CA2384012A1 - Method and apparatus for preventing piracy of digital content - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for preventing piracy of digital content Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2384012A1
CA2384012A1 CA002384012A CA2384012A CA2384012A1 CA 2384012 A1 CA2384012 A1 CA 2384012A1 CA 002384012 A CA002384012 A CA 002384012A CA 2384012 A CA2384012 A CA 2384012A CA 2384012 A1 CA2384012 A1 CA 2384012A1
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Prior art keywords
cryptographic
key
content
memory
transformation
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Granted
Application number
CA002384012A
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French (fr)
Other versions
CA2384012C (en
Inventor
Paul C. Kocher
Joshua M. Jaffe
Benjamin C. Jun
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cryptography Research Inc
Original Assignee
Cryptography Research, Inc.
Paul C. Kocher
Joshua M. Jaffe
Benjamin C. Jun
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Publication of CA2384012A1 publication Critical patent/CA2384012A1/en
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Publication of CA2384012C publication Critical patent/CA2384012C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/60—Protecting data
    • G06F21/602—Providing cryptographic facilities or services
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/10—Protecting distributed programs or content, e.g. vending or licensing of copyrighted material ; Digital rights management [DRM]
    • G06F21/107—License processing; Key processing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/70—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer
    • G06F21/71—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information
    • G06F21/72—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer to assure secure computing or processing of information in cryptographic circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/36—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
    • G06Q20/367—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0819—Key transport or distribution, i.e. key establishment techniques where one party creates or otherwise obtains a secret value, and securely transfers it to the other(s)
    • H04L9/083—Key transport or distribution, i.e. key establishment techniques where one party creates or otherwise obtains a secret value, and securely transfers it to the other(s) involving central third party, e.g. key distribution center [KDC] or trusted third party [TTP]
    • H04L9/0833—Key transport or distribution, i.e. key establishment techniques where one party creates or otherwise obtains a secret value, and securely transfers it to the other(s) involving central third party, e.g. key distribution center [KDC] or trusted third party [TTP] involving conference or group key
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of data-processing equipment not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00
    • G06F2211/007—Encryption, En-/decode, En-/decipher, En-/decypher, Scramble, (De-)compress
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2221/00—Indexing scheme relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/21—Indexing scheme relating to G06F21/00 and subgroups addressing additional information or applications relating to security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F2221/2101—Auditing as a secondary aspect
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/12—Details relating to cryptographic hardware or logic circuitry
    • H04L2209/127—Trusted platform modules [TPM]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00—Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/60—Digital content management, e.g. content distribution
    • H04L2209/603—Digital right managament [DRM]

Abstract

A secure cryptographic rights unit (225) for cryptographically regulating access to digital content (215) includes an interface control processor (235) and a specialized cryptographic unit (260) that protects access to a memory (265). The cryptographic unit produces content decryption keys (267) by using stored rights keys to transform other data received from the control processor (235). Because the control processor (235) does not have the ability to directly access the protected memory (265), the security can remain effective even if the control processor (235) is compromised. To prevent reverse engineering of the cryptographic transformations, the invention provides for an algorithm generator that uses random sources to produce algorithm definitions in machine-readable form. Because the generator itself does not contain any secrets, it can be submitted for open review. Other features allow for the content provider (200) to audit the access (296) of the user (290) who can obtain the decrypted content (275) through an output device (280).

Claims (74)

