CA2264170A1 - High capacity wireless communication using spatial subchannels - Google Patents
High capacity wireless communication using spatial subchannels Download PDFInfo
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- CA2264170A1 CA2264170A1 CA002264170A CA2264170A CA2264170A1 CA 2264170 A1 CA2264170 A1 CA 2264170A1 CA 002264170 A CA002264170 A CA 002264170A CA 2264170 A CA2264170 A CA 2264170A CA 2264170 A1 CA2264170 A1 CA 2264170A1
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Abstract
In a system and method of digital wireless communication between a base station (B) and a subscriber unit (S), a spatial channel characterized by a channel matrix H couples an adaptive array of Mt antenna elements (1-Mt) at the base station (B) with an adaptive array Mr antenna elements (1-Mr) at the subscriber unit (S). The method comprises the step of determining from the channel matrix H a number L of independent spatio-temporal subchannels, and encoding a plurality of information signals into a sequence of transmitted signal vectors. The transmitted signal vectors have Mt complex valued components and are selected to transmit distinct signal information in parallel over the independent subchannels, thereby providing increased communication capacity between the base and the subscriber. The sequence of transmitted signal vectors is transmitted from the base station array (1-Mt), and a sequence of received signal vectors is received at the subscriber array (1-Mr) and are decoded to yield the original information signals. Specific spatio-temporal coding techniques are described that increase system performance.
Description
101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98/09381 PCT/US97/15363High Capacity Wireless Communication- Using Spatial SubchannelsRELATED APPLICATIONSThis application claims priority fronl U.S. provisionalapplications 60/025,227 and 60/025.228, both filed 08/29/96.Both applications are hereby incorporated by reference.â FIELD OF TI-E INVENTIONThiscommunication systems.invention relates generally to digital wirelessMore particularly, it relates to usingantenna arrays by both a base station and a subscriber tosignificantly increase the capacity of wireless communicationsystems.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONDue to the increasing demand for wireless communication, ithas become develop for morenecessary to techniquesefficiently using the allocated frequency bands, i.e.increasing the capacity to communicate information within alimited available bandwidth.used to enhance system performance by increasing the number ofThis increased capacity can beinformation channels, by increasing the channel informationrates and/or by increasing the channel reliability.FIG. 1 shows a conventional low capacity wirelesscommunication system. Information is transmitted from a base..,S9omnidirectional signals on one of several predeterminedstation B to subscribers S1,. by broadcastingfrequency channels. Similarly, the subscribers transmitinformation back to the base station by broadcasting similarsignals on one of the frequency channels. In this system,multiple users independently access the system through the101520253035W0 98/09381CA 02264170 1999-02-26PCT/US97/15363division of the frequency band into distinct subband frequencychannels. This technique is known as frequency divisionmultiple access (FDMA).A standard technique used by commercial wireless phone systemsto increasing capacity is to divide the service region intospatial cells, as shown in FIG. 2. Instead of using just onebase station to serve all users in the region, a collection ofbase stations B1,...,B7 are used to independently serviceseparate spatial cells. In such a cellular system, multipleusers can reuse the same frequency channel without interferingwith each other, provided they access the system fromdifferent spatial cells. The cellular concept, therefore, isa simple type of spatial division multiple access (SDMA).In the case of digital communication, additional techniquescan be used to increase capacity. A few well known examplesare time division multiple access (TDMA) and code divisionmultiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows several users to share asingle frequency channel by assigning their data to distincttime slots. CDMA is normally a spreadâspectrum technique thatdoes not limit individual signals to narrow frequency channelsbut spreads them throughout the frequency spectrum of theentire band. Signals sharing the band are distinguished.byassigning them different orthogonal digital code sequences.These techniques use digital coding to make more efficient useof the available spectrum.Wireless systems may also use combinations of the abovetechniques to increase capacity, e.g. FDMA/CDMA and TDMA/CDMA.Although these and other known techniques increase thecapacity of wireless communication systems, there is still aneed to further increase system performance. Recently,considerable attention has focused on ways to increasingcapacity by further exploiting the spatial domain.101520253035W0 98/09381CA 02264170 1999-02-26PCT/US97ll5363One well-known SDMA technique is to provide the base stationwith 5 set of independently controlled directional antennas,into eachthereby dividing the cell separate sectors,controlled by a separate antenna. As-a result, the frequencyreuse in the