CA2591494A1 - Solar-heat responsive exterior surface covering - Google Patents
Solar-heat responsive exterior surface covering Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2591494A1 CA2591494A1 CA 2591494 CA2591494A CA2591494A1 CA 2591494 A1 CA2591494 A1 CA 2591494A1 CA 2591494 CA2591494 CA 2591494 CA 2591494 A CA2591494 A CA 2591494A CA 2591494 A1 CA2591494 A1 CA 2591494A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- exterior surface
- surface covering
- nanometers
- covering according
- transmission coefficient
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D5/00—Roof covering by making use of flexible material, e.g. supplied in roll form
- E04D5/10—Roof covering by making use of flexible material, e.g. supplied in roll form by making use of compounded or laminated materials, e.g. metal foils or plastic films coated with bitumen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44F—SPECIAL DESIGNS OR PICTURES
- B44F1/00—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects
- B44F1/08—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects characterised by colour effects
- B44F1/10—Changing, amusing, or secret pictures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/26—Thermosensitive paints
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B80/00—Architectural or constructional elements improving the thermal performance of buildings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
- Y10T428/24372—Particulate matter
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
Abstract
An exterior surface covering has a colored outer layer that transmits infrared radiation and an inner layer with a thermochromic pigment that absorbs heat at low temperature and reflects at high temperatures. The outer layer conceals the color change of the thermochromic pigment.
Description
SOLAR-HEAT RESPONSIVE EXTERIOR SURFACE COVERING
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to surface coverings such as coatings for exterior building materiais such as exterior cladding inciuding siding material, roofing shingles, roofing membranes, and the like.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to surface coverings such as coatings for exterior building materiais such as exterior cladding inciuding siding material, roofing shingles, roofing membranes, and the like.
2. Brief Descriation of the Prior Art It is well known that surfaces with dark colors will absorb significant amounts of solar heat from solar radiation, while light or white colors will reflect more solar radiation and hence produce lower surface temperatures under the sun. This is particuiariy true for a building envelope or building claddings, such as roofing and siding materials. In this case darker colors can absorb significant amount of solar heat and thus increase the energy required for cooling the interior during hot seasons.
Reduced energy consumption is an important national goal. For example, the State of California has a code requirement that ail commercial roofing materials in low-slope applications need to exceed a minimum of 70% solar reflectance in order to meet California's energy budget code. Also, in order to qualify as Energy Star roofing material, a roofing membrane needs to exceed 65% solar reflectance.
To reduce the solar heat build-up at exposed building surfaces or roofing assemblies, one may consider using light colors, or the so-called "cool coloring technology" with reflective properties in the near infrared of solar radiation to reduce solar heat absorption. However, such solutions wiii result in energy penalty during cold seasons, where heating energy demand can be increased due to loss of solar heat absorption. While in some climates, such as southern California, solar heat resistance is the prime if not exclusive consideration, in most of the United States there is a significant energy demand for heating during much of the year.
Thus, it is advantageous to have a colored surface that can not only provide aesthetic values to a structure, but also optimize the solar energy absorption/reflection in order to maximize whole building energy efficiency by adjusting its solar reflectance in response to the change of surrounding temperatures.
This problem has been addressed by using thermochromatic or thermochromic colorants that can change from dark to light colors as surface temperature changes.
For example, U.S. Patent 5,571,596 discloses a roofing shingle which preferably includes a topcoat of a thermo-chromatic pigmented paint which changes color with temperature, lightening in strong sunlight to reflect heat and darkening during cool shady days to absorb heat. U.S. Patent 6,500,555 discloses thermochromic laminates for use in roofing and siding to control the temperature of an underlying structure. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0064175 discloses microencapsulated thermomorphic materials that can be applied to roofs in situ or to the exterior surfaces of shingles, as well as electorphoretic panels that can be applied over existing roofs to achieve a controllable color change. However, thermochromatic colorants can result in color change of the surfaces. Such color changes may not be desirable for exposed building surfaces where aesthetic appearance is important. U.S.
Patent 6,647,688 discloses providing a luminescent material in vinyl siding or trim so that the siding or trim may absorb light during the daytime and glow at night.
Depending on local temperature fluctuations, a surface covered with a substance containing a thermochromic pigment may experience color variation that the consumer may find very objectionable. Also, it is known that thermochromatic colorants are generally not sufficiently Iightfast for use in applications subject to outdoor weathering exposure.
Other approaches to building temperature control include systems with retractable film or textiles mounted to the rooftop or claddings to manage the solar heat absorption in order to maximize building energy consumption during hot/cold seasons.
In other systems, water circulation or water evaporation have been used to control the surface temperature of exterior structures.
U.S. Patent 6,446,402 discloses thermochromic window materials that substantially block solar radiation when the ambient temperature is high and allow sunlight to enter when the ambient temperature is low.
There is a continuing need for exterior surfacing material such as roofing materials that have improved solar reflectance while providing and maintaining an attractive appearance. Further, there is a continuing need for surfacing materials that contribute to energy saving in both the cooling season and the heating season.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a surface covering having controllable solar heat absorption and reflection properties.
The surface covering is useful as a part of roofing or building cladding components, siding or other covering, and in fencing, decking and railing applications, as well. It can also be employed as a surface covering for roofing granules included in roofing shingles. Further, the surface covering of the present invention can be employed in other applications where control of heat buildup due to absorption or reflection of solar radiation is desired, such as, for example, automotive or aerospace coatings.
The present invention also provides a method of making a surface covering having controllable solar heat absorption and reflection properties.
Further, the present invention also provides methods and systems for controlling solar heat absorption and reflection properties of a substrate subject to incident solar radiation.
The present invention provides an exterior surface covering such as a coating comprising an outer layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, and an inner layer having a reflectance for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers. The outer layer of the exterior surface covering is preferably colored, for example, to achieve a desired aesthetic effect. The reflectance of the inner layer is dependent on a variable parameter, and varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range. In one aspect of the present invention, the reflectance increases with an increase in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter. In another aspect of the present invention, the reflectance increases with a decrease in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
In one presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, the variable parameter is temperature. In this case, it is preferred that the reflectance increase as the temperature increases. Preferably, the reflectance varies from less than 0.2 to greater than 0.25 when the temperature varies from less than 20 degrees C to greater than 30 degrees C.
Preferably, the inner layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance.
Reduced energy consumption is an important national goal. For example, the State of California has a code requirement that ail commercial roofing materials in low-slope applications need to exceed a minimum of 70% solar reflectance in order to meet California's energy budget code. Also, in order to qualify as Energy Star roofing material, a roofing membrane needs to exceed 65% solar reflectance.
To reduce the solar heat build-up at exposed building surfaces or roofing assemblies, one may consider using light colors, or the so-called "cool coloring technology" with reflective properties in the near infrared of solar radiation to reduce solar heat absorption. However, such solutions wiii result in energy penalty during cold seasons, where heating energy demand can be increased due to loss of solar heat absorption. While in some climates, such as southern California, solar heat resistance is the prime if not exclusive consideration, in most of the United States there is a significant energy demand for heating during much of the year.
Thus, it is advantageous to have a colored surface that can not only provide aesthetic values to a structure, but also optimize the solar energy absorption/reflection in order to maximize whole building energy efficiency by adjusting its solar reflectance in response to the change of surrounding temperatures.
This problem has been addressed by using thermochromatic or thermochromic colorants that can change from dark to light colors as surface temperature changes.
For example, U.S. Patent 5,571,596 discloses a roofing shingle which preferably includes a topcoat of a thermo-chromatic pigmented paint which changes color with temperature, lightening in strong sunlight to reflect heat and darkening during cool shady days to absorb heat. U.S. Patent 6,500,555 discloses thermochromic laminates for use in roofing and siding to control the temperature of an underlying structure. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0064175 discloses microencapsulated thermomorphic materials that can be applied to roofs in situ or to the exterior surfaces of shingles, as well as electorphoretic panels that can be applied over existing roofs to achieve a controllable color change. However, thermochromatic colorants can result in color change of the surfaces. Such color changes may not be desirable for exposed building surfaces where aesthetic appearance is important. U.S.
Patent 6,647,688 discloses providing a luminescent material in vinyl siding or trim so that the siding or trim may absorb light during the daytime and glow at night.
Depending on local temperature fluctuations, a surface covered with a substance containing a thermochromic pigment may experience color variation that the consumer may find very objectionable. Also, it is known that thermochromatic colorants are generally not sufficiently Iightfast for use in applications subject to outdoor weathering exposure.
Other approaches to building temperature control include systems with retractable film or textiles mounted to the rooftop or claddings to manage the solar heat absorption in order to maximize building energy consumption during hot/cold seasons.
In other systems, water circulation or water evaporation have been used to control the surface temperature of exterior structures.
U.S. Patent 6,446,402 discloses thermochromic window materials that substantially block solar radiation when the ambient temperature is high and allow sunlight to enter when the ambient temperature is low.
There is a continuing need for exterior surfacing material such as roofing materials that have improved solar reflectance while providing and maintaining an attractive appearance. Further, there is a continuing need for surfacing materials that contribute to energy saving in both the cooling season and the heating season.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a surface covering having controllable solar heat absorption and reflection properties.
The surface covering is useful as a part of roofing or building cladding components, siding or other covering, and in fencing, decking and railing applications, as well. It can also be employed as a surface covering for roofing granules included in roofing shingles. Further, the surface covering of the present invention can be employed in other applications where control of heat buildup due to absorption or reflection of solar radiation is desired, such as, for example, automotive or aerospace coatings.
The present invention also provides a method of making a surface covering having controllable solar heat absorption and reflection properties.
