CA2768798A1 - Toner compositions and processes - Google Patents

Abstract

The present disclosure provides toner particles having excellent charge characteristics. In embodiments, a toner particle of the present disclosure includes a cation binding material possessing cation binding groups. Processes for producing toners with these cation binding materials are also provided. The resulting toners exhibit excellent stability with respect to relative humidity and excellent charging characteristics.

Description

TONER COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESSES
BACKGROUND

[0001] The present disclosure is generally directed to toner compositions, and more specifically, to toner compositions including cation binding materials as charge control agents.

[0002] Electrophotographic printing utilizes toner particles which may be produced by a variety of processes. One such process includes an emulsion aggregation ("EA") process that forms toner particles in which surfactants are used in forming a latex emulsion. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 6,120,967, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, as one example of such a process.

[0003] Combinations of amorphous and crystalline polyesters may be used in the EA
process. This resin combination may provide toners with high gloss and relatively low-melting point characteristics (sometimes referred to as low-melt, ultra low melt, or ULM), which allows for more energy efficient and faster printing.

[0004] Issues which may arise with toners include their sensitivity to environmental conditions, including humidity. For example, in the summer months, when it is hot and humid, user complaints arise with respect to the background of an image. In the winter months, when it is cold and dry, light image complaints arise. There may also be a decrease in charge with developer aging, leading to excessive background.

[0005] There is a continual need for improving the additives used in the formation of EA
ULM toners. There is also a need to improve the sensitivity of toner compositions to environmental conditions, including relative humidity.

SUMMARY

[00061 The present disclosure provides toners and processes for producing these toners.
[00071 In embodiments, a toner of the present disclosure may include particles including a resin, an optional colorant, and a cation binding material such as crown ethers, cryptands, cyclens, porphin, porphyrins and combinations thereof.

[00081 In other embodiments, a toner of the present disclosure may include a resin; an optional colorant; and a cation binding material including a crown ether such as 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 4-acryloylamidobenzo- 15 -crown- 5, benzo- 15-crown-5, methylbenzo-15 -crown-5,stearylbenzo-15-crown-5, hydroxymethylbenzo-15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5 dinitrile, aza-l5-crown-5, vinylbenzo-l5-crown-5, 4-formylbenzo-l5-crown-5 I 8-crown-6, 4-acryloylamidobenzo- 18-crown-6, benzo-18-crown-6, methylbenzo-18-crown-6, hydroxymethylbenzo-l8-crown-6, benzo-l8-crown-6 dinitrile, aza-l8-crown-6, vinylbenzo-18-crown-6, 4-formyl benzo-l8-crown-6, dibenzo-l8-crown-6, stearylbenzo-l8-crown-6, dibenzo-21-crown-7, dibenzo-24-crown-8, bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10, bis(carboxy-m-phenyl ene)-3 2 -crown-10, and combinations thereof.

[00091 A process of the present disclosure may include, in embodiments, contacting at least one resin with an optional colorant and at least one cation binding material such as crown ethers, cryptands, cyclens, porphin, porphyrins and combinations thereof to form toner particles; and recovering the toner particles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[00101 Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described herein below with reference to the following figures wherein:

[00111 Figures IA and 1B are graphs showing the 60 minute A-zone and C-zone charging for a parent toner (IA) and blended toner (IB) of the present disclosure, possessing a 12-crown-4 ether, compared with a control toner; and [0012] Figures 2A and 2B are graphs showing the 60 minute A-zone and C-zone charging for a parent toner of the present disclosure, possessing a 15-crown-5 ether, compared with a control toner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[00131 The present disclosure provides toner particles having desirable charging characteristics, and thus enhanced stability to changes in relative humidity (RH). In accordance with the present disclosure, a cation binding material, in embodiments a crown ether, is included in a toner formulation. The cation binding material is a very effective charge control agent for the parent toner. EA toner designs including the cation binding material, such as a crown ether, show much reduced initial toner charge in the C-zone, with equal or somewhat higher charge in the A-zone, thus increasing stability as a function of RH.
The cation binding material is very effective at very low levels, in embodiments below 1% by weight, and thus is cost effective. At low loadings, the cation binding material, such as a crown ether, provides very similar bench charging when compared with a toner lacking the cation binding material.

