CA2331306C - Cleaning cloth - Google Patents
Cleaning cloth Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2331306C CA2331306C CA002331306A CA2331306A CA2331306C CA 2331306 C CA2331306 C CA 2331306C CA 002331306 A CA002331306 A CA 002331306A CA 2331306 A CA2331306 A CA 2331306A CA 2331306 C CA2331306 C CA 2331306C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cleaning cloth
- filaments
- cloth according
- fleece
- cleaning
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 210000003632 microfilament Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229920001410 Microfiber Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003658 microfiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims 4
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000895 acaricidal effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000642 acaricide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 acarcides Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010690 paraffinic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQQPDTLGLVLNOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;4-hydroxy-4-oxo-3-sulfobutanoate Chemical class [Na+].OC(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O WQQPDTLGLVLNOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/018—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the shape
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F8/00—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof
- D01F8/04—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers
- D01F8/12—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers with at least one polyamide as constituent
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F8/00—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof
- D01F8/04—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers
- D01F8/14—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers with at least one polyester as constituent
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/016—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the fineness
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
- D04H3/10—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between yarns or filaments made mechanically
- D04H3/11—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between yarns or filaments made mechanically by fluid jet
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2904—Staple length fiber
- Y10T428/2907—Staple length fiber with coating or impregnation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2915—Rod, strand, filament or fiber including textile, cloth or fabric
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2929—Bicomponent, conjugate, composite or collateral fibers or filaments [i.e., coextruded sheath-core or side-by-side type]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/298—Physical dimension
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/608—Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
- Y10T442/614—Strand or fiber material specified as having microdimensions [i.e., microfiber]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/608—Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
- Y10T442/614—Strand or fiber material specified as having microdimensions [i.e., microfiber]
- Y10T442/626—Microfiber is synthetic polymer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/608—Including strand or fiber material which is of specific structural definition
- Y10T442/627—Strand or fiber material is specified as non-linear [e.g., crimped, coiled, etc.]
- Y10T442/635—Synthetic polymeric strand or fiber material
- Y10T442/636—Synthetic polymeric strand or fiber material is of staple length
Abstract
The invention relates to a cleaning cloth consisting of a micro-fiber fleece with a basis weight of 30 to 500 g/m2, wherein the fleece is made of melt spun, stretched multicomponent endless filaments immediately deposited as a fleece web and having a titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex, and the multicomponent endless filaments are, optionally after a pre-solidification, split into 80% endless micro-filaments with a titer of 0.05 to 1 dtex and solidified. The cleaning cloth can be manufactured in an economic manner in a wide range of basis weights for a wide range of applications.
Description
Cleaning cloth Field of the Invention The invention relates to a cleaning cloth, consisting of a microfiber fleece with basis weights of 30 to 500 g/m'-.
Background of the Invention Cleaning cloths of fleece materials are known from reference US-A 4,298,649, which discloses a cloth consisting of at least two layers of micro-filaments with different mean filament diameters. Mutually compatible polymers which can be thermally bonded are thereby used as the polymeric starting materials for the two layers and are pattern bonded by way of a thermal calendaring process which provides for cohesion of the layers.
Summary of the Invention It is an object of the invention to provide a cleaning cloth as well as a process for its manufacture, which cloth can be manufactured in an economic manner in a wide range of basis weights.
In accordance with the invention, this object is achieved with a cleaning cloth which consists of a microfiber fleece having a basis weight in the range of 30 to SOOg/m'-, whereby the fleece material is made of melt spun, stretched multi-component endless filaments immediately deposited into a fleece web and having a titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex, whereby the multi-component endless filaments are, optionally after a pre-solidification, split into at least 80% endless micro-filaments having a titer of 0.05 to 1.0 dtex, and compressed. Such a cleaning cloth has a surface structure which is easily penetrated by dust and fiber particles and can easily capture such dust and particles. It is therefore suitable as a cleaning cloth.
The multicomponent endless filaments are preferably bicomponent endless filaments made of two incompatible polymers, especially a polyester and a polyamide.
Such a bicomponent endless filament can be easily split into endless micro-filaments and results in a favorable ratio of strength to basis weight.
The cleaning cloth preferably includes mufti-component endless filaments of a cross-section with an orange type mufti-segment structure or a "pie" mufti-segment structure, whereby segments including one of the two incompatible polymers are respectively alternated. Besides this orange type mufti-segment structure of the multi-component endless filaments a side-by-side (s/s) positioning of the incompatible polymers is possible in the mufti-component endless filaments in the form of one or more stripes. This is preferably used for the production of crimped filaments.
Such arrangements of the incompatible polymers in the mufti-component endless filament have been found to split easily.
Furthermore, the cleaning cloth is preferably one wherein at least one of the incompatible polymers forming the multicomponent endless filament includes additives, such as color pigments, permanently active anti-statics, fungicides, bactericides, acarcides, and/or additives influencing the hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties in amounts of up to 10 % by weight. The cleaning cloth consisting of spun colored fibers has a very good wash fade resistance. Furthermore, static charging can be prevented or reduced with these additives and the humidity and transport properties improved.
The process in accordance with the invention for producing a cleaning cloth includes the steps of spinning mufti-component endless filaments from a melt, stretching the filaments and immediately thereafter depositing the filaments into a fleece, which fleece is optionally pre-solidified, and exposing the fleece to a high-pressure fluid jet treatment for solidifying the fleece and simultaneously splitting the filaments into endless micro-filaments of a titer of 0.05 to 1 dtex. The cleaning cloth so obtained is very even with regards to its thickness, has an isotropic thread or fiber distribution, has no tendency to delamination and is characterized by higher modulus values than are achievable with comparable staple fiber fleece materials.
In a preferred embodiment of the process in accordance with the invention, a pre-solidified fleece web is impacted at least once on each side with the high-pressure water jets for bonding the web and splitting the multicomponent endless filaments.
The resulting cleaning cloth then exhibits a good surface homogeneity and a degree of splitting of the micro-component endless filaments of more than 80 %.
Background of the Invention Cleaning cloths of fleece materials are known from reference US-A 4,298,649, which discloses a cloth consisting of at least two layers of micro-filaments with different mean filament diameters. Mutually compatible polymers which can be thermally bonded are thereby used as the polymeric starting materials for the two layers and are pattern bonded by way of a thermal calendaring process which provides for cohesion of the layers.
Summary of the Invention It is an object of the invention to provide a cleaning cloth as well as a process for its manufacture, which cloth can be manufactured in an economic manner in a wide range of basis weights.
In accordance with the invention, this object is achieved with a cleaning cloth which consists of a microfiber fleece having a basis weight in the range of 30 to SOOg/m'-, whereby the fleece material is made of melt spun, stretched multi-component endless filaments immediately deposited into a fleece web and having a titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex, whereby the multi-component endless filaments are, optionally after a pre-solidification, split into at least 80% endless micro-filaments having a titer of 0.05 to 1.0 dtex, and compressed. Such a cleaning cloth has a surface structure which is easily penetrated by dust and fiber particles and can easily capture such dust and particles. It is therefore suitable as a cleaning cloth.
The multicomponent endless filaments are preferably bicomponent endless filaments made of two incompatible polymers, especially a polyester and a polyamide.
Such a bicomponent endless filament can be easily split into endless micro-filaments and results in a favorable ratio of strength to basis weight.
The cleaning cloth preferably includes mufti-component endless filaments of a cross-section with an orange type mufti-segment structure or a "pie" mufti-segment structure, whereby segments including one of the two incompatible polymers are respectively alternated. Besides this orange type mufti-segment structure of the multi-component endless filaments a side-by-side (s/s) positioning of the incompatible polymers is possible in the mufti-component endless filaments in the form of one or more stripes. This is preferably used for the production of crimped filaments.
Such arrangements of the incompatible polymers in the mufti-component endless filament have been found to split easily.
Furthermore, the cleaning cloth is preferably one wherein at least one of the incompatible polymers forming the multicomponent endless filament includes additives, such as color pigments, permanently active anti-statics, fungicides, bactericides, acarcides, and/or additives influencing the hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties in amounts of up to 10 % by weight. The cleaning cloth consisting of spun colored fibers has a very good wash fade resistance. Furthermore, static charging can be prevented or reduced with these additives and the humidity and transport properties improved.
The process in accordance with the invention for producing a cleaning cloth includes the steps of spinning mufti-component endless filaments from a melt, stretching the filaments and immediately thereafter depositing the filaments into a fleece, which fleece is optionally pre-solidified, and exposing the fleece to a high-pressure fluid jet treatment for solidifying the fleece and simultaneously splitting the filaments into endless micro-filaments of a titer of 0.05 to 1 dtex. The cleaning cloth so obtained is very even with regards to its thickness, has an isotropic thread or fiber distribution, has no tendency to delamination and is characterized by higher modulus values than are achievable with comparable staple fiber fleece materials.
In a preferred embodiment of the process in accordance with the invention, a pre-solidified fleece web is impacted at least once on each side with the high-pressure water jets for bonding the web and splitting the multicomponent endless filaments.
The resulting cleaning cloth then exhibits a good surface homogeneity and a degree of splitting of the micro-component endless filaments of more than 80 %.
A process is especially preferred where the multicomponent endless filaments are spun colored. The embedding of the pigments into the polymeric fibers leads to excellent color fastness.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as multipurpose and/or dish cloths have basis weights of 40 to 240 g/m2 and are optionally roughened, sanded, brushed or point calendared.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as sanitary cleaning cloths have basis weights of 40 to 140 g/m'- and are optionally are printed.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as window and/or glass cloths have basis weights of 80 to 200 g/m2 and are optionally laminated, embossed and/or printed.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as building cleaning cloths have basis weights of 100 to 250 g/m'- and are optionally embossed and impregnated with a cleaning agent.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as dust cloths have basis weights of 100 to 280 g/m'- and are optionally roughened, sanded, brushed and/or printed.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as floor cloths have basis weights of 140 to 500 g/m2 and are optionally roughened, sanded, brushed and/or printed.
The cleaning cloth in accordance with invention is further characterized by a good water absorption rate, a short drying period and low cleaning agent consumption. This results in good washing, hygiene and care properties as well as a suitability as cleaning cloth, since, due to the fast drying of the cloth, microbes are deprived of the water necessary for development, thereby reducing the possibility of colonization of the cloth with bacteria and/or fungi.
The cleaning cloth in accordance with the invention is preferably impregnated with a cleaning and/or care agent. Ionic or nonionic surfactants are used as cleaning agents, for example, sodium sulfosuccinates or the corresponding dioctylesters in amounts of 0.1 to 1 % by weight. Especially wax or paraffinic oil containing agents can be used as care agents. The preimpregnation is intended especially for professional cleaning applications in order to save time, since the continuous refreshing with cleaning agent is obviated. In addition, undesired incorrect dosages are thereby also substantially prevented.
The cleaning cloth in accordance with invention preferably can be repeatedly washed in boiling water (95 °C). The service life of the cleaning cloth is thereby increased under hygienically unobjectionable conditions and the usability in the professional cleaning field is simplified by permitting machine washing of the used cleaning cloths as well as optionally by a preimpregnation with cleaning and/or care agents.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Example 1 A filament web having a basis weight of 130 g/m2 was produced from polyester-polyamide (PES-PA) bicomponent endless filaments and on both sides subjected to water jet needling at pressures of 250 bar. After the water jet needling, which lead to a simultaneous splitting of the starting filaments, the bicomponent endless filaments had a titer of 0.1 dtex. A maximum tension strength of 450 N
in longitudinal direction and 340 N in transverse direction was measured for this microfiber cleaning cloth. The modulus values at 109b stretch were 142 N in longitudinal direction and 55 N in transverse direction. The additional tear strength in machine direction was 15 N and 18 N transverse thereto.
Example 2 A filament web having a basis weight of 105 g/m2 was produced from a polyester-polyamide (PES-PA) bicomponent endless filament and on both sides subjected to water jet needling at pressures of 250 bar. After the water jet needling, which lead to a simultaneous splitting of the starting filaments, the bicomponent endless filaments had a titer of 0.1 dtex. A maximum tension resistance of 336 N in longitudinal direction and 279 N in transverse direction was measured for this microfiber cleaning cloth. The modulus values at 10 % stretch were 93 N in longitudinal direction and 31 N in transverse direction.
Table 1 shows a comparison of the mechanical values of the examplary cloths in accordance with the invention with those of two cleaning cloths of staple fiber fleeces.
The maximum tension strength in longitudinal direction of the cleaning cloth in accordance with the invention is about 38 ~ higher than that of the staple fiber fleece used for comparison, which had a basis weight of 155 g/m2 and about 55% higher than in a staple fiber fleece with a basis weight of 80 g/m2. The cleaning cloth in accordance with the invention clearly shows higher modulus values and achieves about the same tear strength values despite its lower basis weight.
Table 1 Example Example 2 Staple fiber Staple fiber 1 fleece fleece about 130g1mZabout 105g/m2about 155g1m2about 90gIm2 Tear strength450 N 336 N 325 N 289 N
(longitudinal) Tear strength340 N 279 N 323 N 177 N
(transverse) Stretch 49% 50% 45% 49%
(longitudinal) Stretch 53% 51% 66% 57%
(transverse) Modulus 10% 142 N 93 N 67 N 37 N
(longitudinal) Modulus 10% 55 N 31 N 17 N 10 N
(transverse) Additional 15 N - 17 N 7 N
tear strength (longitudinal) Additional 18 N - 17 N 11 N
tear strength (transverse) Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the invention, a cleaning cloth that fully satisfies the objects, aims and advantages set forth above.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description.
Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as multipurpose and/or dish cloths have basis weights of 40 to 240 g/m2 and are optionally roughened, sanded, brushed or point calendared.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as sanitary cleaning cloths have basis weights of 40 to 140 g/m'- and are optionally are printed.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as window and/or glass cloths have basis weights of 80 to 200 g/m2 and are optionally laminated, embossed and/or printed.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as building cleaning cloths have basis weights of 100 to 250 g/m'- and are optionally embossed and impregnated with a cleaning agent.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as dust cloths have basis weights of 100 to 280 g/m'- and are optionally roughened, sanded, brushed and/or printed.
Preferred cleaning cloths in accordance with the invention and adapted for use as floor cloths have basis weights of 140 to 500 g/m2 and are optionally roughened, sanded, brushed and/or printed.
The cleaning cloth in accordance with invention is further characterized by a good water absorption rate, a short drying period and low cleaning agent consumption. This results in good washing, hygiene and care properties as well as a suitability as cleaning cloth, since, due to the fast drying of the cloth, microbes are deprived of the water necessary for development, thereby reducing the possibility of colonization of the cloth with bacteria and/or fungi.
The cleaning cloth in accordance with the invention is preferably impregnated with a cleaning and/or care agent. Ionic or nonionic surfactants are used as cleaning agents, for example, sodium sulfosuccinates or the corresponding dioctylesters in amounts of 0.1 to 1 % by weight. Especially wax or paraffinic oil containing agents can be used as care agents. The preimpregnation is intended especially for professional cleaning applications in order to save time, since the continuous refreshing with cleaning agent is obviated. In addition, undesired incorrect dosages are thereby also substantially prevented.
The cleaning cloth in accordance with invention preferably can be repeatedly washed in boiling water (95 °C). The service life of the cleaning cloth is thereby increased under hygienically unobjectionable conditions and the usability in the professional cleaning field is simplified by permitting machine washing of the used cleaning cloths as well as optionally by a preimpregnation with cleaning and/or care agents.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Example 1 A filament web having a basis weight of 130 g/m2 was produced from polyester-polyamide (PES-PA) bicomponent endless filaments and on both sides subjected to water jet needling at pressures of 250 bar. After the water jet needling, which lead to a simultaneous splitting of the starting filaments, the bicomponent endless filaments had a titer of 0.1 dtex. A maximum tension strength of 450 N
in longitudinal direction and 340 N in transverse direction was measured for this microfiber cleaning cloth. The modulus values at 109b stretch were 142 N in longitudinal direction and 55 N in transverse direction. The additional tear strength in machine direction was 15 N and 18 N transverse thereto.
Example 2 A filament web having a basis weight of 105 g/m2 was produced from a polyester-polyamide (PES-PA) bicomponent endless filament and on both sides subjected to water jet needling at pressures of 250 bar. After the water jet needling, which lead to a simultaneous splitting of the starting filaments, the bicomponent endless filaments had a titer of 0.1 dtex. A maximum tension resistance of 336 N in longitudinal direction and 279 N in transverse direction was measured for this microfiber cleaning cloth. The modulus values at 10 % stretch were 93 N in longitudinal direction and 31 N in transverse direction.
Table 1 shows a comparison of the mechanical values of the examplary cloths in accordance with the invention with those of two cleaning cloths of staple fiber fleeces.
The maximum tension strength in longitudinal direction of the cleaning cloth in accordance with the invention is about 38 ~ higher than that of the staple fiber fleece used for comparison, which had a basis weight of 155 g/m2 and about 55% higher than in a staple fiber fleece with a basis weight of 80 g/m2. The cleaning cloth in accordance with the invention clearly shows higher modulus values and achieves about the same tear strength values despite its lower basis weight.
Table 1 Example Example 2 Staple fiber Staple fiber 1 fleece fleece about 130g1mZabout 105g/m2about 155g1m2about 90gIm2 Tear strength450 N 336 N 325 N 289 N
(longitudinal) Tear strength340 N 279 N 323 N 177 N
(transverse) Stretch 49% 50% 45% 49%
(longitudinal) Stretch 53% 51% 66% 57%
(transverse) Modulus 10% 142 N 93 N 67 N 37 N
(longitudinal) Modulus 10% 55 N 31 N 17 N 10 N
(transverse) Additional 15 N - 17 N 7 N
tear strength (longitudinal) Additional 18 N - 17 N 11 N
tear strength (transverse) Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided, in accordance with the invention, a cleaning cloth that fully satisfies the objects, aims and advantages set forth above.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description.
Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
Claims (27)
1. A cleaning cloth, comprising a microfiber fleece having a basis weight in the range of 30 to 500 g/m2, the fleece being made of melt spun, stretched multicomponent endless filaments which have been immediately deposited after spinning in the form of a fleece web and have a titer of 1.5 to 5 dtex, and the multicomponent endless filaments in the fleece having been split into at least 80% endless micro-filaments having a titer of 0.05 to 1 dtex and solidified, the fleece being solidified by high-pressure fluid jets and the cleaning cloth being able to withstand repeated washing in boiling water (95°C).
2. The cleaning cloth according to claim 1, wherein the fleece web is pre-solidified prior to splitting of the filaments.
3. The cleaning cloth according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fleece is made of melt spun, aerodynamically stretched multicomponent endless filaments having a titer of 2 to 3 dtex, and the multicomponent endless filaments are split into at least 80%
endless micro-filaments with a titer of 0.1 to 0.5 dtex and solidified.
endless micro-filaments with a titer of 0.1 to 0.5 dtex and solidified.
4. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the multicomponent endless filaments are bicomponent endless filaments made of two incompatible polymers.
5. The cleaning cloth according to claim 4, wherein the incompatible polymers are a polyester and a polyamide respectively.
6. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the multicomponent endless filaments have at least one of a cross-section of an orange type multi-segment structure and a side-by-side structure with two or more stripes, the segments alternately respectively including one of the two incompatible polymers.
7. The cleaning cloth according to claim 6, wherein the cleaning cloth has two surfaces, each having filaments with a different segment structure.
8. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein at least one of the incompatible polymers forming the multicomponent endless filaments includes at least one additive, selected from the group of color pigments, permanently active antistatics, fungicides, bactericides, acaricides and additives influencing the hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties, the additive being present in an amount of up to 10%
by weight.
by weight.
9. A process for the manufacture of a cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the multicomponent endless filaments are spun from a melt, stretched and immediately thereafter deposited as a fleece web, and the fleece is subjected to high-pressure fluid jet treatment for solidifying the web and simultaneously splitting the filaments into endless micro-filaments having a titer of 0.05 to 1 dtex.
10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the fleece web is pre-solidified prior to the fluid jet treatment.
11. The process according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the steps of solidifying and splitting include the step of subjecting the fleece web at least once on each side to the high-pressure fluid jet treatment.
12. The process according to any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the multicomponent endless filaments are colored by spun coloring.
13. The process according to any one of claims 8 to 12, wherein two spin bars are used, one of which produces multicomponent endless filaments with a "pie"
segment structure and the other one produces multicomponent endless filaments with a "side-by-side" segment structure with at least two stripes.
segment structure and the other one produces multicomponent endless filaments with a "side-by-side" segment structure with at least two stripes.
14. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claim 1 to 8, having a basis weight of 40 to 240 g/m2 for use as one of an all-purpose cloth and a dish cloth.
15. The cleaning cloth according to claim 14, further subjected to at least one of roughening, sanding, brushing and point calendaring.
16. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 8, having a basis weight of 40 to 140 g/m2 for use as a sanitary cleaning cloth.
17. The cleaning cloth according to claim 16, further subjected to printing.
18. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 8, having a basis weight of 80 to 200 g/m2 for use as one of a window and glass cloth.
19. The cleaning cloth according to claim 18, further subjected to at least one of laminating, embossing and printing.
20. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 8, having a basis weight of 100 to 250 g/m2 for use as a building cleaning cloth.
21. The cleaning cloth according to claim 20, further subjected to at least one of embossing and preimpregnating with a cleaning agent.
22. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 8, having a basis weight of 100 to 280 g/m2 for use as a dust cloth.
23. The cleaning cloth according to claim 22, further subjected to at least one of roughening, sanding, brushing and printing.
24. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 8, having a basis weight of 140 to 500 g/m2 for use as a floor cloth.
25. The cleaning cloth according to claim 24, further subjected to at least one of roughening, sanding, brushing and printing.
26. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 14 to 25, impregnated with at least one of a cleaning agent and a care agent.
27. The cleaning cloth according to any one of claims 1 to 8 and 14 to 26, wherein the filaments have an isotrope fiber distribution.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP10002778.4 | 2000-01-22 | ||
| DE10002778A DE10002778B4 (en) | 2000-01-22 | 2000-01-22 | Use of a microfilament nonwoven fabric as a cleaning cloth |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2331306A1 CA2331306A1 (en) | 2001-07-22 |
| CA2331306C true CA2331306C (en) | 2005-03-22 |
Family
ID=7628454
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002331306A Expired - Lifetime CA2331306C (en) | 2000-01-22 | 2001-01-18 | Cleaning cloth |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6706652B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1118305A3 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1174709C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU781692B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2331306C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE10002778B4 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1039551A1 (en) |
| HU (1) | HU226927B1 (en) |
| PL (1) | PL345232A1 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR200100204A2 (en) |
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| DE10009280B4 (en) * | 2000-02-28 | 2006-05-18 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Composite material and process for its production |
| SG128436A1 (en) * | 2002-02-08 | 2007-01-30 | Kuraray Co | Nonwoven fabric for wiper |
| US8513147B2 (en) * | 2003-06-19 | 2013-08-20 | Eastman Chemical Company | Nonwovens produced from multicomponent fibers |
| US7892993B2 (en) | 2003-06-19 | 2011-02-22 | Eastman Chemical Company | Water-dispersible and multicomponent fibers from sulfopolyesters |
| US20040260034A1 (en) | 2003-06-19 | 2004-12-23 | Haile William Alston | Water-dispersible fibers and fibrous articles |
| DE102004006373B4 (en) | 2004-02-09 | 2014-12-31 | Reifenhäuser GmbH & Co Maschinenfabrik | Process for producing a spunbonded filament |
| DE102004036099B4 (en) | 2004-07-24 | 2008-03-27 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Multi-component spunbonded nonwoven, process for its preparation and use of multi-component spunbonded nonwovens |
| ATE383464T1 (en) * | 2004-11-10 | 2008-01-15 | Freudenberg Carl Kg | STRETCHY NON-WOVEN FABRICS |
| EP1696064A1 (en) * | 2005-02-23 | 2006-08-30 | Carl Freudenberg KG | Cleansing sheets, manufacturing process and use thereof |
| WO2006102360A2 (en) * | 2005-03-23 | 2006-09-28 | Allasso Industries, Inc. | Low linting, high absorbency, high strength wipes composed of micro and nano fibers |
| CN1321609C (en) * | 2005-05-18 | 2007-06-20 | 东华大学 | Process for manufacturing durable and anti-soil imitation leather clean cloths |
| EP1922203A2 (en) * | 2005-08-10 | 2008-05-21 | Reliance Industries Ltd. | Process of producing ultra fine microdenier filaments and fabrics made thereof |
| DE102005038170B4 (en) * | 2005-08-12 | 2007-08-30 | Perick Management Gmbh | Reinigungstextilie |
| DE102006045616B3 (en) * | 2006-09-25 | 2008-02-21 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Manufacture of resilient fleece with thermoplastic filaments, places fleece in hot water containing additives, jiggers, tensions, reduces width, dries and winds up |
| US20080160859A1 (en) * | 2007-01-03 | 2008-07-03 | Rakesh Kumar Gupta | Nonwovens fabrics produced from multicomponent fibers comprising sulfopolyesters |
| CN101219307B (en) * | 2007-09-27 | 2010-05-19 | 上海博格工业用布有限公司 | Method for manufacturing non-woven filter material combined of filature fleece formation and water fluid jet reinforce |
| US8021996B2 (en) * | 2008-12-23 | 2011-09-20 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Nonwoven web and filter media containing partially split multicomponent fibers |
| US8512519B2 (en) * | 2009-04-24 | 2013-08-20 | Eastman Chemical Company | Sulfopolyesters for paper strength and process |
| US9273417B2 (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2016-03-01 | Eastman Chemical Company | Wet-Laid process to produce a bound nonwoven article |
| US8906200B2 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2014-12-09 | Eastman Chemical Company | Processes to produce short cut microfibers |
| EP2654028B1 (en) | 2012-04-20 | 2018-09-26 | Honda Research Institute Europe GmbH | Orientation sensitive traffic collision warning system |
| US9284663B2 (en) * | 2013-01-22 | 2016-03-15 | Allasso Industries, Inc. | Articles containing woven or non-woven ultra-high surface area macro polymeric fibers |
| US9303357B2 (en) | 2013-04-19 | 2016-04-05 | Eastman Chemical Company | Paper and nonwoven articles comprising synthetic microfiber binders |
| DE102013008984A1 (en) * | 2013-05-28 | 2014-12-04 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | cleaning cloth |
| US9605126B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2017-03-28 | Eastman Chemical Company | Ultrafiltration process for the recovery of concentrated sulfopolyester dispersion |
| US9598802B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 | 2017-03-21 | Eastman Chemical Company | Ultrafiltration process for producing a sulfopolyester concentrate |
| DE102014002231B4 (en) * | 2014-02-21 | 2018-12-20 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Cleaning cloth, process for making a cleaning cloth and its use |
| CA2951753C (en) | 2014-06-12 | 2020-11-10 | K-Fee System Gmbh | Portion capsule comprising a calendered fibre-like material |
| JP6580714B2 (en) | 2015-06-10 | 2019-09-25 | ケイ‐フィー システム ゲーエムベーハー | Potion capsule using 3-layer nonwoven fabric |
| US10737876B2 (en) | 2015-07-13 | 2020-08-11 | K-Fee System Gmbh | Filter element having a cut-out |
| RU2018113775A (en) | 2015-09-18 | 2019-10-18 | К-Фее Зюстем Гмбх | ADAPTER FOR PORTION CAPSULE |
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| US4298649A (en) * | 1980-01-07 | 1981-11-03 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Nonwoven disposable wiper |
| JPH0749619B2 (en) * | 1990-04-12 | 1995-05-31 | ユニチカ株式会社 | Entangled nonwoven fabric and method for producing the same |
| TW246699B (en) * | 1992-10-05 | 1995-05-01 | Unitika Ltd | |
| DE19518975C1 (en) * | 1995-05-23 | 1996-06-13 | Freudenberg Carl Fa | Cleaning cloth |
| US6352948B1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2002-03-05 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Fine fiber composite web laminates |
| ES2188803T3 (en) * | 1995-11-30 | 2003-07-01 | Kimberly Clark Co | NON-FABRICED LAMINAR ELEMENT OF SUPERFINE MICROFIBERS. |
| FR2749860B1 (en) * | 1996-06-17 | 1998-08-28 | Freudenberg Spunweb Sa | NON WOVEN TABLECLOTH FORMED OF VERY THIN CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS |
| US5783503A (en) * | 1996-07-22 | 1998-07-21 | Fiberweb North America, Inc. | Meltspun multicomponent thermoplastic continuous filaments, products made therefrom, and methods therefor |
| JP3583248B2 (en) * | 1996-12-13 | 2004-11-04 | 株式会社クラレ | Splittable conjugate fiber comprising polyester and polyamide and method for producing the same |
| US5970583A (en) * | 1997-06-17 | 1999-10-26 | Firma Carl Freudenberg | Nonwoven lap formed of very fine continuous filaments |
| DE19957693C2 (en) * | 1999-11-30 | 2002-06-27 | Freudenberg Carl Kg | Cleanroom Cleaning Cloth |
| DE19962356A1 (en) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-07-05 | Freudenberg Carl Fa | Sanitary linen |
| DE10009248C2 (en) * | 2000-02-28 | 2002-06-27 | Freudenberg Carl Kg | Medical dressings |
-
2000
- 2000-01-22 DE DE10002778A patent/DE10002778B4/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-20 EP EP00127877A patent/EP1118305A3/en not_active Ceased
-
2001
- 2001-01-12 US US09/760,110 patent/US6706652B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-17 CN CNB011012951A patent/CN1174709C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-18 TR TR2001/00204A patent/TR200100204A2/en unknown
- 2001-01-18 CA CA002331306A patent/CA2331306C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-01-18 PL PL01345232A patent/PL345232A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-01-19 HU HU0100260A patent/HU226927B1/en unknown
- 2001-01-22 AU AU16396/01A patent/AU781692B2/en not_active Expired
-
2002
- 2002-02-21 HK HK02101258A patent/HK1039551A1/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1118305A2 (en) | 2001-07-25 |
| PL345232A1 (en) | 2001-07-30 |
| HUP0100260A2 (en) | 2002-07-29 |
| AU1639601A (en) | 2001-07-26 |
| HU0100260D0 (en) | 2001-03-28 |
| CA2331306A1 (en) | 2001-07-22 |
| US6706652B2 (en) | 2004-03-16 |
| TR200100204A2 (en) | 2003-01-21 |
| DE10002778A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
| CN1174709C (en) | 2004-11-10 |
| DE10002778B4 (en) | 2012-05-24 |
| CN1316224A (en) | 2001-10-10 |
| HU226927B1 (en) | 2010-03-01 |
| EP1118305A3 (en) | 2002-09-25 |
| US20010014393A1 (en) | 2001-08-16 |
| HK1039551A1 (en) | 2002-05-03 |
| AU781692B2 (en) | 2005-06-09 |
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