Further, the present invention also provides methods and systems for controlling solar heat absorption and reflection properties of a substrate subject to incident solar radiation.
The present invention provides an exterior surface covering such as a coating comprising an outer layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, and an inner layer having a reflectance for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers. The outer layer of the exterior surface covering is preferably colored, for example, to achieve a desired aesthetic effect. The reflectance of the inner layer is dependent on a variable parameter, and varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range. In one aspect of the present invention, the reflectance increases with an increase in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter. In another aspect of the present invention, the reflectance increases with a decrease in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
In one presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, the variable parameter is temperature. In this case, it is preferred that the reflectance increase as the temperature increases. Preferably, the reflectance varies from less than 0.2 to greater than 0.25 when the temperature varies from less than 20 degrees C to greater than 30 degrees C.
Preferably, the inner layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance.
In the various embodiments of the present invention, when an at least one thermochromic substance is included in a specific layer, it is preferred that the at least one thermochromic substance be selected from the group consisting of thermochromatic colorants, thermochromatic polymers, composite thermochromatic pigments, chromogenic therrnotropic gels, vanadium oxides, polythiophene polymers, liquid crystals, spirobenzopyrans, spironaphthoxazines, chromenes, fulgides, and diarylethenes.
In another aspect of the present invention, the variable parameter is the strength of an applied electric field and the Inner layer comprises an electrochromic substance.
In this case, it is preferred that the reflectance vary from less than 0.2 to greater than 0.25 when the strength of the applied electric field exceeds a predetermined field strength.
In a second embodiment, the present invention provides an exterior surface covering comprising three layers. In this embodiment, the exterior surface covering includes an outer colored layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to nanometers. In addition, the exterior surface covering comprises a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, with the transmission coefficient being dependent on a variable parameter, and the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range. The exterior surface covering also includes an inner layer having a reflectance of at least 40 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers. In one aspect of this embodiment, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with an increase in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter. In another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with a decrease in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the variable parameter is temperature.
Preferably, the transmission coefficient of the middle layer varies from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the temperature varies from less than 20 degrees C to greater than 30 degrees C.
In this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the middle layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance.
In another aspect of the present invention, the variable parameter is the strength of an applied electric field and the Inner layer comprises an electrochromic substance.
In this case, it is preferred that the reflectance vary from less than 0.2 to greater than 0.25 when the strength of the applied electric field exceeds a predetermined field strength.
In a second embodiment, the present invention provides an exterior surface covering comprising three layers. In this embodiment, the exterior surface covering includes an outer colored layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to nanometers. In addition, the exterior surface covering comprises a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, with the transmission coefficient being dependent on a variable parameter, and the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range. The exterior surface covering also includes an inner layer having a reflectance of at least 40 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers. In one aspect of this embodiment, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with an increase in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter. In another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with a decrease in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the variable parameter is temperature.
Preferably, the transmission coefficient of the middle layer varies from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the temperature varies from less than 20 degrees C to greater than 30 degrees C.
In this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the middle layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance.
In another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the variable parameter is the strength of an applied electric field and the middle layer comprises an eiectrochromic substance. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer vary from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the strength of the applied electric field exceeds a predetermined eiectric field strength.
In a third embodiment, the present invention provides an exterior surface covering including three layers, which include an outer colored layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, as well as a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a variable parameter, and the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range. In addition, this embodiment of the present invention includes an inner layer having an absorption coefficient at least 60 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers. In one aspect of this embodiment, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with an increase in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter. In another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with a decrease in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the variable parameter is temperature.
Preferably, the transmission coefficient of the middle layer varies from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the temperature varies from less than 20 degrees C to greater than 30 degrees C.
In this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the middle layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance.
In another aspect of this third embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the variable parameter is the strength of an applied electric field and the middle layer comprises an electrochromic substance. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer vary from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the strength of the applied electric field exceeds a predetermined eiectric field strength.
In a third embodiment, the present invention provides an exterior surface covering including three layers, which include an outer colored layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, as well as a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a variable parameter, and the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range. In addition, this embodiment of the present invention includes an inner layer having an absorption coefficient at least 60 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers. In one aspect of this embodiment, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with an increase in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter. In another aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with a decrease in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
In a presently preferred embodiment, the variable parameter is temperature.
Preferably, the transmission coefficient of the middle layer varies from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the temperature varies from less than 20 degrees C to greater than 30 degrees C.
In this embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the middle layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance.
In another aspect of this third embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred that the variable parameter is the strength of an applied electric field and the middle layer comprises an electrochromic substance. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the transmission coefficient of the middle layer vary from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the strength of the applied electric field exceeds a predetermined eiectric field strength.
In a fourth embodiment, the present invention provides an exterior surface coating including an outer layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to nanometers, as well as a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a first variable parameter, the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the first variable parameter is varied over a predetermined range. The present embodiment also includes an inner layer having an absorption coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the absorption coefficient being dependent on a second variable parameter, and the absorption coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the second variable parameter is varied over a predetermined range.
In one presently preferred embodiment, the surface covering of the present invention comprises at least two coating layers, applied to a substrate as fluid coating compositions, to provide an exterior surface coating to the substrate. In another presently preferred embodiment, the surface covering of the present invention comprises a covering material comprising a first film layer, and at least one additional layer formed from a second film layer laminated to the first film layer, or at least one additional layer formed from a coating composition.
In another aspect, the present invention provides roofing granules coated with an exterior surface coating according to the present invention. In another aspect, the present invention provides asphalt shingles with an exterior surface coated with an exterior surface coating according to the present invention. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a bituminous sheet-roofing product with an exterior surface covering according to the present invention. In a further aspect, the present Invention provides wall cladding such as polymeric siding material, for example, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, or the like, or fiber cement siding with an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic sectional elevational view of a first embodiment of an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
In one presently preferred embodiment, the surface covering of the present invention comprises at least two coating layers, applied to a substrate as fluid coating compositions, to provide an exterior surface coating to the substrate. In another presently preferred embodiment, the surface covering of the present invention comprises a covering material comprising a first film layer, and at least one additional layer formed from a second film layer laminated to the first film layer, or at least one additional layer formed from a coating composition.
In another aspect, the present invention provides roofing granules coated with an exterior surface coating according to the present invention. In another aspect, the present invention provides asphalt shingles with an exterior surface coated with an exterior surface coating according to the present invention. In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a bituminous sheet-roofing product with an exterior surface covering according to the present invention. In a further aspect, the present Invention provides wall cladding such as polymeric siding material, for example, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, or the like, or fiber cement siding with an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic sectional elevational view of a first embodiment of an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
Figure 2 is a schematic sectional elevational view of a second embodiment of an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
Figure 3 is a schematic sectional elevational view of a third embodiment of an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
Figure 4 is a schematic sectional eievationai view of a fourth embodiment of an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
By employing the surface covering of the present invention, the solar heat absorption of a surface, such as, for example, a building envelope, can be optimized for better energy efficiency during heating/cooling seasons by changing its solar reflectance in the NIR radiation range in response to surrounding temperature or weather changes without affecting its surface color.
This objective can be achieved, for example, by the combination of a color topcoat that allows the majority of solar radiation in the near infrared range to pass through, and a second layer that changes its solar reflectance in response to surrounding temperatures or other weather-related stimuli.
Referring now to the figures in which like reference numerals represent like elements in each of the several views, there is shown in Figure 1 a schematic sectional elevatlonal view of a first embodiment of an exterior surface covering 10 according to the present invention. The exterior surface covering 10 is applied over a substrate 28 and comprises an outer layer 20 of a protective topcoat and an inner thermochromatic or thermochromic layer 22 between the outer layer 20 and the substrate 28.
The topcoat or outer layer 20 is transmissive to near infrared radiation and has a desirable apparent color due to absorption and reflection in the visible spectrum. The inner layer 22 changes color with temperature. At lower temperatures, below a first temperature Ti, the inner layer 22 may absorb at least a portion of the incident infrared radiation as heat, and may transmit at least a portion of the incident infrared radiation to the substrate 28 to be absorbed by the substrate 28. However, at such lower temperatures, the inner layer 22 has a low reflectance for near infrared radiation.
At higher temperatures, above a second temperature T2i the inner layer 22 changes color so that its reflectance increases in the near infrared region, and the inner layer 22 acts to reflect heat transmitted through the topcoat or outer layer 20 back through the topcoat 20 and away from the underlying substrate 28.
When the inner layer 22 changes its color or reflectance properties, the outwardly visible topcoat 20 maintains the appearance of the coated subject such that the change is not objectionably visibly discernible.
A schematic sectional elevational view of a second embodiment of an exterior surface covering 30 according to the present invention is provided in Figure 2. The exterior surface covering 30 of this embodiment also includes an outer or top layer 40, and an inner layer 42. In this embodiment, the inner layer 42 exhibits a change in color or transmissivity. However, in this exterior surface coating 30 the inner layer 42 is an electrochromic layer rather than a thermochromic layer as in the case of the exterior surface covering 10 of the first embodiment.
In this second embodiment, a pair of thin films 46 of an electrochromic polymer bracket the inner layer 42. These films 46 serve as electrodes for applying an electric field to the inner layer 42. Suitable means for generating, applying and controlling an electrical potential are provided (not shown) and connected to the thin films 46. One film 46 is interposed between the upper layer or topcoat 40 and the inner layer 42, while a second film 46 is interposed between the inner layer 42 and the substrate 48.
