CA2263927C - Heterocyclic thioesters and ketones - Google Patents

Heterocyclic thioesters and ketones Download PDF

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CA2263927C
CA2263927C CA002263927A CA2263927A CA2263927C CA 2263927 C CA2263927 C CA 2263927C CA 002263927 A CA002263927 A CA 002263927A CA 2263927 A CA2263927 A CA 2263927A CA 2263927 C CA2263927 C CA 2263927C
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straight
branched chain
group
chain alkyl
cycloalkyl
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CA2263927A1 (en
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Gregory S. Hamilton
Jia-He Li
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Gliamed Inc
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GPI Nil Holdings Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with radicals, containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D207/16—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
    • C07D211/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms by oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by doubly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms or by two oxygen or sulfur atoms singly bound to the same carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by doubly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms or by two oxygen or sulfur atoms singly bound to the same carbon atom
    • C07D211/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by doubly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms or by two oxygen or sulfur atoms singly bound to the same carbon atom by oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/60—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D265/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D265/28—1,4-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-oxazines
    • C07D265/30—1,4-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-oxazines not condensed with other rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
    • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D277/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D277/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D279/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D279/10—1,4-Thiazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-thiazines
    • C07D279/12—1,4-Thiazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-thiazines not condensed with other rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Abstract

This invention relates to neurotrophic low molecular weight, small molecule heterocyclic thioesters and ketones having an affinity for FKBP-type immunophilins, and their use as inhibitors of the enzyme activity associated with immunophilin proteins, particularly peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, or rotamase, enzyme activity.