âsystem: can be increased and/or cochannelinterference can be reduced. Instead of independentlycontrolled directional antennas, this technique can also beimplemented with a coherently controlled antenna array, asshown in FIG. 3-relative phases of the signalsUsing a signal processor to control theapplied. to the antennaelements, predetermined beams can be formed in the directionsof the separate sectors. Similar signal processing can beused to selectively receive signals only from within thedistinct sectors.In an environment containing a significant number ofreflectors (such as buildings), a signal will often followmultiple paths. Because multipath reflections alter thesignal directions, the cell space experiences angular mixingand can. not be sharplyâ divided into distinct sectors.Multipath can therefore cause cochannel interference betweensectors, reducing the benefit of sectoring the cell. Inaddition, because the separate parts of such a multipathsignal can arrive with different phases that destructivelyinterfere, multipath can result in unpredictable signalfading.In order to avoid the above problems with multipath, moresophisticated SDMA techniques have been proposed. Forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,647 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,199,both to Gerlach et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,490 to Barrattet al. disclose wireless communication systems that increaseperformance byu'exploiting the spatial domain. In thedownlink, the base station determines the spatial channel ofeach subscriber and uses this channel information toadaptively control its antenna array to form customized beams,as shown in FIG. 4A. These beams transmit an information101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98/09381 PCT /US97/ 15363signal x over multiple paths so that the signal X arrives toThe beams can also beso thatIn the uplink, as shown inthe subscriber with maximum strength.selected to direct nulls to other subscriberscochannel interference is reduced.FIG. 4B, the base station uses the channel information tospatially filter the received signals so that the transmittedsignal xâ isreceived with maximum sensitivity anddistinguished from the signals transmitted by othersubscribers. In this approach the same information signalfollows several paths, providing increased spatial redundancy.In the uplink, there are well known signal processingtechniques for estimating the spatial channel from the signalsreceived at the base station antenna array, e.g. by using apriori spatial or temporal structures present in the signal,If the uplink and downlinkthen the spatial channel for theor by blind adaptive estimation.frequencies are the same,downlink is directly related to the spatial channel for theuplink, and the base can use the known uplink channelinformation to perform transmit beamforming in the downlink.Because the spatial channel is frequency dependent and theuplink and downlink frequencies are often different, the basedoes not always have sufficient information to derive thedownlink spatial channel information. One technique forobtaining downlink channel information is for the subscriberto periodically transmit test signals to the base on theAnothertechnique is for the base to transmit test signals and for thedownlink frequency rather than the uplink frequency.subscriber to feedback channel information to the base. Ifthe spatial channel is quickly changing due to the relativemovement of the base, the subscriber and/or reflectors in thethen the spatial channel must be updatedOne methodto reduce the required feedback rates is to track only theenvironment,frequently, placing a heavy demand on the system.subspace spanned by the timeâaveraged channel vector, ratherthan the instantaneous channel vector. Even with this101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26WO 98109381 PCT/US97/15363reduction, however, the required feedback rates are still alarge fraction of the signal information rate.Although these adaptive beamforming techniques requiresubstantial signal processing and/or large feedback rates todetermine the spatial channel in real time, these techniqueshave the advantage that they can navigate the complex spatialenvironment and avoid, to some extent, the problems introducedby multipath reflections. As a result, an increase inperformance is enjoyed by adaptive antenna array systems, duethatwhile the base station antenna array can make efficient use ofto their use of the spatial dimension. Note, however,the-spatial dimension by selectively directing the downlinksignal to the subscriber S, the uplink signal in these systemsTypically,equipped with only a single antenna that radiates signalis spatially inefficient. the subscriber isenergy 511 all directions, potentially causing cochannelinterference. These communication systems, therefore, do notmake optimal use of the spatial dimension to increasecapacity.OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTIONAccordingly, it is a primary object of the present inventionto provide a communication system that significantly increasesthe capacity and performance of wireless communication systemsAnotherto provide computationallyby taking maximum advantage of the spatial domain.object of the invention isefficient coding techniques that make optimal use of thespatial dimensions