The inner layer 42 has either absorptive or reflective properties, depending whether an electric filed of a predetermined strength is being applied. In one embodiment, when an electrical field of a predetermined field strength is applied, the inner layer 42 is transparent to infrared radiation, thus allowing heat to reach the substrate 48 to be absorbed or reflected, depending on the nature of the substrate 48. When the electric field is removed, the inner layer 42 changes to an opaque layer 42 that can absorb or reflect the heat depending on its composition.
A third embodiment of an exterior surface covering 50 according to the present invention is shown in the schematic sectional elevational view of Figure 3. In this third embodiment the exterior surface covering 50 includes three layers 60, 62, 64.
In this embodiment, an outer or first layer 60 serves as a protective topcoat and includes colorants having low or non-absorbing properties in the near infrared region.
The exterior surface covering 50 also includes a middle or second layer 62 that has reflectance properties that change with changing temperature. Finally, the exterior surface covering 50 also includes an inner or third layer 64 that is highly reflective. In this case, the thermochromic effect color or reflectivity change of the second layer 62 is such that at high temperatures the second layer becomes transparent. This transparency then allows light from the near infrared spectrum passing through the first or outer layer 60 to pass also through the second layer 62 to be reflected away from the substrate 68 by the highly reflective third layer 64. In this way, at higher temperatures, the exterior surface structure 50 is more highly reflective of excess heat from the near infrared region of solar radiation.
A fourth embodiment of an exterior surface covering 70 according to the present invention is shown in the schematic sectional elevational view of Figure 4. In this fourth embodiment the exterior surface covering 70 includes three layers 80, 82, 84 covering a substrate 88, as in the case of the third embodiment. In this fourth embodiment, an outer or first layer 70 is provided as a protective topcoat and also includes colorants having low or non-absorbing properties in the near infrared region. However, in this fourth embodiment of the exterior surface covering 70, the innermost or third layer 84 is highly absorptive. In this case, the thermochromic effect color or reflectivity change of the middle or second layer 82 is such that at low temperatures the second layer 82 becomes transparent. This transparency then allows light from the near infrared spectrum passing through the first or outer layer 80 to also pass through the second layer to be absorbed by the highly absorptive third layer 84. In this way, at lower temperatures, the exterior surface covering 70 is more highly absorptive of heat from the near infrared region of solar radiation and the exterior surface covering 70 can capture thermal energy. At higher temperatures, the exterior surface covering 70 is less absorptive. In some cases, it is advantageous to provide a second layer 82 that becomes reflective to infrared radiation at elevated temperatures.
The exterior surface covering of the present invention can be prepared by formulating coating compositions for use in forming layers with the desired optical characteristics. For example, in the case of the first embodiment of the present invention, a first coating composition can be formulated to include at least one suitable thermochromic pigment dispersed in a suitable first polymeric binder, and a second coating composition including a suitable colorant dispersed in a suitable second polymeric binder.
The polymeric binder employed for the first coating composition can be the same as or differ from the polymeric binder employed for the second coating composition.
Preferably, the polymeric binder is selected to include a polymeric material having good exterior durability, such as a poly(meth)acrylate. In addition, it is preferred that the polymeric binder employed for the second coating composition have good transparency in the near infrared.
The polymeric binders employed can be solvent-based materials. However, water-based polymeric binders such as acrylic latex binders are preferred in the interest of reducing solvent emissions. When a water-based polymeric binder is employed, conventional coatings additives for water-based coatings compositions can be included, such as water, cosolvents, thickeners, rheology modifiers, agents for promoting film formation and coalescence, biocides, fungicides, fire retardant materials, and the like.
The exterior surface coating is formed by initiaily applying the first coating composition to the surface of the substrate by a suitable application means.
The application means can employ conventional coatings application equipment, such as spray, roller, dip, curtain, or brush coating devices. Next, the first coating composition is cured to form an inner covering layer. The specific requirements of the curing process depend upon the components of the first coating composition. For example, when a water-based polymeric binder such as a water-based acrylic polymeric latex material is employed for preparing the first coating composition, the first coating composition can be sprayed on the surface of the substrate to a predetermined thickness. Cure is accomplished by simply permitting the first coating composition to progress through water loss, film formation, coalescence of the latex particles, etc.
Next, the second coating composition is applied over the surface of the inner covering layer by suitable application means. The second coating composition includes a polymeric binder having good transparency to near infrared radiation, such as poly(meth)acrylate materials. Preferably, the second coating composition also includes at least one ultraviolet absorbent material. The second coating composition preferably also includes at least one colorant for achieving a desired aesthetic effect.
When a water-based acrylic polymeric latex material is employed to formulate the second coating composition, the second coating composition can be sprayed on the surface of the cured inner covering layer at a predetermined thickness, and permitted to cure by loss of water and film formation.
In the case of those embodiments of the present invention requiring three layers, each such layer can be formed from a corresponding coating composition. Each such corresponding coating composition can in tum be applied to the suitable surface by conventional coating techniques, and permitted to cure to form a corresponding exterior surface covering layer.
Figure 3 is a schematic sectional elevational view of a third embodiment of an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
Figure 4 is a schematic sectional eievationai view of a fourth embodiment of an exterior surface covering according to the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
By employing the surface covering of the present invention, the solar heat absorption of a surface, such as, for example, a building envelope, can be optimized for better energy efficiency during heating/cooling seasons by changing its solar reflectance in the NIR radiation range in response to surrounding temperature or weather changes without affecting its surface color.
This objective can be achieved, for example, by the combination of a color topcoat that allows the majority of solar radiation in the near infrared range to pass through, and a second layer that changes its solar reflectance in response to surrounding temperatures or other weather-related stimuli.
Referring now to the figures in which like reference numerals represent like elements in each of the several views, there is shown in Figure 1 a schematic sectional elevatlonal view of a first embodiment of an exterior surface covering 10 according to the present invention. The exterior surface covering 10 is applied over a substrate 28 and comprises an outer layer 20 of a protective topcoat and an inner thermochromatic or thermochromic layer 22 between the outer layer 20 and the substrate 28.
The topcoat or outer layer 20 is transmissive to near infrared radiation and has a desirable apparent color due to absorption and reflection in the visible spectrum. The inner layer 22 changes color with temperature. At lower temperatures, below a first temperature Ti, the inner layer 22 may absorb at least a portion of the incident infrared radiation as heat, and may transmit at least a portion of the incident infrared radiation to the substrate 28 to be absorbed by the substrate 28. However, at such lower temperatures, the inner layer 22 has a low reflectance for near infrared radiation.
At higher temperatures, above a second temperature T2i the inner layer 22 changes color so that its reflectance increases in the near infrared region, and the inner layer 22 acts to reflect heat transmitted through the topcoat or outer layer 20 back through the topcoat 20 and away from the underlying substrate 28.
When the inner layer 22 changes its color or reflectance properties, the outwardly visible topcoat 20 maintains the appearance of the coated subject such that the change is not objectionably visibly discernible.
A schematic sectional elevational view of a second embodiment of an exterior surface covering 30 according to the present invention is provided in Figure 2. The exterior surface covering 30 of this embodiment also includes an outer or top layer 40, and an inner layer 42. In this embodiment, the inner layer 42 exhibits a change in color or transmissivity. However, in this exterior surface coating 30 the inner layer 42 is an electrochromic layer rather than a thermochromic layer as in the case of the exterior surface covering 10 of the first embodiment.
In this second embodiment, a pair of thin films 46 of an electrochromic polymer bracket the inner layer 42. These films 46 serve as electrodes for applying an electric field to the inner layer 42. Suitable means for generating, applying and controlling an electrical potential are provided (not shown) and connected to the thin films 46. One film 46 is interposed between the upper layer or topcoat 40 and the inner layer 42, while a second film 46 is interposed between the inner layer 42 and the substrate 48.
The inner layer 42 has either absorptive or reflective properties, depending whether an electric filed of a predetermined strength is being applied. In one embodiment, when an electrical field of a predetermined field strength is applied, the inner layer 42 is transparent to infrared radiation, thus allowing heat to reach the substrate 48 to be absorbed or reflected, depending on the nature of the substrate 48. When the electric field is removed, the inner layer 42 changes to an opaque layer 42 that can absorb or reflect the heat depending on its composition.
A third embodiment of an exterior surface covering 50 according to the present invention is shown in the schematic sectional elevational view of Figure 3. In this third embodiment the exterior surface covering 50 includes three layers 60, 62, 64.
In this embodiment, an outer or first layer 60 serves as a protective topcoat and includes colorants having low or non-absorbing properties in the near infrared region.
The exterior surface covering 50 also includes a middle or second layer 62 that has reflectance properties that change with changing temperature. Finally, the exterior surface covering 50 also includes an inner or third layer 64 that is highly reflective. In this case, the thermochromic effect color or reflectivity change of the second layer 62 is such that at high temperatures the second layer becomes transparent. This transparency then allows light from the near infrared spectrum passing through the first or outer layer 60 to pass also through the second layer 62 to be reflected away from the substrate 68 by the highly reflective third layer 64. In this way, at higher temperatures, the exterior surface structure 50 is more highly reflective of excess heat from the near infrared region of solar radiation.
