CA2419515A1 - Led drive circuit and method - Google Patents
Led drive circuit and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2419515A1 CA2419515A1 CA002419515A CA2419515A CA2419515A1 CA 2419515 A1 CA2419515 A1 CA 2419515A1 CA 002419515 A CA002419515 A CA 002419515A CA 2419515 A CA2419515 A CA 2419515A CA 2419515 A1 CA2419515 A1 CA 2419515A1
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- Prior art keywords
- led
- current
- drive circuit
- temperature
- controller
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
- H05B45/12—Controlling the intensity of the light using optical feedback
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
- H05B45/14—Controlling the intensity of the light using electrical feedback from LEDs or from LED modules
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
- H05B45/18—Controlling the intensity of the light using temperature feedback
Abstract
An LED drive circuit is disclosed, comprising an electronic controller which is arranged to monitor LED current as a first input. The controller also receives a second input from a sensor associated with the LED. The controller serves to monitor, based on its inputs, at least one further operating parameter of the LED which is either LED junction temperature or LED luminous intensity. The further operating parameter may be directly sensed by the sensor or may be calculated from the inputs to the controller. The controller is adapted to implement a closed loop control on LED current and to thereby limit current as necessary to maintain both the LED current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values.
Description
Title: LEIJ ~RIifE CIRCUIT ACID ETH~~
Field of the invention The present invention is concerned with an LED drive circuit and with a method of driving an LED.
Background of the invention The present invention has been developed in response to requirements for aircraft lighting utilising light emitting diodes (LEDs) although it has numerous potential applications in connection with lighting for other purposes. LEDs offer great advantages over more traditional light sources such as filament bulbs. LEDs have a much longer service life than such traditional sources, are more energy efficient and can be chosen to emit only, or largely, in selected frequency ranges. It is known to utilise a bank of LEDs to substitute for a filament bulb eg in traffic lights or in external aircraft lighting.
Lamps suitable for such purposes are disclosed, for example, in published French patent application FR2586844 (Sofrela S.A.) and in later British patent GB 2334376 B (L.F.D. limited), both utilising a PCB bearing a bank of LEDs which together provide the luminous intensity required to replace the filament of a traditional bulb.
It is very well known that a circuit for driving an LF_D should incorporate some means for limiting the current passing through them. The resistance of an LED varies with temperature and if no limit is imposed on the current passing through it, the result can be excessive power being dissipated in the LED with consequent damage to it. The simplest current limiter is a resistor in series with the LED. An alternative is to drive the LED (or LEDs) using a constant current source. The lamp disclosed in GB 23343768, mentioned above, is believed to operate in this manner.
The present inventor has however recognised that more sophisticated control of the LED is desirable in certain contexts. ~ne reason for this is the change in characteristics of the LED which takes place as it warms up in use. LED lamps driven by conventional circuitry typically become dimmer as this warming takes place and so may be too bright for their function when first switched on or too dim once they have warmed up.
A specific problem of this type is found to occur with aircraft navigation lights. LEDs have been chosen for such lights, annong other reasons, because they can be selected and driven to emit very largely at chosen visible frequencies with low emission in the infra red region to which military night vision systems are sensitive. The intention is that while training military personnel in use of night vision systenr~s such aircraft lights can be switched on (to provide the visible beacon required by civil aviation authorities) without causing dazzle (sometimes referred to as "saturation" or "blooming") of the highly sensitive night vision system through excessive infra red emission. Navigation lights must meet statutory requirements, eg laying down a minimum luminosity, at all times, whether they are hot or cold. Using conventional drive technology the result is that a high voltage per LED must be provided to drive fihe LEDs when they are cold (so that they meet the luminosity requirement) and that as the LEDs warm up they are correspondingly over driven when hot.
European patent application EP0516398 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation) discloses a circuit for controlling an LED with the object of providing a highly stable output emission spectrum to serve as a "standard light source". Microprocessor control is used to efFect closed loop stabilisation of output wavelength. The approach adopted would not solve the problems to which the present invention is addressed.