of the channel. These and other objectsand advantages will become apparent from the followingdescription and associated drawings._ SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThese objects and advantages are attained by a method ofdigital wireless communication that takes maximal advantage ofspatial channel dimensions between a base station and asubscriber unit to increase system capacity and performance.101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98/09381 PCTIUS97/15363Surprisingly, the techniques of the present invention providean increased information capacity in multipath environments.In contrast, known techniques suffer in the presence ofmultipath and do not exploit multipath to directly increasesystem capacityl In brief, the present invention teaches amethod of wireless communication using antenna arrays at boththe base and subscriber units to transmit distinct informationsignals over different spatial channels in parallel, therebymultiplying the capacity between the base and the subscriber.The present invention also teaches specific spatioâtemporalcoding techniques that make optimal use of these additionalspatial subchannels.Generally, the present invention provides a method of digitalwireless communication between a base station and a subscriberunit, where a spatial channel characterized by a channelmatrix H couples an array of MT antenna elements at the basestation with an array of MR antenna elements at the subscriberunit. The method comprises the step of determining from thechannel matrix H a number L of independent spatialsubchannels, and encoding a plurality of information signalssequence of transmittedinto a signal vectors. Thetransmitted signal vectors have MT complex valued componentsand are selected to distribute distinct signal informationover the independent spatial subchannels. The sequence oftransmitted signal vectors is transmitted from the array of MTantenna elements at the base station, and a sequence ofreceived signal vectors is received at the array of MR antennaelements at the subscriber unit. The received signal vectorshave MR complex valued components. These received signalvectors are decoded to yield the information signals.In another aspect, the invention provides a method thatcomprises computing from a set of K original informationsignals a spatioâtemporal coded signal in accordance with achannel matrix H. The channel matrix H represents the spatioâtemporal characteristics of the information link between a101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98l09381 PCTIUS97/15363base station array of MT antenna elements and a subscriberunit array of MR. antenna elements. Signal processingtechniques are used to decompose H into K parallel spatio-temporal subchannels that can independently carry informationAftertransmitting the spatioâtemporal coded signal over thesignals between the base and subscriber units.channel, it is decoded into a set of K received informationsignals that correspond to the K original information signals.In a preferred embodiment, the K parallel spatioâtemporalsubchannels are characterized by a set of K spatioâtemporaltransmission sequences that are derived from a decompositionof K into independent modes, and a set of K correspondingreceive sequences. For example, the I( spatioâtemporaltransmission sequences may be multiples of right singularVectors of H, and the receive sequences may be a matched setof K spatioâtemporal filter sequences that are left singularvectors of H.If L is the number of multipath components between the basestation and the subscriber unit, then the number K of parallelspatioâtemporal channels is not more than (N+v) X MR, not morethan N X My, and not more than N X L, where (N+v) is a maximumnumber of nonzero output samples transmitted for a block of Nsymbols.signals comprise K blocks of N symbols, and the channel matrixH comprises My X MR blocks of N X (N+v) channel matrices Hij.In a preferred embodiment, the original informationIn some applications of the present invention, the channelstate information (CSI) may not be completely known, or may beexpensive to compute. Accordingly, the present invention alsoprovides a method for facilitating the efficient computationof the K received information signals from the transmittedspatioâtemporal coded signal by adding cyclic prefixes to thecoded signal prior to transmission.101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26WO 98109381 PCT/US97/15363. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURESFIG. l'shows a low capacity wireless communication system wellknown in the prior art. 0FIG. 2 illustrates a known technique of spatially dividing aservice region into cells in order to increase systemcapacity.FIG. 3 illustrates the use of beamforming with an antennaarray to divide a cell into angular sectors, as is knownin the art.FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate stateâof-theâart techniques usingadaptive antenna arrays for downlink and uplinkbeamforming, respectively.FIGS: 5A and SB show the parallel transmission of distinctinformation signals using spatial subchannels in downlinkand uplink, respectively, as taught by the presentinvention.FIGS. 6A and 6B are physical and schematic representations,respectively, of a communication channel for a systemwith multiple transmitting antennas and multiplereceiving antennas, according to the present invention.FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the system architecture forcommunicating information over a multipleâinputâmultipleâspatial channel according to theoutput presentinvention.