A fourth embodiment of an exterior surface covering 70 according to the present invention is shown in the schematic sectional elevational view of Figure 4. In this fourth embodiment the exterior surface covering 70 includes three layers 80, 82, 84 covering a substrate 88, as in the case of the third embodiment. In this fourth embodiment, an outer or first layer 70 is provided as a protective topcoat and also includes colorants having low or non-absorbing properties in the near infrared region. However, in this fourth embodiment of the exterior surface covering 70, the innermost or third layer 84 is highly absorptive. In this case, the thermochromic effect color or reflectivity change of the middle or second layer 82 is such that at low temperatures the second layer 82 becomes transparent. This transparency then allows light from the near infrared spectrum passing through the first or outer layer 80 to also pass through the second layer to be absorbed by the highly absorptive third layer 84. In this way, at lower temperatures, the exterior surface covering 70 is more highly absorptive of heat from the near infrared region of solar radiation and the exterior surface covering 70 can capture thermal energy. At higher temperatures, the exterior surface covering 70 is less absorptive. In some cases, it is advantageous to provide a second layer 82 that becomes reflective to infrared radiation at elevated temperatures.
The exterior surface covering of the present invention can be prepared by formulating coating compositions for use in forming layers with the desired optical characteristics. For example, in the case of the first embodiment of the present invention, a first coating composition can be formulated to include at least one suitable thermochromic pigment dispersed in a suitable first polymeric binder, and a second coating composition including a suitable colorant dispersed in a suitable second polymeric binder.
The polymeric binder employed for the first coating composition can be the same as or differ from the polymeric binder employed for the second coating composition.
Preferably, the polymeric binder is selected to include a polymeric material having good exterior durability, such as a poly(meth)acrylate. In addition, it is preferred that the polymeric binder employed for the second coating composition have good transparency in the near infrared.
The polymeric binders employed can be solvent-based materials. However, water-based polymeric binders such as acrylic latex binders are preferred in the interest of reducing solvent emissions. When a water-based polymeric binder is employed, conventional coatings additives for water-based coatings compositions can be included, such as water, cosolvents, thickeners, rheology modifiers, agents for promoting film formation and coalescence, biocides, fungicides, fire retardant materials, and the like.
The exterior surface coating is formed by initiaily applying the first coating composition to the surface of the substrate by a suitable application means.
The application means can employ conventional coatings application equipment, such as spray, roller, dip, curtain, or brush coating devices. Next, the first coating composition is cured to form an inner covering layer. The specific requirements of the curing process depend upon the components of the first coating composition. For example, when a water-based polymeric binder such as a water-based acrylic polymeric latex material is employed for preparing the first coating composition, the first coating composition can be sprayed on the surface of the substrate to a predetermined thickness. Cure is accomplished by simply permitting the first coating composition to progress through water loss, film formation, coalescence of the latex particles, etc.
Next, the second coating composition is applied over the surface of the inner covering layer by suitable application means. The second coating composition includes a polymeric binder having good transparency to near infrared radiation, such as poly(meth)acrylate materials. Preferably, the second coating composition also includes at least one ultraviolet absorbent material. The second coating composition preferably also includes at least one colorant for achieving a desired aesthetic effect.
When a water-based acrylic polymeric latex material is employed to formulate the second coating composition, the second coating composition can be sprayed on the surface of the cured inner covering layer at a predetermined thickness, and permitted to cure by loss of water and film formation.
In the case of those embodiments of the present invention requiring three layers, each such layer can be formed from a corresponding coating composition. Each such corresponding coating composition can in tum be applied to the suitable surface by conventional coating techniques, and permitted to cure to form a corresponding exterior surface covering layer.
r.
While the exterior surface covering of the present invention can be prepared by the successive application of suitable coating compositions to the substrate surface, other methods of forming the exterior surface covering can also be employed.
For example, in the case of the first embodiment of the exterior surface coating of the present invention, the inner layer can be formed from a suitable first film material in which a thermochromic pigment Is dispersed. Examples of film materials that can be used inciude acrylics, polyurethanes, vinyls, olefin polymers and copolymers, and fluorinated polymers. The outer layer can be formed from a suitable second film material in which a colorant has been dispersed, and the exterior surface covering can be formed by laminating the first film material to the second film material using a suitable lamination process which may include the use of a lamination adhesive. The exterior surface covering can be subsequently applied to the substrate surface by application of an adhesive coating to the substrate surface, followed by application of the exterior surface covering. In another aspect, an adhesive material can be applied to the interior surface of the exterior surface covering, and the interior surface then covered with a suitable release liner. When installing the exterior surface covering, the exterior surface covering is trimmed to match the substrate surface being covered, the release liner is removed from the back of the exterior surface covering, and the exterior surface covering is then applied in registration to the substrate surface. In the altemative, the exterior surface covering can be secured to the substrate surface mechanically, such as by fasteners.
In a further variation, the exterior surface covering is formed by applying a coating composition to a film forming at least one layer of the exterior surface covering.
The coating composition is then cured to provide a second layer.
In another example, at least one layer of the exterior surface covering and the substrate are formed from a polymeric material and are formed simultaneously by a polymer forming process such as coextrusion. For example, when the exterior surface covering is being applied to building cladding such as polyvinyl chloride siding material, the PVC siding substrate and the inner layer of the exterior surface covering can be coextruded using conventional plastics extrusion equipment. The outer layer of the exterior surface covering can then be formed on the surface of the inner layer by applying a coating composition including the desired colorant material.
The colored topcoat can not only provide aesthetically desirable colors, but also provide weatherability and UV protection for the underlying layer(s). Since the topcoat has high transparency in the near infrared range of solar radiation, the solar heat absorption of the exterior surface covering can be controlled by the underlying portion of the covering. Hence, the color of the exterior surface covering can remain within a desired predetermined range or band, or even the same, even if the inner layer changes its color in order to optimize solar absorption.
Suitable topcoats can be prepared by using the colorants that have high transparency to near infrared radiation. Examples of such colorants include, but are not limited to, peariescent pigments, lamellar effect pigments, metal/metal oxide coated mica or glass particles, organic pigments, perylene pigments, ultramarine blue pigments, or nano-pigments.
The Inner layer preferably has solar reflectance that varies in response to changes in surrounding temperatures or other environmental stimuli during heating/cooling seasons.
Materiai properties that can provide such reversible changes in solar reflectance may include, but are not limited to, thermochromism, photochromism, electrochromism, solvatochromism, ionochromism, halochromism, crystalline polymorphism or changes in refractive indices.
Examples of such systems comprise thermochromatic colorants, thermochromatic polymers, composite thermochromatic pigments, chromogenic thermotropic gels, vanadium oxides, polythiophene polymers, liquid crystals, spirobenyopyrans, spironaphthoxazines, chromenes, fulgides, diarylethenes, or electrochromic chemicals. Depending on their chemical reactivity, thermochromic materials can either be added directly to a coating composition, or first microencapsulated before addition in order to chemically isolate the thermochromic material from other components of the coating composition. Techniques for microencapsulating target materials are well known in the art. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0064175 discloses intrinsically thermochromic materials including spirooxazines, stereoisomorphic compounds such as biathrylidenes including bianthrones, bithioanthylidenes, and dixanthylidenes, polythiophenes, polysilanes, and poly diacetylenes, photochromic'materials which require auxiliary materials such as temperature-sensitive UV blocking agents to achieve thermochromism, including spironaphthoxazines, benzopyrans, naphthopyrans, fulgides, diarylethenes, dihydroindolizines, dithiophenylperfluorocyclopentenes, and spirobenzopyrans;
ioniochromic materials such as phthalides such as phthaleins including phenylphthalein, crystal violet lactone, and pyridyl blue, leucotriarylmethanes, azo dyes, styryl dyes, chelates including dimethylgyloxime, 1,2-dihydrobenzenes, 1-hydroxyanthraquinones, crown ethers, mono- and di-vinylphthalides including monovinylphthalides, diarylphthalides, fluorenes, fluorans, lactams, and sulfones.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the inner portion of the covering can include a bottom layer of reflective material, such as white coating or metal/metallized layer, and an upper layer that changes from opaque to transparent by the stimuli of outdoor environments such as temperature.
The exterior surface coverings of the present invention for optimizing surface solar reflectance and energy efficiency of a building assembly can be directly applied to the existing exterior envelope through typical coating application methods, or they can be part of the claddings that are applied to the exterior envelope separately.
Depending on the coverage of the top or outermost layer, there could be some lightening, or darkening detectable in the color that could be overcome by highly efficient top covering surface coverage.
In some embodiments the binders making up the construction could include inorganic coating materials, sucti as silicas, silicates, phosphates, titanates, zirconates, aluminosilicates, and the like. Hybrid organic/inorganic binders such as ceramers binders may also be used.
Such a surface could also be a part of individual roofing granules in place of, at least in part, those used in surfacing of asphalt composition roofing shingles. Also, such layer compositions or constructions may be used in the surface of interior wall or articles that can provide further energy saving by optimizing the solar heat absorption.
Such constructions could be assembled by processes including coating, extrusion, coextrusion, lamination, or other processes known in the art of producing layered structures. Further examples of application for this invention will become evident to those who are skilled in the art.
Examole Roofing granules are first coated with an inner coating composition including a thermochromic pigment that changes color from white to black as temperature drops from T1 to T2. The inner coating composition is then cured. A second or outer coating composition is applied over the cured inner layer, and the outer coating composition is cured to provide an outer layer than is transparent to near infrared radiation. The infrared reflectivity of the roofing granules is will be reduced from R1 to R2 as the temperature drops from T9 to T2. So, while the granules reflect more heat in summer time, they will absorb more heat in winter.
Various modifications can be made in the details of the various embodiments of the processes and articles of the present invention, all within the scope and spirit of the invention and defined by the appended claims.
While the exterior surface covering of the present invention can be prepared by the successive application of suitable coating compositions to the substrate surface, other methods of forming the exterior surface covering can also be employed.