1. A tamper-resistant device for regulating access to encoded digital content, comprising:
(a) an external interface;
(b) a microprocessor for controlling said external interface;
(c) a memory;
(d) a cryptographic unit connected between said microprocessor and said memory that protects said memory from said microprocessor by cryptographically transforming data communicated between said microprocessor and said memory; and (e) a device key accessible by said cryptographic unit and inaccessible by said microprocessor;
configured such that said cryptographic unit uses the contents of said memory to transform at least one data value received from said microprocessor, where the result of said transformation is required to decode said digital content.
2. The device of claim 1 where said memory comprises a nonvolatile memory.
3. The device of claim 1 where said memory comprises a volatile memory.
4. The device of claim 1 where said memory contains a representation of a rights key, and where said rights key is used in said transformation of said at least one data value.
5. The device of claim 4 where said rights key was received via said external interface in a form encrypted using said device key.
6. The device of claim 5 where said device regulates access to a pay television service.
7. The device of claim 5 where said memory comprises a nonvolatile memory.
8. The device of claim 5 where said memory comprises a volatile memory.
9. The device of claim 5 where said rights key is stored in said memory in a form encrypted using said device key.
10. The device of claim 5 where said rights key was decrypted by said cryptographic unit using said device key before said rights key was stored in said memory.
11. The device of claim 1 where said device key is stored in said memory.
12. The device of claim 1 where said device key is stored in said cryptographic unit.
13. The device of claim 12 where said device key is stored as a combination of blown fuses on an integrated circuit.
14. The device of claim 1, 5, 6, 11, or 12 where said microprocessor, said memory, and said cryptographic unit are implemented within a single microchip.
15. The device of claim 1, 5, 6, 11, or 12 where said microprocessor, said memory, and said cryptographic unit are implemented within a smartcard.
16. The device of claim 1, 5, 6, 11, or 12 where said microprocessor, said memory, and said cryptographic unit are contained within a card.
17. A method for generating a cryptographic transformation that is difficult to reverse engineer, comprising the steps of:
(a) using a random source to obtain unpredictable data;
(b) using a software-implemented cryptographic function generator with said unpredictable data to produce a machine-readable definition of a randomized cryptographic transformation;
(c) implementing said randomized cryptographic transformation in an integrated circuit; and (d) using said integrated circuit to perform said randomized cryptographic transformation on a digital datum.
18. The method of claim 17 comprising the additional steps of: (i) using said integrated circuit to protect the distribution of encoded digital content; and (ii) using a result of said cryptographic transformation in said step (d) to decode said digital content.
19. The method of claim 18 where said cryptographic function generator also produces a machine-readable definition of the inverse of said randomized cryptographic transformation.
20. The method of claim 19 where said inverse transformation is used by a provider of said digital content to encode information distributed to said integrated circuit.
21. The method of claim 18 where knowledge of the design of said function generator without knowledge of said unpredictable data does not enable the reverse engineering of said cryptographic transformation in said integrated circuit.
22. The method of claim 21 with the additional step of performing a security analysis to assess the likelihood of said function generator producing a cryptographically-secure output transformation.
23. The method of claim 18 where the result of said cryptographic transformation is stored in a protected memory.
24. The method of claim 18 where the result of said cryptographic transformation is used to determine whether to modify a protected memory.
25. The method of claim 18 where an input to said cryptographic transformation is read from a protected memory.
26. The method of claim 18 where said cryptographic transformation has a Feistel structure.
27. The method of claim 18 where said cryptographic transformation includes deriving an input to a shift register.
28. The method of claim 18 where said cryptographic transformation is pseudoasymmetric.
29. The method of claim 18 where said cryptographic transformation is a one-way hash function, and including the step of decoding said digital content using an output of said hash function as a decryption key.
30. The method of claim 18 where said cryptographic transformation is a permutation.
31. The method of claim 18 where step (d) is performed in a smartcard.
32. The method of claim 17 where said cryptographic transformation is a keyed block cipher.
33. The method of claim 17 where said step (d) includes:
(i) transforming a first datum using said randomized cryptographic transformation;
(ii) using the result of said transforming to derive a second datum; and (iii) transforming said second datum using said randomized cryptographic transformation.
34. A method for storing a new cryptographic key in a tamper-resistant device, where said device contains a device key, comprising the steps of (a) receiving a base update key and a smaller device-specific update value from a party that knows said device key;
(b) transforming said base update key using said device key;

(c) combining at least the result of said transforming with said device-specific update value to produce a corrected update value;
(d) deriving a representation of said new cryptographic key by combining at least said corrected update value and said base update key; and (e) storing said derived representation in a memory.
35. [Deleted]
36. The method of claim 34 where said new cryptographic key replaces an old key, and where said old key is incorporated into said derivation of said new cryptographic key in said step (d).
37. The method of said step 34 further comprising a step of disabling said device if said new cryptographic key is not successfully derived.
38. The method of claim 34 further comprising a step of decoding digital content using said new cryptographic key.
39. The method of claim 34 where said memory comprises a nonvolatile memory.
40. The method of claim 34 where said step of deriving includes using a pseudoasymmetric function.
41. A method for a first device to allow a user to purchase and gain access to digital content without bi-directional communication with the provider of said content, comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a value corresponding to said content to be purchased;
(b) storing a representation of said value in a nonvolatile memory;
(c) using a process shared with a plurality of devices similar to said first device, cryptographically transforming at least a part of said stored representation to produce a content decryption key;
(d) decrypting said content using said content decryption key;