Sumrnar°y of the invention In accordance with the present invention there is an LED drive circuit comprising an electronic controller which is arranged to monitor LED
current as a first input and which receives a second input from a sensor _3_ associated with the LED, the controller serving to monitor, based on its inputs, at least one further operating parameter of the LED which is either LED
junction temperature or LED luminous intensity and being adapted to implement a closed loop control on LED current and to thereby limit current as necessary to maintain both the LED current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values.
Preferably the controller additionally monitors voltage across the LED.
Supply voltage may additionally be; monitored by the controller.
Supply voltage can be used to signal dimming levels. IVleasured levels of supply voltage correspond to appropriate max currents.
Vllhile the "further operating parameter" could be directly sensed by the sensor (as for example where the sensor is a photo detector arranged to directly sense luminous intensity) but is more typically calculated by the controller based on its inputs and on known physical parameters of the LED
arrangement.
The LED can , in accordance with the present invention, be efFiciently driven while still being protected from over-d~~iving (and consequent IVVG dazzle) andl or damage due to excessive current or heat.
The LED current need not be continually limited by the controller. Preferably the controller serves to limit current only when one of the aforementioned maximum values would otherwise be exceeded, its current limiting function being inactivated at other times.
The sensor is preferably a temperature sensor.
Directly measuring LED junction temperature is difficult. In a preferred embodiment junction temperature is determined by the controller based on the temperature sensor's output, on thermal resistance between the LED junction and the sensor, and on power input to the LED.
In a more sophisticated embodiment allowance is additionally made, in determining LED junction temperature, for the LED's optical output powe r.
Alternatively junction temperature may be directly sensed.
In a preferred embodiment the controller determines luminous intensity based on LED current and on the temperature sensor's output.
The electronic control may in certain embodiments receive inputs representing further LED parameters.
Preferably the electronic control is a pre-programmed device comprising a microprocessor.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the sensor is a temperature sensing resistor arranged in a potential divider to provide a voltage modulated signal to the electroinic controller.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the electronic control limits the LED current when limit values of any of the following parameters would otherwise be exceeded: (1) LED temperature; (2) LED current; (3) luminous intensity.
In a further preferred errvbodiment of the present invention, the electronic control is arranged to apply a control signal to a transistor connected in series with the LED(s) and thereby to control LED current.
The transistor is preferably a field effect transistor whose gate is connected to the electronic control, the LED(s) bf~ing connected in series with the transistor's sourceldrain path.
In one such embodiment the electronic control serves to emit a pulsed signal which is led to the transistor via smoothing circuitry whereby the transistor receives a DC voltage determined by the electronic control.
The drive circuit is preferably incorporated into an LED light.
This may in particular be an external ais~craft warning light.
_5_ In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is a method of driving an LED comprising monitoring LED current and at least one further LED operating parameter vvhich is either LED junction temperature or LED luminous intensity and carrying out closed loop control on LED current thereby to limit current as necessary to maintain both LED
current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values.
Preferably the method comprises monitoring both LED junction temperature and LED luminous intensity and maintaining both these parameters below predetermined maximum values by limiting LED current.
It is particularly preferred that the method comprises limiting LED current only when one of the aforementicmed maximum values would otherwise be exceeded and allowing LED current to float at other times.
The method preferably comprises calculating (1 ) Imax(current), a limit to the LED current based on the maximurri function temperature and (2) Imax(intensity), a limit to the LED current based on maximurr~ luminous intensity, selecting the maximum permissible current to be the lowest of Imax(current), Imax(intensity) and the predetermined maximum current and limiting actual LED current only if it would otherwise exceed the maximum permissible current.
In a further preferred embodiment the method comprises measuring a temperature in proximity to the LED junction and determining LED junction temperature based on the measured temperature, on thermal resistance between the LED junction and the sensor, and on power input to the LED.
In still a further embodiment mode the method comprises measuring a temperature in proximity to the LED junction and determining LED luminous intensity based on the measured temperature and on the LED
current.
Detailed description of the invention Specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a circuit diagram of an LEf~ drive circuit embodying the invention.
The present invention enables an LED or a bank of LEDs to be controlled in dependence upon measured LED operating parameters. The specific circuit to be described achieves this using a pre-programmed electronic control unit (ECU) 2 which ~ eceives the measurements of operating parameters and controls the LED in accordance with a predetermined algorithm. The circuit will be described first of all, followed by the currently preferred algorithm.