Description

?10152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/15832HETEROCYCLIC THIOESTERS AND KETONESThis application is a continuation—in~part of U.S.Patent Application No. 08/721,765, filed September 25,1996, the entire content of which is herein incorporatedby reference.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of InventionThis invention relates to neurotrophic lourmolecularweight, small molecule heterocyclic thioesters andketones having an affinity for FKBP—type immunophilins,and their use as inhibitors of the enzyme activityassociated with immunophilin proteins, particularlypeptidyl—prolyl isomerase, or rotamase, enzyme activity.2. Description of Related ArtThe term immunophilin refers to a number of proteinsthat serve as receptors for the principalimmunosuppressant drugs, cyclosporin A (CsA), FK506 andrapamycin. Known classes of immunophilins arecyclophilins and FK506 binding proteins, or FKBPS.Cyclosporin A binds to cyclophilin A while FK506 andrapamycin bind to FKBPl2. These immunophilin—drugcomplexes interface with various intracellular signaltransduction systems, especially the immune and nervoussystems.?10152025WO 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 158322Immunophilins are known to have peptidyl-prolylisomerase (PPIase), or rotamase, enzyme activity. It hasbeen determined that rotamase enzyme activity plays arole in the catalyzation of the interconversion of thecis and trans isomers of peptide and protein substratesfor the immunophilin proteins.Immunophilins were originally discovered and.studiedin the immune tissue. It was initially postulated bythose skilled in the art that inhibition of theimmunophilins’ rotamase activity leads to inhibition ofT-cell proliferation, thereby causing theimmunosuppressiveactivityexhibitedlnrimmunosuppressantdrugs, such as cyclosporin A, FKSOG and rapamycin.Further study has shown that the inhibition of rotamaseactivity, in and of itself, does not result inimmunosuppressive activity. Schreiber et al., Science,1990, vol. 250, pp. 556-559. Instead, immunosuppressionappears to stem from the formulation of a complex ofimmunosuppressant drug and immunophilin. It has beenshown that the immunophilin—drug complexes interact withternary protein targets as their mode of action.Schreiber et al., Cell, 1991, vol. 66, pp. 807-815. InFKBP—FK506 and cyclophilin—CsA, thethe case ofbind to the enzymeimmunophilin-drug complexescalcineurin and inhibit the T—cell receptor signallingwhich leads to T~cell proliferation. Similarly, the?1O152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/158323immunophilin—drug complex: of FKBP-rapamycin interactswith the RAFT1/FRAP protein and inhibits the IL-2receptor signalling.Immunophilins have been found to be present at highconcentrations in the central nervous system.Immunophilins are enriched 10-50 times more in thecentral nervous system than in the immune system. Withinneural tissues, immunophilins appear to influence nitricoxide synthesis, neurotransmitter release and neuronalprocess extension.It has been found that picomolar concentrations ofan immunosuppressant such as FKSO6 and rapamycinstimulate neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and sensoryneurons, namely dorsal root ganglion cells (DRGs). Lyonset al., Proc. of Natl. Acad. Sci., 1994, vol. 91, pp.3191-3195. In whole animal experiments, FKSO6 has beenshown to stimulate nerve regeneration following facialnerve injury.Surprisingly, it has been found that certaincompounds with a high affinity’ for FKBPs are potentrotamase inhibitors and exhibit excellent neurotrophiceffects. Furthermore, these rotamase inhibitors aredevoid of immunosuppressive activity. These findingssuggest the use of rotamase inhibitors in treatingvarious peripheral neuropathies and enhancing neuronalregrowth in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies?l0152025WO 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 158324have demonstrated that neurodegenerative disorders, suchParkinson'sdiS€aSe, disease andas Alzheimer'samyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), may occur due to theloss, or decreased availability, of a neurotrophicsubstance specific for'a particular‘population of neuronsaffected in the disorder.Several neurotrophic factors affecting specificneuronal populations in the central nervous system havebeen identified. For example, it has been hypothesizedthat Alzheimer's disease results from a decrease or lossof nerve growth factor (NGF). It has thus been proposedto treat SDAT patients with exogenous nerve growth factoror other neurotrophic proteins, such as brain derivedgrowth factor, glial derived growth factor, ciliaryneurotrophic factor and neurotropin-3, to increase thesurvival of degenerating neuronal populations.Clinical application of these proteins in variousneurological disease states is hampered by difficultiesin the delivery and bioavailability of large proteins tonervous system targets. By contrast, immunosuppressantdrugs with neurotrophic activity are relatively small anddisplay excellent bioavailability and specificity.However,whenadministeredchronically,immunosuppressantdrugs exhibit a number of potentially serious sideeffects including nephrotoxicity, such as impairment ofglomerular filtration and irreversible interstitial?1O152025W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/ 158325fibrosis (Kopp et al., J1 Am. Soc. Nephrol., 1991,1:162); neurological deficits, such as involuntarytremors, or non-specific cerebral angina, such as non-localized headaches (De Groen et al., N. Engl. J. Med.,1987, 317 861); and vascular hypertension withcomplications resulting therefrom (Kahan et al., N1 Engl.J. Med., 1989, 321:1725).To prevent the side effects associated with use ofthe immunosuppressant compounds, the present inventionprovidesnon-immunosuppressivecompoundscontainingsmallmolecule FKBP rotamase inhibitors for enhancing neuriteoutgrowth, and.promoting neuronal growth and regenerationin various neuropathological situations where neuronalrepair can be facilitated, including: peripheral nervedamage caused by physical injury or disease state such asdiabetes; physical damage to the central nervous system(spinal cord and brain); brain damage associated withdisorders relating tostroke; and neurologicalneurodegeneration, such as Parkinson's disease, SDAT(Alzheimer's disease) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to neurotrophic lowmolecular weight, small molecule compounds having anOnce bound toaffinity for FKBP—type immunophilins.these proteins, the neurotrophic compounds are potent?WO 98/1334310152025CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97Il 58326inhibitors of the enzyme activity associated withimmunophilin proteins, particularly peptidyl—prolylisomerase, or rotamase, enzyme activity. A key featureof the compounds of the present invention is that they donot exert any significant immunosuppressive activity inaddition to their neurotrophic activity.the present invention relates to aSpecifically,compound of formula II:[CH2]nZ1-R1NII0\\\ ‘\\OR2or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:n is 1 or 2;X is O or S;Z is selected from the group consisting of S, CHWCHR1 and C(RQ2;Rl is selected from the group consisting of C1-C5C2-C5 straight orstraight or branched chain alkyl,branched chain alkenyl, Arland mixtures thereof, whereinsaid Rlis unsubstituted or substituted with halo, nitro,Cp%; straight or branched chain alkyl, Cf?g straight orbranched chain alkenyl, hydroxy, Cl-C, alkoxy, C2-C4?102025WO 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/158327alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, Ari or a mixturethereof;R2 is selected from the group consisting of Cg—C9straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight orbranched chain alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7cycloalkenyl and Ari; andAr; is phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, fluorenyl,thioindolyl or naphthyl wherein said Arlis unsubstitutedor substituted with halo, hydroxy, nitro, C54; straightor branched chain alkyl, C24; straight or branched chainalkenyl, C3-C4 alkoxy, C5-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy,benzyloxy, amino or a mixture thereof.The present invention also relates to apharmaceutical composition comprising:(i) an effective amount of the compound of claim 1for effecting a neuronal activity; and(ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.The present invention further relates to a method ofeffecting a neuronal activity in an animal, comprising:administering to the animal an effective amount ofthe compound of formula II.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. l(A) is a representative photomicrograph ofuntreated sensory neurons.?10152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/158328FIG. l(B) is a representative photomicrograph ofCompound 1 (10 pM) promoting neurite outgrowth in sensoryneurons.FIG. l(C) is a representative photomicrograph ofcompound 1 (1 nM) promoting neurite outgrowth in sensoryneurons.FIG. l(D) is a representative photomicrograph ofcompound 1 (1 pM) promoting neurite outgrowth in sensoryneurons.FIG. 2(A) is a representative photomicrograph ofuntreated sensory neurons.FIG. 2(B) is a representative photomicrograph ofcompound 9 (10 pM) promoting neurite outgrowth in sensoryneurons.FIG. 2(C> is a representative photomicrograph ofcompound 9 (1 nM) promoting neurite outgrowth in sensoryneurons.FIG. 2(D) is a representative photomicrograph ofcompound 9 (100 nM) promoting neurite outgrowth insensory neurons.FIG. 3(A) is a representative photomicrograph ofuntreated SGDSOIY HEUIOHS.FIG. 3(B) is a representative photomicrograph ofcompound 10 (10 pM) promoting neurite outgrowth inSBHSOIY neurons.?l0152025W0 98ll3343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/ 158329FIG. 3(C) is a representative photomicrograph ofcompound 9 (1 nM) promoting neurite outgrowth in sensoryneurons.FIG. 3(D) is a representative photomicrograph ofcompound 9 (100 nM) promoting neurite outgrowth insensory neurons.FIG. 4 presents quantitation for the recovery of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons in the striatum of animalsreceiving compounds 1, 9 and 10.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions"Alkyl" refers to a branched or unbranched saturatedhydrocarbon chain containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such asmethyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso—butyl,tert—butyl, n—pentyl, n—hexyl and the like, unlessotherwise indicated."Alkoxy" refers to the group —OR wherein R is alkylas herein defined. Preferably, R is a branched orunbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain containing 1 to 3carbon atoms."Halo" refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo,unless otherwise indicated."Isomers" are different compounds that have the samemolecular formula. "Stereoisomers" are isomers thatdiffer only in the way the atoms are arranged in space.?10152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 1583210"Enantiomers" are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other,"Diastereoisomers" are stereoisomers which are not mirrorimages of each other. "Racemic mixture" means a mixturecontaining equal parts of individual enantiomers. "Non-racemic mixture" is a mixture containing unequal parts ofindividual enantiomers or stereoisomers."Pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to a saltof the inventive compounds which possesses the desiredpharmacological activity and which is neitherbiologically nor otherwise undesirable. The salt can beformed with inorganic acids such as acetate, adipate,benzoate, benzenesulfonate,alginate, aspartate,bisulfate butyrate, citrate, camphorate,cam horsulfonate, c clooentaneoro ionate, di luconate- - 9 Ifumarate,dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfateheptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride hydrobromide,hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate,methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate,oxalate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Examplesof a base salt include ammonium salts, alkali metal saltssuch as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metalsalts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts withorganic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N—methyl—D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine?1O152025WO 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCTIU S97! 