Resins [0014] Any toner resin may be utilized in forming a toner of the present disclosure. Such resins, in turn, may be made of any suitable monomer or monomers via any suitable polymerization method, including emulsion polymerization. In other embodiments, the resin may be prepared by a method other than emulsion polymerization. In further embodiments, the resin may be prepared by condensation polymerization.

[00151 The toner composition of the present disclosure, in embodiments, includes an amorphous resin. The amorphous resin may be linear or branched. In embodiments, the amorphous resin may include at least one low molecular weight amorphous polyester resin.
The low molecular weight amorphous polyester resins, which are available from a number of sources, can possess various melting points of, for example, from about 30 C
to about 120 C, in embodiments from about 75 C to about 115 C, in embodiments from about 100 C
to about 110 C, and/or in embodiments from about 104 C to about 108 C. As used herein, the low molecular weight amorphous polyester resin has, for example, a number average molecular weight (Mn), as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of, for example, from about 1,000 to about 10,000, in embodiments from about 2,000 to about 8,000, in embodiments from about 3,000 to about 7,000, and in embodiments from about 4,000 to about 6,000. The weight average molecular weight (Mw,) of the resin is 50,000 or less, for example, in embodiments from about 2,000 to about 50,000, in embodiments from about 3,000 to about 40,000, in embodiments from about 10,000 to about 30,000, and in embodiments from about 18,000 to about 21,000, as determined by GPC using polystyrene standards. The molecular weight distribution (M,,,/Mõ) of the low molecular weight amorphous resin is, for example, from about 2 to about 6, in embodiments from about 3 to about 4. The low molecular weight amorphous polyester resins may have an acid value of from about 8 to about 20 mg KOH/g, in embodiments from about 9 to about 16 mg KOH/g, and in embodiments from about 10 to about 14 mg KOH/g.

[0016] Examples of linear amorphous polyester resins which maybe utilized include poly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol A
co-ethoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate), poly(1,2-propylene fumarate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-maleate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A co-maleate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol A co-maleate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol A co-ethoxylated bisphenol A co-maleate), poly(1,2-propylene maleate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-itaconate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A co-itaconate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol A co-itaconate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol A co-ethoxylated bisphenol A co-itaconate), poly(1,2-propylene itaconate), and combinations thereof.

[0017] In embodiments, a suitable amorphous resin may include alkoxylated bisphenol A
fumarate/terephthalate based polyesters and copolyester resins. In embodiments, a suitable amorphous polyester resin may be a copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate)-copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-terephthalate) resin having the following formula (I):

~I O-'Y 0 0 OYJ~)~n of -'r'O"O 0 R R O M I
R R O
(I) wherein R may be hydrogen or a methyl group, and m and n represent random units of the copolymer and in may be from about 2 to 10, and n may be from about 2 to 10.
Examples of such resins and processes for their production include those disclosed in U.S.
Patent No.

6,063,827, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[00181 An example of a linear propoxylated bisphenol A fumarate resin which may be utilized as a latex resin is available under the trade name SPARIITM from Resana S/A
Industrias Quimicas, Sao Paulo Brazil. Other suitable linear resins include those disclosed in Patents Nos. 4,533,614, 4,957,774 and 4,533,614, which can be linear polyester resins including terephthalic acid, dodecylsuccinic acid, trimellitic acid, fumaric acid and alkyloxylated bisphenol A, such as, for example, bisphenol-A ethylene oxide adducts and bisphenol-A propylene oxide adducts. Other propoxylated bisphenol A
terephthalate resins that may be utilized and are commercially available include GTU-FC 115, commercially available from Kao Corporation, Japan, and the like.