In the illustrated circuit supply to a serieslparallel array 4 of LEDs is taken from terminal 6 connected to the drain D of a MOSFET 8 whose source is connected via a resistor R1 to ground. Hence the LEDs 4 are connected in series with the MOSFET. The gate of the MOSFET is connected via a resistor R2 to an output of the ECU 2. In addition a smoothing capacitor C1 is connected between tile gate and the ECU output.
In operation, the ECU's output takes the form of a pulse width modulated (PWM) square wave signal. The smoothing capacit-or C1 and associated resistor R2 smooth this signal and thereby provide to the gate of the MOSFET
a D.C. voltage. By adjusting the ~'WM signal the ECU 2 can vary this voltage and in turn the MOSFET, in response to the gate voltage, controls current through the LEDs. The EGU can thus control LED current and it does so in response to inputs from two sources.
The resistor R1 connected in series with the MOSFET, or more specifically between the MOSFET and ground, serves as a current sensing resistor. The potential at the side of this resistor remote from ground is ~0 proportional to the current through the LEDs and a line 10 connects this point to an input of the ECU 2.
The second input in this exemplary embodiment of the invention is derived from a temperature sensor NTC connected in a potential divider configuration: one side of the sensor NTC is led to high rail 12 while the other side is led via a resistor R3 to ground. Hence a voltage signal representative of the sensed temperature is applied to an input of the ECU through a line 14 connecting the input to a point between sensor NTC and resistor R3. The ECU also receives a reference voltage, through still a further input, from potential divider R4, R5.
Dotted box 16 in the drawing contains components relating to the smoothing and spike protection of the electrical ss.~pply. A further dotted box 18 contains components relating to an optional infra red LED source as will be explained below.
The ECU 2 of the illustrated embodiment is a programmable integrated circuit device of a type well known in itself and provides great flexibility in the control of the LEDs. A control algorithm, implemented by suitable programming of the ECU, will now be described.
In the present embodiment the LED drive current is limited only by the supplied voltage except when this would result in any one of three parameters being exceeded:-1. the maximum LED junction temperature. The LED junction temperature is related to the temperature of the sensor BVTC. However' the sensor is typically a discrete component, mounted in proximity to the LEDs themselves, so that its temperature will not typically be identical to the junction temperature.
Hence allowance is made for the thermal resistance of the sensor to the junction 2. the maximum current. Qf course LED current its obtained by measurement using the current sensing resistor R1.
Field of the invention The present invention is concerned with an LED drive circuit and with a method of driving an LED.
Background of the invention The present invention has been developed in response to requirements for aircraft lighting utilising light emitting diodes (LEDs) although it has numerous potential applications in connection with lighting for other purposes. LEDs offer great advantages over more traditional light sources such as filament bulbs. LEDs have a much longer service life than such traditional sources, are more energy efficient and can be chosen to emit only, or largely, in selected frequency ranges. It is known to utilise a bank of LEDs to substitute for a filament bulb eg in traffic lights or in external aircraft lighting.
Lamps suitable for such purposes are disclosed, for example, in published French patent application FR2586844 (Sofrela S.A.) and in later British patent GB 2334376 B (L.F.D. limited), both utilising a PCB bearing a bank of LEDs which together provide the luminous intensity required to replace the filament of a traditional bulb.
It is very well known that a circuit for driving an LF_D should incorporate some means for limiting the current passing through them. The resistance of an LED varies with temperature and if no limit is imposed on the current passing through it, the result can be excessive power being dissipated in the LED with consequent damage to it. The simplest current limiter is a resistor in series with the LED. An alternative is to drive the LED (or LEDs) using a constant current source. The lamp disclosed in GB 23343768, mentioned above, is believed to operate in this manner.
The present inventor has however recognised that more sophisticated control of the LED is desirable in certain contexts. ~ne reason for this is the change in characteristics of the LED which takes place as it warms up in use. LED lamps driven by conventional circuitry typically become dimmer as this warming takes place and so may be too bright for their function when first switched on or too dim once they have warmed up.