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONAlthough the following detailed description contains manyspecifics for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinaryskill in the art will appreciate that many variations andalterations to the following details are within the scope ofthe invention. Accordingly, the following preferredembodiment of the invention is set forth without any loss ofgenerality to, and without imposing limitations upon, theclaimed invention.As discussed above in relation to FIGS. 4A and 4B, prior artwireless systems employing an adaptive antenna array at the101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98I0938l PCT/U S97] 15363base station are multipleâinputâsingleâoutput (MISO) systems,i.e. the channel from the base to the subscriber ischaracterized by multiple inputs at the transmitting antennaarray and a single output at the receiving subscriber antenna.Because these MlSO systems can exploit some of the spatialchannel, they have an increased capacity as compared tosingleâinputâsingleâoutput (SISO) systems that are discussedIt should be noted thatalthough the MISO.systems disclosed in the prior art provideabove in relation to FIGS. 1 and 2.an increase in overall system capacity by spatially isolatingseparate subscribers from each other, these systems do notprovide an increase in the capacity of information transmittedfrom-the base to a single subscriber, or vice versa. As shownin FIGS. 4A and 4B, only one information signal is transmittedbetween the base and subscriber in both downlink and uplink ofa MISO system. Even in the case where the subscriber isprovided with an antenna array, the prior art suggests onlythat this reduce cochannelcapability would furtherinterference. Although the overall system capacity could beincreased, this would not increase the capacity between thebase and a single subscriber.The present invention, in contrast, is a multipleâinputâmultipleâoutput (MIMO) wireless communication system that isdistinguished by the fact that it increases the capacity ofboth uplink and downlink transmissions between a base and asubscriber through a novel use of additional spatial channeldimensions. The present_inventors have recognized thepossibility of exploiting multiple parallel spatialsubchannels between a base station and a subscriber, therebymaking use of additional spatial dimensions to increase thethistechnique provides an increased information capacity andcapacity (mt wireless communication. Surprisingly,performance in multipath environments, a result that is instriking contrast with conventional wisdom.101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98/09381 PCT/US97/15363FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a MIMO wireless communicationsystemfaccording to the present invention. As shown in FIG.5A, a base station B uses adaptive antenna arrays and spatialprocessing to transmit distinct downlink signals x1, x2, X3through separate spatial subchannels to a subscriber unit Swhich uses an adaptive array and spatial processing to receivethe separate signals. In a similar manner, the subscriber Suses an adaptive array to transmit distinct uplink signalsx'1, x'2, x'3 to the base B over the same spatial subchannels.As the multipath in the environment increases, the channelacquires a richer spatial structure that allows moresubchannels to be used for increased capacity.It is important to note that the simple assignment of thedistinct signals to the distinct spatial paths in a oneâto-onecorrespondence, as illustrated above, is only one possible wayto exploit the additional capacity provided by the spatialsubchannel structure. For example, coding techniques can beused to mix the signal information among the various paths.In addition, the present inventors have developed techniquesfor coupling these additional spatial dimensions to availabletemporal and/or frequency dimensions prior to transmission.Although such coupled spatioâtemporal coding techniques aremore subtle than direct spatial coding alone, they providebetter system performance, as will be described in detailbelow.In order to facilitate an understanding of the presentinvention and enable those skilled in the art to practice it,the following description includes a teaching of the generalprinciples of the invention, as well asdetails.implementationFirst we develop a compact model for understandingfrequency dispersive, spatially selective wireless MIMOchannels. We then discuss their theoretical informationcapacity limits, and propose spatioâtemporal coding structuresthat asymptotically achieve theoretical channel capacity. Inparticular, a spatioâtemporal vector coding (STVC) structure10101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98l0938l PCT/US97/15363for burst transmission is disclosed, as well as a nmrediscrete matrix multitoneBoth STVC and DMMTare shown to achieve the theoretical channel capacity as thepractical, reduced complexity.