CA2458185A1 - Side-hole cane waveguide sensor - Google Patents

Side-hole cane waveguide sensor Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2458185A1
CA2458185A1 CA002458185A CA2458185A CA2458185A1 CA 2458185 A1 CA2458185 A1 CA 2458185A1 CA 002458185 A CA002458185 A CA 002458185A CA 2458185 A CA2458185 A CA 2458185A CA 2458185 A1 CA2458185 A1 CA 2458185A1
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CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
waveguide
core
pressure
sensor
holes
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CA002458185A
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French (fr)
Other versions
CA2458185C (en
Inventor
Alan D. Kersey
John L. Maida
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Weatherford Technology Holdings LLC
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Weatherford Lamb Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Weatherford Lamb Inc filed Critical Weatherford Lamb Inc
Priority to CA2740053A priority Critical patent/CA2740053C/en
Publication of CA2458185A1 publication Critical patent/CA2458185A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA2458185C publication Critical patent/CA2458185C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/13—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency
    • E21B47/135—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling by electromagnetic energy, e.g. radio frequency using light waves, e.g. infrared or ultraviolet waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
    • G01L1/243—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre using means for applying force perpendicular to the fibre axis
    • G01L1/245—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre using means for applying force perpendicular to the fibre axis using microbending
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
    • G01L1/246—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre using integrated gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L11/00—Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by means not provided for in group G01L7/00 or G01L9/00
    • G01L11/02—Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by means not provided for in group G01L7/00 or G01L9/00 by optical means
    • G01L11/025—Measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or a fluent solid material by means not provided for in group G01L7/00 or G01L9/00 by optical means using a pressure-sensitive optical fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
    • G02B6/021—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the core or cladding or coating, e.g. materials, radial refractive index profiles, cladding shape
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
    • G02B6/02338—Structured core, e.g. core contains more than one material, non-constant refractive index distribution in core, asymmetric or non-circular elements in core unit, multiple cores, insertions between core and clad
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/024—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with polarisation maintaining properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0281—Graded index region forming part of the central core segment, e.g. alpha profile, triangular, trapezoidal core
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/262—Optical details of coupling light into, or out of, or between fibre ends, e.g. special fibre end shapes or associated optical elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02195—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating
    • G02B6/022—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating using mechanical stress, e.g. tuning by compression or elongation, special geometrical shapes such as "dog-bone" or taper

Abstract

A side-hole optical cane for measuring pressure and/or temperature is disclosed. The side-hole cane has a light guiding core containing a sensor and a cladding containing symmetrical side-holes extending substantially parallel to the core. The side-holes cause an asymmetric stress across the core of the sensor creating a birefringent sensor. The sensor, preferably a Bragg grating, reflects a first and second wavelength each associated with orthogonal polarization vectors, wherein the degree of separation between the two is proportional to the pressure exerted on the core. The side-hole cane structure self-compensates and is insensitive to temperature variations when used as a pressure sensor, because temperature induces an equal shift in both the first and second wavelengths. Furthermore, the magnitude of these shifts can be monitored to deduce temperature, hence providing the side-hole cane additional temperature sensing capability that is unaffected by pressure. Additionally, the side-hole cane can be used to measure a differential pressure between a first pressure ported to the side-holes and a second external pressure.

Claims (40)

1. ~A method for measuring an external pressure, comprising:
providing an optical cane waveguide having first and second ends comprising:
a core comprising a sensor;
a cladding surrounding the core, the cladding comprising an outside surface and containing at least two side-holes parallel to the core;
providing a first pressure to the side-holes;
providing the external pressure to the outside surface of the waveguide;
interrogating the sensor with an incident light to create reflected or transmitted light;
assessing the reflected or transmitted light to determine the external pressure relative to the first pressure.
2. ~The method of claim 1, wherein the waveguide has a diameter of at least 0.3 mm.
3. ~The method of claim 1, wherein the waveguide has a cladding-to-core ratio of at least 30 to 1.
4. ~The method of claim 1, wherein the waveguide is formed of silica glass.
5. ~The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a fiber Bragg grating.
6. ~The method of claim 1, wherein the side-holes are a radial distance of at least 4 .lambda. from the core.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising sealing the side-holes at the first and second ends so that the first pressure is fixed.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein sealing the side-holes comprises joining the first or second end to an optical cane waveguide.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein sealing the side-holes comprises joining the first or second end to a cap.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cap includes a core for optically connecting to the waveguide core.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing at least a portion of the waveguide within a housing for porting the first pressure to the side-holes.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing at least a portion of the waveguide within a housing for porting the external pressure to the outside surface of the waveguide.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing at least a portion of the waveguide within a housing so that the first pressure is fixed.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing at least a portion of the waveguide within a housing so that the external pressure is fixed.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the sensor reflects a first and second spectral region being respectively centered about first and second central wavelengths.
16. ~The method of claim 15, wherein assessing the reflected or transmitted light includes measuring the spectral separation between the first and second wavelengths.
17. ~The method of claim 15, wherein the first and second wavelengths shift in response to temperature.
18. ~The method of claim 1, further comprising assessing the reflected or transmitted light to determine a temperature of an environment into which the cane waveguide is deployed.
19. ~An apparatus for measuring an external pressure, comprising:
an optical cane waveguide comprising:
a core comprising a sensor;
a cladding surrounding the core, the cladding comprising an outside surface and containing at least two side-holes parallel to the core, wherein the outside surface is exposable to the external pressure; and caps affixed to first and second ends to enclose a first reference pressure within the side-holes.
20. ~The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the waveguide has a diameter of at least 0.3 mm.
21. ~The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the waveguide has a cladding-to-core ratio of at least 30 to 1.
22. ~The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the waveguide is formed of silica glass.
23. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the sensor comprises a fiber Bragg grating.
24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the sensor reflects a first and second spectral region being respectively centered about first and second central wavelengths.
25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the spectral separation between the first and second wavelengths varies in response to the external pressure.
26. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first and second wavelengths shift in response to temperature.
27. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the cap includes a core for optically connecting to the waveguide core.
28. An apparatus for measuring a differential pressure, comprising:
an optical cane waveguide having a first and second end comprising:

a core comprising a sensor;

a cladding surrounding the core, the cladding comprising an outside surface and containing at least two side-holes parallel to the core, wherein the outside surface is exposable to an external pressure; and a cap affixed to the first end; and a housing affixed to the second end for porting a first pressure to the side-holes.
29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the waveguide has a diameter of at least 0.3 mm.
30. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the waveguide has a cladding-to-core ratio of at least 30 to 1.
31. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the waveguide is formed of silica glass.
32. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the sensor comprises a fiber Bragg grating.
33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the sensor reflects a first and second spectral region being respectively centered about first and second central wavelengths.
34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the spectral separation between the first and second wavelengths varies in response to the differential pressure, the differential pressure being the difference between the external pressure and the first pressure.
35. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the first and second wavelengths shift in response to temperature.
36. The apparatus of claim 28, further comprising a housing for porting the external pressure to the outside surface of the cladding.
37. The apparatus of claim 28, further comprising an optical fiber for joining the waveguide at the first or second end, wherein the fiber passes through the housing at a hermetic seal.
38. The apparatus of claim 37, further comprising a splice for joining the fiber to the waveguide.
39. The apparatus of claim 37, further comprising a bend in the fiber in between the hermetic seal and the waveguide for providing strain relief.
40. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein cap includes a core for optically connecting to the waveguide core.
CA2458185A 2003-02-21 2004-02-20 Side-hole cane waveguide sensor Expired - Fee Related CA2458185C (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2740053A CA2740053C (en) 2003-02-21 2004-02-20 Side-hole cane waveguide sensor

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/371,910 2003-02-21
US10/371,910 US6931188B2 (en) 2003-02-21 2003-02-21 Side-hole cane waveguide sensor

Related Child Applications (1)

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CA2740053A Division CA2740053C (en) 2003-02-21 2004-02-20 Side-hole cane waveguide sensor

Publications (2)

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CA2458185C CA2458185C (en) 2011-08-02

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CA2897288A1 (en) 2004-08-21
US8687926B2 (en) 2014-04-01
CA2897288C (en) 2016-11-15
US7669440B2 (en) 2010-03-02
US20130308895A1 (en) 2013-11-21
GB2399877B (en) 2006-05-10
US6931188B2 (en) 2005-08-16
US20050247082A1 (en) 2005-11-10
US20100158435A1 (en) 2010-06-24
US20040165809A1 (en) 2004-08-26
CA2740053C (en) 2015-10-06
US8494322B2 (en) 2013-07-23
GB0403963D0 (en) 2004-03-24
US9329334B2 (en) 2016-05-03
US20140147074A1 (en) 2014-05-29
CA2458185C (en) 2011-08-02

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