A specific problem of this type is found to occur with aircraft navigation lights. LEDs have been chosen for such lights, annong other reasons, because they can be selected and driven to emit very largely at chosen visible frequencies with low emission in the infra red region to which military night vision systems are sensitive. The intention is that while training military personnel in use of night vision systenr~s such aircraft lights can be switched on (to provide the visible beacon required by civil aviation authorities) without causing dazzle (sometimes referred to as "saturation" or "blooming") of the highly sensitive night vision system through excessive infra red emission. Navigation lights must meet statutory requirements, eg laying down a minimum luminosity, at all times, whether they are hot or cold. Using conventional drive technology the result is that a high voltage per LED must be provided to drive fihe LEDs when they are cold (so that they meet the luminosity requirement) and that as the LEDs warm up they are correspondingly over driven when hot.
European patent application EP0516398 (Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation) discloses a circuit for controlling an LED with the object of providing a highly stable output emission spectrum to serve as a "standard light source". Microprocessor control is used to efFect closed loop stabilisation of output wavelength. The approach adopted would not solve the problems to which the present invention is addressed.
Sumrnar°y of the invention In accordance with the present invention there is an LED drive circuit comprising an electronic controller which is arranged to monitor LED
current as a first input and which receives a second input from a sensor _3_ associated with the LED, the controller serving to monitor, based on its inputs, at least one further operating parameter of the LED which is either LED
junction temperature or LED luminous intensity and being adapted to implement a closed loop control on LED current and to thereby limit current as necessary to maintain both the LED current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values.
Preferably the controller additionally monitors voltage across the LED.
Supply voltage may additionally be; monitored by the controller.
Supply voltage can be used to signal dimming levels. IVleasured levels of supply voltage correspond to appropriate max currents.
Vllhile the "further operating parameter" could be directly sensed by the sensor (as for example where the sensor is a photo detector arranged to directly sense luminous intensity) but is more typically calculated by the controller based on its inputs and on known physical parameters of the LED
arrangement.
The LED can , in accordance with the present invention, be efFiciently driven while still being protected from over-d~~iving (and consequent IVVG dazzle) andl or damage due to excessive current or heat.
The LED current need not be continually limited by the controller. Preferably the controller serves to limit current only when one of the aforementioned maximum values would otherwise be exceeded, its current limiting function being inactivated at other times.
The sensor is preferably a temperature sensor.
Directly measuring LED junction temperature is difficult. In a preferred embodiment junction temperature is determined by the controller based on the temperature sensor's output, on thermal resistance between the LED junction and the sensor, and on power input to the LED.
In a more sophisticated embodiment allowance is additionally made, in determining LED junction temperature, for the LED's optical output powe r.
Alternatively junction temperature may be directly sensed.
In a preferred embodiment the controller determines luminous intensity based on LED current and on the temperature sensor's output.
The electronic control may in certain embodiments receive inputs representing further LED parameters.
Preferably the electronic control is a pre-programmed device comprising a microprocessor.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the sensor is a temperature sensing resistor arranged in a potential divider to provide a voltage modulated signal to the electroinic controller.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the electronic control limits the LED current when limit values of any of the following parameters would otherwise be exceeded: (1) LED temperature; (2) LED current; (3) luminous intensity.
In a further preferred errvbodiment of the present invention, the electronic control is arranged to apply a control signal to a transistor connected in series with the LED(s) and thereby to control LED current.
The transistor is preferably a field effect transistor whose gate is connected to the electronic control, the LED(s) bf~ing connected in series with the transistor's sourceldrain path.
In one such embodiment the electronic control serves to emit a pulsed signal which is led to the transistor via smoothing circuitry whereby the transistor receives a DC voltage determined by the electronic control.
The drive circuit is preferably incorporated into an LED light.
This may in particular be an external ais~craft warning light.
_5_ In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is a method of driving an LED comprising monitoring LED current and at least one further LED operating parameter vvhich is either LED junction temperature or LED luminous intensity and carrying out closed loop control on LED current thereby to limit current as necessary to maintain both LED
current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values.
Preferably the method comprises monitoring both LED junction temperature and LED luminous intensity and maintaining both these parameters below predetermined maximum values by limiting LED current.
It is particularly preferred that the method comprises limiting LED current only when one of the aforementicmed maximum values would otherwise be exceeded and allowing LED current to float at other times.