[00191 In embodiments, the low molecular weight amorphous polyester resin may be a saturated or unsaturated amorphous polyester resin. Illustrative examples of saturated and unsaturated amorphous polyester resins selected for the process and particles of the present disclosure include any of the various amorphous polyesters, such as polyethylene-terephthalate, polypropylene-terephthalate, polybutylene-terephthalate, polypentylene-terephthalate, polyhexalene-terephthalate, polyheptadene-terephthalate, polyoctalene-terephthalate, polyethylene-isophthalate, polypropylene-isophthalate, polybutylene-isophthalate, polypentylene-isophthalate, polyhexalene-isophthalate, polyheptadene-isophthalate, polyoctalene-isophthalate, polyethylene-sebacate, polypropylene sebacate, polybutylene-sebacate, polyethylene-adipate, polypropylene-adipate, polybutylene-adipate, polypentylene-adipate, polyhexalene-adipate, polyheptadene-adipate, polyoctalene-adipate, polyethylene-glutarate, polypropylene-glutarate, polybutylene-glutarate, polypentylene-glutarate, polyhexalene-glutarate, polyheptadene-glutarate, polyoctalene-glutarate polyethylene-pimelate, polypropylene-pimelate, polybutylene-pimelate, polypentylene-pimelate, polyhexalene-pimelate, polyheptadene-pimelate, poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A-fumarate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A-succinate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A-adipate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A-glutarate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A-terephthalate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A-isophthalate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol A-dodecenylsuccinate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A-fumarate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A-succinate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A-adipate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A-glutarate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A-terephthalate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A-isophthalate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol A-dodecenylsuccinate), SPAR (Dixie Chemicals), BECKOSOL (Reichhold Inc), ARAKOTE (Ciba-Geigy Corporation), HETRON (Ashland Chemical), PARAPLEX (Rohm & Haas), POLYLITE (Reichhold Inc), PLASTHALL (Rohm & Haas), CYGAL (American Cyanamide), ARMCO (Armco Composites), ARPOL (Ashland Chemical), CELANEX (Celanese Eng), RYNITE (DuPont), STYPOL (Freeman Chemical Corporation) and combinations thereof The resins can also be functionalized, such as carboxylated, sulfonated, or the like, and particularly such as sodio sulfonated, if desired.
(0020] The low molecular weight linear amorphous polyester resins are generally prepared by the polycondensation of an organic diol, a diacid or diester, and a polycondensation catalyst. The low molecular weight amorphous resin is generally present in the toner composition in various suitable amounts, such as from about 60 to about 90 weight percent, in embodiments from about 50 to about 65 weight percent, of the toner or of the solids.

100211 Examples of organic diols selected for the preparation of low molecular weight resins include aliphatic diols with from about 2 to about 36 carbon atoms, such as 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, and the like; alkali sulfo-aliphatic diols such as sodio 2-sulfo-l,2-ethanediol, lithio 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, potassio 2-sulfo- 1,2-ethanediol, sodio 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, lithio 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, potassio 2-sulfo-l,3-prop anediol, mixture thereof, and the like. The aliphatic diol is, for example, selected in an amount of from about 45 to about 50 mole percent of the resin, and the alkali sulfo-aliphatic diol can be selected in an amount of from about 1 to about 10 mole percent of the resin.

[00221 Examples of diacid or diesters selected for the preparation of the low molecular weight amorphous polyester include dicarboxylic acids or diesters such as terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, succinic acid, succinic anhydride, dodecylsuccinic acid, dodecylsuccinic anhydride, dodecenylsuccinic acid, dodecenylsuccinic anhydride, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanediacid, dimethyl terephthalate, diethyl terephthalate, dimethylisophthalate, diethylisophthalate, dimethylphthalate, phthalic anhydride, diethylphthalate, dimethylsuccinate, dimethylfumarate, dimethylmaleate, dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate, dimethyl dodecylsuccinate, dimethyl dodecenylsuccinate, and mixtures thereof. The organic diacid or diester is selected, for example, from about 45 to about 52 mole percent of the resin.

[00231 Examples of suitable polycondensation catalysts for the low molecular weight amorphous polyester resin include tetraalkyl titanates, dialkyltin oxide such as dibutyltin oxide, tetraalkyltin such as dibutyltin dilaurate, dialkyltin oxide hydroxide such as butyltin oxide hydroxide, aluminum alkoxides, alkyl zinc, dialkyl zinc, zinc oxide, stannous oxide, or mixtures thereof; and which catalysts may be utilized in amounts of, for example, from about 0.01 mole percent to about 5 mole percent based on the starting diacid or diester used to generate the polyester resin.