(e) allowing said content provider to audit the contents of said nonvolatile memory;
(f) receiving from said content provider a command to make said memory available for reuse;
(g) using a process that is not shared with said plurality of similar devices, cryptographically validating said command; and (h) clearing said nonvolatile memory for reuse, where at least said steps (b), (c), (g), and (h) are performed in a tamper-resistant device.
42. The method of claim 41 wherein said step (g) of cryptographically validating said command is secured using a device key.
43. The method of claim 41 where said nonvolatile memory is connected to a cryptographic unit within said tamper-resistant device which uses cryptographic transformations to secure access to said memory, and where at least said steps (c), (g), and (h) are performed by said cryptographic unit.
44. [Deleted]
45. The method of claim 42 where said step (b) only proceeds correctly if said nonvolatile memory has been cleared.
46. The method of claim 42 where said step (b) stores a different value in said nonvolatile memory depending on whether said nonvolatile memory is cleared for reuse or contains a previously stored transformation result, and where said step (d) only proceeds correctly if said nonvolatile memory was cleared.
47. The method of claim 42 where said tamper-resistant device is implemented in a single chip.
48. The method of claim 47 in which said chip is a smartcard.
49. The method of claim 47 where said digital content is digital music.
50. The method of claim 47 where said digital content is pay television.
51. The method of claim 41 where said tamper-resistant device is implemented as a smartcard.
52. The method of claim 41 further comprising a step of said content provider sending a bill to a user of said device.
53. The method of claim 41 where the audit process of said step (e) is cryptographically secured using a device key.
54. A method for using a tamper-resistant device containing a device key to protect access to digital content distributed by a content provider, comprising the steps of:
(a) storing said device key in a nonvolatile memory in said tamper-resistant device, such that said key is accessible by a cryptographic unit in said tamper-resistant device but inaccessible by a microprocessor in said tamper-resistant device;
(b) distributing said tamper-resistant device to a user;
(c) said content provider receiving from said user a request for privileges to access said content;
(d) said tamper-resistant device using said microprocessor to receive a key derivation message transmitted by said content provider;
(e) said microprocessor transmitting an encrypted rights key from said key derivation message to said cryptographic unit in said tamper-resistant device;
(f) said cryptographic unit transforming said encrypted rights key using said device key to produce a decrypted rights key; and (g) using said decrypted rights key to decode said digital content.
55. The method of claim 54 where said step (f) includes said cryptographic unit storing said encrypted rights key in a memory protected by said cryptographic unit.
56. The method of claim 54 where said step (f) includes said cryptographic unit storing said decrypted rights key in a memory protected by said cryptographic unit.
57. The method of claim 54 where said content is digital audio.
58. The method of claim 54 where said content is digital video.
59. The method of claim 54 where said content is distributed by cable television.
60. The method of claim 54 where said content is distributed by satellite.
61. The method of claim 54 where said content is distributed by wireless broadcast.
62. The method of claim 54 where said content is distributed over a computer network.
63. The method of claim 54 where said step (g) includes:
(i) said cryptographic unit using said decrypted rights key to derive a content decryption key;
(ii) said cryptographic unit transferring said content decryption key to said microprocessor;
(iii) said microprocessor further transforming said content decryption key;
(iv) said microprocessor transferring said transformed content decryption key to a playback device; and (v) said playback device using said transformed content decryption key to decode said content.
64. The device of claim 1, 5, 6, 11, or 12, further comprising a content decryption unit configured to receive said encoded digital content via said external interface, decrypt said content using said result of said transformation, and output a representation of said decrypted content via said external interface.
65. A method for a first device to allow a user to purchase and gain access to post-paid digital video content, comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a value corresponding to said post-paid video content to be purchased;
(b) storing a representation of said value in a nonvolatile memory;
(c) using a process shared with a plurality of devices similar to said first device, cryptographically transforming at least a part of said stored representation to produce a content decryption key;
(d) decrypting said content using said content decryption key;
(e) allowing said content provider to audit the contents of said nonvolatile memory;
{f) receiving from said content provider a cryptographic authorization to make said memory available for reuse;
(g) cryptographically validating that said authorization corresponds to said contents of said nonvolatile memory; and (h) allowing said nonvolatile memory to be reused for storing subsequent purchases;
where at least said steps (b), (c), (g) and (h) are performed in a tamper-resistant device.
66. A method for using a tamper-resistant device containing a microprocessor and a separate cryptographic unit to protect access to encrypted digital content distributed by a content provider, comprising the steps of:
(a) storing a device key in a nonvolatile memory in said tamper-resistant device, such that said key in said memory is accessible by a cryptographic unit in said tamper-resistant device but inaccessible by said microprocessor;
(b) said tamper-resistant device using said microprocessor to receive a key derivation message transmitted by said content provider in response to said content provider receiving a request for privileges to access said content;
(c) said microprocessor transmitting a value derived from said key derivation message to said cryptographic unit;
(d) said cryptographic unit transforming said value using said device key to produce a first decoding secret;
(e) said microprocessor using a secret inaccessible by said cryptographic unit to derive a second decoding secret; and (f) decoding said digital content using key material derived from said first decoding secret and said second decoding secret.
67. The method of claim 66 where:
(i) said key derivation message is an input to said step (e) of deriving said second decoding secret;
(ii) said value derived from said key derivation message is said second decoding secret; and (iii) said step (f) of decoding said digital content includes transferring said first decoding secret to a playback device for decoding said content.
68. A method for using a device to receive a cryptographic secret distributed to a subset of a group of similar devices that share a group secret and have individually-assigned group offsets, comprising the steps of:
(a) receiving a non-secret input value from a party that knows said group secret, where said input value includes a group mask specifying said subset of devices that are authorized by said party to derive said cryptographic secret;
(b) retrieving from a secure memory said group secret and said device offset;
(c) transforming said input value using at least said group secret and said device offset to produce a transformation result, such that said transformation result allows determination of said cryptographic secret if said device offset is specified in said group mask; and (d) storing said cryptographic secret.
69. The method of claim 68 comprising the additional steps of: (i) receiving said group secret and said device offset from said party; and (ii) storing said group secret and said device offset in said secure memory; and where said secure memory cannot be modified by a user of said device.
70. The method of claim 68 where said cryptographic secret is stored in a satellite television receiver, and comprising the additional step of said receiver using said stored secret to decode encrypted digital satellite television programming.
71. A tamper-resistant smartcard device for regulating access to encrypted television programs, comprising:
(a) a serial smartcard interface providing bi-directional communication with a playback device;
(b) a microprocessor connected to said serial interface, configured to receive access control rules for said encrypted television programs and to output content decryption keys for decrypting said encrypted television programs;
(c) a first cryptographic unit, configured to participate in generating said content decryption keys if said access control rules allow access to said programs;
and (d) a second cryptographic unit, physically distinct from said first cryptographic unit, configured to participate in said generating of said content decryption keys if said access control rules allow access to said programs;
where each of said first cryptographic unit and said second cryptographic unit is configured to cryptographically enforce said access control rules if the other said cryptographic unit is compromised by an attacker.
72. The device of claim 71 where said first cryptographic unit is implemented in software on said microprocessor, and where said second cryptographic unit is implemented in software on a second microprocessor.
73. The device of claim 71 further comprising a nonvolatile memory connected to said second cryptographic unit for storing purchase records for post-paid programs, and where:
(a) said access control rules enforced by said second cryptographic unit include preventing access to said post-paid programs unless said nonvolatile memory contains a valid purchase record for said post-paid programs; and (b) said second cryptographic unit is configured to require valid cryptographic authorization before over-writing said purchase records in said nonvolatile memory.
74. The device of claim 73 where said cryptographic authorization is a value generated by a provider of said post-paid programs and is specific to the contents of said nonvolatile memory.
CA2384012A 1999-09-02 2000-05-16 Method and apparatus for preventing piracy of digital content Expired - Lifetime CA2384012C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/389,268 US6289455B1 (en) 1999-09-02 1999-09-02 Method and apparatus for preventing piracy of digital content
US09/389,268 1999-09-02
PCT/US2000/013427 WO2001017163A1 (en) 1999-09-02 2000-05-16 Method and apparatus for preventing piracy of digital content

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA2384012A1 true CA2384012A1 (en) 2001-03-08
CA2384012C CA2384012C (en) 2010-04-27

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US (4) US6289455B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1208667B1 (en)
JP (2) JP4142295B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE398797T1 (en)
AU (1) AU4852600A (en)
CA (1) CA2384012C (en)
DE (1) DE60039243D1 (en)
MX (1) MXPA02002302A (en)
WO (1) WO2001017163A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA200201867B (en)

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