1583211and lysine. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groupscan be quarternized with agents including: lower alkylhalides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butylchlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates such asdimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; longchain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearylchlorides, bromides and iodides; and aralkyl halides suchas benzyl and phenethyl bromides."Phenyl" refers to any possible isomeric phenylradical, optionally monosubstituted or multisubstitutedwith substituents selected from the group consisting ofalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, halo and haloalkyl."Treating" refers to:(i) preventing a disease, disorder or conditionfrom occurring in an animal which may be predisposed tothe disease, disorder and/or condition but has not yetbeen diagnosed as having it;(ii) inhibiting the disease, disorder or condition,i.e., arresting its development; and(iii) relieving the disease, disorder or condition,i e., causing regression of the disease, disorder and/orcondition.Compounds of the InventionThe neurotrophic low molecular weight, smallmolecule FKBP inhibitor compounds of this invention have?l0152025WO 98113343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/1 583212an affinity for FKBP-type immunophilins, such as FKBPl2.When the neurotrophic compounds of this invention arebound to an FKBP-type immunophilin, they have been foundto inhibit the prolyl—peptidyl cis-trans isomeraseactivity, or rotamase, activity of the binding proteinand unexpectedly stimulate neurite growth.FORMULA IIn particular, this invention relates to a compoundof formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:A and B, together with the nitrogen and carbon atomsto which they are respectfully attached, form a 5-7membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ringcontaining any combination of CH2, 0, S, SO, SO2, NH orNR2 in any chemically stable oxidation state;X is either 0 or S;?l01520W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/ 1583213Z is either 8, CH2, CHR1 or C(RQ2;W and Y are independently O, S, CH2 or H2;R1 is C54; straight or branched chain alkyl oralkenyl, which is substituted in one or more position(s)with (Ar1)m (Arlh, connected by a C1-C6 straight orbranched chain alkyl or alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C8cycloalkyl connected. by a C54; straight or branchedchain alkyl or alkenyl, Arz or a combination thereof;n is l or 2;R2 is either C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkylor alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Arwwherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenylis either unsubstituted or substituted in one or moreposition(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkylor alkenyl, hydroxyl or a combination thereof; andAr; and Ara are independently a mono—, bi- ortricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ringis either unsubstituted or substituted in one to threeposition(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl,C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl, C1-C;alkoxy, C54; alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino or acombination thereof; wherein the individual ring sizesare 5-6 members; and wherein the heterocyclic ringcontains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the groupconsisting of O, N, S and a combination thereof.?10152025WO 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/15832I4Suitable mono— and bicyclic, carbo- and heterocyclicrings include, without limitation, naphthyl, indolyl,furyl, thiazolyl, thienyl,pyridyl. quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, fluorenyl and phenyl.FORMULA IIA preferred embodiment of this invention is acompound of formula II:[CH2] :1[ Z—-—-R1NIIX0OK \R2or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:n is 1 or 2;X is O or 8;Z is selected from the group consisting of S, CH2,CHR1 and C(R1)2;R; is selected from the group consisting of C‘_—C5straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight orbranched chain alkenyl, Ar, and mixtures thereof, whereinsaid R._ is unsubstituted or substituted with halo, nitro,C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight orbranched chain alkenyl, hydroxy, Cl-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4?1O152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/1583215alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, Ari or a mixturethereof;R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-C9straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C9 straight orbranched chain alkenyl, C3 - C8 cycloalkyl , C5 -C7cycloalkenyl and Ari; andAr; is phenyl , benzyl , pyridyl , fluorenyl ,thioindolyl or naphthyl wherein said Arl is unsubstitutedor substituted with halo, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C5 straightor branched chain alkyl, C2-C5 straight or branched chainalkenyl, C,_-C4 alkoxy, C2 — C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy,benzyloxy, amino or a mixture thereof.Specific examples of these embodiments are presentedin TABLE I.TABLE I2o:3XNR, R3CH3 3-Phenylpropyl 3-3-DimethylpentylCH1 3-(3-Pyridy1)propyl3-3-DimethylpentylCH3 3-Phenylpropyl tert-ButylCH, 3-(3-Pyridyl)propyl tert-ButylCH2 3-(3-Pyridy1)propy1 CyclohexylCH3 3-(3-Pyridy1)propy1 Cyclopentyl1 CH3 3-(3-Pyridy1)propy1 CycloheptylCH3 2-(9—F1uorenyl)ethyl 3 ,3—Dimethy1pentylS 2—PhenethylS 2-Phenethyl\OOO\JO\UI-5>U3l\)b—r-—-3 ,3—Dimethylpenty1OOOOOOOOOO3 ,3-DimethylpentylD-—‘Oto?10152O2530W0 98/ 13343l\Jl\)t\Jl\)I\.)t\Jr-to—4r—«r—n>-->-r-->-paUI-l>~U~3l\JP-‘CD\00O\)O'\U\-P~UJt\)>--I\)O\[0\!l\)00ix)\OL»)CU.)>—-32[0 rd >-- r-—A r— r— r--- >-— t—-4 p-— rd r-A t) I\) I0 Ix) [\J t\.) r—t >-— to to [Q to p— [Q 5) ._a ._.O OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO‘/JCDVJVJOOOOOOOOOCA(AU)!/1%CH2CH:CH.CH3CH2CHR,CHR1CHR,CHR,UJUJUJUJC/JUJC/JUJUJUJCD02263927 1999-02-231 6Methy1(2-thioindole)2—Phenethyl2-Phenethyl2-Phenethyl3-(4-Methoxyphenybpropyl4-(4—Methoxypheny1)butyl4-Phenylbutyl4-Phenylbutyl4—PhenylbutyI3-Phenylpropyl2-Phenethyl3-Phenylpropyl2—Phenethyl3-Phenylpropyl3-Phenylpropyl3—Pheny1propyl3-Phenylpropyl2-Phenethyl3-Phenylpropyl3—Phenylpropyl3-(3-PyridyI)propyl3-Phenylpropyl4—Phenylbuty14-Phenylbutyl3-(3-Pyridy1)propyl3 ,3-Diphenylpropyl3 ,3-Diphenylpropyl3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)propyl4-PhenylbutylPCT/US97/158323 ,3-DimethylpentylCyclohexyltert—Buty1Phenyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3—Dimethy1pentyl3 ,3-DimethylpentylPhenylCyclohexyl3 ,3-D imethylpentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3—Dimethy1pentyl3 ,3—Dimethy1pentyl3 ,3—DimethylpentylC yclohexylPhenyl3,4,5—Trime£hoxyphenylC yclopentylten:-Butyl3 , 3—Dimethylpenty13 ,3~Dimethylpenty1CyclohexylCyclohexyl3 ,3-DimethylpentylC yclohexyl3 ,3—Dimethylpenty1Cyclohexyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentylten-Butyl?1015202530CA 02263927 1999-02-23WO 98/13343l 740 2 O S 1 ,5—Dipheny1pentyl41 2 O S 1 ,5—Diphenylpenty142 2 O S 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)propyl43 2 O S 3—(4-Methoxyphenyl)propyl44 2 O 3-(1-Naphthyl)propy145 1 O 3 ,3—Di(4-f1uoro)phenyl-propyl46 1 O S 4,4-Di(4-?uoro)phenyl—butyl47 1 O S 3—( 1 -Naphthy1)propy148 1 O S 2,2—Dipheny1ethy149 2 O S 2,2-Diphenylethyl50 2 O S 3,3-Diphenylpropyl51 1 O S 3-(4-{Trifluoromethyl}-pheny1)propyl52 1 O S 3-(2-Naphthybpropyl53 2 O S 3—(1-Naphthyl)propyl54 1 O S 3—(3—Ch1oro)phenylpropyl55 1 O S 3-(3-{Trifluoromethyl}—phenyl)propyl56 1 O S 3-(2-Biphenyl)propyl57 1 O S 3,3-Dimethylpentyl5 8 1 O S 3-(3-F1uorophenyl)propy159 2 O S 4-Phenylbutyl60 2 O S 3—Pheny1propyl61 1 O S 3—(2—Chloro)phenylpropy162 2 O S 3-(3—Chloro)pher1y1propy163 2 O S 3-(2-F1uoro)pheny1propy1PCT/U S97/ 158323 ,3-DimethylpentylPhenyl3 ,3—Dimethy1penty1Phenyl3 ,3—Dimethylpentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpenryl3 ,3_—Dimethy1pentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3—Dimethylpentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3—Dimethylpenty13,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 .3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 .3-Dimethylpenryl3 , 3-Dimethy lpenryl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3-Dimethylpentyl3 ,3—Dimethy1pentyl3 ,3—Dimethy1penty1?10152025CA 02263927 1999-02-23wo 98/13343 PCT/US97/158321864 2 O S 3—(3-FIuoro)phenylpropyl 3,3—Dimethy1penty165 1 O 3-(2,5—Dimethoxyphenyl)- 3,3—Dimethylpentylpropyl66 1 0 CH2 3-Phenylpropyl Cyclohexyl67 1 0 CH2 3-Phenylethyl te;-:-Bu;y168 2 O CH: 4-Phenylbutyl Cyclohexyl69 2 O CHR1 2—Phenylethyl tert—Butyl70 1 0 CH3 3,3—Di(4-?uorophenyl)— 3,3—Dimethylpenty1propyl71 2 O CH: 3-Phenylpropyl 3,3:Dimethy1pentylThe most preferred examples of TABLE I are named asfollows:1 (25)-2-({l—OXo-5-phenyl}—pentyl-l-(3,3—dimethyl—1,2—dioxopentyl)pyrrolidine2 3,3—Dimethyl—l-[(25)-2-(5-(3-pyridyl)pentanoyl)-1-pyrrolidine]-l,2—pentanedione3 (25)-2-({l-Oxo—4-phenyl}—butyl—l-(3,3—dimethyl—l,2-dioxobutyl)pyrrolidine9 2-Phenyl—l-ethyl 1-(3,3-dimethyl-l,2—dioXopentyl)-2-piperidinecarbothioate10 2-Phenyl-l-ethyl (2S)—l—(3,3—dimethyl—l,2—dioxopentyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioatell (3-Thioindolyl)methyl (25)—l—(3,3—dimethyl—l,2—dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate12 2-Phenyl-l—ethyl (25)-l—(2—cyclohexyl—l,2—dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate?10152025W0 98/ 1334314282930313233343536373839CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/15832192-Phenyl—1—ethyl 1-(2—phenyl-l,2—dioxoethyl)-2-piperidinecarbothioate2-Phenyl-1-ethyl (25)-1-(1-cyclopentyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)—2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate3-Phenyl—l—propyl l-(3,3-dimethyl—l,2—dioxobutyl)-2-piperidinecarbothioate3-Phenyl-1—propyl (2S)-l—(3,3-dimethyl-l,2-dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate3—(3-Pyridyl)—l—propyl (25)—l—(3,3—dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate3—Phenyl-1-propyl (25)~l-(2—cyclohexyl—1,2—dioxoethyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate4—Phenyl-l—butyl (ZS)-l—(2—cycloheXyl-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate4—Phenyl—l—butyl (25)-l—(3,3-dimethyl—l,2~dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate3—(3—Pyridyl)-l—propyl (25)-l—(2-cyclohexyl—1,2—dicxopentyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate3,3—Diphenyl-1-propyl (25)-l~(3,3-dimethyl—l,2-dioxopentyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate3,3-Diphenyl-1-propyl (23)-l—(2-cyclohexyl—l,2—dioxopentyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate3—(para—Methoxyphenyl)-l—propyl (2S)—l—(3,3—dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate4—Phenyl—l—butyl 