(DMMT) spaceâfrequency coding structure.burst duration increases.In its preferred implementations, the present invention makesuse of many techniques and devices well known in the art ofadaptive antenna arrays systems and associated. digitalbeamforming signal processing. These techniques and devicesare described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,647 and U.S.Pat. No. 5,634,199, both to Gerlach et al., and U.S. Pat. No.5,592,490 to Barratt et al., which are all incorporated hereinby reference. In addition, a comprehensive treatment of thepresent state of the art is given by John Livita and TitusBeamforming in WirelessKwokâYeung L0 in DigitalCommunications (Artech House Publishers, 1996). Accordingly,the following detailed description focuses upon the specificsignal processing techniques which are required to enablethose skilled in the art to practice the present invention.Consider a communication channel for a systenx with. MTtransmitting antennas at a base B and MR receiving antennas atas illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B. Thechannel input at a sample time k can be represented by an MTa subscriber S,dimensional column vectorz(k) = [Z1(k),..-,ZMT(k)]T,and the channel output and noise for sample k can berepresented, respectively, by MR dimensional column vectorsx(k) = [X1(k),..-.XMR(k)]T,andn(k) = [n1(k),---:nMR(k)]T-11-.101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26WO 98/09381 PCT/US97I1S363The communication over the channel H may then be expressed asa vector equationx(k) = H2(k) + n(k).where the MIMO channel matrix ishill . . . h1,MT1-1 = : : ,(hMR,1 . . hMR,M.I;JEach matrix element hij represents the SISO channel betweenthe ith receiver antenna and the jth transmitter antenna. Dueto the multipath structure of the spatial channel, orthogonalspatial subchannels can be determined by calculating theindependent modes (e.g. eigenvectors) of the channel matrix H.These spatial subchannels can then be used to transmitindependent signals and increase the capacity of thecommunication link between the base B and the subscriber S.Because the multipath introduces time delays, however, aspatial decomposition alone will result in temporal mixing ofthe signals. It is more appropriate, therefore, to perform amore general spatioâtemporal analysis of the channel.Let {zj(n)} be a digital symbol sequence to be transmittedfrom the jth antenna element, g(t) a pulse shaping functionimpulse response, and T the symbol period. Then the signalapplied to the jth antenna element at time t is given bySj (t) = 2 Zj(1'1)g('C"I'1T)nThe pulse shaping function is typically the convolution of twoseparate filters, one at the transmitter and one at thereceiver. The optimum receiver filter is a matched filter. Inpractice, the pulse shape is windowed resulting in a finiteduration impulse response. We assume synchronous complexbaseband sampling with symbol period T. We define no and (v+l)12101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26WO 98/09381 PCT/US97/15363to be the maximum lag and length over all paths I for thewindowed pulse function sequences {g(nT-I 1)}. To simplifynotation, it is assumed that no = O, and the discreteâtimenotation g(nT-1; ) = gz(n) is adopted.When a block of N data symbols are transmitted, N+v nonâzerooutput samples result beginning at time sample k~N+l andending with sample k+v. The composite channel output can nowbe written as an MRN(N+v) dimensional column vector with alltime samples for a given receive antenna appearing in order sothatx(k)_= [x1(k~N+l),...,x1(k+v),...,xMR(k-N+1),...,xMR(k+v)]T,with an identical stacking for the output noise samples n(k).Similarly, the channel input is an MTNN dimensional columnvector written asz(k) = [z1(kâN+l),. .,z1(k),. .,zMT(k-N+l),. .,zMT(k)]T,The spatioâtemporal communication over the channel H may thenbe expressed as a vector equationx(k) = Hz(k) + n(k),where the MIMO channel matrix111,1 ---HLMTH = 2 :HMR,l - - HMR,MTis composed of SISO sub-blocks Hijwith each subâblockpossessing the well known Toeplitz form.We will now discuss the information capacity for the spatio-temporal channel developed above. The following analysisassumes that the noise n(k) is additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN) with covariance 621. Each channel use consists of an N13101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98/0938! PCT/U S97] 15363symbol burst transmission and the total average power radiatedfrom all antennas and all time samples is constrained to lessthan a constant}Write the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the channelmatrix as H=VHAHU§, with the jth singular value denoted Aï¬lj.Write the spatioâtemporal covariance matrix for z(k) as R2with eigenvalue decomposition Rz=VzAzU§, and eigenvalues lz,j.It can be demonstrated that the information capacity for thediscreteâtime spatioâtemporal communication channel definedabove is given by0-2NNMT A Xâ 2C = 2 log [l+ 2. n H n J,n=1where lz,n is given by the spatioâtemporal waterâfillingsolution. Motivated by this result, the inventors devised thefollowing temporal vector coding technique. By appropriatelyselecting up to Nxkh spatioâtemporal transmission vectors thatare multiples of the right singular vectors of H, andreceiving with up to NNMT matched spatioâtemporal filtervectors that are the left singular vectors of H, up to NNMTparallel spatioâtemporal subchannels are constructed forcommunicating information over the channel. Mathematically,this STVC channel is derived as follows. SubstitutingH=vgAHU§ into the original equation x(k)=Hz(k)+n(k) for thechannel gives::(k) = vHAHU§z(k) + n(k),Left multiplication by Vï¬ yieldsv;;x(k) = AHU;§z(k) + vf.