CA2378788C

CA2378788C - Stent adapted for tangle-free deployment

Info

Publication number: CA2378788C
Application number: CA002378788A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Neal E. Fearnot; Matthew S. Waninger; Brian Choules; Michael P. Debruyne
Original assignee: Cook Inc; MED Institute Inc
Current assignee: Cook Inc; Cook Research Inc
Priority date: 1999-07-16
Filing date: 2000-07-17
Publication date: 2009-01-27
Anticipated expiration: 2020-07-17
Also published as: AU6217800A; EP1113764A1; AU757744B2; ES2209929T3; ATE253335T1; DE60006348D1; EP1113764B1; DE60006348T2; CA2378788A1; US6565597B1; DK1113764T3; WO2001006952A1

Abstract

An expandable stent prosthesis is disclosed in which the apices of the bends located at at least one end of the stent are individually twisted at an angle to the circumference of the stent to form a fan blade-like arrangement when viewed from that end. The fan blade-like arrangement allows the stent to expand from the compressed condition during deployment such that likelihood of a strut or bend of the stent become entangled with a barb or adjacent strut or bend, is reduced. In one embodiment of the invention, the fan blade-like arrangement results from plastically deforming the individual apices, while in another embodiment, the apices are twisted into the fan blade-like arrangement during the loading process, such as by use of a suture thread to pull the apices into alignment.

Description

STENT ADAPTED FOR TANGLE-FREE DEPLOYMENT
Description Technical Field This invention relates to medical devices, more particularly to expandable stents.
Background of the Invention Vascular graft prostheses allowing endovascular placement have come into use as an effective, minimally invasive method of repairing damaged or diseased vessels, especially major blood vessels such as the aorta. These prostheses are comprised of one or more sleeves of fabric-like graft material, such as polyester (e.g., DACRON , a trademark of DuPont Nemours and Co.), PTFE or collagen and metallic stents which are secured to the vessel wall to prevent migration of the prosthesis, maintaining an open lumen therethrough, and to serve to seal the respective ends of the sleeve to the vessel wall to prevent leakage of blood around the sleeve ends to the outside of the sleeve. Proper sealing is especially critical when the prosthesis is used to bridge a segment of blood vessel that has been seriously compromised and can no longer prevent extravasation, such as in the case of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a leading indication for prosthesis placement. The stents frequently include one or more barbs or projections that help anchor the prosthesis at the deployment site and prevent migration or trauma to the aortic neck.
The stents used to anchor the prosthesis, maintain an open lumen throughout, and seal the sleeve ends are preferably of the self-expanding stent type. The Z-StentTM (Cook Incorporated, Bloomington, IN) and other closely related zig-zag stents of the same basic pattern are used in a number of AAA endovascular grafts due to their excellent expansion ratio and ability to compress into a relatively small introducer catheter, such as 18-20 Fr (6.0-6.7 mm) for deployment through a small cutdown or percutaneous puncture to an access vessel. These zig-zag stents have struts connected by bends. The zig-zag stents are sutured or secured along the sleeve and/or at

-2-the ends of the sleeve. In some devices, a stent is secured to the proximal end of the sleeve and the proximal end of the terminal stent is placed renally such that the top edge of the sleeve lies just below the renal arteries.
Therefore, the terminal stent can be securely anchored near the renal arteries and being open, does not compromise blood flow to the renal arteries.
For deployment, the prosthesis is compressed into a deployment system. In one embodiment of a deployment system, the terminal stent is compressed and loaded in a tubular component of the deployment system. In the fully compressed state, the struts of the zig-zag stent are generally parallel, however during loading into the tubular structure, the bends do not assume a regular or even arrangement inside the cap. As a result, the compressed bends can become disoriented and entangled such that when the stent is deployed, the bends cannot fully expand and properly seal the vessel. This problem is greatly compounded if the terminal stent has barbs on some struts such that the barbs can snag the other struts, leading to an unacceptably high rate of deployment failure. In fact, this irregular orientation of bends during compression would be inherent in virtually any zig-zag stent or serpentine stent made of bent wires due to the properties of the wire, manufacturing techniques, variable degrees of stress held in the individual bends, etc., that would not allow for a predictable compression to a desired target orientation by standard means. The recent addition of barbs to terminal stents of prostheses, such as for the AAA repair, has especially brought about an appreciation of this problem and the search for a solution.
Summary of the Invention The foregoing problems are solved and a technical advance is achieved in an illustrative stent having the terminal bends angled with respect to each other in a loaded or compressed configuration such that the respective bends, including barbs, do not become entangled with one another during expansion of the stent. A further clinical advantage of this configuration is that the stent can be further compressed than would be otherwise possible with a random configuration of bends such that the stent can be introduced via a smaller diameter delivery system.