1-(1,2—dioxo—3,3—dimethylbutyl) -2—piperidinecarbothioate?WO 98/133431015202540414.243444546474849505152CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/15832201,5-Diphenyl-3-pentyl l-(3,3-dimethyl—1,2—dioxopentyl)-2—piperidinecarbothioate1,S—Diphenyl-3—mercaptopentyl l-(3—phenyl-1,2-dioxoethyl)-2-piperidinecarbothioate3—(para-Methcxyphenyl)-1-propyl l—(l,2—dioxo~3,3-dimethylpentyl)piperidine-2—carbothioate3-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propyl l—(2-phenyl—l,2-dioxoethyl)piperidine—2-carbothioate3—(l-Naphthyl)-l-propyl 1-(3,3—dimethyl—l,2-dioxopentyl)piperidine—2-carbothioate3,3—Di(para—fluoro)phenyl-1—propyl (2S)—l—(3,3-dimethyl—l,2—dioxopentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate4,4—Di(para—fluorophenyl)butyl l-(3,3—dimethyl—2—oxopentanoyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate3-(l—Naphthyl)propyl (2S)-l—(3,3—dimethyl-2-oxopentanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate2,2-Diphenylethyl (2S)—l—(3,3—dimethyl—2-oxopentanoyl)tetrahydro—1H-2-pyrrolecarbothioate2,2-Diphenylethyl (2S)—l—(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxopentanoyl)-2-piperidinecarbothioate3,3-Diphenylpropyll—(3,3—dimethyl—2-oxopentanoyl)—2—piperidinecarbothioate3-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyllpropyl (23)-l—(3,3—dimethyl~2—oxopentanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate3-(2—Naphthyl)propyl (2S)~l-(3,3—dimethyl-2-oxopentanoyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate?10152025W0 98/ 1334353545556S75859606162636465CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/15832213-(2-Naphthyl)propyl (2R,S)-l—(3,3—dimethyl-2-oxopentanoyl)-2-piperidinecarbothioate3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propyl (23)-l-(3,3—dimethyl-2-oxopentanoyl)~2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate3-[3—(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propyl (2S)-l—(3,3-dimethyl—2—oxopentanoyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate3-(l—Biphenyl)propyl (2S)~l-(3,3-dimethyl—2-oxopentanoyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate3—(2—Fluorophenyl)propyl (2S)—l—(3,3—dimethyl-2-oxopentanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate3—(3-Fluorophenyl)propyl (2S)—l—(3,3~dimethyl—2-oxopentanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate4—Phenylbutyl l-(3,3-dimethyl—2—oxopentanoyl)~2-piperidinecarbothioate3—Phenylpropyl 1-(3,3—dimethyl—2-oxopentanoyl)-2—piperidinecarbothioate3—(2—Chlorophenyl)propyl (2S)~l-(3,3—dimethyl—2-oxopentanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarbothioate3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propyl l—(3,3-dimethyl—2-oxopentanoyl)-2-piperidinecarbothioate3—(2-Fluorophenyl)propyl 1-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxopentanoyl)-2—piperidinecarbothioate3—(3-Fluorophenyl)propyl l—(3,3—dimethyl—2—oxopentanoyl)-2—piperidinecarbothioate3-(3,4—Dimethoxyphenyl)propyl(25)-1—(3,3—dimethyl—2-oxopentanoyl)-2—pyrrolidinecarbothioate?10152025W0 98/13343666768697071CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/1 583222(25)-2-({l—Oxo-4—phenyl}-butyl-l-(2—Cyclohexy1-1,2_dioxoethyl)pyrrolidine2-({l-Oxo-4—phenyl}-butyl—l—(3,3—dimethyl-l,2-dioxobutyl)pyrrolidine2-({l-Oxo-6—phenyl}—hexyl-l-(3,3—dimethyl—l,2—dioxobutyl)piperidine2—({l-Oxo-[2-{2’-phenyl}ethyl]~4—phenyl}—butyl-1-(3,3—dimethyl-1,2—dioxobutyl)piperidinel—{(2S)—2-[5,5—di(4—Fluorophenyl)pentanoyl]-2-pyrrolidine}—3,3—dimethyl-1,2—pentanedione3,3—Dimethyl—l-[2-(4-phenylpentanoyl)piperidino]—1,2—pentanedioneFORMULA IIIAnother preferred embodiment is a compound offormula III:or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,[B-—CA\\ Z———R1N0 III\\\OR2wherein:?10152025W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/1583223A, B, C and D are independently CH2, 0, S, SO, SO,NH or NR2;X is O or S;Z is 8, CH2, CHR2 or C(RQ2;R2 is C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl oralkenyl, which is substituted in one or more position(s)with (Arlhw (Ar2L2 connected by a C2-C5 straight orbranched chain alkyl or alkenyl, C2-C2 cycloalkyl, C2-C2cycloalkyl connected by a C2-C6 straight- or branchedchain alkyl or alkenyl, Ar2 or a combination thereof;n is 1 or 2;R2 is either C2-C2 straight or branched chain alkylor alkenyl, C2-C2 cycloalkyl, C5-C2 cycloalkenyl or A12,wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenylis either unsubstituted or substituted in one or moreposition(s) with C2-C2 straight or branched chain alkylor alkenyl, hydroxyl or a combination thereof; andAr; and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi- ortricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ringis either unsubstituted or substituted in one to threeposition(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl,C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl, C2-C4alkoxy, C54; alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino or acombination thereof; wherein the individual ring sizesare 5-6 members; and wherein the heterocyclic ringcontains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group?10152025CA 02263927 1999-02-23WO 98/13343 PCT/US97/1583224consisting of O, N, S and a combination thereof.Particularly preferred compounds of formula III arepresented in TABLE II.TABLE IINo.ABCXZR2 R24.72 CH2 S CH2 0 S 2-phenethyl 3,3-dimethyl-pentyl73 CH2 S CH2 0 CH2 3—phenylpropyl 3,3—wiimethyl~pentyl74 CH2 CH2 NH O S 2~phenethyl 3 , 3 —dimethyl —pentyl75 CH2 S CH2 S S 2—phenethyl 3 , 3 — dimethyl -pentylFORMULA IVA further preferred embodiment of this invention isa compound of formula IV://CIf \D0 X OR2IV?l0152025WO 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97l1583225or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:A, B, C and D are independently CH2, 0, S, SO, sowNH or NR?X is O or 8;Z is S, CH2, CHRl or C(R?2;R1 is C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl oralkenyl, which is substituted in one or more position(s)with (Arlhu (Arlh, connected by a (;~C5 straight orbranched chain alkyl or alkenyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C3-C8cycloalkyl connected by a Cf4; straight or‘ branchedchain alkyl or alkenyl, Ar: or a combination thereof;n is 1 or 2;R? is either Cl-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl oralkenyl, C3-C3 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or Arl,wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenylis either unsubstituted or substituted in one or moreposition(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkylor alkenyl, hydroxyl or a combination thereof; andArl and Arz are independently a mono—, bi- ortricyclic, carbo— or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ringis either unsubstituted or substituted in one to threeposition(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl,C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl, C1-C,alkoxy, C54; alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino or acombination thereof; wherein the individual ring sizesare 5-6 members; and wherein the heterocyclic ring?l0l52025W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 1583226Contains 1-5 heterOatOm(s) selected from the groupconsisting of O, N, S and a combination thereof.Particularly preferred compounds of formula IV arepresented in TABLE III.TABLE HINo. A B C D X Z R1 R376 CH3 CH3 0 CH3 0 CH3 3-phenylpropyl 3,3-dimethylpentyl77 CH3 CH3 0 CH3 0 S 2-phenethyl 3,3-dimethylpentyl78 CH3 CH3 S CH3 0 CH3 3-phenylpropyl 3,3—dimethy1pentyI79 CH3 CH3 S CH3 0 S 2-phenethyl 3,3-dimethylpentylThe compounds of this invention possess asymmetriccenters and thus can be produced as mixtures ofstereoisomers or as individual stereoisomers{ Theindividual stereoisomers may be obtained by using anoptically active starting material, by resolving aracemic or non-racemic mixture of an intermediate at someappropriate stage of the synthesis, or by resolving thecompound of formula (I). It is understood that theindividual stereoisomers as well as mixtures (racemic andnon—racemic) of stereoisomers are encompassed. by thescope of the present invention. The compounds of thisinvention possess at least one asymmetric center and thuscan be produced as mixtures of stereoisomers or as?10152025W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 1583227individual R- and S—stereoisomers. The individualenantiomers may be obtained by resolving a racemic ornon—racemic mixture of an intermediate at some appropri-ate stage of the synthesis. It is understood that theindividual R- and 8- stereoisomers as well as mixtures ofstereoisomers are encompassed by this invention. The S-stereoisomer is most preferred due to its greateractivity.Methods of Using the Compounds of the InventionThe compounds of the present invention have anaffinity for the FKSO6 binding protein, particularlyFKBPl2, which is present in the brain. When theinventive compounds bind to FKBP in the brain, theyexhibit excellent neurotrophic activity. This activityis useful in the stimulation of damaged neurons, thepromotion of neuronal regeneration, the prevention ofneurodegeneration, and the treatment of severalneurological disorders known to be associated withneuronal degeneration and peripheral neuropathies.For the foregoing reasons, the present inventionfurther relates to a method of effecting a neuronalactivity in an animal, comprising:administering to the animal a neurotrophicallyeffective amount of a compound of formula I, II, III orIV.?CA 02263927 1999-02-23W0 98/13343 PCT/US97/1583228In a preferred embodiment, the neuronal activity isselected from the group consisting of stimulation ofdamaged neurons, promotion of neuronal regeneration,prevention of neurodegeneration and treatment ofneurological disorder.The neurological disorders that may be treatedinclude but are not limited to: trigeminal neuralgia;glossopharyngeal neuralgia; Bell's Palsy; myastheniagravis; muscular dystrophy; amyotrophic lateralsclerosis; progressive muscular atrophy; progressivebulbar inherited.muscular atrophy; herniated, ruptured.orprolapsed invertebrate disk syndromes; cervicalspondylosis; plexus disorders; thoracic outletdestruction syndromes; peripheral neuropathies such asthose caused by lead, dapsone, ticks, porphyria orGuillain—Barré syndrome; Alzheimer's disease; andParkinson's disease.The compounds of the present invention areparticularly useful for treating a neurological disorderselected from the group consisting of: peripheralneuropathy caused by physical injury or disease state,traumatic injury to the brain, physical damage to thespinal cord, stroke associated with brain damage, andneurological disorder relating to neurodegeneration.Examples of neurological disorders relating toneurodegeneration are Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's?l0152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97! 1583229Disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.For these purposes, the compounds may be administeredorally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically,rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via animplanted reservoir in dosage formulations containingnon—toxicconventional pharmaceutically—acceptablecarriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The term parenteral asused herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous,intramuscular, intraperitoneally, intrathecally,intraventricularly, intrasternal and intracranialinjection or infusion techniques.To be effective therapeutically as central nervoussystem targets, the compounds should readily penetratethe blood-brain barrier when peripherally administered.Compounds which cannot penetrate the blood—brain barriercan be effectively administered by an intraventricularroute.The compounds may be administered in the form ofsterile injectable preparations, for example, as sterileinjectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions. Thesesuspensions may be formulated according to techniquesknown in the art using suitable dispersing or wettingagents and suspending agents. The sterile injectablepreparations may also be sterile injectable solutions orsuspensionsiJ1non—toXicparenterally~acceptablediluentsor solvents, for example, as solutions in 1,3-butanediol.?1O152025W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/1583230Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may beemployed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodiumchloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils areconventionally employed as solvents or suspendingmediums. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil such asa synthetic mono— or di-glyceride may be employed. Fattyacids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives,including olive oil and castor oil, especially in theirpolyoxyethylated versions, are useful in the preparationof injectables. These oil solutions or suspensions mayalso contain long—chain alcohol diluents or dispersants.Additionally, the compounds may be administeredorally in the form of capsules, tablets, aqueoussuspensions or solutions. Tablets may contain carrierssuch as lactose and corn starch, and/or lubricatingagents such as magnesium stearate. Capsules may containdiluents including lactose and dried corn starch.Aqueous suspensions may contain emulsifying andsuspending agents combined with the active ingredient.The oral dosage forms may further contain sweeteningand/or flavoring and/or coloring agents.The compounds may also be administered rectally inthe form of suppositories. These compositions can beprepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature,but liquid at rectal temperature and, therefore, will?10152025W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/1 583231melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materialsinclude cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.Furthermore, the compounds may be administeredtopically, especially when the conditions addressed fortreatment involve areas or organs readily accessible bytopical application, including neurological disorders ofthe eye, the skin or the lower intestinal tract.Suitable topical formulations can be readily prepared foreach of these areas.For topical application to the eye, or ophthalmicuse, the compounds can be formulated as micronizedsuspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or,preferably, as a solution in isotonic, pH adjustedsterile saline, either with or without a preservativesuch as benzylalkoniunx chloride. Alternatively, thecompounds may be formulated into ointments, such aspetrolatum, for ophthalmic use.For topical application to the skin, the compoundscan be formulated into suitable ointments containing thecompounds suspended or dissolved in, for example,mixtures with one or more of the following: mineral oil,liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol,polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifyingwax and water. Alternatively, the compounds can beformulated into suitable lotions or creams containing theactive compound suspended or dissolved in, for example,?l0152O25WO 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 1583232a mixture of one or more of the following: mineral oil,sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl ester wax,cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol andwater.Topical application to the lower intestinal tract canbe effected in a rectal suppository formulations (seeabove) or in suitable enema formulations.Dosage levels on the order of about 0.1 mg to about10,000 mg of the active ingredient compound are useful inthe treatment of the above conditions, with preferredlevels of about 0.1 mg to about 1,000 mg. The amount ofactive ingredient that may be combined with the carriermaterials to produce a single dosage fornl will varydepending upon the host treated and the particular modeof administration.It is understood, however, that a specific dose levelfor any particular patient will depend upon a variety offactors, including the activity of the specific compoundemployed; the age, body weight, general health, sex anddiet of the patient; the time of administration; the rateof excretion; drug combination; the severity of theparticular disease being treated; and the form ofadministration.The compounds can be administered with otherneurotrophic agents such as neurotrophic growth factor(NGF), glial derived growth factor, brain derived growth?101520WO 98113343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/1583233factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor and neurotropin-3.The dosage level of other neurotrophic drugs will dependupon the factors previously stated and the neurotrophiceffectiveness of the drug combination.Pharmaceutical Compogitions of the InventionThe present invention also relates to a pharmaceuti-cal composition comprising:(i> a neurotrophically effective amount of thecompound of formula I, II, III or IV, and(ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.The above discussion relating to the utility andadministration of the compounds of the present inventionalso applies to the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention.ExamplesThe following examples are illustrative of thepresent invention and are not intended to be limitationsthereon. Unless otherwise specified, all percentages arebased on 100% by weight of the final compound.?l0152025W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97l1583234EXAMPLE 1Synthesis of (2SL;2-((1-gxo-5-phenvl}-Dentv1—1-(3,3-dimethxl-l,2-dioxopentylzpxrrolidine (1)(28)-2-(l—oxo-4—phenvl)butvl—N-benzvlpvrrolidine.1-chloro-4—phenylbutane (1.78 g; 10.5 mmol) in 20 mL of THFwas added to 0.24 g (10 mmol) of magnesium turnings in 50mL of refluxing THF. After the addition was complete,the mixture was refluxed for an additional 5 hours, andthen added slowly to a refluxing solution of N—benzyl—L—proline ethyl ester (2.30 g (10 mmol) in 100 mL of THF.After 2 hours of further reflux, the mixture was cooledand treated with 5 mL of 2 N HCl. The reaction mixturewas diluted with ether (100 mL) and washed with saturatedNaHCO3, water and brine. The organic phase was dried,concentrated and chromatographed, eluting with 5:1CH§?Q:EtOAc to obtain 2.05 g (64%) of the ketone as anOil, 1H NMR (CDCI3; 300 MHZ): 1.49-2.18 (m, 8H); 2.32-2.46 (m, lH); 2.56-2.65 (m, 2H); 2.97-3.06 (m, 1H}; 3.17-3.34 (m, }H); 3.44-3.62 (m, 1H); 4.02-4.23 (m, 2H); 7.01-7.44 (m, 10H).(25)-2-(l—oxo—4—phenVl)butvlpvrrolidine. The ketonecompound (500 mg) and palladium hydroxide (20% on carbon,50 mg) was hydrogenated at 40 psi in a Paar shakerovernight. The catalyst was removed by filtration andThe free amine wasthe solvent was removed in vacuo.obtained as a yellow oil (230 mg; 100%), ‘H NMR (CDClg?101.52025W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 1583235300 MHZ): 1.75-2.34 (m, 10H); 2.55 (m, 2H); 2.95 (dm,lH); 3.45—3.95 (m, lH); 4.05 (m, LLH); 7.37 (m, 5H),L25)-2-(l—oxo-4-ohenvl)butVl—l—(l,2-dioxo-2-methoxyethyl)pyrrolidine. To a solution of (2S)—2—(l—oxo—4—phenyl)butylpyrrolidine (230 mg; 1.0 mmol) inCH5Cl2(2O mL) at 0°C was added dropwise methyloxalylchloride (135 mg; 1.1 mmol). After stirring at 0°C for3 hours, the reaction was quenched with saturated NH;Cland the organic phase was washed with water and brine anddried and concentrated. The crude residue was purifiedon a silica gel column, eluting with 20:1 CH§H1:EtOAc toobtain 300 mg of the oxamate as a clear oil (98%), 1H NMR(CDCIL3; 300 MHZ): l.68 (m, 4H); l.9l-2.38 (m, 41-1); 2.64(t, 2H); 3.66-3.80 (rm, 2H); 3.77, 3.85 (S, 3H total);4.16 (m, 21-1); 4.90 (m, lH); 7.l6 (m, 3H); 7.27 (m, 2H).(28)-2-((1-oXo—5—ohenVl}—oentyl—1-(3,3—dimethvl—l,2—dioxooentvlznvrrolidine (12. To a solution of theoxamate above (250 mg; 0.79 mmol) in anhydrous ether (15mL), cooled to - 78°C, was added l,l-dimethylpropyl—magnesium chloride (0.8 mL of a 1.0 M solution in ether;0.8 mmol). After stirring the resulting mixture at —78°Cfor 2 hours, the reaction was quenched by the addition of2 mL of saturated rngcl, followed by 100 mL of EtOAc.The organic phase was washed with brine, dried,concentrated, and purified on a silica gel column,eluting with 50:1 CHg?Q:EtOAc. Compound 1 was obtained?102025W0 98ll3343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97l1583236as a clear oil, 120 mg, 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): 5 0.87(t, 3H, }=7.5),- 1.22 (s, 3H),- 1.25 (s, 31-1); 1.67 (m, 41-1);1.70-2.33 (m, 6H); 2.61 (t, 2H, J=7.1),- 3.52 (m, 2H);4.17 (t, 2H, J=s.2),- 4.52 (m, lH); 7.15-7.49 (m, 53).Anal. Calcd. for CnHnNO3 - H53: C, 70.37; H, 8.86; N,3.73. Found: 70.48; H, 8.35; N, 3.69.EXAMPLE 2Synthesis of 2-phenvl-l-ethyl l—(3,3-dimethvl-l.2-dioxooentylz-2-giperidinecarbothioate (9)Methvl(2S)-1-(1,2-dioxo-2—methoXvethvl\-2-pvrrolidinecarboxylagg. A solution of L—proline methylester hydrochloride (3.08 g; 18.60 mmol) in dry methylenechloride was cooled to 0°C and treated with triethylamine(3.92 g; 38.74 mmol; 2.1 eq). After stirring the formedslurry under a nitrogen atmosphere for 15 min, a solutionof methyl oxalyl chloride (3.20 g; 26.12 mmol) inmethylene chloride (45 mL) was added. dropwise. Theresulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1.5 hour. Afterfiltering to remove solids, the organic phase was washedwith water, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The cruderesidue was purified on a silica gel column, eluting with50% ethyl acetate in hexane, to obtain 3.52 9 (88%) ofthe product as a reddish oil. Mixture of cis-trans amiderotamers; data for trans rotamer given. 1H NMR (CDClQ:5 1.93(dm, 21-I); 2.l7(m, 21-I); 3.62(m, 2H); 3.71 (S, 3H};?l0152025W0 98/123343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/ 15832373.79, 3.84 (s, 3H total); 4.86 (dd, 1H, J=e_4, 3_3)_Methvl(2S)-1-(1,2—dioxo-3L3—dimethvlpentvl)-3-Qxrgggg?gggarggxylagg. A solution of methyl (2S)—1-(1,2—dioxo-2—methoxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (2.35g; 10.90 mmol) in 30 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) wascooled to -78°C and treated with 14.2 mL of a 1.0 Msolution of 1,1—dimethylpropylmagnesium chloride in THF.After stirring the resulting homogeneous mixture at -78°Cfor three hours, the mixture was poured into saturatedammonium chloride (100 mL) and extracted into ethylacetate. The organic phase was washed with water, dried,and concentrated, and the crude material obtained uponremoval of the solvent was purified on a silica gelcolumn, eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexane, toobtain 2.10 g (75%) of the oxamate as a colorless oil,‘H NMR (CDCl3): (5 0.88 (t, 3H); 1.22, 1.26 (5, 3H each);l.7S(dm, 2H); 1.87-2.10 (In, }H); 2.23 (m, lH); 3.54 (m,2H); 3.76 (s, 3H);-41.52 (dm, 1H, J=8.4, 3.4).