The method preferably comprises calculating (1 ) Imax(current), a limit to the LED current based on the maximurri function temperature and (2) Imax(intensity), a limit to the LED current based on maximurr~ luminous intensity, selecting the maximum permissible current to be the lowest of Imax(current), Imax(intensity) and the predetermined maximum current and limiting actual LED current only if it would otherwise exceed the maximum permissible current.
In a further preferred embodiment the method comprises measuring a temperature in proximity to the LED junction and determining LED junction temperature based on the measured temperature, on thermal resistance between the LED junction and the sensor, and on power input to the LED.
In still a further embodiment mode the method comprises measuring a temperature in proximity to the LED junction and determining LED luminous intensity based on the measured temperature and on the LED
current.
Detailed description of the invention Specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a circuit diagram of an LEf~ drive circuit embodying the invention.
The present invention enables an LED or a bank of LEDs to be controlled in dependence upon measured LED operating parameters. The specific circuit to be described achieves this using a pre-programmed electronic control unit (ECU) 2 which ~ eceives the measurements of operating parameters and controls the LED in accordance with a predetermined algorithm. The circuit will be described first of all, followed by the currently preferred algorithm.
In the illustrated circuit supply to a serieslparallel array 4 of LEDs is taken from terminal 6 connected to the drain D of a MOSFET 8 whose source is connected via a resistor R1 to ground. Hence the LEDs 4 are connected in series with the MOSFET. The gate of the MOSFET is connected via a resistor R2 to an output of the ECU 2. In addition a smoothing capacitor C1 is connected between tile gate and the ECU output.
In operation, the ECU's output takes the form of a pulse width modulated (PWM) square wave signal. The smoothing capacit-or C1 and associated resistor R2 smooth this signal and thereby provide to the gate of the MOSFET
a D.C. voltage. By adjusting the ~'WM signal the ECU 2 can vary this voltage and in turn the MOSFET, in response to the gate voltage, controls current through the LEDs. The EGU can thus control LED current and it does so in response to inputs from two sources.
The resistor R1 connected in series with the MOSFET, or more specifically between the MOSFET and ground, serves as a current sensing resistor. The potential at the side of this resistor remote from ground is ~0 proportional to the current through the LEDs and a line 10 connects this point to an input of the ECU 2.
The second input in this exemplary embodiment of the invention is derived from a temperature sensor NTC connected in a potential divider configuration: one side of the sensor NTC is led to high rail 12 while the other side is led via a resistor R3 to ground. Hence a voltage signal representative of the sensed temperature is applied to an input of the ECU through a line 14 connecting the input to a point between sensor NTC and resistor R3. The ECU also receives a reference voltage, through still a further input, from potential divider R4, R5.
Dotted box 16 in the drawing contains components relating to the smoothing and spike protection of the electrical ss.~pply. A further dotted box 18 contains components relating to an optional infra red LED source as will be explained below.
The ECU 2 of the illustrated embodiment is a programmable integrated circuit device of a type well known in itself and provides great flexibility in the control of the LEDs. A control algorithm, implemented by suitable programming of the ECU, will now be described.
In the present embodiment the LED drive current is limited only by the supplied voltage except when this would result in any one of three parameters being exceeded:-1. the maximum LED junction temperature. The LED junction temperature is related to the temperature of the sensor BVTC. However' the sensor is typically a discrete component, mounted in proximity to the LEDs themselves, so that its temperature will not typically be identical to the junction temperature.
Hence allowance is made for the thermal resistance of the sensor to the junction 2. the maximum current. Qf course LED current its obtained by measurement using the current sensing resistor R1.
3. the maximum luminous intensity. lNhile luminous intensity may in other embodiments of the present invention be directly sensed, in the present embodiment it is calculated based on the sensed current and temperature and known LED characteristics.
While junction temperature, current and luminous intensity are below their respective maxima, current is limited only by supply voltage- The drive circuitry voltage drop is minimised. This allows for the large variation in forward voltage between different batches of LEDs. It also prevents the ECU
from "hunting" for an unattainable Constant current value which has been found to produce flickering in earlier systems.