For example, in the case of the first embodiment of the exterior surface coating of the present invention, the inner layer can be formed from a suitable first film material in which a thermochromic pigment Is dispersed. Examples of film materials that can be used inciude acrylics, polyurethanes, vinyls, olefin polymers and copolymers, and fluorinated polymers. The outer layer can be formed from a suitable second film material in which a colorant has been dispersed, and the exterior surface covering can be formed by laminating the first film material to the second film material using a suitable lamination process which may include the use of a lamination adhesive. The exterior surface covering can be subsequently applied to the substrate surface by application of an adhesive coating to the substrate surface, followed by application of the exterior surface covering. In another aspect, an adhesive material can be applied to the interior surface of the exterior surface covering, and the interior surface then covered with a suitable release liner. When installing the exterior surface covering, the exterior surface covering is trimmed to match the substrate surface being covered, the release liner is removed from the back of the exterior surface covering, and the exterior surface covering is then applied in registration to the substrate surface. In the altemative, the exterior surface covering can be secured to the substrate surface mechanically, such as by fasteners.
In a further variation, the exterior surface covering is formed by applying a coating composition to a film forming at least one layer of the exterior surface covering.
The coating composition is then cured to provide a second layer.
In another example, at least one layer of the exterior surface covering and the substrate are formed from a polymeric material and are formed simultaneously by a polymer forming process such as coextrusion. For example, when the exterior surface covering is being applied to building cladding such as polyvinyl chloride siding material, the PVC siding substrate and the inner layer of the exterior surface covering can be coextruded using conventional plastics extrusion equipment. The outer layer of the exterior surface covering can then be formed on the surface of the inner layer by applying a coating composition including the desired colorant material.
The colored topcoat can not only provide aesthetically desirable colors, but also provide weatherability and UV protection for the underlying layer(s). Since the topcoat has high transparency in the near infrared range of solar radiation, the solar heat absorption of the exterior surface covering can be controlled by the underlying portion of the covering. Hence, the color of the exterior surface covering can remain within a desired predetermined range or band, or even the same, even if the inner layer changes its color in order to optimize solar absorption.
Suitable topcoats can be prepared by using the colorants that have high transparency to near infrared radiation. Examples of such colorants include, but are not limited to, peariescent pigments, lamellar effect pigments, metal/metal oxide coated mica or glass particles, organic pigments, perylene pigments, ultramarine blue pigments, or nano-pigments.
The Inner layer preferably has solar reflectance that varies in response to changes in surrounding temperatures or other environmental stimuli during heating/cooling seasons.
Materiai properties that can provide such reversible changes in solar reflectance may include, but are not limited to, thermochromism, photochromism, electrochromism, solvatochromism, ionochromism, halochromism, crystalline polymorphism or changes in refractive indices.
Examples of such systems comprise thermochromatic colorants, thermochromatic polymers, composite thermochromatic pigments, chromogenic thermotropic gels, vanadium oxides, polythiophene polymers, liquid crystals, spirobenyopyrans, spironaphthoxazines, chromenes, fulgides, diarylethenes, or electrochromic chemicals. Depending on their chemical reactivity, thermochromic materials can either be added directly to a coating composition, or first microencapsulated before addition in order to chemically isolate the thermochromic material from other components of the coating composition. Techniques for microencapsulating target materials are well known in the art. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0064175 discloses intrinsically thermochromic materials including spirooxazines, stereoisomorphic compounds such as biathrylidenes including bianthrones, bithioanthylidenes, and dixanthylidenes, polythiophenes, polysilanes, and poly diacetylenes, photochromic'materials which require auxiliary materials such as temperature-sensitive UV blocking agents to achieve thermochromism, including spironaphthoxazines, benzopyrans, naphthopyrans, fulgides, diarylethenes, dihydroindolizines, dithiophenylperfluorocyclopentenes, and spirobenzopyrans;
ioniochromic materials such as phthalides such as phthaleins including phenylphthalein, crystal violet lactone, and pyridyl blue, leucotriarylmethanes, azo dyes, styryl dyes, chelates including dimethylgyloxime, 1,2-dihydrobenzenes, 1-hydroxyanthraquinones, crown ethers, mono- and di-vinylphthalides including monovinylphthalides, diarylphthalides, fluorenes, fluorans, lactams, and sulfones.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the inner portion of the covering can include a bottom layer of reflective material, such as white coating or metal/metallized layer, and an upper layer that changes from opaque to transparent by the stimuli of outdoor environments such as temperature.
The exterior surface coverings of the present invention for optimizing surface solar reflectance and energy efficiency of a building assembly can be directly applied to the existing exterior envelope through typical coating application methods, or they can be part of the claddings that are applied to the exterior envelope separately.
Depending on the coverage of the top or outermost layer, there could be some lightening, or darkening detectable in the color that could be overcome by highly efficient top covering surface coverage.
In some embodiments the binders making up the construction could include inorganic coating materials, sucti as silicas, silicates, phosphates, titanates, zirconates, aluminosilicates, and the like. Hybrid organic/inorganic binders such as ceramers binders may also be used.
Such a surface could also be a part of individual roofing granules in place of, at least in part, those used in surfacing of asphalt composition roofing shingles. Also, such layer compositions or constructions may be used in the surface of interior wall or articles that can provide further energy saving by optimizing the solar heat absorption.
Such constructions could be assembled by processes including coating, extrusion, coextrusion, lamination, or other processes known in the art of producing layered structures. Further examples of application for this invention will become evident to those who are skilled in the art.
Examole Roofing granules are first coated with an inner coating composition including a thermochromic pigment that changes color from white to black as temperature drops from T1 to T2. The inner coating composition is then cured. A second or outer coating composition is applied over the cured inner layer, and the outer coating composition is cured to provide an outer layer than is transparent to near infrared radiation. The infrared reflectivity of the roofing granules is will be reduced from R1 to R2 as the temperature drops from T9 to T2. So, while the granules reflect more heat in summer time, they will absorb more heat in winter.
Various modifications can be made in the details of the various embodiments of the processes and articles of the present invention, all within the scope and spirit of the invention and defined by the appended claims.
Claims (32)
1. An exterior surface covering comprising:
(a) an outer layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers; and (b) an inner layer having a reflectance for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the reflectance being dependent on a variable parameter, the reflectance varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range.
(a) an outer layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers; and (b) an inner layer having a reflectance for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the reflectance being dependent on a variable parameter, the reflectance varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range.
2. An exterior surface covering according to claim 1 wherein the reflectance increases with an increase in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
3. An exterior surface covering according to claim 1 wherein the outer layer is colored.
4. An exterior surface covering according to claim I wherein the variable parameter is temperature.
5. An exterior surface covering according to claim 4 wherein the inner layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance selected from the group consisting of thermochromatic colorants, thermochromatic polymers, composite thermochromatic pigments, chromogenic thermotropic gels, vanadium oxides, polythiophene polymers, liquid crystals, spirobenzopyrans, spironaphthoxazines, chromenes, fulgides, and diarylethenes.
6. An exterior surface covering according to claim 4 wherein the reflectance varies from less than 0.2 to greater than 0.25 when the temperature varies from less than 20 degrees C to greater than 30 degrees C.
7. An exterior surface covering according to claim 1 wherein the variable parameter is the strength of an applied electric field and the inner layer comprises an electrochromic substance.
8. An exterior surface covering according to claim 7 wherein the reflectance varies from less than 0.2 to greater than 0.25 when the strength of the applied electric field exceeds a predetermined field strength.
9. An exterior surface covering comprising:
(a) an outer colored layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers;
(b) a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a variable parameter, the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range; and (c) an inner layer having a reflectance of at least 40 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers.
(a) an outer colored layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers;
(b) a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a variable parameter, the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range; and (c) an inner layer having a reflectance of at least 40 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers.
10. An exterior surface covering according to claim 9 wherein the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with an increase in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
11. An exterior surface covering according to claim 10 wherein the variable parameter is temperature.
12. An exterior surface covering according to claim 11 wherein the middle layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance selected from the group consisting of thermochromatic colorants, thermochromatic polymers, composite thermochromatic pigments, chromogenic thermotropic gels, vanadium oxides, polythiophene polymers, liquid crystals, spirobenzopyrans, spironaphthoxazines, chromenes, fulgides, and diarylethenes.
13. An exterior surface covering according to claim 10 wherein the transmission coefficient of the middle layer varies from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the temperature varies from less than 20°C to greater than 30°C.
14. An exterior surface covering according to claim 9 wherein the variable parameter is the strength of an applied electric field and the middle layer comprises an electrochromic substance.
15. An exterior surface covering according to claim 14 wherein the transmission coefficient of the middle layer varies from less than 0.4 to greater than 0.5 when the strength of the applied electric field exceeds a predetermined electric field strength.
16. An exterior surface covering comprising:
(a) an outer colored layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers;
(b) a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a variable parameter, the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range; and (c) an inner layer having an absorption coefficient at least 60 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers.
(a) an outer colored layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers;
(b) a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a variable parameter, the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the parameter is varied over a predetermined range; and (c) an inner layer having an absorption coefficient at least 60 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers.
17. An exterior surface covering according to claim 16 wherein the transmission coefficient of the middle layer increases with a decrease in the parameter over the predetermined range of the parameter.
18. An exterior surface covering according to claim 17 wherein the variable parameter is temperature.
19. An exterior surface covering according to claim 18 wherein the middle layer comprises at least one thermochromic substance selected from the group consisting of thermochromatic colorants, thermochromatic polymers, composite thermochromatic pigments, chromogenic thermotropic gels, vanadium oxides, polythiophene polymers, liquid crystals, spirobenzopyrans, spironaphthoxazines, chromenes, fulgides, and diarylethenes.
