CA2276024A1 - Braided structure with elastic bias strands - Google Patents

Abstract

A triaxial braided sleeve (10) in which the axial strands (22) are reinforcing and the bias strands (4 and 8) are elastic. Due to the elastic bias strands (4 and 8), the sleeve (10) can be used as the reinforcement in a fiber-reinforced plastic part having a tapered, curved, or other irregular shape.

Description

1 BRAIDED STRUCTURE WITEi ELASTIC BIAS STRANDS

3 This application is a continuation-in-part of (1) 4 United States Patent Application Serial No. 08/759,255, filed December 2, 1996 and (2) United States Patent 6 Application Serial No. 08/759,732, filed December 6, 1996.
7 This application claims the benefit of United States 8 Provisional Patent Application Serial No. GO/032,230, filed 9 December 2, 1996.

13 This invention relates generally to braided structures 14 and more particularly to braided structures having elastic bias strands or filaments.

19 It is known to use braided sleeving to form rigid tubular parts such as fiber-reinforced plastic parts. The 21 braided sleeving is typically impregnated with a resin and 22 placed in or over a mold or mandrel or core and subjected 23 to heat and pressure to form or cure the resin and form the 24 tubular part. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,409,651 and 4,774,043, the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
2G Biaxial and triaxial braided sleeving is known.
27 Triaxial braided sleeving is preferable to biaxial braided 28 sleeving in many situations because triaxial sleeving 29 generally produces a finished part which has superior mechanical properties, principally strength and stiffness.
31 A problem with triaxial braided sleeving is that it 32 has little stretchability 1) longitudinally and 2) 33 transversely to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve. On 34 the other hand, biaxial braided sleeving is generally stretchable both longitudinally and transversely 1 (radially). If expanded longitudinally, a biaxial braid 2 will contract radially; if expanded radially, it will 3 contract longitudinally. This permits biaxial braided 4 sleeving to be utilized to form tubular parts having varying cross-sections, i.e. alternatively smaller and 6 larger cross-sections or diameters.
7 There is a need for a triaxial braided sleeving which 8 has the ability to conform to a tubular shape having 9 varying cross-sections. There is also a need for a fiber-reinforced plastic part made from such sleeving.

14 A triaxial braided sleeve is provided, comprising first bias strands extending in a first helical direction, 16 second bias strands extending in a second helical direction 17 different from said first helical direction, and axial 18 reinforcement strands, said first bias strands, second bias 19 strands and axial reinforcement strands being braided together to form a triaxial braided sleeve, all of the bias 21 strands of the sleeve being elastic strands. A method of 22 malting the triaxial braided sleeve is also provided, along 23 with fiber-reinforced plastic parts made utilizing the 24 invented triaxial braided sleeve.

28 Fig. 1A is a schematic view of a portion of a prior 29 art bi-axial braided sleeve.
Fig. 1B is a schematic view of a portion of a prior 31 art triaxial braided sleeve.
32 Fig. 1 is a side schematic view of a portion of a 33 triaxial braided sleeve in accordance with the present 34 invention, with a portion shown in more detail.
Fig. 2 is a side elevational view of a mandrel in the 1 shape of an article of manufacture to be formed, for 2 example a rifle scope.
3 Fig. 3A is a fragmentary side view of the sleeve of 4 Fig. 1 being placed over the mandrel of Fig. 2.
Fig. 3B is a side elevational view of the sleeve of 6 Fig. 1 placed over the mandrel of Fig. 2.
7 Fig. 4 is a side elevational view of the finished part 8 manufactured according to the process of the present 9 invention.
Fig. 5 is a plan view of a portion of a triaxial 11 braided sleeve in accordance with tl~e present invention.
12 Fig. G is a side elevational view of a utility pole.