[00241 The low molecular weight amorphous polyester resin may be a branched resin. As used herein, the terms "branched" or "branching" include branched resins and/or cross-linked resins. Branching agents for use in forming these branched resins include, for example, a multivalent polyacid such as 1,2,4-benzene-tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 2,5,7-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,5-hexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,3-dicarboxyl-2-methyl-2-methylene-carboxylpropane, tetra(methylene-carboxyl)methane, and 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylic acid, acid anhydrides thereof, and lower alkyl esters thereof, 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; a multivalent polyol such as sorbitol, 1,2,3,6-hexanetetrol, 1,4-sorbitane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, sucrose, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,5-pentatriol, glycerol, 2-methylpropanetriol, 2-methyl-1,2,4-butanetriol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,3,5-trihydroxymethylbenzene, combinations thereof, and the like. The branching agent amount selected is, for example, from about 0.1 to about 5 mole percent of the resin.

[0025] The resulting unsaturated polyesters are reactive (for example, crosslinkable) on two fronts: (i) unsaturation sites (double bonds) along the polyester chain, and (ii) functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxy, and the like groups amenable to acid-base reactions. In embodiments, unsaturated polyester resins are prepared by melt polycondensation or other polymerization processes using diacids and/or anhydrides and diols.

[0026] In embodiments, the low molecular weight amorphous polyester resin or a combination of low molecular weight amorphous resins may have a glass transition temperature of from about 30 C to about 80 C, in embodiments from about 35 C
to about 70 C. In further embodiments, the combined amorphous resins may have a melt viscosity of from about 10 to about 1,000,000 Pa*S at about 130 C, in embodiments from about 50 to about 100,000 Pa*S.

[0027] The amount of the low molecular weight amorphous polyester resin in a toner particle of the present disclosure, whether in any core, any shell, or both, may be from about 25 to about 50 percent by weight, in embodiments from about 30 to about 45 percent by weight, and in embodiments from about 35 to about 43 percent by weight, of the toner particles (that is, toner particles exclusive of external additives and water).

[0028] In embodiments, the toner composition includes at least one crystalline resin. As used herein, "crystalline" refers to a polyester with a three dimensional order.
"Semicrystalline resins" as used herein refers to resins with a crystalline percentage of, for example, from about 10 to about 90%, in embodiments from about 12 to about 70%. Further, as used hereinafter "crystalline polyester resins" and "crystalline resins"
encompass both crystalline resins and semicrystalline resins, unless otherwise specified.

[0029] In embodiments, the crystalline polyester resin is a saturated crystalline polyester resin or an unsaturated crystalline polyester resin.

[0030] The crystalline polyester resins, which are available from a number of sources, may possess various melting points of, for example, from about 30 C to about 120 C, in embodiments from about 50 C to about 90 C. The crystalline resins may have, for example, a number average molecular weight (Ma), as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of, for example, from about 1,000 to about 50,000, in embodiments from about 2,000 to about 25,000, in embodiments from about 3,000 to about 15,000, and in embodiments from about 6,000 to about 12,000. The weight average molecular weight (Mw,) of the resin is 50,000 or less, for example, from about 2,000 to about 50,000, in embodiments from about 3,000 to about 40,000, in embodiments from about 10,000 to about 30,000 and in embodiments from about 21,000 to about 24,000, as determined by GPC using polystyrene standards. The molecular weight distribution (M,/Mõ) of the crystalline resin is, for example, from about 2 to about 6, in embodiments from about 3 to about 4. The crystalline polyester resins may have an acid value of about 2 to about 20 mg KOH/g, in embodiments from about to about 15 mg KOH/g, and in embodiments from about 8 to about 13 mg KOH/g.