20. An exterior surface covering according to claim 18 wherein the transmission coefficient of the middle layer varies from greater than 0.5 to less than 0.4 when the temperature varies from less than 20°C to greater than 30°C.
21. An exterior surface covering according to claim 16 wherein the variable parameter is the strength of an applied electric field and the middle layer comprises an electrochromic substance.
22. An exterior surface covering according to claim 21 wherein the transmission coefficient of the middle layer varies from greater than 0.5 to less than 0.4 when the strength of the applied electric field exceeds a predetermined electric field strength.
23. An exterior surface covering comprising:
(a) an outer layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers;
(b) a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a first variable parameter, the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the first variable parameter is varied over a predetermined range; and (c) an inner layer having an absorption coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the absorption coefficient being dependent on a second variable parameter, the absorption coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the second variable parameter is varied over a predetermined range.
(a) an outer layer having a transmission coefficient of at least 50 percent for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength rage from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers;
(b) a middle layer having a transmission coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the transmission coefficient being dependent on a first variable parameter, the transmission coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the first variable parameter is varied over a predetermined range; and (c) an inner layer having an absorption coefficient for electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 700 nanometers to 2500 nanometers, the absorption coefficient being dependent on a second variable parameter, the absorption coefficient varying by a factor of at least 0.5 as the second variable parameter is varied over a predetermined range.
24. Roofing granules coated with an exterior surface covering according to claim 1.
25. An asphalt shingle with an exterior surface coated with an exterior surface covering according to claim 1.
26. A bituminous sheet-roofing product with an exterior surface covering with an exterior surface coating according to claim 1.
27. Roofing granules coated with an exterior surface covering according to claim 9.
28. An asphalt shingle with an exterior surface covered with an exterior surface covering according to claim 9.
29. A bituminous sheet-roofing product with an exterior surface covered with an exterior surface covering according to claim 9.
30. Roofing granules coated with an exterior surface covering according to claim 16.
31. An asphalt shingle with an exterior surface covered with an exterior surface covering according to claim 16.
32. A bituminous sheet roofing product with an exterior surface covered with an exterior surface covering according to claim 16.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/456,112 US7749593B2 (en) | 2006-07-07 | 2006-07-07 | Solar heat responsive exterior surface covering |
| US11/456,112 | 2006-07-07 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2591494A1 true CA2591494A1 (en) | 2008-01-07 |
| CA2591494C CA2591494C (en) | 2013-12-24 |
Family
ID=38919433
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2591494A Expired - Fee Related CA2591494C (en) | 2006-07-07 | 2007-06-14 | Solar-heat responsive exterior surface covering |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (5) | US7749593B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2591494C (en) |
Families Citing this family (40)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7241500B2 (en) | 2003-10-06 | 2007-07-10 | Certainteed Corporation | Colored roofing granules with increased solar heat reflectance, solar heat-reflective shingles, and process for producing same |
| FR2884111B1 (en) | 2005-04-07 | 2007-05-18 | Saint Gobain Mat Constr Sas | BIOCIDAL GRANULE, IN PARTICULAR FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ASPHALT SHINGLE |
| DE102006024383A1 (en) * | 2006-05-24 | 2007-11-29 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Device for increasing individual comfort in an aircraft |
| US8202616B2 (en) * | 2006-06-16 | 2012-06-19 | Achilles Corporation | Dark color sheet-like body having light reflection properties in near-infrared region |
| US7749593B2 (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2010-07-06 | Certainteed Corporation | Solar heat responsive exterior surface covering |
| KR101303981B1 (en) * | 2007-09-19 | 2013-09-04 | 라벤브릭 엘엘씨 | Low-emissivity window films and coatings incorporating nanoscale wire grids |
| US9116302B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2015-08-25 | Ravenbrick Llc | Optical metapolarizer device |
| US8514476B2 (en) * | 2008-06-25 | 2013-08-20 | View, Inc. | Multi-pane dynamic window and method for making same |
| CA2737041C (en) | 2008-08-20 | 2013-10-15 | Ravenbrick, Llc | Methods for fabricating thermochromic filters |
| US8284336B2 (en) | 2009-04-10 | 2012-10-09 | Ravenbrick Llc | Thermally switched optical filter incorporating a guest-host architecture |
| US8947760B2 (en) | 2009-04-23 | 2015-02-03 | Ravenbrick Llc | Thermotropic optical shutter incorporating coatable polarizers |
| US8637116B2 (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2014-01-28 | Certainteed Corporation | Process for preparing roofing granules comprising organic colorant, with improved luster, and roofing products including such granules |
| WO2011022011A1 (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2011-02-24 | Certainteed Corporation | Roofing granules, roofing products including such granules, and process for preparing same |
| US8270060B2 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2012-09-18 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Infrared ray transmittance controlling panel including color modifying layer |
| US8867132B2 (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2014-10-21 | Ravenbrick Llc | Thermochromic filters and stopband filters for use with same |
| US9222015B2 (en) * | 2009-11-24 | 2015-12-29 | Swift River Properties, Llc | Thermochromic coating and method of manufacturing thereof |
| US20110214358A1 (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-08 | Sabin Ewing | Energy saving roof |
| US20110214357A1 (en) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-08 | Sabin Ewing | Energy saving roof |
| KR101476899B1 (en) * | 2010-03-29 | 2014-12-26 | 라벤브릭 엘엘씨 | Polymer-stabilized thermotropic liquid crystal device |
| CA2801399C (en) | 2010-06-01 | 2016-03-29 | Ravenbrick, Llc | Multifunctional building component |
| ES2396536B1 (en) * | 2011-04-19 | 2013-12-26 | Kaparazoom Slu | ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION TRANSMITTER COATING |
| US20120291373A1 (en) * | 2011-05-16 | 2012-11-22 | Sabin Ewing | Energy Saving Materials and Methods |
| US9341912B2 (en) | 2012-03-13 | 2016-05-17 | View, Inc. | Multi-zone EC windows |
| US11635666B2 (en) | 2012-03-13 | 2023-04-25 | View, Inc | Methods of controlling multi-zone tintable windows |
| DE102012215459A1 (en) | 2012-08-31 | 2014-03-06 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Agent, useful for coating a building material such as roof tiles, slabs, facade panels or shingles to control a temperature of a building, comprises thermochromic dye and a latent heat storage agent |
| MX2019014145A (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2020-02-07 | Building Mat Investment Corp | Colored roofing membrane with improved solar reflectance. |
| CN105319633B (en) * | 2014-07-31 | 2018-03-23 | 长春理工大学 | A kind of research of the novel absorbent film based on non-optical glass substrate |
| GB2539201B (en) | 2015-06-08 | 2022-04-06 | Plastipack Limted | Sheet material |
| US10662652B2 (en) * | 2016-03-10 | 2020-05-26 | Carlisle Intangible Company | Heating compensating roofing boards |
| IL244633B (en) * | 2016-03-17 | 2020-08-31 | Donval Ariela | Temperature responsive optical limiter composition and device |
| MX2019004490A (en) * | 2016-10-18 | 2020-02-07 | Newtonoid Tech Llc | Building product display systems and methods. |
| CN108202519A (en) * | 2016-12-20 | 2018-06-26 | 福建省优雅环保壁纸有限公司 | A kind of environment-friendlyradiation-proof radiation-proof wall paper |
| EP3378623B1 (en) * | 2017-03-20 | 2023-08-02 | Lucobit AG | Thermochromatic seal components |
| US10590657B2 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2020-03-17 | James Hardie Technology Limited | Fiber cement articles with ultra-smooth exterior surface and methods for manufacturing same |
| EP3406674A1 (en) * | 2017-05-26 | 2018-11-28 | Ewald Dörken Ag | Thermochromic coating system |
| US10871405B2 (en) * | 2017-05-30 | 2020-12-22 | The Boeing Company | Indicator device and method |
| CN107479216B (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2020-07-10 | 福建师范大学 | Thermochromic element, thermochromic actuator, and plant protection device |
| CN107539012B (en) * | 2017-08-28 | 2019-10-25 | 福建师范大学 | Flexible temperature-sensitive color-changing composite material and temperature-sensitive design producing apparatus |
| US11236234B2 (en) | 2018-01-03 | 2022-02-01 | United States Gypsum Company | Joint compounds and plasters with a complexometric dye and methods |
| KR20230013688A (en) * | 2021-07-16 | 2023-01-27 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | Display device and manufacturing method for the same |
Family Cites Families (122)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2732311A (en) | 1956-01-24 | Coating process of producing radiation- | ||
| US2379358A (en) | 1936-01-30 | 1945-06-26 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Colored granulated material |
| US2417058A (en) | 1942-02-14 | 1947-03-11 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Roofing granules and method of producing the same |