§n(k),which yields the STVC channel when rewritten as14101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98/0938] PCTlUS97I15363§:(k). ="1\H§(k) + ï¬(k),where 2(k)=u§z(k), §:(k)=v§x(k) and ï¬<k>.=v;§n<k>.By analyzing the ranks of the above matrices, it can bedemonstrated that the maximum number of finite amplitudeparallel spatio-temporal channel dimensions, K, that can becreated to communicate over the far field channel definedabove is equal to min { NNL, (N+v)RNm, NNM }, where L is theThus,advantage in farâfield MIMO channels. If the multipath islarge (L 1),antennas to both sides of the radio link. This capacitynumber of nmltipath components. multipath is anthe capacity can be multiplied by addingimprovement occurs with no penalty in average radiated poweror frequency bandwidth because the number of parallel channeldimensions is increased. In practice, an adaptive antennaarray base station, such as that described by Barratt et al.,is modified to implement the above vector coding scheme. Inparticular, a signal processor is designed to perform aspatio-temporal transform of information signals in accordancewith the above equations so that they may be transmittedthrough the independent parallel subchannels and decoded bythe subscriber.The spaceâtime vector coding solution described above requiresa computation of the singular value decomposition of an(N+v)RMR>< NNMp matrix. âSince this computation can becomplex, the present inventors have developed an optimalspace-time communication structure that requires lesscomputational complexity to implement. In particular,complexity can be reduced by using a coding structure similar(DMT) DMT is inwidespread use for wired SISO channels. DMT has also beenapplied to wired MISO channels, as described in U.S. Pat. No.to the discreteymultiâtone standard.5,625,651 which is hereby incorporated by reference. Thepresent inventors have generalized DMT to the MIMO case and151015202530CA 02264170 1999-02-26WO 98/09381 PCT/US97/15363adapted it to wireless channels to obtain a novel space-frequency coding structure that results in a matrix oftransmission and reception vector solutions for each discreteFourier transform (DFT) frequency index. Because this newMIMOit is called discretebeen generalized to channelscoding scheme âhascharacterized by a channel matrix,matrix multiâtone (DMMT).In DMMT, N data symbols are again transmitted during eachchannel usage. However, a cyclic prefix is added to the dataso that the last v data symbols are transmitted from eachantenna element prior to transmitting the full block of Nsymbols. By receiving only N time samples at the output ofeach antenna element, ignoring the first and last V outputsamples, the MIMO channel submatrices ï¬ij now appear as cyclicstructures:h(v) 22(0) 0 o o 00 h(v) 12(0) 0 o oï¬iij = 0 0 0o o 0 o h(v) mo)h(vâl) mo) 0 o o o h(v)Given the cyclic SISO channel blocks, the channel matrix canbe diagonalized with a relatively simple three step procedure.First post multiply H with the Nxmb x Nxnb block diagonalinverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) matrix F*(MT) whereeach diagonal block is the unitary N X N IDFT matrix F*. Thenext step is to premultiply H by a similar Nxvh X Nxkh blockdiagonal DFT matrix F(MR) where the diagonal submatrices F areIQ X N DFT matrices. With the well known result that thediscrete Fourier transform basis vectors form the orthonormalsingular vectors of the cyclic matrices Hij, the new channel16._l O15202530CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98/09381 PCT/US97/ 15363matrix resulting from the IDFT post multiplication and the DFTpremultviplication isA I_";[,1...I"1,M,I.]§'(MR)HF*(MT) = ' :1-âMR-,1 - . rMR,MTwhere Filj is the diagonal matrix containing the singularValues 'Yj_lj,n of the cyclic channel submatrix Iâ-âI13-.Premultiplication and postmultiplication by a permutationmatrix P yields the block diagonal matrix1>F<MR>Hr*<MT>1> = N.0 BNwhereY1,1,n - - - 'Y1,MT.nEn : ' IYMR,1,n - - YMR,MT,nis the MR X MT space-frequency channel evaluated at DFT index11. Given the SVD of Bn=VB,nAB,nU§,n, the diagonal DMMT channelmatrix I?! is finally obtained by post multiplying by UIQMT) andpremultiplying by V; (MR) to obtainA A§,l 0Ag = v;âMRâ1=F<MR>HF*(MT>PUgMTâ = [ 0 R.AA JH,N(MT)where U3 is block diagonal containing the right singularmatrices of the_'Bn matrices, VEWR) is block diagonalcontaining the left singular matrices of the 13,, matrices, andeach of the diagonal submatrices Aï¬ln contains the DMMTspatial subâchannel amplitudes, 7\.f.},n,j for DFT bin n. Theparallel channel DMMT equation is then17101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26WO 98/09381 PCTIUS97ll5363,*.