For a given lamp, a set of constants is required in order to calculate whether and by how much current should be restricted:
Maximum Junction temperature (°C) Maximum Current (mA) Maximum Luminous Intensity (Cd) Thermal resistance of Sensor to Junction (°CIW) Test Temperature (°C) (LED Junction Temperature during optical testing) Temperature Coefficient (Relative Intensity/°C) Calibration Factor (CdImA).
The ECU receives the following measured instantaneous parameters:
Sensor Temperature (°C) Array Voltage (V) (Voltage across LED array) Current (mA) (Total Current through LED array).
The ECU's calculations involve the following variables:
Wmax(temp) (W) Maximum power to maintain maximum junction Temperature.
Imax {temp) (mA) Maximum Current to maintain maximum Junction Temperature.
Imax(current) (mA) Maximum Current to maintain maximum Current.
Imax(intensity) (mA) Maximum Current to maintain _g_ maximum intensity.
Imax (mA) Maximum Current Overall.
Watts (W) Power input to LED in Watts.
Junction Temperature (°C) Junction temperature.
Temperature Factor Temperature Factor.
these variables being calculated using the following Wmax(temp} _ (Max Junction Temperature - Sensor Temperature) Thermal Resistance of Sensor to Junction Imax temp) - Wmax(temp)lArray voltage Imax(current) = Max Current Watts - (Current * Array voltage) Junction Temperature = Sensor Temperature + (Resistance sensor to junction x Watts}
2n Temperature Factor = 1+[(junction Temperature - Test Temperature) x Temp Coefficient]
Imax(intensity) - Max Intensityl(Temperature Factor * Calibration Facto r) Imax - Imax(remp) OI~ Imax(current) OR Imax(intensity}
Whichever is smaller and the condition for current adjustment is IF Current >= Imax THEN (Adjust Current and maintain it at Imax) ELSE (Allow Current to float i.e. turn off active control) Hence by virtue of the present invention the LEDs can be driven by a circuit having in itself minimal voltage drop while current restriction is not required, with consequent high efficiency. Over driving of the LEDsr as discussed above, can be avoided by virtue of the limit imposed on current and junction temperature. In other embodiments allowance could be made cg for controlled adjustment of the intensity.
The circuit operates in a form of feedback loop. Adjustments to LED current alter the measured parameters in a manner which is detected by 1~
the ECU 2 and hence affects subsequent current adjustments. The actual adjustment of LED current is controlled by adaptive htD (proportional integral differential) algorithm. Such techniques are in themselves well known and will not be described in detail herein.
Reference has been made above to an optional infra red light source whose components are shown in dotted boy '18 of the drawing. This comprises an LED 20 whose emission is in the infra red part of the spectrum, connected via a current limiting restrictor R6 and a reverse voltage blocking diode D1 to ground and on its other side to the supply rail. The infra red LED
is actuated by reversing polarity of the supply rail, which at the same time cuts off supply to the ECU 2 and visible LEDs 4. Hence the circuit can emit either infra red or visible light, which is appropriate in aircraft lights operable in a visible or a "covert" (1R only) mode.
The circuit is well suited to incorporation in aircraft lighting such as navigation lights.
While junction temperature, current and luminous intensity are below their respective maxima, current is limited only by supply voltage- The drive circuitry voltage drop is minimised. This allows for the large variation in forward voltage between different batches of LEDs. It also prevents the ECU
from "hunting" for an unattainable Constant current value which has been found to produce flickering in earlier systems.
For a given lamp, a set of constants is required in order to calculate whether and by how much current should be restricted:
Maximum Junction temperature (°C) Maximum Current (mA) Maximum Luminous Intensity (Cd) Thermal resistance of Sensor to Junction (°CIW) Test Temperature (°C) (LED Junction Temperature during optical testing) Temperature Coefficient (Relative Intensity/°C) Calibration Factor (CdImA).
The ECU receives the following measured instantaneous parameters:
Sensor Temperature (°C) Array Voltage (V) (Voltage across LED array) Current (mA) (Total Current through LED array).
The ECU's calculations involve the following variables:
Wmax(temp) (W) Maximum power to maintain maximum junction Temperature.
Imax {temp) (mA) Maximum Current to maintain maximum Junction Temperature.
Imax(current) (mA) Maximum Current to maintain maximum Current.