[0031] Illustrative examples of crystalline polyester resins may include any of the various crystalline polyesters, such as poly(ethylene-adipate), poly(propylene-adipate), poly(butylene-adipate), poly(pentylene-adipate), poly(hexylene-adipate), poly(octylene-adipate), polyethylene-succinate), poly(propylene-succinate), poly(butylene-succinate), poly(pentylene-succinate), poly(hexylene-succinate), poly(octylene-succinate), poly(ethylene-sebacate), poly(propylene-sebacate), poly(butylene-sebacate), poly(pentylene-sebacate), poly(hexylene-sebacate), poly(octylene-sebacate), poly(nonylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-sebacate), poly(undecylene-sebacate), poly(dodecylene-sebacate), poly(ethylene-dodecanedioate), poly(propylene-dodecanedioate), poly(butylene-dodecanedioate), poly(pentylene-dodecanedioate), poly(hexylene-dodecanedioate), poly(octylene-dodecanedioate), poly(nonylene-dodecanedioate), poly(decylene-dodecandioate), poly(undecylene-dodecandioate), poly(dodecylene-dodecandioate), poly(ethylene-fumarate), poly(propylene-fumarate), poly(butylene-fumarate), poly(pentylene-fiimarate), poly(hexylene-fumarate), poly(octylene-fumarate), poly(nonylene-fumarate), poly(decylene-fumarate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-succinate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-succinate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-succinate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-succinate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-succinate), copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-succinate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-sebacate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-sebacate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(butylenes-sebacate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-sebacate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-sebacate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-sebacate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-adipate) and combinations thereof 100321 The crystalline resin may be prepared by a polycondensation process by reacting suitable organic diol(s) and suitable organic diacid(s) in the presence of a polycondensation catalyst. Generally, a stoichiometric equimolar ratio of organic diol and organic diacid is utilized, however, in some instances, wherein the boiling point of the organic diol is from about 180 C to about 230 C, an excess amount of diol can be utilized and removed during the polycondensation process. The amount of catalyst utilized varies, and may be selected in an amount, for example, of from about 0.01 to about 1 mole percent of the resin.
Additionally, in place of the organic diacid, an organic diester can also be selected, and where an alcohol byproduct is generated. In further embodiments, the crystalline polyester resin is a poly(dodecanedioicacid-co-nonanediol).

[00331 Examples of organic diols selected for the preparation of crystalline polyester resins include aliphatic diols with from about 2 to about 36 carbon atoms, such as 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1, 1 2-dodecanediol, and the like; alkali sulfo-aliphatic diols such as sodio 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, lithio 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, potassio 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, sodio 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, lithio 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, potassio 2-sulfo-l,3-propanediol, mixture thereof, and the like. The aliphatic diol is, for example, selected in an amount of from about 45 to about 50 mole percent of the resin, and the alkali sulfo-aliphatic diol can be selected in an amount of from about 1 to about 10 mole percent of the resin.

[00341 Examples of organic diacids or diesters selected for the preparation of the crystalline polyester resins include oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, napthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, malonic acid and mesaconic acid, a diester or anhydride thereof; and an alkali sulfo-organic diacid such as the sodio, lithio or potassium salt of dimethyl-5-sulfo-isophthalate, dialkyl-5-sulfo-isophthalate-4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 4-sulfo-phthalic acid, dimethyl-4-sulfo-phthalate, dialkyl-4-sulfo-phthalate, 4-sulfophenyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzene, 6-sulfo-2-naphthyl-3,5-dicarbometh-oxybenzene, sulfo-terephthalic acid, dimethyl-sulfo-terephthalate, 5-sulfo-isophthalic acid, dialkyl-sulfo-terephthalate, sulfo-p-hydroxybenzoic acid, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-amino ethane sulfonate, or mixtures thereof. The organic diacid is selected in an amount of, for example, from about 40 to about 50 mole percent of the resin, and the alkali sulfoaliphatic diacid can be selected in an amount of from about 1 to about 10 mole percent of the resin.

[00351 Suitable crystalline polyester resins include those disclosed in U.S.
Patent No.
7,329,476 and U.S. Patent Application Pub. Nos. 2006/0216626, 2008/0107990, 2008/0236446 and 2009/0047593, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In embodiments, a suitable crystalline resin may include a resin composed of ethylene glycol or nonanediol and a mixture of dodecanedioic acid and fumaric acid co-monomers with the following formula (II):

O O

~(CH2)s o tCH2}~o d b (II) wherein b is from about 5 to about 2000 and d is from about 5 to about 2000.

[0036] If semicrystalline polyester resins are employed herein, the semicrystalline resin may include poly(3-methyl-l-butene), poly(hexamethylene carbonate), poly(ethylene-p-carboxy phenoxy-butyrate), poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate), poly(docosyl acrylate), poly(dodecyl acrylate), poly(octadecyl acrylate), poly(octadecyl methacrylate), poly(behenylpolyethoxyethyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene adipate), poly(decamethylene adipate), poly(decamethylene azelaate), poly(hexamethylene oxalate), poly(decamethylene oxalate), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(butadiene oxide), poly(decamethylene oxide), poly(decamethylene sulfide), poly(decamethylene disulfide), poly(ethylene sebacate), poly(decamethylene sebacate), poly(ethylene suberate), poly(decamethylene succinate), poly(eicosamethylene malonate), poly(ethylene-p-carboxy phenoxy-undecanoate), poly(ethylene dithionesophthalate), poly(methyl ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene-p-carboxy phenoxy-valerate), poly(hexamethylene-4,4'-oxydibenzoate), poly(10-hydroxy capric acid), poly(isophthalaldehyde), poly(octamethylene dodecanedioate), poly(dimethyl siloxane), poly(dipropyl siloxane), poly(tetramethylene phenylene diacetate), poly(tetramethylene trithiodicarboxylate), poly(trimethylene dodecane dioate), poly(m-xylene), poly(p-xylylene pimelamide), and combinations thereof.