(_kj ="Aï¬Â§(k) + ï¬(k),where z(k) is the dimension Nknb input symbol vector, §(k) isand ï¬(k) is thedimension NNNk equivalent output noise vector after the DFTthe dimension Nxuh output symbol vector,and spatial orthogonalization operations are performed. Ablock diagram architecture that implements this DMT space-frequency channel decomposition is presented in FIG. 7. Theleft portion of the diagram corresponds to the application ofthe operators F*(MTâPUgââ on the signal §(k). Theseoperations are performed. byâ a signal processor at thetransmitter. The right portion of the diagram corresponds tothe application of the operators V;(MR)PF(MR) on the receivedsignals to recover a received information signal §(k). Theseoperations are performed. byâ a signal processor at thereceiver. The central matrix H corresponds to the spatialchannel itself. By construction, the signal processingoperations result jJ1 a direct relationship between thereceived and transmitted information signals, as indicated bythe fact that the matrix Aï¬ in the parallel channel DMMTequation is diagonal.This coding scheme significantly reduces the signal processingcomplexity required at the transmitter and. receiver todiagonalize all spaceâtime subchannels for each data block.In particular, this asymptotically optimal space-frequencyMIMO DMMT information transmission technique has a complexityadvantage of approximately N2 as compared to the vector codingcase. Moreover, since all of the matrix operations involved increating the diagonal DMMT channel are invertible, thecapacity of the DMMT channel is unchanged from that of theoriginal cyclic subâblock matrix Q. Thus, compared to STVC,the only capacity decrease for the DMMT spaceâtime codingsolution is due to the radiated power penalty required totransmit the cyclic prefix. This capacity penalty, however,18101520253035CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98l09381 PCTIUS97/15363Thus, this new communicationsstructure offers the advantage of very large increases inbecomes small for large N.capacity without penalty in total average transmitted power orbandwidth.In order to perform transmit beamforming, the base stationsignal processor computes spatioâtemporal downlink subchannelinformation from downlink channel information fed back fromthe subscriber. .The downlink signal information is thenencoded in accordance with this computed downlink subchannelinformation. Similarly, the subscriber performs the samefunctions for the uplink channel using information fed backfromâthe base. Because the present invention providestechniques for efficient channel estimation and increasedchannel capacity, the base and subscriber can both quicklyestimate the channel and exchange channel information over theincreased capacity channels, possibly at a rate slower thanboth the base andsubscriber can maintain a high degree of spatial resolution inthat of information data. As a result,transmit beamforming, thereby significantly reducing cochannelinterference from other base stations or subscribers. As aresult of this high degree of spatial discrimination in bothtransmission and reception, many more base stations andsubscribers can share the same region of space while using thesame frequency channel. Consequently; in addition toincreasing the capacity of the channel between any two arrays,the present invention also increases system wide capacity bysignificantly reducing cochannel interference.The teaching contained in this description can easily beextended to channels where the noise is not white but ishighly structured as in the case of additive coâchannelinterference. In_this case, large gains in cellular networkcapacity result from the ability to null interference at thereceiver and the ability to constrain radiated interferencepower at the transmitter. These spatial coding techniques canalso be applied to single frequency subchannel systems with191015CA 02264170 1999-02-26W0 98/09381 PCTIUS97/15363flat fading, conventional analog multicarrier transmissionchannels, or CDMA channels where each code delay can bedecomposed into orthogonal subchannels provided that there issub-chip multipath. The concepts of the present invention canalso be applied to a more general class of channels where theantenna array is distributed over large distances and thepropagation does not follow far field behavior. Finally, othercommunication media such as wireâline, acoustic media, andoptical media will experience the same basic communicationsystem benefits when spatioâtemporal MIMO channel structuresThus,art that the above embodiment may be altered in many waystheare employed. it will be clear to one skilled in thewithout departing from the scope of invention.Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determinedby the following claims and their legal equivalents.20
Claims (12)
1. A method of digital wireless communication between a base station and a subscriber unit, the method comprising:
determining from channel information a number L of independent spatial subchannels, wherein the channel information comprises spatial information relating to a spatial channel coupling an array of M T antenna elements at the base station with an array of M R antenna elements at the subscriber unit;
encoding a plurality of information signals into a sequence of transmitted signal vectors, wherein the transmitted signal vectors have M T complex valued components and are selected to send distinct information signal over the independent spatial subchannels;
transmitting the sequence of transmitted signal vectors from the array of M T antenna elements at the base station;
receiving a sequence of received signal vectors at the array of M R antenna elements at the subscriber unit, wherein the received signal vectors have M R complex valued components; and decoding the received signal vectors to recover the information signals.