Imax(intensity) (mA) Maximum Current to maintain _g_ maximum intensity.
Imax (mA) Maximum Current Overall.
Watts (W) Power input to LED in Watts.
Junction Temperature (°C) Junction temperature.
Temperature Factor Temperature Factor.
these variables being calculated using the following Wmax(temp} _ (Max Junction Temperature - Sensor Temperature) Thermal Resistance of Sensor to Junction Imax temp) - Wmax(temp)lArray voltage Imax(current) = Max Current Watts - (Current * Array voltage) Junction Temperature = Sensor Temperature + (Resistance sensor to junction x Watts}
2n Temperature Factor = 1+[(junction Temperature - Test Temperature) x Temp Coefficient]
Imax(intensity) - Max Intensityl(Temperature Factor * Calibration Facto r) Imax - Imax(remp) OI~ Imax(current) OR Imax(intensity}
Whichever is smaller and the condition for current adjustment is IF Current >= Imax THEN (Adjust Current and maintain it at Imax) ELSE (Allow Current to float i.e. turn off active control) Hence by virtue of the present invention the LEDs can be driven by a circuit having in itself minimal voltage drop while current restriction is not required, with consequent high efficiency. Over driving of the LEDsr as discussed above, can be avoided by virtue of the limit imposed on current and junction temperature. In other embodiments allowance could be made cg for controlled adjustment of the intensity.
The circuit operates in a form of feedback loop. Adjustments to LED current alter the measured parameters in a manner which is detected by 1~
the ECU 2 and hence affects subsequent current adjustments. The actual adjustment of LED current is controlled by adaptive htD (proportional integral differential) algorithm. Such techniques are in themselves well known and will not be described in detail herein.
Reference has been made above to an optional infra red light source whose components are shown in dotted boy '18 of the drawing. This comprises an LED 20 whose emission is in the infra red part of the spectrum, connected via a current limiting restrictor R6 and a reverse voltage blocking diode D1 to ground and on its other side to the supply rail. The infra red LED
is actuated by reversing polarity of the supply rail, which at the same time cuts off supply to the ECU 2 and visible LEDs 4. Hence the circuit can emit either infra red or visible light, which is appropriate in aircraft lights operable in a visible or a "covert" (1R only) mode.
The circuit is well suited to incorporation in aircraft lighting such as navigation lights.
Claims (21)
1. An LED drive circuit comprising an electronic controller which is arranged to monitor LED current as a first input and which receives a second input from a sensor associated with the LED, the controller serving to monitor, based on its inputs, at least one further operating parameter of the LED which is either LED junction temperature or LED luminous intensity and being adapted to implement a closed loop control on LED current and to thereby limit current as necessary to maintain both the LED current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values.
2. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the electronic controller is arranged to monitor both LED junction temperature and LED
emitted light intensity and to maintain both these parameters below predetermined maximum values by limiting LED current.
emitted light intensity and to maintain both these parameters below predetermined maximum values by limiting LED current.
3. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the controller serves to limit current only when one of the aforementioned maximum values would otherwise be exceeded, the controller's current limiting function being inactivated at other times.
4. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the sensor is a temperature sensor.
5. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 4 wherein the sensor is arranged in proximity to the LED junction and junction temperature is determined by the controller based on the temperature sensor's output, on thermal resistance between the LED junction and the sensor, and on power input to the LED.
6. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 4 wherein the controller determines luminous intensity based on LED current and on the temperature sensor's output.
7. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the electronic controller is a pre-programmed device comprising a microprocessor.
8. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 4 wherein the temperature sensor is a temperature sensing resistor arranged in a potential divider to provide a voltage modulated signal to the electronic controller.
9. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a transistor connected in series with the LED, the electronic controller being connected to apply a control signal to the transistor and thereby to control LED current.
10. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 9 wherein the transistor is a field effect transistor whose gate is connected to the electronic controller, the LED being connected in series with the LED's source/drain path.
11. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10 wherein the electronic controller serves to emit a pulsed signal which is led to the transistor via smoothing circuitry whereby the transistor receives a DC
voltage determined by the electronic controller.
voltage determined by the electronic controller.
12. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 1 comprising a plurality of LEDs.