100371 The amount of the crystalline polyester resin in a toner particle of the present disclosure, whether in core, shell or both, may be present in an amount of from I to about 15 percent by weight, in embodiments from about 5 to about 10 percent by weight, and in embodiments from about 6 to about 8 percent by weight, of the toner particles (that is, toner particles exclusive of external additives and water).

[00381 In embodiments, a toner of the present disclosure may also include at least one high molecular weight branched or cross-linked amorphous polyester resin. The high molecular weight amorphous resin may be made of the same materials noted above as the low molecular weight amorphous resin, the primary difference being its molecular weight.
[0039] This high molecular weight resin may include, in embodiments, for example, a branched amorphous resin or amorphous polyester, a cross-linked amorphous resin or amorphous polyester, or mixtures thereof, or a non-cross-linked amorphous polyester resin that has been subjected to cross-linking. In accordance with the present disclosure, from about 1 % by weight to about 100% by weight of the high molecular weight amorphous polyester resin may be branched or cross-linked, in embodiments from about 2%
by weight to about 50% by weight of the higher molecular weight amorphous polyester resin may be branched or cross-linked.

[0040] As used herein, the high molecular weight amorphous polyester resin may have, for example, a number average molecular weight (M,,), as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of, for example, from about 1,000 to about 10,000, in embodiments from about 2,000 to about 9,000, in embodiments from about 3,000 to about 8,000, and in embodiments from about 6,000 to about 7,000. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the resin is greater than 55,000, for example, from about 55,000 to about 150,000, in embodiments from about 60,000 to about 100,000, in embodiments from about 63,000 to about 94,000, and in embodiments from about 68,000 to about 85,000, as determined by GPC
using polystyrene standard. The polydispersity index (PD) is above about 4, such as, for example, greater than about 4, in embodiments from about 4 to about 20, in embodiments from about 5 to about 10, and in embodiments from about 6 to about 8, as measured by GPC
versus standard polystyrene reference resins. (The PD index is the ratio of the weight-average molecular weight (M,,,) and the number-average molecular weight (Mn).) The high molecular weight amorphous polyester resins may have an acid value of from about 8 to about 20 mg KOH/g, in embodiments from about 9 to about 16 mg KOH/g, and in embodiments from about 11 to about 15 mg KOH/g. The high molecular weight amorphous polyester resins, which are available from a number of sources, can possess various melting points of, for example, from about 30 C to about 140 C, in embodiments from about 75 C to about 130 C, in embodiments from about 100 C to about 125 C, and in embodiments from about 115 C to about 121 T.

[00411 The high molecular weight amorphous resins, which are available from a number of sources, can possess various onset glass transition temperatures (Tg) of, for example, from about 40 C to about 80 C, in embodiments from about 50 C to about 70 C, and in embodiments from about 54 C to about 68 C, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The linear and branched amorphous polyester resins, in embodiments, may be a saturated or unsaturated resin.

[00421 The high molecular weight amorphous polyester resins may prepared by branching or cross-linking linear polyester resins. Branching agents can be utilized, such as trifunctional or multifunctional monomers, which agents usually increase the molecular weight and polydispersity of the polyester. Suitable branching agents include glycerol, trimethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, diglycerol, trimellitic acid, trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic acid, pyromellitic anhydride, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 2,5,7-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-butanetricarboxylic acid, combinations thereof, and the like. These branching agents can be utilized in effective amounts of from about 0.1 mole percent to about 20 mole percent based on the starting diacid or diester used to make the resin.

[00431 Compositions containing modified polyester resins with a polybasic carboxylic acid which may be utilized in forming high molecular weight polyester resins include those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,681,106, as well as branched or cross-linked polyesters derived from polyvalent acids or alcohols as illustrated in U.S. Patent Nos.
4,863,825; 4,863,824;

4,845,006; 5,143,809; 5,057,596; 4,988,794; 4,981,939; 4,980,448; 4,933,252;
4,931,370;
4,917,983 and 4,973,539, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0044] In embodiments, cross-linked polyesters resins may be made from linear amorphous polyester resins that contain sites of unsaturation that can react under free-radical conditions.
Examples of such resins include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,227,460;
5,376,494;
5,480,756; 5,500,324; 5,601,960; 5,629,121; 5,650,484; 5,750,909; 6,326,119;
6,358,657;
6,359,105; and 6,593,053, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In embodiments, suitable unsaturated polyester base resins may be prepared from diacids and/or anhydrides such as, for example, maleic anhydride, terephthalic acid, trimelltic acid, fumaric acid, and the like, and combinations thereof, and diols such as, for example, bisphenol-A ethyleneoxide adducts, bisphenol A-propylene oxide adducts, and the like, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, a suitable polyester is poly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-fumaric acid).

[0045] In embodiments, a cross-linked branched polyester may be utilized as a high molecular weight amorphous polyester resin. Such polyester resins may be formed from at least two pre-gel compositions including at least one polyol having two or more hydroxyl groups or esters thereof, at least one aliphatic or aromatic polyfunctional acid or ester thereof, or a mixture thereof having at least three functional groups; and optionally at least one long chain aliphatic carboxylic acid or ester thereof, or aromatic monocarboxylic acid or ester thereof, or mixtures thereof. The two components may be reacted to substantial completion in separate reactors to produce, in a first reactor, a first composition including a pre-gel having carboxyl end groups, and in a second reactor, a second composition including a pre-gel having hydroxyl end groups. The two compositions may then be mixed to create a cross-linked branched polyester high molecular weight resin. Examples of such polyesters and methods for their synthesis include those disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
6,592,913, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0046] Suitable polyols may contain from about 2 to about 100 carbon atoms and have at least two or more hydroxy groups, or esters thereof. Polyols may include glycerol, pentaerythritol, polyglycol, polyglycerol, and the like, or mixtures thereof The polyol may include a glycerol. Suitable esters of glycerol include glycerol palmitate, glycerol sebacate, glycerol adipate, triacetin tripropionin, and the like. The polyol may be present in an amount of from about 20% to about 30% weight of the reaction mixture, in embodiments, from about 22% to about 26% weight of the reaction mixture.

[0047] Aliphatic polyfunctional acids having at least two functional groups may include saturated and unsaturated acids containing from about 2 to about 100 carbon atoms, or esters thereof, in some embodiments, from about 4 to about 20 carbon atoms. Other aliphatic polyfunctional acids include malonic, succinic, tartaric, malic, citric, fumaric, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, sebacic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, and the like, or mixtures thereof. Other aliphatic polyfunctional acids which may be utilized include dicarboxylic acids containing a C3 to C6 cyclic structure and positional isomers thereof, and include cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, cyclobutane dicarboxylic acid or cyclopropane dicarboxylic acid.

[0048] Aromatic polyfunctional acids having at least two functional groups which may be utilized include terephthalic, isophthalic, trimellitic, pyromellitic and naphthalene 1,4-, 2,3-, and 2,6- dicarboxylic acids.

[0049] The aliphatic polyfunctional acid or aromatic polyfunctional acid may be present in an amount of from about 40% to about 65% weight of the reaction mixture, in embodiments, from about 44% to about 60% weight of the reaction mixture.

[0050] Long chain aliphatic carboxylic acids or aromatic monocarboxylic acids may include those containing from about 12 to about 26 carbon atoms, or esters thereof, in embodiments, from about 14 to about 18 carbon atoms. Long chain aliphatic carboxylic acids may be saturated or unsaturated. Suitable saturated long chain aliphatic carboxylic acids may include lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, cerotic, and the like, or combinations thereof Suitable unsaturated long chain aliphatic carboxylic acids may include dodecylenic, palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, erucic, and the like, or combinations thereof. Aromatic monocarboxylic acids may include benzoic, naphthoic, and substituted naphthoic acids. Suitable substituted naphthoic acids may include naphthoic acids substituted with linear or branched alkyl groups containing from about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms such as 1-methyl-2 naphthoic acid and/or 2-isopropyl- l -naphthoic acid. The long chain aliphatic carboxylic acid or aromatic monocarboxylic acids may be present in an amount of from about 0% to about 70% weight of the reaction mixture, in embodiments, of from about 15% to about 30% weight of the reaction mixture.