14 PREFERRED T'MBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
1G As used in the specification and claims herein, the 17 term "strand" includes a single fiber or filament or thread 18 as well as a bundle of fibers or filaments or threads.
19 Each of the following, whether twisted or untwisted, is a strand: a fiber, a filament, a yarn, a tow, and a thread.
21 As used in the claims herein, "elastic" means capable of 22 being stretched repeatedly at room temperature to at least 23 about 1.4 times its original length and which, after 24 removal of the tensile force, will immediately return to approximately its original length. "At least 1.4 times its 2G original length" means if the original length is 1 inch, it 27 can be stretched to a total length of at least 1.4 inches, 28 and after release it will return to approximately 1 inch.
29 With reference to Fig. 1A, there is shown a portion of a known biaxial braided sleeve which is tubular. It is 31 formed of strands which are braided together. As known in 32 the art, a biaxial braided sleeve has two sets of helical 33 bias strands 7.4, 18. All of. a plurality of first bias 34 strands 14 extend in one direction 13 parallel to one another at an angle alpha to the longitudinal axis 1G of 1 the sleeve. Angle alpha is the braid angle of the bias 2 strands 14; the braid angle is the acute angle measured 3 from the longitudinal braid axis to the bias strand. All 4 of a plurality of second bias strands 18 extend in a second direction 15 parallel to one another at an angle beta to 6 the longitudinal axis 16. Normally the angles alpha and 7 beta are the same and in that case either one can be used 8 to describe the braid angle.
9 Diamond braid is a known braid style, in which the bias strands are braided in an over one, under one 11 configuration. In a style known as xegular braid, the bias 12 strands are braided in an over two, under two 13 configuration. Regular braid and diamond braid are the 14 most common braiding styles and are well-known in the art.
Less common are the hercules braid (over three, under 16 three) and various satin braids. Any of these braiding 17 styles can be used in Fig. 1A.
18 Fig. 1B illustrates a portion of a known triaxial 19 braided sleeve. A triaxial braid has bias strands identical to the bias strands 14, 18 in Fig. 1A, which can 21 be diamond braided, regular braided, etc. The triaxial 22 braid in addition has a plurality of axial strands 20 23 extending parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sleeve.
24 Axial strands are sometimes referred to as warps or unidirectionals or laid-in strands or tows or yarns. The 26 axial strands are interwoven with the bias strands, with 27 the bias strands passing over and under the axial strands 28 as is known in the art. The number of axial strands can be 29 varied, and preferably they are spaced equidistantly or regularly or uniformly around the perimeter of the sleeve, 31 as is shown in Fig. 1B. Uniform spacing provides for 32 uniform strength across the braid fabric.
33 With reference to Fig. 1, there is shown a triaxial 34 braided sleeve 10 according to the present invention. A
portion 12 of sleeve 10 is shown in greater detail. Sleeve 1 10 has a series of elastic bias strands 4 extending in one 2 helical direction, a second series of elastic bias strands 3 8 extending in the other helical direction, and a plurality 4 of axial strands 22 extending parallel to the longitudinal 5 axis of the sleeve. Fig. 1 shows some bias strands 4, 8 as G double strands; preferably each bias strand is a single 7 thread. In the present invention a triaxial braided 8 sleeving or sleeve is provided in which all of the bias 9 strands are elastic and preferably all of the axial strands are structural or reinforcing such as reinforcing tows; the 11 axial strands are present to provide..strength and stiffness 12 and they are inelastic or nonelastic or essentially 13 inelastic or non-stretchable and are preferably non-heat-14 shrinkable.
In the present invention it is preferable to maximize 1G the amount or percentage of braid fabric or fiber material 17 or strand material in the axial direction and minimize the 18 amount or percentage of braid fabric or strand material in 19 the bias direction, because the purpose of the bias strands is only to hold or maintain the axial strands in position 21 and be elastic; the bias strands are not there to provide 22 appreciable strength or stiffness. As long as sufficient 23 bias strands are present to perform their function, 24 additional bias strands would be wasteful. Therefore it is preferable to minimize the number of bias strands and 26 minimize the weight and thickness of each bias strand. It 27 is desired to maximize the percentage of axial strand 28 material, which provides the strength and stiffness of the 29 braid.
With reference to Fig. 5, there is shown a portion 40 31 of a triaxial braided sleeve of the present invention, 32 having first bias strands 42 extending in a first helical 33 direction, second bias strands 44 extending in a second 34 helical direction, and axial reinforcement strands or tows 4G (such as 12IC carbon) extending parallel to the G
1 longitudinal axis of the sleeve.
2 The axial strands or reinforcement strands are 3 preferably fiberglass, carbon or aramid (Kevlar), less 4 preferably ceramic, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (such as Spectra brand), other synthetics such as acrylic, 6 nylon, rayon, polypropylene, polyamide, and polyester, 7 natural fibers such as cotton, PTFE, metals., thermoplastic 8 yarn, and mixtures or hybrids thereof, such as 9 fiberglass/carbon. The fiberglass strands or tows are preferably E-glass (texturized or non-texturized) or S-11 glass (such as S-2 glass), as known..in,the art, preferably 12 37 to 1800 yield, more preferably 450 to 1200 yield, 13 commonly 112, 450, 827, 1200 and 1800 yield. These are 14 known in the art and are available from Owens Corning Fiberglass and PPG, such as PPG's 2002-827 Hybon and Owens 16 Corning's Product No. 111A 275. The carbon strands or tows 17 are preferably 3IC, GIC, 12IC and 48IC, both commercial grade 18 and aerospace grade, available from I~lexcel, Toho, Toray, 29 Amoco, and Grafil, including AS4 carbon and Hexcel Product No. IM7-GP12K. The aramid strands or tows are preferably 21 Kevlar brand from DuPont, Kevlar 29 and Kevlar 49, 22 preferably 200 to 1500 denier, such as 200, 380, 1140, 23 1420, and 1500 denier. These strands can have sizing, such 24 as Nos. 964 or 9G5 as known in the art. These structural or reinforcement strands typically have 1-Go strain to 26 failure (ASTM D2101) , meaning they will stretch 1-6% and 27 then break; as can be seen they are essentially inelastic.
28 With reference to Fig. 5, the axial strands 4G are 29 preferably all the same, less preferably they can vary, such as every fifth one or every other one being carbon and 31 the rest fiberglass, or the strands on one side of the 32 sleeve being heavy fiberglass and the strands on the other 33 side of the sleeve being lighter fiberglass.
34 The elastic bias strands are preferably elastic threads or elastic yarns as known in the art. An elastic WO 98/2461b PCT/IJS97/21800 1 thread typically has a core of an elastomer such as natural 2 or synthetic rubber or similar elastomer or spandex and may 3 or may not have a cover or serving of natural or synthetic 4 fibers or fabric, typically cotton, nylon or polyester. If the elastic thread is uncovered, it preferably will stretch G at least 200, 400, 500, 600 or 7000; it preferably will 7 have 100-800%, more preferably 400-800%, maximum stretch or 8 elongation at break. If a one inch thread has 7000 maximum 9 stretch, that means it will stretch at room temperature to eight inches and then break or fail; since it is elastic it 11 will return to approximately one inch length if released 12 before breakage. If the elastomer or rubber or spandex 13 core is covered, the elastic thread preferably has at least 14 70, 100, 200, or 3000, or about 100-150%, 100-200%, or 100-400%, maximum stretch or elongation at break; if a one inch 1G thread has 130% maximum stretch, that means that it will 17 stretch to a maximum of 2.3 inches before failing or 18 tearing the cover. The cover acts to control or limit the 19 stretch (which may make braiding easier), imparts additional tensile strength, and frequently makes the 21 thread slipperier; covered thread is preferred where these 22 characteristics are useful.
23 The elastic thread has a maximum stretch of at least 24 40%, more preferably at least 750, more preferably at least about 900, more preferably at least 100%, typically at 2G least 100, 200, or 300b, or about 100-200, 100-400, or 100-27 800, o maximum stretch. The elastic thread preferably has 28 a weight of 250 to 6000, more preferably 700-4400, yds/lb.
29 Suitable elastic threads for use in the present invention include No. SL144 (rubber core with nylon cover, 785 31 yds/lb., having 130% max. stretch), uncovered Lycra brand 32 spandex having 7000 max. stretch, 5G0-G50 denier, and No.
33 135A9J (Lycra brand spandex core with polyester cover, 4200 34 yds/lb., having 1200 max. stretch), available from Supreme Corp., Hickory, N.C.