13. An LED drive circuit as claimed in claim 12 wherein the LEDs are arranged in an array.
14. An LED light comprising a drive circuit comprising an electronic controller which is arranged to monitor LED current as a first input and which receives a second input from a sensor associated with the LED, the controller serving to monitor, based on its inputs, at least one further operating parameter of he LED which is either LED junction temperature or LED
luminous intensity and being adapted to implement a closed loop control or LED current and to hereby limit current as necessary to maintain both the LED current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values, driving one or more LEDs.
luminous intensity and being adapted to implement a closed loop control or LED current and to hereby limit current as necessary to maintain both the LED current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values, driving one or more LEDs.
15. An LED light as claimed in claim 14 which is an external aircraft warning light.
16. A method of driving an LED comprising monitoring LED current and at feast one further LED operating parameter which is either LED junction temperature or LED luminous intensity and carrying out closed loop control or LED current thereby to limit current as necessary to maintain both LED
current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values.
current and the further operating parameter below predetermined maximum values.
17. A method as claimed in claim 16 comprising monitoring both LED
junction temperature and LED luminous intensity and maintaining both these parameters below predetermined maximum values by limiting LED current.
junction temperature and LED luminous intensity and maintaining both these parameters below predetermined maximum values by limiting LED current.
18. A method as claimed in claim 17 comprising limiting LED current only when one of the aforementioned maximum values would otherwise be exceeded and allowing LED current to float at other times.
19. A method as claimed in claim 17 comprising calculating (1) Imax(current), a limit to the LED current based on the maximum junction temperature and (2) Imax(intensity), a limit to the LED current based on maximum luminous intensity, selecting the maximum permissible current to be the lowest of Imax(current), Imax(intensity) and he predetermined maximum current and limiting actual LED current only if it would otherwise exceed the maximum permissible current.
20. A method as claimed in claim 16 comprising measuring a temperature in proximity to the LED junction and determining LED junction temperature based on the measured temperature, on thermal resistance between the LED
junction and the sensor, and on power input to the LED.
junction and the sensor, and on power input to the LED.
21. A method as claimed in claim 16 comprising measuring a temperature in proximity to the LEA junction and determining LED luminous intensity based on the measured temperature and on the LED current.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0204212.5 | 2002-02-22 | ||
| GBGB0204212.5A GB0204212D0 (en) | 2002-02-22 | 2002-02-22 | Led drive circuit |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2419515A1 true CA2419515A1 (en) | 2003-08-22 |
Family
ID=9931589
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002419515A Abandoned CA2419515A1 (en) | 2002-02-22 | 2003-02-21 | Led drive circuit and method |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6870325B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1339263B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE344612T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2419515A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60309359T2 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB0204212D0 (en) |
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-
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- 2003-02-21 US US10/371,878 patent/US6870325B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-22 AT AT03251255T patent/ATE344612T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-02-22 DE DE60309359T patent/DE60309359T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-22 EP EP03251255A patent/EP1339263B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006039789A1 (en) * | 2004-10-12 | 2006-04-20 | Tir Systems Ltd. | Method and system for feedback and control of a luminaire |
| US7573209B2 (en) | 2004-10-12 | 2009-08-11 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Method and system for feedback and control of a luminaire |
| US7573210B2 (en) | 2004-10-12 | 2009-08-11 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Method and system for feedback and control of a luminaire |
| US7738002B2 (en) | 2004-10-12 | 2010-06-15 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Control apparatus and method for use with digitally controlled light sources |
| WO2006092040A1 (en) * | 2005-03-03 | 2006-09-08 | Tir Systems Ltd. | Method and apparatus for controlling thermal stress in lighting devices |
| US7538499B2 (en) | 2005-03-03 | 2009-05-26 | Tir Technology Lp | Method and apparatus for controlling thermal stress in lighting devices |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE344612T1 (en) | 2006-11-15 |
| US20040032221A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
| AU2003200628A1 (en) | 2003-09-11 |
| EP1339263A1 (en) | 2003-08-27 |
| DE60309359T2 (en) | 2007-11-08 |
| US6870325B2 (en) | 2005-03-22 |
| DE60309359D1 (en) | 2006-12-14 |
| GB0204212D0 (en) | 2002-04-10 |
| EP1339263B1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |