CA2428876C - Non-intrusive temperature sensor for measuring internal temperature of fluids within pipes - Google Patents
Non-intrusive temperature sensor for measuring internal temperature of fluids within pipes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2428876C CA2428876C CA002428876A CA2428876A CA2428876C CA 2428876 C CA2428876 C CA 2428876C CA 002428876 A CA002428876 A CA 002428876A CA 2428876 A CA2428876 A CA 2428876A CA 2428876 C CA2428876 C CA 2428876C
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- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pipe
- insulator
- sensor
- housing
- sleeve
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
- G01K11/3206—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres at discrete locations in the fibre, e.g. using Bragg scattering
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/06—Measuring temperature or pressure
- E21B47/07—Temperature
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
- E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
- E21B47/135—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K1/00—Details of thermometers not specially adapted for particular types of thermometer
- G01K1/14—Supports; Fastening devices; Arrangements for mounting thermometers in particular locations
- G01K1/143—Supports; Fastening devices; Arrangements for mounting thermometers in particular locations for measuring surface temperatures
Abstract
An apparatus for sensing the temperature of a fluid being drawn from a well includes a pipe having a wall, a sensor mounted on the outer surface of the pipe wall, an insulator, and a housing attached to the pipe that encloses the sensor and the insulator. The fluid to be sensed is drawn from the well through the pipe. The thermal conductivity of the pipe wall is greater than that of the insulator.
Description
"Non-Intrusive Temperature Sensor for Measuring Internal Temperature of Fluids within Pipes"
This invention relates to apparatus for sensing the temperature of fluid .
flow within a pipe in general, and to apparatus that can be used to non-intrusively sense fluid flow temperature within a pipe in particular.
In the oil and gas industry, there is considerable advantage in having the ability to accurately measure the temperature of a fluid within a pipe at one or more locations down within a well ("downhole"). Until recently, fluid temperature has typically been sensed at the top or "wellhead" of a well. A problem with wellhead temperature data is that it can be influenced by heat transfer between the fluid and the pipe that occurs along the length of the pipe. Another problem with wellhead temperature data is that in multi-source wells, the fluid temperature data collected at the wellhead reflects a mixture of the fluid temperatures from the different sources and yields no temperature data specific to the individual sources. Knowing the temperature at a discrete locations within the well would avoid these problems and help enable the determination of relevant information that can be used to increase the productivity and efficiency of the source or sources.
Acquiring reliable, accurate temperature data in a downhole environment is, however, a technical challenge for at least the following reasons. First, fluid flow within a production pipe is hostile to sensors in direct contact with the fluid flow.
Fluids within the production pipe can erode, corrode, wear, and otherwise compromise sensors disposed in direct contact with the fluid flow. In addition, the hole or port through which the sensor makes direct contact, or through which a cable is run, is a potential leak site. There is great advantage in preventing fluid leakage out of the production pipe. Second, the environment in most wells is harsh, characterized by extreme temperatures, pressures, and debris. Extreme temperatu'res (hot or cold) can disable and limit the life of electronic components, particularly those in contact with the fluid. Extreme temperature gradients between the fluid flow and the ambient .17-02-2003 GB0105287 M&C Folio No PS.1852W0 2 environment can also undesirably influence the accuracy of a temperature sensor. An unprotected sensor disposed outside of a production pipe, for exaxnpie, will h-kely be subject to thermal gradients between the fluid flow and the ambient envizonment; e.g.; a subsea well application can have production pipe fluid temperatum up to and beyond 200 degrees Celsius ( C) and ambzent oceam envizonxnent temperatures of approximately 2-3 C. In such an instance, the unprotected. sensor may be influenced more by the ambient temperatnre than by fluid temperature iuiside the production pipe.
Sensors disposed outside of the production pipe may also be subject to debris and environmental materials such as water (fresh or salt), mud; sand, etc.
Third, the well environment makes it inconvenient and/or expensive to access most sensors once they have been installed and positioned downhole.
What is needed, therefore, is a reliable, aecniate, and compact apparatus for measuring temipezature within a pipe, one that can measure the temperature of a fluid witb.in a pipe in a non iuaixusive manner, one that is operable in a well environment characterized by extreme teuYperatures and pressures =and the presence of debris, and - o. ne that is not likely to need replacement or recalibration once installed.
It is, thercfore, an object of the preseztt application to provide an accurate, reliable, and compact apparatus fqr measuring flwid.teraaperature within a pipe that can perform in a well environment in a non-i,ntrusive manAez. _ T6e invention provides an appayratus for sensing ternperatwoe within a pipe, as set "
out.in the accompanying claims.
AMENDED SHEET
~ . .
M&C Fvlio No PSI$52WO 3 . . , .
An advantage of the present invention is that a compact apparatus for measudng temperature within a well can be provided. The present invention can fit compactly on the exterior of the production pipe and can therefore easily be placed within the casxng of a well.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it can measure the temperature of-fluid in a non-intrusive manner. A sensor mounted on the outer surface of the pipe does not require an opening extending into fluid flow path. As a result, a potential leak path into or out of the fluid flow path is eliminated. In addition, the sensor is protected from the fluid flow within the pipe.
The sensor is also protected from the environment outside of the production pipe by the housing. The housing protects the semsax from fluid and debris that enters the annulus between the pipe and the well casing. The housing also protects the sensor by insulating it from elevated temperatures and pressures, and pressure variations present in the annulus. As a result, a wider variety of sensors can be used than would otherwise be possible. The sensor can be subjected. to a substantiaUy constant pressure.
Vanations in the pressure outside of the pressure vessel that might influence the seqsor are effectively eliminated. For all of these reasons, the reliability and durability of the sensor is accordingly improved.
Another advantage of the present itnvention is that it has increased thermal capability over most temperature sensors currently used in a well application.
The arrangement of the sensor mounted on the outer surface of the pipe where it is protected r_._i_.AMFNt7Fn .ciHFFT
by the housing permits the use of optical sensors such as a FBG that have a thermal capacity higher than most conventional sensors used in well applications.
In one aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a sensor disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sleeve mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
In one aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for sensing the temperature of a fluid in a pipe, wherein the pipe has a wall with first thermal conductivity and wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a housing mounted on an outer surface of the pipe;
a sensor disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe and within the housing, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties; and an insulator within the housing and having a second thermal conductivity, the insulator substantially surrounding the sensor;
wherein the first thermal conductivity is greater than the second thermal conductivity;
and wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
In one aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a fiber Bragg grating disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the grating is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the grating have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sleeve mounted on the pipe outer surface; and 4a an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the grating from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
In one aspect, the invention provides a system for measuring the temperature of produced fluid in an oil or gas well, the system comprising:
a production pipe deployed down the well for transmitting the produced fluid to a surface of the well, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure;
an optical sensor disposed on an outer surface of the pipe for determining the temperature of the produced fluid within the pipe, wherein the optical sensor is coupled to a member disposed within a sleeve, and wherein the member and the optical sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sensor and mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an envirorunent outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
In one aspect, the invention provides a method for manufacturing an apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the method comprising:
mounting a sleeve containing a sensor on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
mounting a housing on the outer surface of the pipe to enclose the sleeve;
disposing an insulator in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing; and maintaining the insulator at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in light of the detailed description of an embodiment of the present invention given, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which.
4b Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a well having a casing and a pipe, and present invention thermal sensors positioned at various locations along the exterior of the pipe inside the casing; and Figure 2 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the present invention apparatus for sensing temperature.
Referring to Figure 1, a pipe arrangement 10 for use in an oil and/or- gas production well includes a casing 12 which lines the well bore and a production pipe 14 ("the pipe) disposed inside the casing 12. An annulus 15 is formed between the pipe 14 and the casing 12. At one.or more locations within the well, the pipe 14 includes apparatus 16 for sensing the temperature of fluid traveling within the pipe 14. Now refening to Figure 2, the apparatus 16 includes a sensor 18, an insalator 20, and a housing 22. The sensor 18 is disposed outside the pipe 14, mounted on an outer surface 24 of a wall 25 of the pipe 14. The insulator 20 sabstantially surrounds the sensor 18.
The term "mounted on", as it is used herein to descnbe the relation between the pipe 14 and the sensor 18, is defined to include direct or indirect connection between the sensor 18 and the pipe outer surface 24. Direct attachment exists when a surface of the sensor 18 is in physical contact with the pipe outer surface 24. Indirect attachment exists when there is little or no direct physical contact between the sensor 18 and the outer surface 24 of the pipe 14, but there is a thermally conductive medium disposed between the sensor 18 and the outer surface 24 of the pipe 14 'that provides a thermal path to the sensor 18. - For example, in some instances it may be preferable to dispose a thermally conductive material between the sensor 18 and the pipe outer surface 24 to promote _~- _ 17-02-20t03 G B0105287 M&C FoTio Aio P51852w0 5 theimal conduction from the pipe 14 to the sensor 18, and to provide a smooth surface = on which the sensor 18 can lie. This is particularly true in those inst4nces where the pipe outer surface 24 is relatively rough. In a preferred embodinient, the sensor 18 is disposed in a sleeve 26 that is fixed at one end to the pipe 14. The sleeve 26 protects the sensor 18, and attaching the sleeve 26 at one end reduces the possibility that mechanical or thermal strain. that develops in the sleeve 26 will transfer to the sensor 18.
In this embodiment, the theimo-ai path to the sensor 18 is primarily through the sleeve 26.
In a most preferred embodiment, the sensor 18 is attached to a member 28 made of a matetial titat has thermal properties similar to those of the sensor 18 (e.g., therlnal expansion coefficient, thezmal response, etc.). That member 28 Is then disposed in the sleeve 26 that is attached to the pipe outer surface 24. If the sensor 18 is a FBO (fiber Bragg grating), a member 28 consisting of a glass material- (e.g., quartz, fused silica, etc.) is favourable because of the similarity in thermal properties between the glass material and the FBG. In this most prefezxed embodiment, the member 28 to which the sensor 18 is attached reduces the possibility that mechanical or thermal strain developed in the sleeve 26 wiIl be transfenrcd to the sensor 18.
~ - .
'rhe housing 22 is attached to the pipe 14 and encloses the insulator 20 and the sensor 18 against the pipe 14. The housing 22 includes a panel 30 extending between a pair of bosses 32,34. The pane130 and bosses 32,34 preferably extend around the entire ckcnmference of the pipe 14, although it xnay be acceptable in some instances to extend only a portion of the circumference. -,A sensor cable 36 extends through a sealable port 38 in oxte or both bosses 32,34 and connects with the sensor 18. (7utside the housing 22, the sensor cable 36 is housed in a protective conduit 40 that is attached to the pipe 14. In the preferred embodiment, the housing 22 forms a pressure vessel with the'pipe waIl 25. The pressure within the pressure vessel may be greater than or less than the ambient pressure within the annulus 15 between the casing 12 and the pipe 14.
The , pressure vessel is built to withstand pressure gradients present In the well environment.
In other enabodiments, the housing 22 is sealed to contain and protect the insulator 20, -but does not act as a pressure vessel. In all embodiments, the size and structure of the housing 22 are chosen to withstand the pressure gradients presemt in the weli environment, to accommodate the size of the sensor 18, and to allow the sensor 18 to be AMENDED SHEET
positioned a distance away from the housing 22 such that heat transfer via the pipe 14 and/or the housing 22 is non-disabling for the application at hand.
In some applications, there is advantage in placing a plurality of bumpers within the housing to help maintain separation between the outer sleeve of the housing and the pipe. United States Patent 6,443,226 discloses bumpers that can be used in this manner.
The insulator 20 is a material that: 1) has a thermal conductivity less than that of the pipe 14; 2) does not interfere with the operation of the sensor 18; 3) will not fimctionally degrade in the well environment for a useful period of time; and 4) can withstand the temperatures and pressures present within the well environment.
In the preferred embodiment, the insulator 20 is a material capable of acting as an effective acoustic isolator for the application at_ hand. An insulator 20 in fluid form can be disposed within the housing 22 at a pressure greater than, equal to, or less than ambient pressure. In a most preferred embodiment, the insulator 20 consists of a gas such as air, nitrogen, argon, or the like. An advantage of a gaseous insulator 20 is that it provides favorable acoustic isolation that helps reduce pressure wave interference that might otherwise travel into the housing 22 from the annulus 15 between the casing 12 and the pipe 14 and undesirably influence the sensor 18. Heat transfer from the ambient envisonment to the sensor 18 at a rate that will interfere with the sensing of the fluid within the pipe 14, is avoided by spacing the sensor 18 a minimum acceptable distance away from each boss 32,34 and by disposing an appropriate amount of insulator 20 in the space between each boss 32,34 and the sensor 18. The minimum acceptable distance accounts for thermal energy transfearing from the ambient environment beat through each boss 32,34 and throngh the pipe 14 itself. The minimum acceptable distance will vary depending on the application, and can be adjusted to fit the application at hand.
The sensor 18 is a temperature sensing device having a predictable, repeatable response in the temperature range expected within a well, that is capable of sensing = ) - M&C Folio No PS1352WO 7 fluid temperature through the. wall 25 of the pipe 14 with adequate sensitivity. In a preferred embodimeat, the seusot 18 is an interferornetric type.fber optic sensor. In the most preferred embodim-mt, the sensor 18 is a fiber Bragg Grating type (FBG) optical sensor. The F13G is a type of fiber optic strain gauge that exhibits favorable thermooptic effects in response to temperature change. Because strain within the FBG
can be induced mechanicaluy and/or thermally, it is prefexable to attenuate (or elirniuaate if possible) any sources of inechanical_ strain that might affect the FBG. In the present invention, iraechanical strain within the FBG emanating from various 'sources is attenuated to an acceptable level by the attachmemt schexne described above utilizing a glass member 28 disposed within a sleeve 26. In addition, the pressurized vessel embodinaent of the present invention also attenuates mcehanical stress by substantially isolating the FBG from any pressure variotions 'that might occur in the azmulus 15 between the pipe 14 and the casing 12. Alternatively, -if mechanically induced strain wdstiuoig abovc the minimuia acceptable level can be iden.tified and quaatified, them it may bo acceptable in certain instances to have.that level of mechanical strain provided it can be distinguished from the thernaally induced strain.
Although this invention 'has been shown aad desen'bed with respect to the detailed embodiments thexeof, it wilT be understood by * those sMed in ths art that various claanges in form and de*l thereof may be made without departing from the spizit and the scope of the invention. .
~ _ t _ AMFNnFn.,RHFFT
This invention relates to apparatus for sensing the temperature of fluid .
flow within a pipe in general, and to apparatus that can be used to non-intrusively sense fluid flow temperature within a pipe in particular.
In the oil and gas industry, there is considerable advantage in having the ability to accurately measure the temperature of a fluid within a pipe at one or more locations down within a well ("downhole"). Until recently, fluid temperature has typically been sensed at the top or "wellhead" of a well. A problem with wellhead temperature data is that it can be influenced by heat transfer between the fluid and the pipe that occurs along the length of the pipe. Another problem with wellhead temperature data is that in multi-source wells, the fluid temperature data collected at the wellhead reflects a mixture of the fluid temperatures from the different sources and yields no temperature data specific to the individual sources. Knowing the temperature at a discrete locations within the well would avoid these problems and help enable the determination of relevant information that can be used to increase the productivity and efficiency of the source or sources.
Acquiring reliable, accurate temperature data in a downhole environment is, however, a technical challenge for at least the following reasons. First, fluid flow within a production pipe is hostile to sensors in direct contact with the fluid flow.
Fluids within the production pipe can erode, corrode, wear, and otherwise compromise sensors disposed in direct contact with the fluid flow. In addition, the hole or port through which the sensor makes direct contact, or through which a cable is run, is a potential leak site. There is great advantage in preventing fluid leakage out of the production pipe. Second, the environment in most wells is harsh, characterized by extreme temperatures, pressures, and debris. Extreme temperatu'res (hot or cold) can disable and limit the life of electronic components, particularly those in contact with the fluid. Extreme temperature gradients between the fluid flow and the ambient .17-02-2003 GB0105287 M&C Folio No PS.1852W0 2 environment can also undesirably influence the accuracy of a temperature sensor. An unprotected sensor disposed outside of a production pipe, for exaxnpie, will h-kely be subject to thermal gradients between the fluid flow and the ambient envizonment; e.g.; a subsea well application can have production pipe fluid temperatum up to and beyond 200 degrees Celsius ( C) and ambzent oceam envizonxnent temperatures of approximately 2-3 C. In such an instance, the unprotected. sensor may be influenced more by the ambient temperatnre than by fluid temperature iuiside the production pipe.
Sensors disposed outside of the production pipe may also be subject to debris and environmental materials such as water (fresh or salt), mud; sand, etc.
Third, the well environment makes it inconvenient and/or expensive to access most sensors once they have been installed and positioned downhole.
What is needed, therefore, is a reliable, aecniate, and compact apparatus for measuring temipezature within a pipe, one that can measure the temperature of a fluid witb.in a pipe in a non iuaixusive manner, one that is operable in a well environment characterized by extreme teuYperatures and pressures =and the presence of debris, and - o. ne that is not likely to need replacement or recalibration once installed.
It is, thercfore, an object of the preseztt application to provide an accurate, reliable, and compact apparatus fqr measuring flwid.teraaperature within a pipe that can perform in a well environment in a non-i,ntrusive manAez. _ T6e invention provides an appayratus for sensing ternperatwoe within a pipe, as set "
out.in the accompanying claims.
AMENDED SHEET
~ . .
M&C Fvlio No PSI$52WO 3 . . , .
An advantage of the present invention is that a compact apparatus for measudng temperature within a well can be provided. The present invention can fit compactly on the exterior of the production pipe and can therefore easily be placed within the casxng of a well.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it can measure the temperature of-fluid in a non-intrusive manner. A sensor mounted on the outer surface of the pipe does not require an opening extending into fluid flow path. As a result, a potential leak path into or out of the fluid flow path is eliminated. In addition, the sensor is protected from the fluid flow within the pipe.
The sensor is also protected from the environment outside of the production pipe by the housing. The housing protects the semsax from fluid and debris that enters the annulus between the pipe and the well casing. The housing also protects the sensor by insulating it from elevated temperatures and pressures, and pressure variations present in the annulus. As a result, a wider variety of sensors can be used than would otherwise be possible. The sensor can be subjected. to a substantiaUy constant pressure.
Vanations in the pressure outside of the pressure vessel that might influence the seqsor are effectively eliminated. For all of these reasons, the reliability and durability of the sensor is accordingly improved.
Another advantage of the present itnvention is that it has increased thermal capability over most temperature sensors currently used in a well application.
The arrangement of the sensor mounted on the outer surface of the pipe where it is protected r_._i_.AMFNt7Fn .ciHFFT
by the housing permits the use of optical sensors such as a FBG that have a thermal capacity higher than most conventional sensors used in well applications.
In one aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a sensor disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sleeve mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
In one aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for sensing the temperature of a fluid in a pipe, wherein the pipe has a wall with first thermal conductivity and wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a housing mounted on an outer surface of the pipe;
a sensor disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe and within the housing, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties; and an insulator within the housing and having a second thermal conductivity, the insulator substantially surrounding the sensor;
wherein the first thermal conductivity is greater than the second thermal conductivity;
and wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
In one aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a fiber Bragg grating disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the grating is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the grating have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sleeve mounted on the pipe outer surface; and 4a an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the grating from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
In one aspect, the invention provides a system for measuring the temperature of produced fluid in an oil or gas well, the system comprising:
a production pipe deployed down the well for transmitting the produced fluid to a surface of the well, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure;
an optical sensor disposed on an outer surface of the pipe for determining the temperature of the produced fluid within the pipe, wherein the optical sensor is coupled to a member disposed within a sleeve, and wherein the member and the optical sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sensor and mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an envirorunent outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
In one aspect, the invention provides a method for manufacturing an apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the method comprising:
mounting a sleeve containing a sensor on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
mounting a housing on the outer surface of the pipe to enclose the sleeve;
disposing an insulator in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing; and maintaining the insulator at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in light of the detailed description of an embodiment of the present invention given, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which.
4b Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a well having a casing and a pipe, and present invention thermal sensors positioned at various locations along the exterior of the pipe inside the casing; and Figure 2 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the present invention apparatus for sensing temperature.
Referring to Figure 1, a pipe arrangement 10 for use in an oil and/or- gas production well includes a casing 12 which lines the well bore and a production pipe 14 ("the pipe) disposed inside the casing 12. An annulus 15 is formed between the pipe 14 and the casing 12. At one.or more locations within the well, the pipe 14 includes apparatus 16 for sensing the temperature of fluid traveling within the pipe 14. Now refening to Figure 2, the apparatus 16 includes a sensor 18, an insalator 20, and a housing 22. The sensor 18 is disposed outside the pipe 14, mounted on an outer surface 24 of a wall 25 of the pipe 14. The insulator 20 sabstantially surrounds the sensor 18.
The term "mounted on", as it is used herein to descnbe the relation between the pipe 14 and the sensor 18, is defined to include direct or indirect connection between the sensor 18 and the pipe outer surface 24. Direct attachment exists when a surface of the sensor 18 is in physical contact with the pipe outer surface 24. Indirect attachment exists when there is little or no direct physical contact between the sensor 18 and the outer surface 24 of the pipe 14, but there is a thermally conductive medium disposed between the sensor 18 and the outer surface 24 of the pipe 14 'that provides a thermal path to the sensor 18. - For example, in some instances it may be preferable to dispose a thermally conductive material between the sensor 18 and the pipe outer surface 24 to promote _~- _ 17-02-20t03 G B0105287 M&C FoTio Aio P51852w0 5 theimal conduction from the pipe 14 to the sensor 18, and to provide a smooth surface = on which the sensor 18 can lie. This is particularly true in those inst4nces where the pipe outer surface 24 is relatively rough. In a preferred embodinient, the sensor 18 is disposed in a sleeve 26 that is fixed at one end to the pipe 14. The sleeve 26 protects the sensor 18, and attaching the sleeve 26 at one end reduces the possibility that mechanical or thermal strain. that develops in the sleeve 26 will transfer to the sensor 18.
In this embodiment, the theimo-ai path to the sensor 18 is primarily through the sleeve 26.
In a most preferred embodiment, the sensor 18 is attached to a member 28 made of a matetial titat has thermal properties similar to those of the sensor 18 (e.g., therlnal expansion coefficient, thezmal response, etc.). That member 28 Is then disposed in the sleeve 26 that is attached to the pipe outer surface 24. If the sensor 18 is a FBO (fiber Bragg grating), a member 28 consisting of a glass material- (e.g., quartz, fused silica, etc.) is favourable because of the similarity in thermal properties between the glass material and the FBG. In this most prefezxed embodiment, the member 28 to which the sensor 18 is attached reduces the possibility that mechanical or thermal strain developed in the sleeve 26 wiIl be transfenrcd to the sensor 18.
~ - .
'rhe housing 22 is attached to the pipe 14 and encloses the insulator 20 and the sensor 18 against the pipe 14. The housing 22 includes a panel 30 extending between a pair of bosses 32,34. The pane130 and bosses 32,34 preferably extend around the entire ckcnmference of the pipe 14, although it xnay be acceptable in some instances to extend only a portion of the circumference. -,A sensor cable 36 extends through a sealable port 38 in oxte or both bosses 32,34 and connects with the sensor 18. (7utside the housing 22, the sensor cable 36 is housed in a protective conduit 40 that is attached to the pipe 14. In the preferred embodiment, the housing 22 forms a pressure vessel with the'pipe waIl 25. The pressure within the pressure vessel may be greater than or less than the ambient pressure within the annulus 15 between the casing 12 and the pipe 14.
The , pressure vessel is built to withstand pressure gradients present In the well environment.
In other enabodiments, the housing 22 is sealed to contain and protect the insulator 20, -but does not act as a pressure vessel. In all embodiments, the size and structure of the housing 22 are chosen to withstand the pressure gradients presemt in the weli environment, to accommodate the size of the sensor 18, and to allow the sensor 18 to be AMENDED SHEET
positioned a distance away from the housing 22 such that heat transfer via the pipe 14 and/or the housing 22 is non-disabling for the application at hand.
In some applications, there is advantage in placing a plurality of bumpers within the housing to help maintain separation between the outer sleeve of the housing and the pipe. United States Patent 6,443,226 discloses bumpers that can be used in this manner.
The insulator 20 is a material that: 1) has a thermal conductivity less than that of the pipe 14; 2) does not interfere with the operation of the sensor 18; 3) will not fimctionally degrade in the well environment for a useful period of time; and 4) can withstand the temperatures and pressures present within the well environment.
In the preferred embodiment, the insulator 20 is a material capable of acting as an effective acoustic isolator for the application at_ hand. An insulator 20 in fluid form can be disposed within the housing 22 at a pressure greater than, equal to, or less than ambient pressure. In a most preferred embodiment, the insulator 20 consists of a gas such as air, nitrogen, argon, or the like. An advantage of a gaseous insulator 20 is that it provides favorable acoustic isolation that helps reduce pressure wave interference that might otherwise travel into the housing 22 from the annulus 15 between the casing 12 and the pipe 14 and undesirably influence the sensor 18. Heat transfer from the ambient envisonment to the sensor 18 at a rate that will interfere with the sensing of the fluid within the pipe 14, is avoided by spacing the sensor 18 a minimum acceptable distance away from each boss 32,34 and by disposing an appropriate amount of insulator 20 in the space between each boss 32,34 and the sensor 18. The minimum acceptable distance accounts for thermal energy transfearing from the ambient environment beat through each boss 32,34 and throngh the pipe 14 itself. The minimum acceptable distance will vary depending on the application, and can be adjusted to fit the application at hand.
The sensor 18 is a temperature sensing device having a predictable, repeatable response in the temperature range expected within a well, that is capable of sensing = ) - M&C Folio No PS1352WO 7 fluid temperature through the. wall 25 of the pipe 14 with adequate sensitivity. In a preferred embodimeat, the seusot 18 is an interferornetric type.fber optic sensor. In the most preferred embodim-mt, the sensor 18 is a fiber Bragg Grating type (FBG) optical sensor. The F13G is a type of fiber optic strain gauge that exhibits favorable thermooptic effects in response to temperature change. Because strain within the FBG
can be induced mechanicaluy and/or thermally, it is prefexable to attenuate (or elirniuaate if possible) any sources of inechanical_ strain that might affect the FBG. In the present invention, iraechanical strain within the FBG emanating from various 'sources is attenuated to an acceptable level by the attachmemt schexne described above utilizing a glass member 28 disposed within a sleeve 26. In addition, the pressurized vessel embodinaent of the present invention also attenuates mcehanical stress by substantially isolating the FBG from any pressure variotions 'that might occur in the azmulus 15 between the pipe 14 and the casing 12. Alternatively, -if mechanically induced strain wdstiuoig abovc the minimuia acceptable level can be iden.tified and quaatified, them it may bo acceptable in certain instances to have.that level of mechanical strain provided it can be distinguished from the thernaally induced strain.
Although this invention 'has been shown aad desen'bed with respect to the detailed embodiments thexeof, it wilT be understood by * those sMed in ths art that various claanges in form and de*l thereof may be made without departing from the spizit and the scope of the invention. .
~ _ t _ AMFNnFn.,RHFFT
Claims (50)
1. An apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a sensor disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sleeve mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
a sensor disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sleeve mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the insulator is a gas.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the insulator is a fluid.
4. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the member is mounted within the sleeve in manner that attenuates the transfer of strain from the sleeve to the member.
5. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the housing includes a panel extending between a pair of bosses mounted on the outer surface of the pipe.
6. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the housing extends around the circumference of the pipe.
7. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the insulator pressure is higher than the ambient pressure.
8. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the insulator pressure is lower than the ambient pressure.
9. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the pipe has a first thermal conductivity, and wherein the insulator has a second conductivity, and wherein the first thermal conductivity is greater than the second thermal conductivity.
10. The apparatus any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the sensor is an optical sensor.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the sensor comprises a fiber Bragg grating.
12. An apparatus for sensing the temperature of a fluid in a pipe, wherein the pipe has a wall with first thermal conductivity and wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a housing mounted on an outer surface of the pipe;
a sensor disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe and within the housing, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties; and an insulator within the housing and having a second thermal conductivity, the insulator substantially surrounding the sensor;
wherein the first thermal conductivity is greater than the second thermal conductivity;
and wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
a housing mounted on an outer surface of the pipe;
a sensor disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe and within the housing, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties; and an insulator within the housing and having a second thermal conductivity, the insulator substantially surrounding the sensor;
wherein the first thermal conductivity is greater than the second thermal conductivity;
and wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the insulator is a gas.
14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the insulator is a fluid.
15. The apparatus of any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the member is mounted within the sleeve in manner that attenuates the transfer of strain from the sleeve to the member.
16. The apparatus of any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the housing includes a panel extending between a pair of bosses mounted on the outer surface of the pipe.
17. The apparatus of any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein the housing extends around the circumference of the pipe.
18. The apparatus of any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein the insulator pressure is higher than the ambient pressure.
19. The apparatus of any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein the insulator pressure is lower than the ambient pressure.
20. The apparatus of any one of claims 12 to 19, wherein the sensor is an optical sensor.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the sensor comprises a fiber Bragg grating.
22. An apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a fiber Bragg grating disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the grating is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the grating have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sleeve mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the grating from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
a fiber Bragg grating disposed within a sleeve mounted on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the grating is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the grating have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sleeve mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the grating from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the insulator is a gas.
24. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the insulator is a fluid.
25. The apparatus of any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the grating is disposed within the sleeve in manner that attenuates the transfer of strain from the sleeve to the grating.
26. The apparatus of any one of claims 22 to 25, wherein the housing includes a panel extending between a pair of bosses mounted on the outer surface of the pipe.
27. The apparatus of any one of claims 22 to 26, wherein the housing extends around the circumference of the pipe.
28. The apparatus of any one of claims 22 to 27, wherein the insulator pressure is higher than the ambient pressure.
29. The apparatus of any one of claims 22 to 27, wherein the insulator pressure is lower than the ambient pressure.
30. The apparatus of any one of claims 22 to 29, wherein the pipe has a first thermal conductivity, and wherein the insulator has a second conductivity, and wherein the first thermal conductivity is greater than the second thermal conductivity.
31. A system for measuring the temperature of produced fluid in an oil or gas well, the system comprising:
a production pipe deployed down the well for transmitting the produced fluid to a surface of the well, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure;
an optical sensor disposed on an outer surface of the pipe for determining the temperature of the produced fluid within the pipe, wherein the optical sensor is coupled to a member disposed within a sleeve, and wherein the member and the optical sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sensor and mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
a production pipe deployed down the well for transmitting the produced fluid to a surface of the well, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure;
an optical sensor disposed on an outer surface of the pipe for determining the temperature of the produced fluid within the pipe, wherein the optical sensor is coupled to a member disposed within a sleeve, and wherein the member and the optical sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
a housing enclosing the sensor and mounted on the pipe outer surface; and an insulator disposed in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing;
wherein the insulator is maintained at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
32. The system of claim 31, wherein the insulator is a gas.
33. The system of claim 31, wherein the insulator is a fluid.
34. The system of any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein the housing includes a panel extending between a pair of bosses mounted on the outer surface of the pipe.
35. The system of any one of claims 31 to 34, wherein the housing extends around the circumference of the pipe.
36. The system of any one of claims 31 to 35, wherein the insulator pressure is higher than the ambient pressure.
37. The system of any one of claims 31 to 35, wherein the insulator pressure is lower than the ambient pressure.
38. The system of any one of claims 31 to 37, wherein the pipe has a first thermal conductivity, and wherein the insulator has a second conductivity, and wherein the first thermal conductivity is greater than the second thermal conductivity.
39. The system of any one of claims 31 to 38, wherein the optical sensor comprises a fiber Bragg grating.
40. A method for manufacturing an apparatus for sensing temperature within a pipe, wherein the pipe is subject to an ambient pressure, the method comprising:
mounting a sleeve containing a sensor on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
mounting a housing on the outer surface of the pipe to enclose the sleeve;
disposing an insulator in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing; and maintaining the insulator at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
mounting a sleeve containing a sensor on an outer surface of the pipe, wherein the sensor is coupled to a member disposed within the sleeve, and wherein the member and the sensor have substantially similar thermal properties;
mounting a housing on the outer surface of the pipe to enclose the sleeve;
disposing an insulator in the housing, wherein the insulator thermally insulates the sensor from an environment outside the housing; and maintaining the insulator at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein the insulator is a gas.
42. The method of claim 40, wherein the insulator is a fluid.
43. The method of any one of claims 40 to 42, wherein the member is mounted within the sleeve in manner that attenuates the transfer of strain from the sleeve to the member.
44. The method of any one of claims 40 to 43, wherein the housing includes a panel extending between a pair of bosses mounted on the outer surface of the pipe.
45. The method of any one of claims 40 to 44, wherein the housing extends around the circumference of the pipe.
46. The method of any one of claims 40 to 45, wherein the insulator pressure is higher than the ambient pressure.
47. The method of any one of claims 40 to 45, wherein the insulator pressure is lower than the ambient pressure.
48. The method of any one of claims 40 to 47, wherein the pipe has a first thermal conductivity, and wherein the insulator has a second conductivity, and wherein the first thermal conductivity is greater than the second thermal conductivity.
49. The method of any one of claims 40 to 48, wherein the sensor is an optical sensor.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein the sensor comprises a fiber Bragg grating.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/726,062 US6558036B2 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2000-11-29 | Non-intrusive temperature sensor for measuring internal temperature of fluids within pipes |
| US09/726,062 | 2000-11-29 | ||
| PCT/GB2001/005287 WO2002044675A1 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-11-29 | Non-intrusive temperature sensor for measuring internal temperature of fluids within pipes |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2428876A1 CA2428876A1 (en) | 2002-06-06 |
| CA2428876C true CA2428876C (en) | 2007-10-30 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002428876A Expired - Fee Related CA2428876C (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2001-11-29 | Non-intrusive temperature sensor for measuring internal temperature of fluids within pipes |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6558036B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1344033B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2002223097A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2428876C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60139417D1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO324296B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2002044675A1 (en) |
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-
2000
- 2000-11-29 US US09/726,062 patent/US6558036B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-11-29 AU AU2002223097A patent/AU2002223097A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-11-29 CA CA002428876A patent/CA2428876C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-29 EP EP01998800A patent/EP1344033B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-11-29 WO PCT/GB2001/005287 patent/WO2002044675A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-11-29 DE DE60139417T patent/DE60139417D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-05-09 NO NO20032077A patent/NO324296B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1344033A1 (en) | 2003-09-17 |
| EP1344033B1 (en) | 2009-07-29 |
| US6558036B2 (en) | 2003-05-06 |
| US20020064206A1 (en) | 2002-05-30 |
| NO20032077D0 (en) | 2003-05-09 |
| DE60139417D1 (en) | 2009-09-10 |
| NO324296B1 (en) | 2007-09-17 |
| CA2428876A1 (en) | 2002-06-06 |
| AU2002223097A1 (en) | 2002-06-11 |
| NO20032077L (en) | 2003-07-18 |
| WO2002044675A1 (en) | 2002-06-06 |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
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