1 The present invention is made on conventional braiding 2 machines or braiders having 8 to 800 or more carriers, 3 typically having 80 to 400 or 500 or G00 carriers, for 4 example 144 or 208 carriers, although braiders with 1G to 80 carriers are useful for smaller sleeves such as for a 6 golf club shaft. A conventional 144 carrier braider has 72 7 axial positions. As known in the art, a conventional 8 braider has one axial position for every two carriers. In 9 producing the invented braid preferably all of the axial positions on the braider are used, in order to maximize the 11 percentage of the braid fabric in .the axial position or 12 direction. Less preferably, less than all the axial 13 positions are utilized.
14 When a conventional 144 carrier braider is run utilizing all 144 carriers and all 72 axial positions, a 16 regular braid is produced having 72 bias strands extending 17 in one bias direction, 72 bias strands extending in the 18 other bias direction, and 72 axial strands running 19 longitudinally. When that 144 carrier braider is run utilizing only 72 of the carriers (3G in one bias direction 21 and 3G in the other bias direction), a diamond braid is 22 produced. When that 144 carrier braider is run utilizing 23 only 3G of the carriers (18 in one bias direction and 18 in 24 the other bias direction), a braid referred to herein as a double diamond braid is produced. When that 144 carrier 2G braider is run utilizing only 18 of the carriers (9 in one 27 bias direction and 9 in the other bias direction), a braid 28 referred to herein as a triple diamond braid is produced.
29 Regular, diamond, double diamond, and triple diamond braids can be produced on braiders having other numbers of 31 carriers (eg., 80 carriers, 208 carriers, 400 carriers) by 32 using the same ratios. As used in the specification and 33 claims herein, diamond, double diamond, and triple diamond 34 shall have the meanings as described above.
The invented braid is preferably made on a regular WO 98!24616 PCT/US97/21800 1 braider (a braider which makes regular braid when its full 2 compliment of carriers are utilized) utilizing 1/2 to about 3 1/75, more preferably 1/2 to about 1/G0, more preferably 4 about 1/4 to about 1/40, more preferably about 1/8 to about 1/20, alternatively about 1/12 to about 1/16, of the full G compliment of carriers, preferably not more than 1/2 or 1/4 7 or 1/8 or 1/12 or 1/16, and preferably not less than 1/75 8 or 1/60 or 1/40 or 1/20, of the full compliment of 9 carriers, subject to the condition that the carriers utilized are equally spaced and symmetrically arrayed with 11 an equal number of carriers going in each direction. For 12 example, a 600 carrier braider could utilize 1/60, or ten 13 carriers, with five going in each direction and 14 symmetrically arrayed. Regarding the invented braid, a triple diamond braid is preferable to a double diamond 16 braid, which is preferable to a diamond braid.
17 As used in the specification and claims herein, an 18 "axial position strand" is all of the fibers or filaments 19 or strands or threads or tows going through one axial position on a braider, and a "bias carrier strand" is all 21 of the fibers or filaments or strands or threads or tows on 22 a single carrier of a braider. In the present invention 23 each axial position strand will typically be one or two or 24 three or four tows of reinforcing filaments and each bias carrier strand will typically be one elastic thread. In 2G the invented braid the ratio of axial position strands to 27 bias carrier strands (including, by definition, those bias 28 strands going one way and those bias strands going the 29 other way) is preferably at least 1:1, more preferably at least 2:1, more preferably at least 4:1, more preferably at 31 least 6:1, alternatively at least 8:1 or 10:1 or 20:1 or 32 30:1, preferably not more than 37.5:1 or 30:1, 33 alternatively not more than 20:1 or 10:1 or 8:1. For 34 example, a 600 carrier braider using ten carriers and 300 axial positions produces a braid having a ratio of axial 1 position strands to bias carrier strands of 300:10 or 30:1.
2 Preferably, whenever less than all the carriers or axial 3 positions are used, those that are used are spaced as 4 evenly or equidistantly or uniformly around the braider as 5 possible.
6 As an option, a portion of the axial positions can be 7 one reinforcing strand and the other portion of the axial 8 positions can be a different weight or type of reinforcing 9 strand; for example on a snowboard it may be desirable to 10 have more reinforcing on the bottom than on the top. This 11 is achieved by loading thicker, heairier fiberglass on the 12 axial positions around one half of the braider deck and 13 loading a lighter fiberglass or carbon, etc. on the axial 14 positions around the other half of the braider deck. The resulting sleeve would have a bottom half (for the bottom 16 of the snowboard) heavily reinforced with fiberglass and a 17 top half (for the top half of the snowboard) with less 18 fiberglass reinforcing or alternatively lighter carbon or 19 aramid reinforcing. These same principles can be applied to produce differentially or asymmetrically reinforced 21 sleeving for other products such as curves in furniture, 22 different sides of hockey sticks, different sides of snow 23 skis, etc. A side facing or experiencing more stress may 24 be more heavily reinforced. Stated more generally, the braided sleeve would have a first axial position strand of 26 a first material and a second axial position strand of a 27 second material, the first material being different from 28 the second material in type (for example, one is fiberglass 29 and the other is carbon or fiberglass/carbon) or weight (for example, one is 112 yield fiberglass and the other is 31 827 yield fiberglass). Preferably, at least 10%, more 32 preferably 20%, more preferably 300, more preferably 40%, 33 more preferably 45%, more preferably about 500, of the 34 axial position strands are of the first material, with the remaining axial position strands being of the second 1 material; optionally some of the remaining axial position 2 strands can be of a third material, a fourth material, etc;
3 preferably at least 10%, more preferably 200, more 4 preferably 30%, more preferably 40%, more preferably 45%, more preferably about 500, of the axial position strands 6 are of the second material.
7 When the braider is set up to produce the invented 8 braid, elastic strands are loaded onto the carriers being 9 utilized (preferably one end or thread per carrier, less preferably more than one end or thread per carrier) and set 11 at light to medium spring tension. .,Reinforcement strands 12 (such as 112 or 450 yield E-glass or 12K carbon) are placed 13 in the axial positions, typically one, two, three, or four 14 ends per position (although up to about 8 ends per position can be used). The amount of reinforcement strands is 16 generally a function of the amount of reinforcing needed in 17 the finished part, which is generally known in the art.
18 Preferably the reinforcement axial strands are run from 19 supplier packages under the machine rather than from spools. The axial strands are set to very light to no 21 tension. The machine is then set to produce a braid angle 22 of 35-75°, more preferably 45-75°, more preferably 40-70°, 23 more preferably 45-G5°, more preferably 50-G3°, more 24 preferably 55-GO°, typically 57° or GO°.
It is preferred to minimize the weight percent of the 26 braided fabric which is elastic strands; preferably elastic 27 strands make up 0.1-20 (or more), more preferably 0.5-15, 28 more preferably 1-10, more preferably 2-6, preferably less 29 than 20, more preferably less than l0, more preferably less than 7.5, more preferably less than 5, more preferably less 31 than 3, weight percent of the braided fabric, with the 32 balance being reinforcement strands. The invented braided 33 sleeve, in its relaxed state, is preferably about 0.01-24, 34 more preferably about 0.1-8) more preferably about 0.5-5, inches in diameter.

1 The braid produced can then be used to produce fiber-2 reinforced plastic parts as are well-known in the art. The 3 braided sleeving can be impregnated with a resin (such as 4 epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, polyurethane, phenolic, nylon, acrylic, and other thermosets or thermoplastics) and 6 placed in or over a mold or substrate or base form or core 7 or mandrel and subjected to heat and/or pressure to form or 8 cure the resin and form the part. The processes that can 9 be utilized include resin transfer molding {RTM) and Scrimp brand molding, hand lay-up, compression molding, pultrusion 11 molding, "B stage" forming, and autpclave molding, all as 12 known in the art. The resins and molding techniques that 13 can be used to make reinforced plastic parts using the 14 invented braided sleeving are well-known in the art and are, for example, described and referred to in U. S. Pat.
16 Nos. 5,419,231; 5,409,651; 4,283,446; 5,100,713; 4,946,721;
17 and 4,774,043 and the U.S. patents mentioned in those 18 patents, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated 19 herein by reference.
Figs. 2-4 illustrate a method of manufacturing an 21 article incorporating the sleeve of Fig. 1. Fig. 2 22 illustrates a mandrel 24 generally in the shape of the 23 article to be formed, for example, a tube scope to be 24 mounted on a firearm. The mandrel 24 has two end sections 26, 28 of a relatively large diameter and a middle narrow 26 section 30 having a much smaller diameter. Tn the middle 27 of the middle section 30 is an annular enlargement 32 of a 28 larger diameter than the remainder of middle section 30 but 29 of a smaller diameter than the end sections 26, 28.
Although one specific mandrel having cross-sections of 31 differing diameters is illustrated, many variations thereof 32 may be used to form many different shaped parts.
33 Fig. 3A illustrates the sleeve of Fig. 1 being placed 34 over the mandrel of Fig. 2 from left to right in the direction of arrows 34. Due to the elastic bias strands of 1 braided sleeve 10, the sleeve may be radially expanded over 2 the different portions of the mandrel and maintain a snug 3 fit throughout the entire length of the mandrel, and 4 maintain the axial strands 22 equidistantly or equally or uniformly spaced around the perimeter of the various cross-6 sections of the mandrel, thus providing more uniform 7 strength across the finished part. The invented axial 8 reinforcing sleeve can be stretched over tapered, curved, 9 or other irregular shapes, distributing the axial reinforcements uniformly around the perimeter of the part.
11 The relaxed diameter of the sleeve as selected so that it 12 is no larger than the narrowest diameter of the mandrel.
13 When the sleeve is stretched over the mandrel or core or 14 form or substrate, preferably its final stretched state is not more than 50, less preferably 75, less preferably 100, 1G less preferably 200, percent more than its relaxed state, 17 since greater stretching more greatly separates the axial 18 strands, resulting in less strength and stiffness, although 19 the sleeve can in less critical applications be stretched up to 700 and 800 percent and more. The sleeve is 21 particularly effective for cores or mandrels whose greatest 22 cross-sectional perimeter (perimeter at the cross section) 23 is not more than 50, less preferably 75, less preferably 24 100, less preferably 200, percent more than its least cross-sectional perimeter, for the reason set forth above.
26 As can be seen in Fig. 3B, the sleeve covers the entire 27 length of the mandrel.
28 At some point in the process the sleeve is 29 preimpregnated ("prepreg"), impregnated or covered or coated with resin and the part is then cured or formed, 31 typically via application of heat and/or pressure, all as 32 known in the art previously described. The part is cooled 33 and the mandrel is typically removed. Alternatively a 34 substrate or form (such as a polyurethane foam core or other foam core) is used which functions as a mandrel but 1 is not removed and becomes part of the finished article;
2 this is also known in the fiber-reinforced plastic art.
3 The resulting tubular article 36 is shown in Fig. 4. Fig.
4 6 shows a tapered hollow utility pole or tube 48 made in a similar manner.
G Fiber-reinforced plastic parts known in the art having 7 varying cross sections can be advantageously made using the 8 present invention, including golf club shafts, lighting 9 poles, hollow utility poles or tubes, pipes, tubing with l0 bends and diameter changes, ducting for aircraft such as 11 air conditioning ducting, electric transmission poles, ski 12 poles, fishing rods or poles, flag poles, push poles for 13 boats (tapered at each end), bicycle parts, including 14 seats, wheels and frames, hockey sticks, field hockey sticks, snowboards, wakeboards, snow skis, water skis, 16 firearm (such as rifle) scopes, tapered poles, tapered bars 17 or rods, connectors for tubing, and parts having complex 18 shapes like parts of a chair or commercial furniture such 19 as the corners or bends.
Although the preferred embodiments of this invention 21 have been shown and described, it should be understood that 22 various modifications and rearrangements of the parts may 23 be resorted to without departing from the scope of the 24 invention as disclosed and claimed herein.

Claims (18)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A triaxial braided sleeve comprising first bias strands extending in a first helical direction, second bias strands extending in a second helical direction different from said first helical direction, and axial reinforcement strands, said first bias strands, second bias strands and axial reinforcement strands being braided together to form a triaxial braided sleeve, all of the bias strands of the sleeve being elastic strands.

2. A sleeve according to claim 1, wherein each of said axial reinforcement strands is of a material selected from the group consisting of fiberglass, carbon, aramid, and mixtures or hybrids thereof.

3. A sleeve according to claim 1, wherein each bias strand of said sleeve is an elastic thread.

4. A sleeve according to claim 1, said sleeve being not more than 7 weight percent bias strands and the remaining weight percent being axial reinforcement strands.

5. A sleeve according to claim 1, said sleeve having been produced on a regular braider utilizing not more than 1/4 of the full compliment of carriers of said regular braider.

6. A sleeve according to claim 1, said sleeve having been produced on a regular braider utilizing not more than 1/8 of the full compliment of carriers of said regular braider.

7. A sleeve according to claim 1, said sleeve having a ratio of axial position strands to bias carrier strands of at least 2:1.

8. A sleeve according to claim 1, said sleeve having a ratio of axial position strands to bias carrier strands of at least 4:1.

9. A sleeve according to claim 3, wherein each said elastic thread is capable of being stretched to at least about 1.9 times its original length.

10. A sleeve according to claim 1, each of said first bias strands and each of said second bias strands having a braid angle of 45-75°.

11. A sleeve according to claim 9, said elastic thread being covered elastic thread.

12. A sleeve according to claim 1, said sleeve having a first axial position strand of a first material and a second axial position strand of a second material, said first material being different from said second material in type or weight.

13. A sleeve according to claim 12, said sleeve having a plurality of axial position strands, at least 100 of the axial position strands of the sleeve being of said first material, at least 40% of the axial position strands of the sleeve being of said second material.

14. A sleeve according to claim 13, at least 30% of the axial position strands of the sleeve being of said first material.

15. A method of making a triaxial braided sleeve comprising the steps of providing a regular braider having a full compliment of carriers and having a plurality of axial positions, providing each of a first set of carriers with elastic thread, said first set of carriers being not more than 1/4 of said full compliment of carriers, providing each of said plurality of axial positions with a reinforcement strand, and operating said braider to produce a triaxial braided sleeve having bias strands and axial reinforcement strands, each of said bias strands being an elastic thread.

16. A fiber-reinforced plastic part comprising a triaxial braided sleeve in a resin matrix, said sleeve comprising first bias strands extending in a first direction, second bias strands extending in a second direction, and axial reinforcement strands, all of the bias strands of the sleeve being in their natural state elastic strands.

17. A part according to claim 16, wherein said part is a tapered tube.

18. A part according to claim 16, wherein said part is a utility pole.