-3-In one aspect of the invention, the individual apices of the bends are plastically deformed into the angled arrangement by twisting the terminal portions of the bends from their original orientation, in which all struts in cross-section generally lie end-to-end in a circular configuration, to an orientation where the angled apices or fillets overlap by a consistent amount (i.e, a fan blade-like arrangement) to provide increased separation between struts of adjacent bends. Another advantage of this configuration is that the struts can be brought in closer proximity to the center, thereby allowing reduction of the size of the delivery system. Bending of the apices can occur in a jig wherein pins and clamps secure adjacent bends, while an opposite bend is laterally twisted with an articulating pin and clamp to produce the final orientation of bends.
In a second aspect of the invention, the terminal apices of the stent are interconnected by a suture, thread, or other tying means and drawn together for loading into the introducer system. When the suture is threaded through each fillet in an identical manner (e.g., outside to inside), it forces the respective fillets to twist in the same direction as they are drawn together.
While keeping the ends drawn tight, the stent is loaded into a tubular component of the delivery system. Preferably, an eyelet or viewing portal in the side of the introducer is used to ascertain that all of the apices are visible and properly aligned. The suture is removed after the stent is loaded. This method of loading produces the same orientation of the terminal apices as in the pre-twisted configuration without having to plastically deform the bends.
Other methods for either permanently or temporarily orienting the bends into an angled arrangement are contemplated to achieve a similar goal.
Brief Description of the Drawings Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a partially-sectioned top view of the stent of the present invention while loaded in a delivery system;
FIG. 2 depicts a side view and enlarged view of the stent of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2A is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 2;

-4-FIG. 3 depicts a partially-sectioned top view of a Prior Art stent loaded by a standard method;
FIG. 4 depicts a side view of entangled bends of a Prior Art stent;
FIGs. 5, 5A and 6 depict a side view of a stent being manipulated into the orientation of the present invention;
FIG. 7 depicts an enlarged side view of a bend of the stent of the present invention; and FIGs. 8-9 depict partially-sectioned top view of the stent of the present invention while loaded in a delivery system.
Detailed Description Referring now to FIGs. 1-2, the present invention comprises a stent 10, e.g., a modified Z-stent (Cook Incorporated, Bloomington, IN) or other zig-zag or serpentine-type stent 38 having a plurality of adjacent bends 15 comprising a first and a second strut 16,17 that unite at an apex 11, which in the illustrative embodiment is a hairpin turn for reducing bending stresses. Other embodiments of the apex 11 include a simple bend or a complete or `safety pin' turn. The apices 11 generally align within a single plane at the first end 18 of the stent 10, while the apices 11 of the oppositely oriented bends are similarly aligned at the second end 19 of the stent. The novelty lies in that the apices 11 of the terminal bends 15 of at least one end are generally deformed or twisted into a fan blade-like arrangement 28 inside a delivery system 12 which in the illustrative example of an expandable stent graft prosthesis 35 for repairing abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), comprises a top cap 31 of the introducer as depicted in FIG. 6. By 'deformed' it is meant that the apices have been manipulated prior to, during, or following compression of the expandable stent such that the twisted, fan blade-like arrangement is not the result of natural orientation of the apices during compression. Of course, the chances of a true fan blade-like arrangement of the apices occurring spontaneously during compression of the stent is infinitesimally small, particularly when the stent design includes six or more bends and apices.

-5-The fan blade-like arrangement 28 of the apices 11 of the bends 15, depicted in FIG. 1, has several clinical advantages over a random orientation 129, an example of which is depicted in FIG. 3. The random orientation 129, which is the natural result of compressing a zig-zag type stent, results as the apices 1 1 1 come together during compression of the stent 1 10 and deflect at differing angles, leaving no consistent, regular pattern. The primary disadvantage of this random arrangement of bends 1 1 5 within the delivery system 1 1 2 is that the bends 1 15 can become entangled as the stent 110 is deployed. Deployment testing has revealed that in certain stent designs, entanglement can occur in a large percentage of the attempts and does not appear to be related to the experience of the operator.
Probably the highest rate of entanglement is found in stents having barbs 14, 114, as shown FIGs 1-4. FIG. 4 depicts a typical situation in which adjacent bends of a zig-zag stent 1 10 attached to tubular graft prosthesis 124 are entangled due to the barb 1 14 of the second strut 1 17 of the first bend 120 ensnaring the first strut 1 5 1 1 6 of the second bend 1 2 1 . The result is that the stent 1 10 cannot fully expand and thus, does not effectively seal the top of the graft 124 to prevent leakage of blood. Leakage can be due in part to the distortion from the entangled bends 1 and can cause the first stent of the graft (directly beneath the suprarenal stent) to pull away from the vessel wall. Barbs 1 14 can also ensnare the opposite leg of the same bend, creating a crossed-over, figure eight-like configuration.
Additionally, the apex 1 1 1 of one bend 115 can entangle with the apex of an adjacent bend 115, without the barb 114 being involved. As depicted in FIG. 1, angling the apices causes increased distance between adjacent struts and therefore, separates the barbs 14 from the struts. The distance is maintained during stent expansion such that entanglements are greatly reduced or eliminated. Besides the problem of leakage, there is a risk that entangled bends, which in a suprarenal stent for AAA
repair, can cause sufficient obstruction of a renal artery to cause damage to the kidney. This may also be a problem in stents for peripheral vessels in which a side branch may be obstructed if proper expansion does not occur.

-6-Another advantage of the fan blade-like arrangement is the ability to further compress the stent as compared with a loaded stent having randomly oriented bends as depicted in FIG. 3. The apices 11 of a loaded stent of FIG. 1 provide a much more efficient filling of the annular space 30 lying between the inside surface of the delivery system 12 and the outside surface of the inner cannula 13. For example, in the random orientation 129 depicted in FIG. 3, the stent is jammed into the delivery system 112 with little, if any, additional room to spare due to irregular bunching of the bends 115. If the delivery system 112 of FIG. 3 is used with a stent 10 having the fan blade-like arrangement 28 of FIG. 1, the bends 115 would not fully extend to the inner cannula 113, making further reduction in the diameter of the delivery system 112 possible. A smaller diameter introducer offers several potential clinical benefits. Naturally, a smaller introducer requires a smaller puncture of the vessel. For example, if the introducer can be sufficiently small for placement of endovascular stent grafts, the usual femoral artery cutdown procedure can be replaced by percutaneous entry, involving much less trauma to the patient. Other potential advantages to downsizing the delivery system include less disruption of atheroma and plaque which could lead to emboli, less disruption of blood flow, and less likelihood of damage to the vessel wall.
There are multiple methods of obtaining the fan blade-like arrangement 28 of the bends shown in FIG. 1. One method is to manipulate the stent 10 in a jig or similar restraining device. For example, the apices of adjacent bends 15 can be placed over pins on a flat fixture and clamped stationary, while the oppositely facing bend therebetween can be independently clamped and rotated to plastically deform the metal to the desired amount of twist. The position along the length of the stent where it is clamped determines whether the twist is limited to the area of the apices, or occurs more gradually over a longer distance. Determining the amount of twist used in the jig to achieve the desired angle must take into account the resiliency of the metal. Once it is established by experimental means for a particular stent design and bending fixture, it can be controlled and repeated for each bend. When the plastically deformed stent is compressed for loading, the angled bends 15 and apices

-7-11 then assume the desired configuration of FIG. 1. A side hole 23, as shown in FIG. 6, allows visual confirmation that the desired orientation has been achieved.

A second method of obtaining the fan blade-like arrangement is illustrated in FIGs. 5-6. As depicted in FIG. 5, an elongate constraining means 22, such as a piece of suture material, is looped through the apices 11 of the suprarenal stent 10 in the manner shown in the detail of FIG. 5. Of course any similar implement such as a suitable thread, string, strand, thin wire, fishing line, etc. can be used as a elongate constraining device 22. By sequentially feeding the end 25 of the suture 22 from the outside to the inside of each apex 1 1, the suture 22 applies the same direction force on each bend of the stent 10 as the ends 18 of the stent 10 are drawn together as depicted in FIG. 6, thus forcing the apices to twist into the orientation depicted in FIG. 1. To draw the ends 18 of the bends 15 together, the ends 25 of the suture 22 are fed through the tubular constraining device 31, such as the top cap of the delivery system 12, restraining the stent 10 and then out through the side passage 23 or eyelet in the side of the delivery system. To facilitate this procedure, a conduit 32, such as a piece of flexible tubing, can be fed through the eyelet 23 to the proximal end of the top cap 31. The suture material 22 is then fed into the conduit 32 and out the eyelet 23. The conduit 32 is then discarded. The ends 25 of the suture 22 are then pulled tight, or one of the ends 25 is pulled while the other is maintained in place, while the ends 18 of the stent 10, now being drawn into the fan blade-like arrangement 28, are inserted into the proximal end of the top cap 31 of the delivery system 12. The suture 22 is removed through the eyelet 23 which also serves as a viewing portal for confirming the proper orientation of the apices 11 as loaded. The remainder of the graft prosthesis 24 is compressed and loaded into another part of the delivery system (not shown). In a graft prosthesis 24 as depicted, only the first or distal end 18 is oriented into the fan blade-like arrangement 28, since the second end 19 is sewn or otherwise attached to the graft prosthesis 24 material, obviating the problem of the bends 15 becoming entangled during expansion. If a zig-zag or other type of stent lacks the graft prosthesis 24, entanglements can occur at both ends; therefore, there is probable

-8-benefit in orienting the second end 19 into the fan blade-like arrangement 28 as well.

The degree of twist of the apices can be uniform along the length of the stent or can vary longitudinally. In an example of the latter, the angle 27 of the twist might be 80 at the first end 18 of the stent, but gradually diminishes toward the second end 19 of the stent as the second strut 17 of a bend 15, which had been forced out of circumferential alignment with the first strut 16, is allowed to reassume the original, untwisted configuration, thereby being more aligned to the other struts 16,17 along the outer circumference 26 of the stent.
Alternatively, a clockwise twist at the first end 18 can be reversed such that the second end includes a counter-clockwise twist.

Mathematical calculations can be used to determine the practical range of angles that the apices 11 of the bends 15 can assume to produce reliable, entanglement-free deployment, given the particular parameters of the stent. To calculate the range that the angle 27 can assume, a number of parameters must be known, including the number of points or apices 11, the width of the wire comprising the bends 15, the width of the apex 11, the inside radius of the constraining device (delivery system) 12, and the outside radius of the inner cannula 13. While the angles useful to produce entanglement-free expansion can range from 10 to 90 , it is usually preferred to have an angle 27 at the higher end of that range, i.e., 50 -85 , to minimize entanglement. By way of example and using FIGs.
7-9 as reference, the following equations are provided for calculating the minimum angle 43 and maximum angle 45 (twist angle 27) for a stent having the following parameters:

r, = outside radius (40) of inner cannula (13) = 0.635 mm r2 = inside radius (41) of constraining device (12) = 2.5 mm r3 = one half the diameter (2r3) of the stent wire =.23 mm n = number of apices (11) = 12 d = width of apex (center to center of wire) = 1.43 mm

-9-~ With these 180 oc , + Sin n known parameters an a 2 =
equation can be used to solve for angle 42 which is designated a,, this angle being measured between line 47 (which intersects the centers 48 of adjacent struts 16) and the centerline 34 of the apex 11 of the bend 15. This equation is as follows:

~- ArcCos d2'~' (r2- j"3)2- (YI+ Y3)2 2 2d (r2 - 0 a 3=

Solving for a, using the above parameters, a value of 1.0391 1(radians) is obtained, which is the smaller of the two values obtained using the sine function of the equation. This value can be used to solve a second equation for determining the minimum possible angle 2z ~
43, or a2, O= 2r3Cos n- 2(r2 - r3)Sin aSin n-(expressed in 2/z 2/r degrees) for a-d + 2(r2 - r3)Cos a~Sin -- 2r3Sin Tan n n n particular stent, the equation being:

The maximum possible angle 45, or a3 (also expressed in degrees), can be obtained using a third equation:

- 10-Using 1.03911 as the value for a,, minimum angle a2 is found to be 74.4 and the maximum angle a3 is 83.4 . It should be noted that in some instances, there can be no maximum angle if the width 44 of the apex (value d) is too small relative the annular space 30 located between the constraining device 12 and the inner cannula 13, or if there is no inner cannula 13. For example, if in the above example, the value for d is reduced to 1.34, producing a value for a, of .769, the equation for the maximum angle 45 cannot be solved because the apex 11 will not touch the inner cannula 13, even at a full 90 angle.

Variation of this angle within a single fan blade-like arrangement is permitted. For example, the angles of the individual apices at one end of the stent could vary as much as 15-20 and would be considered substantially the same, thus falling within the scope of this invention, although it is prefered to limit this variation to 10 or less. The important factor is that the apices are configured in a fan blade-like arrangement with each being oriented in the same direction to reduce the possibility of entanglement. It should be noted that in the example of FIG. 8, the twist of the fan blade-like arrangement 28 is considered to be counter-clockwise, however, a clockwise twist could be used (not shown), the difference being that line 47 would intersect adjacent second struts 17, now iocated toward the outer circumference 26 of the stent, rather than intersecting adjacent first struts 16 being so oriented. The angle 42 for a, would still be calculated from lines 34 and 47, both now originating from the centers 48 of the second strut 17.

Finally, it should be noted that the above equations and methods for calculating the range of angles are exemplary and not required to practice the invention. Alternative methods of determining the desired angle may be used.
It should also be noted that the illustrative stents and described methods for obtaining the fan blade-like arrangement are for purpose of example only and other stent types and methods or orienting the bends can be used without departing from the spirit of this invention.

Claims

1. A stent capable of assuming both an expanded configuration and a compressed configuration, the stent comprising:
a first end and a second end;
a plurality of bends, at least selected ones of the bends including an apex located about at least one of the first end and the second end of the expandable stent;
characterised in that the apices about at least one of the first end and the second end are deformed into a fan blade-like arrangement when the stent is in the compressed condition and being viewed from the selected one of the first or the second end, whereby each of the apices of the first or the second end are oriented at an angle with respect to the outer circumference of the stent, the angle being substantially the same for each of the apices at the first or the second end.

2. The stent of claim 1, wherein the apices comprising the fan blade-like arrangement are plastically deformed such that the angle of the apices is present in the compressed conditions of the stent, and also when expanded.

3. The stent of claim 1, wherein the apices comprising the fan blade-like arrangement are elastically deformed such that the angle of the apices is present only in the compressed condition of the stent.

4. The stent of claim 1, wherein the stent comprises a zig-zag configuration.

5. The stent of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of struts that are interconnected by at least one of the plurality of bends.

6. The stent of claim 5, wherein the stent includes at least one barb located on one or more of the struts.

7. The stent of claim 1, wherein the stent further includes a tubular graft prosthesis attached thereto.

8. The stent of claim 7, wherein the second end of the stent is attached to the tubular graft prosthesis, while the first end remains at least partially uncovered by the tubular graft prosthesis with the fan blade-like arrangement comprising the first end of the stent.

9. The stent of claim 1, further including a delivery system that constrains the stent into the compressed condition.

10. The stent of claim 9, wherein the delivery system further includes a tubular component to constrain the first end of the stent.

11. The stent of claim 1, wherein the fan blade-like arrangement comprises both the first and the second ends of the stent.

12. The stent of claim 1, wherein the variation between the angles of the apices at the at least one of the first end and the second end is no more than 20°.

13. The stent of claim 1, wherein the angle of orientation of the plurality of apices is at least 50°.