determining from channel information a number L of independent spatial subchannels, wherein the channel information comprises spatial information relating to a spatial channel coupling an array of M T antenna elements at the base station with an array of M R antenna elements at the subscriber unit;
encoding a plurality of information signals into a sequence of transmitted signal vectors, wherein the transmitted signal vectors have M T complex valued components and are selected to send distinct information signal over the independent spatial subchannels;
transmitting the sequence of transmitted signal vectors from the array of M T antenna elements at the base station;
receiving a sequence of received signal vectors at the array of M R antenna elements at the subscriber unit, wherein the received signal vectors have M R complex valued components; and decoding the received signal vectors to recover the information signals.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising transmitting the channel information from the subscriber to the base.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the channel information comprises a spatio-temporal channel matrix.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the number L of independent spatial subchannels is equal to the number of multiple signal paths between the base and the subscriber.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the encoding step comprises scaling the information signals by complex numbers, permuting the scaled information signals and inverse Fourier transforming the permuted scaled information signals, and wherein the decoding step comprises Fourier transforming the received signals, permuting the Fourier transformed received signals, and scaling the permuted Fourier transformed received signals.
6. A method of digital wireless communication between a base station and a subscriber unit, the method comprising:
computing from a set of K original information signals a spatio-temporal coded signal in accordance with a channel matrix H having K parallel spatio-temporal subchannels;
transmitting the spatio-temporal coded signal from a base station array of M T antenna elements through a channel corresponding to the channel matrix H to a subscriber unit array of M R antenna elements; and computing from the transmitted spatio-temporal coded signal a set of K received information signals.
computing from a set of K original information signals a spatio-temporal coded signal in accordance with a channel matrix H having K parallel spatio-temporal subchannels;
transmitting the spatio-temporal coded signal from a base station array of M T antenna elements through a channel corresponding to the channel matrix H to a subscriber unit array of M R antenna elements; and computing from the transmitted spatio-temporal coded signal a set of K received information signals.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein K is not more than (N+v) x M R, not more than N x M T, and not more than N x L, where L is a maximum number of multipath components between the base station and the subscriber unit, and where (N+v) is a maximum number of nonzero output samples transmitted for a block of N symbols.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the original information signals comprise K blocks of N symbols, and the channel matrix H comprises M T x M R blocks of N x (N+v) channel matrices H ij, where (N+v) is a maximum number of nonzero output samples transmitted for a block of N symbols.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein cyclic prefixes are added to the coded signal prior to the transmitting step, thereby facilitating the efficient computation of the K
received information signals from the transmitted spatio-temporal coded signal.
received information signals from the transmitted spatio-temporal coded signal.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the K parallel spatio-temporal subchannels are characterized by a set of K
spatio-temporal transmission sequences that are derived from a decomposition of H into independent modes.
spatio-temporal transmission sequences that are derived from a decomposition of H into independent modes.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein the K parallel spatio-temporal subchannels are characterized by a set of K
spatio-temporal transmission sequences that are multiples of right singular vectors of H, and matched set of K
spatio-temporal filter sequences that are left singular vectors of H.
spatio-temporal transmission sequences that are multiples of right singular vectors of H, and matched set of K
spatio-temporal filter sequences that are left singular vectors of H.
12. A digital wireless communication system comprising:
a base station comprising a base station antenna array and a base station signal processor coupled to the base station antenna array;
a subscriber unit comprising a subscriber antenna array coupled through a wireless channel to the base station antenna array and a subscriber signal processor coupled to the subscriber antenna array;
wherein the base station signal processor computes spatio-temporal downlink subchannel information from downlink channel information received from the subscriber, and encodes downlink signal information in accordance with the computed downlink subchannel information; and wherein the subscriber signal processor computes spatio-temporal uplink subchannel information from uplink channel information received from the base station, and encodes uplink signal information in accordance with the computed uplink subchannel information.
a base station comprising a base station antenna array and a base station signal processor coupled to the base station antenna array;
a subscriber unit comprising a subscriber antenna array coupled through a wireless channel to the base station antenna array and a subscriber signal processor coupled to the subscriber antenna array;
wherein the base station signal processor computes spatio-temporal downlink subchannel information from downlink channel information received from the subscriber, and encodes downlink signal information in accordance with the computed downlink subchannel information; and wherein the subscriber signal processor computes spatio-temporal uplink subchannel information from uplink channel information received from the base station, and encodes uplink signal information in accordance with the computed uplink subchannel information.
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