol 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Glycerin 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Flavor 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Non-SoyLec~hin 0.05 0.2 0.5 1.1 1.5 'Sorbitol liquid contains 70~,6 sorbitol, 30% water.
TAB~E 12 Ex. 33 Ex. 34 ,Ex. 35 ~Ç Ex. 37 Base 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 26.0 Sorbitol 50.95 50.7 50.4 52.0 61.0 HSH Syrup~ 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 2 5 ~,tan, ~;tol 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 9.0 ~;~y~rill~ 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 Flavor 1.5 15 1 6 Non-Soy Leclthin 0.05 0.32 0.65 1.0 1.5 ~Lycasin brand hyd~ogendted starch hydrolyzate syrup.
3 0 '~Glycerin and HSH syrup may be blended or co~vaporated.
Table 13 shows sugar chewing gum formulations that can be made with NSL and various types of sugars.

., ~

CA 0226078~ l999-01-l9 WO 9X~ 3G7:~ PCT/US96/11880 Ex. 38 Ex. 39 Ex. 40 Ex. 41 Ex. 42 Ex. 43 Gum Base 19.2t9.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 Sucrose 49.448.5 44.4 43.5 34.4 43.5 Giycerin 1.4 1.4 1.4 14 14 14 Com Syrup 14.014.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 Dextrose 5.0 5.0 -- -- 10.0 5.0 Lactose 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 Fruc~ose 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 Invert Sugar -- -- -- -- 10.0 10.0 Msltose -- -- --Com Syrup Solids Peppermint 1 5 Flavor 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Non-SoyLecithin 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 Ex. 44 Ex. 45 Ex. 46 Ex. 47 Ex. 48 Ex. 49 Gum Base 19.219.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 Sucrose 34.443.5 34.4 43.5 42.4 48.5 2 0 Glycerin 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Com Syrup 14.014.0 14.0 14.0 11.0 11.0 Dextrose 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 L~ctose Fructose 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Invert Sugar 10.0 10.0 -- -- 5.0 5.0 Maltose -- -- 10.0 10.0 -- --Com Syrup Sdids -- -- -- _ 5.0 5 0 ~eppe"nln~
3 0 Flavor 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Non SoyLeclthin 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 . 1.0 CA 02260785 lsgs-ol-ls Ex. 50 Ex. 51 Gum Base 19.2 19.2 Sucrose 42.4 36.5 Glycerin 6.4 6.4 Corn Syrup 11.0 11.0 Dextrose 5.0 5.0 Lactose Fructose 5.0 5.0 Inven Sugar 5.0 5.0 1 0 Maltose Com Syrup Solids 5.0~ 10.0 Pepp~r", ll Flavor o.g o.g Non-SoyLecithin 0.1 1.0 ~5-25DE mAItodeYtrin can be used.
Table 14 shows chewing gum formulations that are free of sugar. These formulations can use a wide variety of other non-sugar alditols.

(~VEIGHT PERCENT) Ex. 52 .~ Ex. 54 ~25~ Ex. 56 Ex. 57 Gum Base 25.525.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 Glycerin 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sorbitol 43.943.0 43.9 38.0 37.9 39.0 ~,ann~ 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 6.0 Sorbltol Uquld 17.017.0 ~
Lycasin -- -- 17.0 12.0 8.0 10.0 3 0 Maltitol 10.0 -- -- 10.0 X~ltol -- -- -- -- 15.0 15.0 Lactitol Pa~stinit -- -- --Flavor 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Non-SoyLecithin 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 01 10 TABLE 14 (Cont'd) (WEIGHT PERCENT) Fx 58 Ex. 59 Ex. 60Ex. 61 Ex. 62 .Ex. 63 Gum Base 25.~ 25.5 25.5 25.525.5 25.5 Glycerin 8.0 8.0 8.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Sorbitol 41.9 36.0 31.9 40.026.9 21.0 l O Mannitol 8.0 8.0 8.0 Sorb~tol IJquid 5.0 ~ ~
Lycasin -- 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 Maltitol -- 5.0 -- -- -- --Xylitol ~ -- -- 15.010.0 20.0 Lactitol 1 o.o 1 O.o 1 O.o-- _ _ Palatin~t -- -- 10.0 10.025.0 21.0 Flavor 15 1.s 15 1 5 15 15 Non-SoyLsc~hin 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred em~odiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and ~cope of the present 2 5 invention and without diminishing its attendant advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.

..... . . ..

Claims (20)

I CLAIM:

1. A gum base comprising a non-soy liquid lecithin composition.

2. The gum base of Claim 1 wherein the non-soy liquid lecithin comprises approximately 1 to about 13 by weight of the composition.

3. The gum base of Claim 1 wherein the gum base includes powdered lecithin.

4. The gum base of Claim 1 comprising waxes that are predominantly composed of iso-alkanes.

5. The gum base of Claim 1 wherein the lecithin does not include phosphatidyl ethanolamine.

6. The gum base of Claim 1 wherein the lecithin includes a modified phosphatide.

7. The gum base of Claim 1 including a modified phosphatide having the structure:

wherein R = a fatty acid R1 = a fatty acid or an optional side-chain identical to the structures of any R2 R2 = a primary side-chain the same as or different from R1 and having a structure:
+
-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3;
-CH2-CH2-(a1);
-CH2-CH2-(a2);
+

-CH2-CH(NH3)-CO2H-C6H6-(OH)6; and -H; and wherein a1 and a2 are secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines of the optional and primary side chains R1 and R2, respectively, a1 and a2 each having identical or different structures from one another, the structures being one or more of wherein each Z is one or more substituted side chains that is the same as or different from each other, the side chains being other than -CH3 and and being side chains that inhibit a carbonyl reaction of a saccharide to an amine.

8. The gum base of Claim 1 wherein the non-soy liquid lecithin includes an oil chosen from the group consisting of corn and palm oil.

9. The gum base of Claim 1 includes at least one softener chosen from the group consisting of monohydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and fully hydrogenated glycerides chosen from the group consisting of cottonseed, palm, palm kernel, coconut, safflower, and tallow.

10. The gum base of Claim 1 including at least one petroleum wax having a number average molecular weight of at least 600 and a viscosity of at 10 mm2/s.

11. A gum base comprising:
a wax compound that comprises less than 50% alkanes having a carbon length of less than C-30; and non-soy lecithin comprising approximately 0.1 to about 13% by weight.

12. The gum base of Claim 11 wherein the non-soy lecithin is powdered.

13. The gum base of Claim 11 wherein the non-soy lecithin does not include phosphatidyl ethanolamine.

14. The gum base of Claim 11 wherein the non-soy lecithin includes a modified phosphatide.

15. The gum base of Claim 11 including a modified phosphatide having the structure:

wherein R = a fatty acid R1 = a fatty acid or an optional side-chain identical to the structures of any R2 R2 = a primary side-chain the same as or different from R1 and having a structure:
+
-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)3;
-CH2-CH2-(a1);
-CH2-CH2-(a2);
+
-CH2-CH(NH3)-CO2H-C6H6-(OH)6; and -H; and wherein a1 and a2 are secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines of the optional and primary side chains R1 and R2, respectively, a1 and a2 each having identical or different structures from one another, the structures being one or more of wherein each Z is one or more substituted side chains that is the same as or different from each other, the side chains being other than -CH3 and and being side chains that inhibit a carbonyl reaction of a saccharide to an amine.

16. The gum base of Claim 11 wherein the wax is predominantly composed of iso-alkanes.

17. A method for improving flavor in a chewing gum comprising the steps of manufacturing chewing gum from a gum base that includes lecithin but does not include soybean oil.

18. A gum base comprising a corn oil base lecithin.

19. A chewing gum having improved flavor comprising:
a water soluble portion;
one or more flavors;
a water insoluble base; and a non-soy liquid lecithin.

20. A chewing gum having improved flavor comprising:
a water soluble portion;

one or more flavors; and a water insoluble portion including petroleum having at least 50% alkanes having a carbon length of C-30 or greater, and a non-soy lecithin.