| US2614051A (en) | 1947-05-19 | 1952-10-14 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Roofing granules and method of making same |
| US2591149A (en) | 1948-04-21 | 1952-04-01 | Central Commercial Co | Method of coating mineral granules |
| US2695851A (en) | 1949-03-28 | 1954-11-30 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Artificially colored roofing granules, method of making same, and a sheet body having an adherent surfacing of said granules |
| US2963378A (en) * | 1955-04-25 | 1960-12-06 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Ass beads hemispherically reflectorled with metallic coating and compositions thereof |
| US2898232A (en) | 1956-06-14 | 1959-08-04 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Roofing granules and method for making |
| US2927045A (en) | 1956-08-17 | 1960-03-01 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Method of making artificially colored granules and product thereof |
| US2981636A (en) | 1957-02-18 | 1961-04-25 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Colored roofing granules |
| US2986476A (en) | 1959-08-10 | 1961-05-30 | Central Commercial Co | Artificially colored granules and method of making same |
| US3255031A (en) * | 1962-07-30 | 1966-06-07 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Method of making roofing granules and product thereof |
| US3507676A (en) | 1966-12-15 | 1970-04-21 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Zinc containing algicidal surfacing,method,and granules |
| US4092441A (en) | 1973-08-30 | 1978-05-30 | Gaf Corporation | Roofing granule treatment by coating with a metallic algicide |
| US4038239A (en) * | 1973-11-23 | 1977-07-26 | Contech Inc. | Moisture curable polyurethane systems |
| US4218503A (en) * | 1977-12-02 | 1980-08-19 | Rockwell International Corporation | X-ray lithographic mask using rare earth and transition element compounds and method of fabrication thereof |
| DE2804259A1 (en) | 1978-02-01 | 1979-08-02 | Bayer Ag | METHOD FOR PRODUCING DUST-FREE PLANT PROTECTION AGENT GRANULES AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD |
| US4218502A (en) | 1978-06-19 | 1980-08-19 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Intumescable fire-retardant products |
| DE2827136C2 (en) * | 1978-06-21 | 1982-05-19 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Bituminized roofing membrane |
| US4378408A (en) | 1981-02-11 | 1983-03-29 | Gaf Corporation | Silicate coated roofing granules |
| US4583486A (en) * | 1985-01-31 | 1986-04-22 | The Celotex Corporation | Apparatus for depositing granules on a moving sheet |
| JPH0665641B2 (en) | 1985-02-01 | 1994-08-24 | 日本バイエルアグロケム株式会社 | Pesticide granular formulation |
| US4708812A (en) | 1985-06-26 | 1987-11-24 | Union Carbide Corporation | Encapsulation of phase change materials |
| US4717614A (en) * | 1986-02-14 | 1988-01-05 | Gaf Corporation | Asphalt shingle |
| US4916014A (en) | 1987-10-30 | 1990-04-10 | Paul Weber | I.R. reflecting paint |
| US5310803A (en) * | 1988-05-04 | 1994-05-10 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Hot-melt composition that have good open time and form creep-resistant bonds when applied in thin layers |
| DE8808918U1 (en) * | 1988-07-12 | 1989-01-26 | Besloten Vennootschap Met Beperkte Aansprakelijkheid Asphalt- En Chemische Fabrieken Smid & Hollander, Groningen, Nl | |
| US5194113A (en) * | 1990-12-24 | 1993-03-16 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Process for making conformable thermoplastic marking sheet |
| DE59206491D1 (en) | 1991-12-21 | 1996-07-11 | Roehm Gmbh | IR reflecting body |
| US5240760A (en) | 1992-02-07 | 1993-08-31 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Polysiloxane treated roofing granules |
| US5380552A (en) * | 1992-08-24 | 1995-01-10 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method of improving adhesion between roofing granules and asphalt-based roofing materials |
| US5411803A (en) | 1992-09-15 | 1995-05-02 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Granular materials having an improved ceramic coating, methods of preparing same, and composite sheets including same |
| US5356664A (en) | 1992-09-15 | 1994-10-18 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method of inhibiting algae growth on asphalt shingles |
| US5595813A (en) | 1992-09-22 | 1997-01-21 | Takenaka Corporation | Architectural material using metal oxide exhibiting photocatalytic activity |
| US6063312A (en) | 1993-02-05 | 2000-05-16 | Southwest Research Institute | Method of increasing the relative heat capacity of a pumpable dielectric heat transfer carrier liquid |
| US5362566A (en) * | 1993-03-04 | 1994-11-08 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coating composition, granules coated with same, and method of reducing dust generation |
| US5427793A (en) | 1993-04-21 | 1995-06-27 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Tin-acrylate-containing polymers as algicidal agents in building materials |
| US5486585A (en) * | 1993-08-26 | 1996-01-23 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Amidosilyldiyl bridged catalysts and method of polymerization using said catalysts. |
| US5770295A (en) | 1993-09-09 | 1998-06-23 | Energy Pillow, Inc. | Phase change thermal insulation structure |
| CA2132288A1 (en) * | 1993-10-14 | 1995-04-15 | W. Stuart Bigham | Inorganic particles coated with organic polymeric binders, composite sheets including same, and methods of making said coated particles |
| US5571596A (en) | 1993-12-23 | 1996-11-05 | Johnson; Matthew E. | Advanced composite roofing shingle |
| JPH07290824A (en) * | 1994-04-22 | 1995-11-07 | Pilot Ink Co Ltd | Thermally discoloring laminate |
| US5514350A (en) * | 1994-04-22 | 1996-05-07 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Apparatus for making nanostructured ceramic powders and whiskers |
| US5456785A (en) * | 1994-05-17 | 1995-10-10 | Venable; Jesse S. | Composite roofing product and method and apparatus for making a composite roofing product |
| US5643399A (en) * | 1994-05-17 | 1997-07-01 | Carlisle Corporation | Composite roofing product and apparatus and method for cleaning vulcanized rubber and for making a composite roofing product |
| GB9502253D0 (en) | 1995-02-06 | 1995-03-29 | Giltech Ltd | The effects of antibacterial agents on the behaviour of mouse fibroblasts in vitro |
| CA2169598A1 (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 1996-08-23 | Henry Koschitzky | Method and apparatus for applying surfacing material to shingles |
| KR100377606B1 (en) | 1995-09-15 | 2003-08-25 | 로디아 쉬미 | Titanium dioxide-based photocatalyst coating substrate, and titanium dioxide-based organic dispersion |
| DE19540682A1 (en) | 1995-11-01 | 1997-05-07 | Herberts Gmbh | Coating agent for the production of coatings reflecting heat rays |
| US5876683A (en) * | 1995-11-02 | 1999-03-02 | Glumac; Nicholas | Combustion flame synthesis of nanophase materials |
| DE19543204C2 (en) * | 1995-11-20 | 1997-09-18 | Bayer Ag | Process for the production of nanodisperse titanium dioxide and its use |
| US5731369A (en) * | 1996-06-27 | 1998-03-24 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Cold curing epoxy resin formulations comprising amine-free antimony pentafluoride-alcohol complex |
| US5785389A (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 1998-07-28 | Bradford; Wendell R. | Automotive wheel and wheel cover shield |
| US5783506A (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 1998-07-21 | Engelhard Corporation | Ceramic glaze including pearlescent pigment |
| US6245850B1 (en) | 1997-04-10 | 2001-06-12 | John R. Fields | Reflective asphalt emulsions and method |
| CN1128170C (en) * | 1997-06-13 | 2003-11-19 | 美国3M公司 | Liquid pavement marking composation |
| US5928761A (en) * | 1997-07-16 | 1999-07-27 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Retroreflective black pavement marking articles |
| DE19746067A1 (en) | 1997-10-17 | 1999-04-22 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Interference pigments based on flaky substrates used in paint, lacquer, printing ink, plastics, ceramics, glaze and cosmetics |
| DE69826148T2 (en) | 1997-12-09 | 2005-09-22 | SBA Materials, Inc., Santa Barbara | BLOCK COPOLYMER PROCESSING FOR MESO-STRUCTURED INORGANIC OXIDE MATERIALS |
| US6531230B1 (en) * | 1998-01-13 | 2003-03-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Color shifting film |
| TW561064B (en) | 1998-03-05 | 2003-11-11 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Method for microencapsulating of a solid substance |
| FR2775696B1 (en) | 1998-03-05 | 2000-04-14 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | SUBSTRATE WITH PHOTOCATALYTIC COATING |
| JP4312379B2 (en) * | 1998-03-10 | 2009-08-12 | ミクロナス ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング | Reference electrode |
| WO1999046058A1 (en) * | 1998-03-11 | 1999-09-16 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method of forming a thermoplastic layer on a layer of adhesive |
| US6531200B2 (en) | 1998-06-29 | 2003-03-11 | Northern Elastomeric, Inc. | Roofing material with encapsulated fibrous mat |
| US6296912B1 (en) * | 1998-06-29 | 2001-10-02 | Northern Elastomeric, Inc. | Roofing material with fibrous mat |
| DE69900356T2 (en) * | 1998-07-24 | 2002-07-11 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | Nitro isourea derivatives |
| US6217252B1 (en) * | 1998-08-11 | 2001-04-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Wear-resistant transportation surface marking method and materials |
| US6610135B1 (en) * | 1998-08-19 | 2003-08-26 | Showa Denko K.K. | Titanium-containing finely divided particulate material, aqueous sol composition and coating liquid containing same, process for producing same, and shaped article having film thereof |
| GB9818778D0 (en) | 1998-08-28 | 1998-10-21 | Crosfield Joseph & Sons | Particulate carrier for biocide formulations |
| US6084702A (en) | 1998-10-15 | 2000-07-04 | Pleotint, L.L.C. | Thermochromic devices |
| US6174360B1 (en) | 1998-10-26 | 2001-01-16 | Ferro Corporation | Infrared reflective color pigment |
| US6537703B2 (en) * | 1998-11-12 | 2003-03-25 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Polymeric mesoporous separator elements for laminated lithium-ion rechargeable batteries |