(23)-1—(1,2—dioxo-3,3-dimethvlpentvl)-2—Dvrrolidine-carboxylic acid. A mixture of methyl (2S)-1—(l,2—dioxo-3,3-dimethylpentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate (2.10 g;8.23 mmol), 1 N LiOH (15 mL), and methanol (50 mL) wasstirred at 0°C for 30 minutes and at room temperatureovernight. The mixture was acidified to pH 1 with 1 NHCl, diluted with water, and extracted into 100 mL ofmethylene chloride. The organic extract was washed with?1O152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 1583238brine and concentrated to deliver 1.73 g (87%) of snow-white solid which did not require further purification,‘H NMR (CDCl3): 5 0.87 (t, 3H); 1.22, 1.25 (s, 3H each);1.77 (dm, 2H),- 2.02 (m, 2H); 2.17 (m, 1H); 2.25 (m, 1H);3.53 (dd, 2H, j=1o.4, 7.3); 4.55 (dd, 1H, J=e.s, 4.1),2-ohenvl—l—ethvll-(3,3—dimethvl—1,2-dioxooentvl)-2-nineridinecarbothioate (9). To a solution of (2S)—1-(1,2-dioxo-3,3—dimethylpentyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylicacid (241 mg; 1.0 mmol) in CH3Cl2 (10 mL) was addeddicyclohexylcarbodiimide (226 mg; 1.1 mmol). Afterstirring the resulting mixture for 5 minutes, thesolution was cooled to 0°C and treated with a solution ofphenyl mercaptan (138 mg; 1.0 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (6 HQ) 111 5 ml of cxgcl, Themixture was allowed to warm to room temperature withstirring overnight. The solids were removed byfiltration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo;the crude residue was purified by flash chromatography(10:1 hexane:EtOAc) to obtain 302 mg (84%) of 2 as anoil, 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): 5 0.85 (t, 3H, J=7.5),-1.29 (S, 3H); 1.31 (S, 31-I); 1.70-2.32 (m, 6H); 2.92 (t,2H, J=7.4); 3.22(t, 2H, j=7.4); 3.58 (m, 2H),‘ 4.72 (m,1H); 7.23-7.34 (m, SH). Anal. Calcd. for CmHNNO?3 -O.4H2O: C, 65.15; H, 7.60; N, 3.80. Found: C, 65.41;?l0152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/158323 9EXAMPLE 3Synthesis of g-Dhggvl-1-ethvl (23)-1-(3,3-dimeth 1-1 2-dioxo entvl)-2-pvrrolidinecarbothioate (10)Methyl 1-(1,2-dioxo-2-methoxvethvl)-2-piperidine—carboxvlate. A solution of methyl pipecolatehydrochloride (8.50 g; 47.31 mmol) in dry methylenechloride (100 mL) was cooled to 0°C and treated withtriethylamine (10.5 g; 103 mmol; 2.1 eq). After stirringthe formed slurry under a nitrogen atmosphere for 15minutes, a solution of methyl oxalyl chloride (8.50 g;69.4 mmol) in methylene chloride (75 mL) was addeddropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for1.5 hours. After filtering to remove solids, the organicphase was washed with water, dried over MgSO, andconcentrated. The crude residue was purified on a silicagel column, eluting with 50% ethyl acetate in hexane, toobtain 9.34 g (86%) of the product as a reddish oil.Mixture of cis-trans amide rotamers; data for transrotamer given. 1H NMR (CDCl?: 5 1.22-1.45 (m, 2H);1.67-1.78 (m, 3H); 2.29 (m, 1H}; 3.33 (m, 1H}; 3.55 (m,ll-I); 3.76 (5, 3H}; 3.85, 3.87 (8, 3H total); 4.52 (dd,1H)Methvl 1-(1,2—dioxo—3.3-dimethvloentvl)—2—piDeridine—carboxvlate. A solution of methyl 1—(l,2-dioxo-2-methoxyethyl)-2-piperidinecarboxylate (3.80 g; 16.57mmol) in 75 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) was Cooled to -?CA 02263927 1999-02-23W0 98/13343 PCT/US97/158324078°C and treated with 20.7 mL of a 1.0 M solution of 1,1-dimethyl—propylmagnesiun1chloride in.THF. After stirringthe resulting homogeneous mixture at ~78°C for threehours, the mixture was poured into saturated ammoniumchloride (100 mL) and extracted into ethyl acetate. Theorganic phase was washed with water, dried, andconcentrated, and the crude material obtained uponremoval of the solvent was purified on a silica gelcolumn, eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexane, toobtain 3.32 g (74%) of the oxamate as a colorless oil, ‘HNMR (CDCl3): (5 0.88 (C, 31-1); 1.21, l.25 (S, 3H each);1.35-1.80 (m, 7H}; 2.35 (m, 1H),-3.24.(m, lH); 3.41 (m,lH); 3.76 (s, 3H); 5.32 (d, lH).1-(1,2—dioxo-3,3—dimethvlDentvl)-2-piDeridine—carboxvlic acid. A mixture of methyl l-(l,2-dioxo-3,3-dimethylpentyl)—2—piperidinecarboxylate (3.30 g; 12.25mmol), l N LiOH (15 mL), and methanol (60 mL) was stirredat 0°C for 30 minutes and at room temperature overnight.The mixture was acidified to pH 1 with l N HCl, dilutedwith water, and extracted into 100 mL of methylenechloride. The organic extract was washed with brine andconcentrated to deliver 2.80 g (87%) of snow-white solidwhich did not require further purification, ‘H NMR(CDCl3): <5 0.89 (t, 3H}; l.2l, 1.24 (S, BH each); 1.42-l.85 (m, 71-1); 2.35 (In, lH); 3.22 (d, ll-I); 3.42(m, lH);5.31 (C1, lH).?1O152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/ 15832412—Dhenvl-1-ethvldioxooentylz—2—pvrrolidinecarbothioate (10). To a1-(l,2—dioxo—3,3—dimethylpentyl)-2-(ZSL-1-(3,3-dimethVl—l.2-solution ofpiperidine-carboxylic acid (255 mg; 1.0 mmol) in CH4?Q(10 mL) was added dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (226 mg; 1.1mmol). After stirring the resulting mixture for 5minutes, the solution was cooled to 0°C and treated witha solution of phenyl mercaptan (138 mg; 1.0 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (6 mg) in 5 ad. of wngclz. Themixture was allowed to warm to room temperature withstirring overnight. The solids were removed byfiltration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo;the crude residue was purified by flash chromatography(10:l hexane:EtOAc) to obtain 300 mg (80%) of ;g as anoil, 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): d 0.94 (t, 3H, J=7.5),-1.27 (S, 3H); 1.30 (s, 3H); 1.34-1.88 (m, 7H); 2.45 (m,lH); 2.90 (t, 2H, j=7.7),- 3.26 (t, 2H, j=7.7),- 3.27 (m,lH); 3.38 (m, ii-I); 5.34 (m, iH); 7.24-7.36 (m, SH).Anal. Calcd. for C21H;,9NO,S: c, 67.17; H, 7.78; N, 3.73.Found: C, 67.02; H, 7.83; N, 3.78.As discussed above, the compounds of the presentinvention have an affinity for the FKSOG binding protein,particularly FKBPl2. The inhibition of the prolylpeptidyl cis—Crans isomerase activity of FKBP may bemeasured as an indicator of this affinity.?l0152025W0 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23 PCT/U S97/ 158324 2§i'Test ProcedureInhibition of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase(rotamase) activity of the inventive compounds can beevaluated by known methods described in the literature(Harding et al., Nature, 1989, 34l:758-760; Holt et al_J. Am. Chem. Soc., ll5:9923—9938). These Values areobtained as apparent Ki’s and are presented forrepresentative compounds in ‘Table IV. The cis-transisomerization of an alanine—proline bond~ in a modelsubstrate,N—succinyl-Ala~Ala—Pro-Phe—p—nitroanilide,ismonitored spectrophotometrically in a chymotrypsin—coupled assay, which releases para—nitroanilide from theThe inhibition of thisrans form of the substrate.reaction caused by the addition of differentconcentrations of inhibitor is determined, and the datais analyzed as a change in first-order rate constant asa function of inhibitor concentration to yield theapparent K1'values.In a plastic cuvette are added 950 mL of ice coldassay buffer (25 mM HEPES, pH 7.8, 100 mM NaCl), 10 mL ofFKBP (2.5 HIM in 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mMdithiothreitol), 25 mL of chymotrypsin (50 mg/ml in 1 mMHCl) and 10 mL of test compound at various concentrationsin dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction is initiated by theaddition of 5 mL of substrate (succinyl-Ala~Phe-Pro-Phe-para—nitroanilide, 5 mg/mL in 2.35 mM LiCl in?CA 02263927 1999-02-23W0 98/ 13343 PCT/US97l 1583243trifluoroethanol).The absorbance at 390 nm versus time is monitored for90 seconds using a spectrophotometer and the rateconstants are determined from the absorbance versus timedata files.The data for these experiments for representativecompounds are presented in Table IV under the column"Ki".The neurotrophic effects of the compounds of thepresent invention can be demonstrated in cellularbiological experiments in vitro, as described below.Chick Dorggl Root GanqlionCultures and Neurite outgrowthThe neurotrophic effects of the FKBP inhibitorcompounds were demonstrated by evaluating the ability ofthe compounds to promote neurite outgrowth in culturedchick sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia. Dorsalroot ganglia were dissected from chick embryos of ten daygestation. Whole ganglion explants were cultured on thinlayer Matrigel~coated 12 well plates with Liebovitz L15plus high glucose media supplemented with 2 mM glutamineand 10% fetal calf serum, and also containing 10 pMcytosine B-D arabinofuranoside (Ara C) at 37°C in anenvironment containing 5% CO, Twenty—four hours later,the DRGs were treated with various concentrations of?10152025WO 98/13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/U S97/ 1583244nerve growth factor, immunophilin ligands or combinationsof NFG plus drugs. Forty-eight hours after drugtreatment, the ganglia were visualized under phasecontrast or Hoffman Modulation contrast with a ZeissAxiovert inverted microscope. Photomicrographs of theexplants were made, and neurite outgrowth wasquantitated. Neurites longer than the DRG diameter werecounted as positive, with total number of neuritesquantitated per each experimental condition. Three tofour DRGS are cultured per well, and each treatment wasperformed in duplicate.Dose—response curves were generated from which EDwvalues were obtained. The results of these experimentsare presented in Table IV under the column "EDSO".Representative photomicrographs of untreated (control)sensory neurons and of compounds 1 (10 pM, 1 nM, 1 uM),9 (10 pM, 1 nM, 100 nM) and 10 (10 pM, 1 nM, 100 nM)promoting neurite outgrowth in sensory neurons are shownin FIG.’s l(A~D), 2(A—D) and 3(A—D), respectively.MPTP Model of Parkinson's DiseaseThe remarkable neurotrophic and neuroregenerativeeffects of the present inventive compounds were furtherdemonstrated in an animal model of neurodegenerativedisease. MPTP lesioning of dopaminergic neurons in micewas used as an animal model of Parkinson's Disease. Four?l01520W0 98ll3343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/ 1583245week old male CD1 white mice were dosed i.p. with 30mg/kg of MPTP for 5 days. Test compounds (4 mg/kg), orvehicle, were administered s.c. along with the MPTP for5 days, as well as for an additional 5 days followingcessation of MPTP treatment. At 18 days following MPTPtreatment, the animals were sacrificed and the striatawere dissected and homogenized. Immunostaining wasperformed on saggital and coronal brain sections usinganti-tyrosine hydroxylase 1 g to quantitate survival andrecovery of dopaminergic neurons. In animals treatedwith MPTP and vehicle, a substantial loss of functionaldopaminergic terminals was observed as compared to non-lesioned animals. Lesioned animals receiving testcompounds showed a significant recovery of TH-staineddopaminergic neurons.The results of these experiments are presented inTABLE IV under the column "% TH recovery”. Quantitationfor the recovery of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons inthe striatum of animals receiving compounds 1, 9 and 10,and for representative control and lesioned animals notreceiving the test drugs, are presented in FIG. 4.?CA 02263927 1999-02-23W0 98/13343 PCT/US97I1583246TABLE IVIn Vitro Test Results _Ex_am@ Ki r1M ED50 nM % TH recoveg1 31 0.4 232 210 -- --3 85 -- --9 104 0.5 6110 12 0.8 5411 299 0.36 5312 442 0.025 --14 313 0.9 4828 108 0.9 _ 4129 59 0.003 5030 11 0.00025 6531 8.7 -- 3132 362 -- 5233 1698 -- --34 34 0.9 4835 62 -- --36 7 -- 5637 68 -- --38 8.9 0.011 37.32?101520WO 98/13343394041424345464748495051525354555657585960CA 02263927 1999-02-2334712263662825918831757211271334261373088057799629047PCT/US97/15832?101520W0 98/ 13343CA 02263927 1999-02-23PCT/US97/ 158324 861 139 -- _-62 196 -- --63 82 -- -_64 163 -- --65 68 —- --66 306 5 3867 177 -- --68 284 -- -:69 49 —— 2370 457 -~ 2571 788 -— --All publications and patents identified above arehereby incorporated by reference.The invention being thus described, it will beobvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Suchvariations are not to be regarded as a departure from thespirit and scope of the invention and all suchmodifications are intended to be included within thescope of the following claims.

Claims (55)

WE CLAIM:
1. A compound of formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
A and B, together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or a combination thereof;

X is either O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C(R1)2;
W and Y are independently O, S, CH2, or H2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1) n, -C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1) n, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and -Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phen-oxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof;
provided that when Z is CH2, R1 is ethyl, X is O, and A and B
are taken together to form a piperidine ring, then R2 is not 1,1-dimethylpropyl.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein said Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of naphthyl, indolyl, furyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, iso-quinolinyl, fluorenyl, and phenyl.
3. A compound of formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
n is 1 or 2;

X is O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C(R1) 2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said R1 is unsubstituted or substituted in one or more positions with halo, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, Ar1 or a combination thereof;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl and -Ar1, Ar1 is phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, fluorenyl, thioindolyl or naphthyl wherein said Ar1 is unsubstituted or substi-tuted in one or more positions with halo, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;

provided that when Z is CH2, R1 is ethyl, X is O, and n is 2, then R2 is not 1,1-dimethylpropyl.
4. The compound of claim 3, wherein:
n is 1; and X is O.
5. The compound of claim 4, wherein Z is CH2.
6. The compound of claim 5, which is selected from the group consisting of:
(2S)-2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)-pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)pyrrolidine;
3,3-Dimethyl-1-[(2S)-1-(5-(3-pyridyl)pentanoyl)-1-pyrro-lidine]-1,2-pentanedione;
(2S)-2-(1-Oxo-4-phenyl)-butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)pyrrolidine;
(2S)-2-({1-Oxo-4-phenyl}-butyl-1-(2-cyclohexyl)-1,2-di-oxoethyl)pyrrolidine;
2-(1-Oxo-4-phenyl)-butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)pyrrolidine; and 1-{(2S)-2-[5,5-di(4-Fluorophenyl)pentanoyl]-2-pyrro-lidine}-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-pentanedione.
7. The compound of claim 3, wherein:

n is 2; and X is O.
8. The compound of claim 7, wherein Z is CH2.
9. The compound of claim 8, which is selected from the group consisting of:
2-({1-Oxo-6-phenyl}-hexyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)piperidine;
3,3-Dimethyl-1-[2-(4-phenylbutanoyl)piperidino]-1,2-pentanedione; and 3,3-Dimethyl-1-[2-(5-phenylpentanoyl)piperidino]-1,2-pentanedione.
10. The compound of claim 7, wherein Z is CHR1.
11. Compound 2-{1-Oxo-[2-{2'-phenyl}ethyl]-4-phenyl}-butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxobutyl)piperidine.
12. Compound 3,3-Dimethyl-1-[(2S)-2-(5-(3-pyridyl)penta-noyl)-1-pyrrolidine]-1,2-pentanedione.
13. Compound 2-{1-Oxo-4-phenyl}-butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxobutyl)pyrrolidine.
14. A compound of formula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, and C are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2;

X is O or S;

Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1 and C(R1)2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1) n, -C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1) n, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and -Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;

R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;

wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof.
15. Compound 2-(3-Phenylpropanoyl)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-(4-thiazolidine).
16. A compound of formula IV:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, C, and D are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2;
X is O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C (R1) 2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1) n, - C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substitut-ed in one or more position(s) with (Ar1) n, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and - Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;

R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or substi-tuted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phen-oxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof;
provided that when Z is CH2, R1 is ethyl, X is O, and A, B, C, and D are all CH2, then R2 is not 1,1-dimethylpropyl.
17. The compound of claim 16, selected from the group consisting of:
2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)morpholine;
2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)thiomorpholine; and 2-Phenylethyl (2S)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-thiomorpholinecarboxylate.
18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) a compound of formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
A and B, together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NR2, or a combination thereof;

X is either O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C(R1)2;
W and Y are independently O, S, CH2 or H2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:

-C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, -C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1) n, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and -Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of:

-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) a compound of formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
n is 1 or 2;

X is O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C (R1) 2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said R1 is unsubstituted or substituted in one or more positions with halo, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, Ar1, or a combination thereof;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, Ar1 is phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, fluorenyl, thioindolyl, or naphthyl, wherein said Ar1 is unsubstituted or substituted in one or more positions with halo, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of:
(2S)-2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)pyrrolidine;

3,3-Dimethyl-1-[(2S)-1-(5-(3-pyridyl)pentanoyl)-1-pyrro-lidine]-1,2-pentanedione;
(2S)-2-(1-Oxo-4-phenyl)butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)pyrrolidine;
(2S)-2-{1-Oxo-4-phenyl}butyl-1-(2-cyclohexyl-1,2-dioxo-ethyl)pyrrolidine;

2-(1-Oxo-4-phenyl)butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)pyrrolidine;
1-{(2S)-2-[5,5-di(4-Fluorophenyl)pentanoyl]-2-pyrro-lidine}-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-pentanedione;
1-{2-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)carbonyl]pyrrolidinyl)-3-,3-dimethylpentane-1,2-dione;
2-{1-Oxo-6-phenyl}-hexyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)piperidine;

3,3-Dimethyl-1-[2-(4-phenylbutanoyl)piperidino]-1,2-pentanedione;
3,3-Dimethyl-1-[2-(5-phenylpentanoyl)piperidino]-1,2-pentanedione; and 2-{1-Oxo-[2-{2'-phenyl}ethyl]-4-phenyl}-butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxobutyl)piperidine.
21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:

(i) a compound of formula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, and C are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2;

X is O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C (R1) 2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substi-tuted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and - Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21, wherein said compound is 2-(3-Phenylpropanoyl)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-(4-thiazolidine).
23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) a compound of formula IV:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, C, and D are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2;

X is O or S;

Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C(R1)2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and - Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of:

2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)morpholine;
2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)thiomorpholine; and 2-Phenylethyl (2S)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-thiomorpholinecarboxylate.
25. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 18 to 24, further comprising one or more additional neurotrophic agent(s).
26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein said one or more additional neurotrophic agent(s) is/are inde-pendently selected from the group consisting of neurotrophic growth factor (NGF), glial derived growth factor, brain derived growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor and neurotropin-3.
27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein said one or more additional neurotrophic agent(s) is/are neurotrophic growth factor (NGF).
28. Use of a compound for effecting a neuronal activity in an animal, wherein the compound is of formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A and B, together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, NR2, or a combination thereof;

X is either O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C(R1)2;
W and Yare independently O, S, CH2, or H2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C3-C8, cycloalkyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and - Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;

R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof.
29. Use of a compound for effecting a neuronal activity in an animal, wherein the compound is of formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
n is 1 or 2;

X is O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C(R1)2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C5 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C5 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said R1 is unsubstituted or substituted in one or more positions with halo, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, Ar1, or a combination thereof;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, Ar1 is phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, fluorenyl, thioindolyl, or naphthyl, wherein said Ar1 is unsubstituted or substituted in one or more positions with halo, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof.
30. The use of claim 29, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of:
(2S)-2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)pyrrolidine;
3,3-Dimethyl-1-[(2S)-1-(5-(3-pyridyl)pentanoyl)-1-pyrro-lidine]-1,2-pentanedione;
(2S)-2-(1-Oxo-4-phenyl)butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)pyrrolidine;
(2S)-2-{1-Oxo-4-phenyl}butyl-1-(2-cyclohexyl-1,2-dioxo-ethyl)pyrrolidine;
2-(1-Oxo-4-phenyl)butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)pyrrolidine;

1-{(2S)-2-[(5,5-di(4-Fluorophenyl)pentanoyl]-2-pyrro-lidine}-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-pentanedione;
1-{2-[(benzo[b]thiophen-3-ylmethyl)carbonyl] pyrro-lidinyl)-3-,3-dimethylpentane-1,2-dione;
2-{-Oxo-6-phenyl}-hexyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-butyl)piperidine;

3,3-Dimethyl-1-[2-(4-phenylbutanoyl)piperidino]-1,2-pentanedione;
3,3-Dimethyl-1-[2-(5-phenylpentanoyl)piperidino]-1,2-pentanedione; and 2-{1-Oxo-[2-{2'-phenyl}ethyl]-4-phenyl}-butyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxobutyl)piperidine.
31. Use of a compound for effecting a neuronal activity in an animal, wherein the compound is of formula III:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, and C are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2;
X is O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C(R1)2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and - Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;

R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof.
32. The use of claim 31, wherein said compound is 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-(4-thiazoli-dine).
33. Use of a compound for effecting a neuronal activity in an animal, wherein the compound is of formula IV:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, C, and D are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2;
X is O or S;
Z is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CHR1, and C(R1)2;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl substituted in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl substitut-ed in one or more position(s) with (Ar1)n, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl connected by a C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl or a C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, and - Ar2;
n is 1 or 2;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 and Ar2 are independently a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof.
34. The use of claim 33, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of:
2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)morpholine;
2-(1-Oxo-5-phenyl)pentyl-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxo-pentyl)thiomorpholine; and 2-Phenylethyl (2S)-1-(3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dioxopentyl)-2-thiomorpholinecarboxylate.
35. The use according to any one of claims 28 to 34, wherein the neuronal activity is selected from the group consisting of stimulation of damaged neurons, promotion of neuronal regeneration, prevention of neurodegeneration and treatment of neurological disorder.
36. The use of claim 35, wherein the neurological disorder is selected from the group consisting of peripheral neuropathy caused by physical injury or disease state, trau-matic injury to the brain, physical damage to the spinal cord, stroke associated with brain damage, and neurological disorder relating to neurodegeneration.
37. The use of claim 36, wherein the neurological dis-order relating to neurodegeneration is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
38. A compound of formula IA:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
A and B, together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or a combination thereof; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof.
39. A compound of formula IIA:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
n is 1 or 2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, Ar1 is phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, fluorenyl, thioindolyl or naphthyl wherein said Ar1 is unsubstituted or substi-tuted in one or more positions with halo, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof.
40. A compound of formula IIIA:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, and C are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or substituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof.
41. A compound of formula IVA:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, C, and D are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or substi-tuted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof.
42. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) a compound of formula IA:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A and B, together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or a combination thereof; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
43. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) a compound of formula IIA:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
n is 1 or 2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, Ar1 is phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, fluorenyl, thioindolyl or naphthyl wherein said Ar1 is unsubstituted or substi-tuted in one or more positions with halo, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
44. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) a compound of formula IIIA:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, and C are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl,cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phen-oxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
45. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) a compound of formula IVA:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, C, and D are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or substi-tuted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof; and (ii) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
46. The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 42 to 45, further comprising one or more additional neurotrophic agent(s).
47. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 46, wherein said one or more additional neurotrophic agent(s) is/are independently selected from the group con-sisting of neurotrophic growth factor (NGF), glial derived growth factor, brain derived growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor and neurotropin-3.
48. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 46, wherein said one or more additional neurotrophic agent(s) is/are neurotrophic growth factor (NGF).
49. Use of a compound for effecting a neuronal activity in an animal, wherein the compound is of formula IA

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
A and B, together with the nitrogen and carbon atoms to which they are respectively attached, form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring containing CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or a combination thereof; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof.
50. Use of a compound for effecting a neuronal activity in an animal, wherein the compound is of formula IIA

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
n is 1 or 2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, Ar1 is phenyl, benzyl, pyridyl, fluorenyl, thioindolyl or naphthyl wherein said Ar1 is unsubstituted or substi-tuted in one or more positions with halo, hydroxy, nitro, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof.
51. Use of a compound for effecting a neuronal activity in an animal, wherein the compound is of formula IIIA

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, and C are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
-C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, -C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, -C3-C8 cycloalkyl, -C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and -Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a com-bination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof.
52. Use of a compound for effecting a neuronal activity in an animal, wherein the compound is of formula IVA

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A, B, C, and D are independently CH2, O, S, SO, SO2, NH, or NR2; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of:
- C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, - C2-C9 straight or branched chain alkenyl, - C3-C8 cycloalkyl, - C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, and - Ar1, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkenyl is either unsubstituted or sub-stituted in one or more position(s) with C1-C4 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C4 straight or branched chain alkenyl, hydroxyl, or a combination thereof; and Ar1 is a mono-, bi-, or tricyclic, carbo- or heterocyclic ring, wherein the ring is either unsubstituted or substi-tuted in one to three position(s) with halo, hydroxyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, C1-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, C2-C6 straight or branched chain alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C2-C4 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, amino, or a combination thereof;
wherein the individual ring sizes are 5-6 members;
and wherein the heterocyclic ring contains 1-6 heteroatom(s) selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, and a combination thereof.
53. The use according to any one of claims 49 to 52, wherein the neuronal activity is selected from the group consisting of stimulation of damaged neurons, promotion of neuronal regeneration, prevention of neurodegeneration and treatment of neurological disorder.
54. The use according to claim 53, wherein the neuro-logical disorder is selected from the group consisting of peripheral neuropathy caused by physical injury or disease state, traumatic injury to the brain, physical damage to the spinal cord, stroke associated with brain damage, and neuro-logical disorder relating to neurodegeneration.
55. The use according to claim 53, wherein the neuro-logical disorder relating to neurodegeneration is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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