| US6426309B1 (en) | 1998-12-30 | 2002-07-30 | Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc. | Storm proof roofing material |
| US6214466B1 (en) | 1999-07-28 | 2001-04-10 | Isp Investments Inc. | Algae-resistant roofing granules |
| FR2798738B1 (en) | 1999-09-16 | 2001-10-26 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | TRANSPARENT SUBSTRATE HAVING A STACK OF HEAT-REFLECTING LAYERS |
| AU759971B2 (en) | 1999-09-29 | 2003-05-01 | Cygnet Works, Inc. | Thermochromic laminates and methods for controlling the temperature of a structure |
| DE19951871A1 (en) | 1999-10-28 | 2001-05-03 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Color interference pigments |
| JP3669884B2 (en) * | 1999-11-11 | 2005-07-13 | 富士通株式会社 | Processing equipment |
| US6245381B1 (en) * | 1999-11-12 | 2001-06-12 | Michael G. Israel | Manufacture of composite roofing products with matrix formulated microbiocide |
| US6653356B2 (en) | 1999-12-13 | 2003-11-25 | Jonathan Sherman | Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide coatings, and processes for the production and use thereof |
| US6533961B2 (en) * | 2000-02-22 | 2003-03-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Durable fluorescent organic pigments and methods of making |
| US6366397B1 (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2002-04-02 | Ntt Advanced Technology Corporation | Infrared radiation reflector and infrared radiation transmitting composition |
| US6569520B1 (en) | 2000-03-21 | 2003-05-27 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Photocatalytic composition and method for preventing algae growth on building materials |
| US20030091795A1 (en) | 2000-06-08 | 2003-05-15 | Matti Kiik | Metal flake-surfaced roofing materials |
| US6376075B1 (en) | 2000-06-17 | 2002-04-23 | General Electric Company | Article having reflecting coating and process for the manufacture |
| US6635140B2 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2003-10-21 | Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc. | Shingle synchronization between blend drop and cut, and between pattern and pattern cutter |
| DE10046957A1 (en) | 2000-09-21 | 2002-04-11 | Basf Ag | Process for producing a multimetal oxide catalyst, process for producing unsaturated aldehydes and / or carboxylic acids and band calciner |
| AU2001294772A1 (en) | 2000-09-27 | 2002-04-08 | Microtek Laboratories, Inc. | Macrocapsules containing microencapsulated phase change materials |
| DE10049777A1 (en) | 2000-10-09 | 2002-04-18 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Micro-encapsulated particles, e.g. metal oxide, made by using partly etherated amino-resin precondensates in which one component has high surface activity due to co-condensation with ethoxylated fatty amine |
| US20020160151A1 (en) | 2000-10-18 | 2002-10-31 | Pinault Duane M. | Integrated granule product |
| US6572784B1 (en) | 2000-11-17 | 2003-06-03 | Flex Products, Inc. | Luminescent pigments and foils with color-shifting properties |
| TW593569B (en) | 2000-12-21 | 2004-06-21 | Dainichiseika Color Chem | Near-infrared reflecting composite pigments |
| KR20020056785A (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2002-07-10 | 이원목 | Microcapsule containing phase change material and article having enhanced thermal storage properties by comprising the same |
| US6502360B2 (en) * | 2001-03-27 | 2003-01-07 | Thantex Specialties, Inc. | Single-ply roofing membrane with laminated, skinned nonwoven |
| US6548145B2 (en) | 2001-05-10 | 2003-04-15 | Isp Investments Inc. | Roofing granules with a decorative metallic appearance |
| US6797277B2 (en) * | 2001-06-01 | 2004-09-28 | Wilbur-Ellis Company | Delivery system for pesticides and crop-yield enhancement products using micro-encapsulated active ingredients in extruded granules |
| US6610147B2 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2003-08-26 | Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc. | Shingle granule valve and method of depositing granules onto a moving substrate |
| US6647688B1 (en) | 2001-09-01 | 2003-11-18 | Brenda S. Gaitan | Thermoset fluorescent pigmentary vinyl |
| US7335419B2 (en) | 2001-09-24 | 2008-02-26 | Shaun Azari | System and method for energy-conserving roofing |
| US7238408B2 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2007-07-03 | Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technology Inc. | Roofing materials having engineered coatings |
| US20030152747A1 (en) | 2002-01-11 | 2003-08-14 | The Garland Company, Inc., An Ohio Corporation | Roofing materials |
| US7132143B2 (en) | 2002-04-25 | 2006-11-07 | Polyglass U.S.A. Inc. | Self-adhering modified bitumen underlayment for tile roofs |
| US6696125B2 (en) * | 2002-04-25 | 2004-02-24 | Polyglass, U.S.A. | Self-adhered modified bitumen roofing material |
| US6924015B2 (en) * | 2002-05-21 | 2005-08-02 | Polyglass, U.S.A. | Modified bitumen roofing membrane with enhanced sealability |
| JP4064214B2 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2008-03-19 | 田島ルーフィング株式会社 | Asphalt single with anti-algae properties |
| US7060658B2 (en) | 2002-11-27 | 2006-06-13 | Isp Investments Inc. | Roofing granules |
| ES2388330T3 (en) | 2003-02-06 | 2012-10-11 | Imperbel S.A. | Waterproofing membrane |
| US20040170806A1 (en) | 2003-02-28 | 2004-09-02 | University Of Colorado Research Foundation | Tile structures having phase change material (PCM) component for use in flooring and ceilings |
| US7811630B2 (en) | 2003-06-20 | 2010-10-12 | Certainteed Corporation | Algae resistant roofing granules with controlled algaecide leaching rates, algae resistant shingles, and process for producing same |
| US7687106B2 (en) | 2003-06-20 | 2010-03-30 | Certainteed Corporation | Algae resistant roofing granules with controlled algaecide leaching rates, algae resistant shingles, and process for producing same |
| US7070844B2 (en) | 2003-09-10 | 2006-07-04 | Johns Manville | Highly reflective asphalt-based roofing membrane |
| US7070843B2 (en) | 2003-09-10 | 2006-07-04 | Johns Manville | Highly reflective asphalt-based roofing membrane |
| US7241500B2 (en) | 2003-10-06 | 2007-07-10 | Certainteed Corporation | Colored roofing granules with increased solar heat reflectance, solar heat-reflective shingles, and process for producing same |
| US7452598B2 (en) | 2003-10-06 | 2008-11-18 | Certainteed Corporation | Mineral-surfaced roofing shingles with increased solar heat reflectance, and process for producing same |
| US20060243388A1 (en) | 2005-04-28 | 2006-11-02 | Building Materials Investment Corporation | Under roof peel and stick tile underlayment |
| US20060251807A1 (en) | 2005-05-06 | 2006-11-09 | Hong Keith C | Roofing Granules With Improved Surface Coating Coverage And Functionalities And Method For Producing Same |
| US7641959B2 (en) | 2005-09-16 | 2010-01-05 | Isp Investments Inc. | Roofing granules of enhanced solar reflectance |
| US20070065640A1 (en) | 2005-09-16 | 2007-03-22 | Isp Investments Inc. | Roofing granules of enhanced solar reflectance |
| US7749593B2 (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2010-07-06 | Certainteed Corporation | Solar heat responsive exterior surface covering |
| US20080131664A1 (en) | 2006-07-26 | 2008-06-05 | Teng Yihsien H | Roofing shingle having agglomerated microorganism resistant granules |
| CA2665988C (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2014-08-05 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Copper containing algicidal compounds |
-
2006
- 2006-07-07 US US11/456,112 patent/US7749593B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-06-14 CA CA2591494A patent/CA2591494C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-05-18 US US12/782,329 patent/US8017224B2/en active Active
-
2011
- 2011-06-10 US US13/157,715 patent/US8298655B2/en active Active
-
2012
- 2012-09-27 US US13/628,284 patent/US8871334B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2014
- 2014-10-27 US US14/524,475 patent/US10053865B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20150043052A1 (en) | 2015-02-12 |
| US8017224B2 (en) | 2011-09-13 |
| CA2591494C (en) | 2013-12-24 |
| US20130021660A1 (en) | 2013-01-24 |
| US20110235153A1 (en) | 2011-09-29 |
| US8871334B2 (en) | 2014-10-28 |
| US7749593B2 (en) | 2010-07-06 |
| US20100225988A1 (en) | 2010-09-09 |
| US10053865B2 (en) | 2018-08-21 |
| US8298655B2 (en) | 2012-10-30 |
| US20080008857A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US10053865B2 (en) | Solar heat responsive exterior surface covering | |
| KR100772142B1 (en) | Thermochromic laminates and methods for controlling the temperature of a structure | |
| Berdahl et al. | Preliminary survey of the solar reflectance of cool roofing materials | |
| DE69927517T2 (en) | THERMOCROMIC ELEMENTS | |
| US7335419B2 (en) | System and method for energy-conserving roofing | |
| CA2275216C (en) | Facade system with a translucent porous insulating material | |
| CA2842618C (en) | System, method and apparatus for dark-colored siding panel product | |
| US20130286461A1 (en) | Synergistic reversible chromism | |
| Wang et al. | All-season thermal regulation with thermochromic temperature-adaptive radiative cooling coatings | |
| CA1094897A (en) | Process for protecting a pvc surface against the effects of sunlight | |
| CN205502440U (en) | Novel a solar thermal energy induction type surface overlay structure for building | |
| KR102551193B1 (en) | Composition for functional heat-shielding paint that adjusts the absorption rate of visible light by converting colors according to temperature and a heat-shielding film comprising the same | |
| US20220098105A1 (en) | Dry polymer modified cement surface coating for roofing materials | |
| WO1983000356A1 (en) | Insulation material | |
| KR200383277Y1 (en) | canvas of tent | |
| US20110229712A1 (en) | Breathable Protecting Film | |
| ZA200400967B (en) | Plastic body having low thermal conductivity, high light transmission and a capacity for absorption in the near-infrared region. | |
| FR2507755A1 (en) | Solar energy trap - comprises multichannel profile beneath absorbent coating to receive and contain thermal energy |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20170614 |