[0051] Additional polyols, ionic species, oligomers, or derivatives thereof, may be used if desired. These additional glycols or polyols may be present in amounts of from about 0% to about 50% weight percent of the reaction mixture. Additional polyols or their derivatives thereof may include propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol diethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, neopentyl glycol, triacetin, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, such as cellulose acetate, sucrose acetate iso-butyrate and the like.

[0052] In embodiments, the cross-linked branched polyesters for the high molecular weight amorphous polyester resin may include those resulting from the reaction of dimethylterephthalate, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, and pentaerythritol.

[0053] In embodiments, the high molecular weight resin, for example a branched polyester, may be present on the surface of toner particles of the present disclosure.
The high molecular weight resin on the surface of the toner particles may also be particulate in nature, with high _19-molecular weight resin particles having a diameter of from about 100 nanometers to about 300 nanometers, in embodiments from about 110 nanometers to about 150 nanometers.
[0054] The amount of high molecular weight amorphous polyester resin in a toner particle of the present disclosure, whether in any core, any shell, or both, may be from about 25% to about 50% by weight of the toner, in embodiments from about 30% to about 45%
by weight, in other embodiments or from about 40% to about 43% by weight of the toner (that is, toner particles exclusive of external additives and water).

[0055] The ratio of crystalline resin to the low molecular weight amorphous resin to high molecular weight amorphous polyester resin can be in the range from about 1:1:98 to about 98:1:1 to about 1:98:1, in embodiments from about 1:5:5 to about 1:9:9, in embodiments from about 1:6:6 to about 1:8:8.

[0056] Examples of other suitable resins or polymers which may be utilized include, but are not limited to, poly((3-carboxyethyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene); poly(styrene-propyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), and poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), and combinations thereof In embodiments, additional monomers, including beta-carboxyethyl acrylate, may also be included with these resins. The polymer may be block, random, or alternating copolymers.

[0057] In embodiments, these resins may have a glass transition temperature of from about 30 C to about 80 C, in embodiments from about 35 C to about 70 C. In further embodiments, the resins utilized in the toner may have a melt viscosity of from about 10 to about 1,000,000 Pa*S at about 130 C, in embodiments from about 20 to about 100,000 Pa*S
at about 130 C.

[0058] One, two, or more toner resins may be used. In embodiments where two or more toner resins are used, the toner resins may be in any suitable ratio (e.g., weight ratio) such as for instance about 10% (first resin)/90% (second resin) to about 90% (first resin)/ 10%

(second resin).
Surfactants [0059] In embodiments, resins, as well as colorants and waxes as described in greater detail below, and other additives utilized to form toner compositions may be in dispersions including surfactants. Moreover, toner particles may be formed by emulsion aggregation methods where the resin and other components of the toner are placed in one or more surfactants, an emulsion is formed, toner particles are aggregated, coalesced, optionally washed and dried, and recovered.

[0060] One, two, or more surfactants may be utilized. The surfactants may be selected from ionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants. Anionic surfactants and cationic surfactants are encompassed by the term "ionic surfactants." In embodiments, the surfactant may be utilized so that it is present in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the toner composition, for example from about 0.75% to about 4% by weight of the toner composition, in embodiments from about 1% to about 3% by weight of the toner composition.

[0061] Examples of nonionic surfactants that can be utilized include, for example, polyacrylic acid, methalose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, dialkylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, available from Rhone-Poulenc as IGEPAL CA-210TM, IGEPAL CA-520TM, IGEPAL CA-720TM, IGEPAL CO-890TM, IGEPAL CO-720TM, IGEPAL CO-290TM, IGEPAL CA-210TM, ANTAROX 890TH and ANTAROX 897TM. Other examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include a block copolymer of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, including those commercially available as SYNPERONIC PE/F, in embodiments SYNPERONIC PE/F 108.

[0062] Anionic surfactants which may be utilized include sulfates and sulfonates, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate, dialkyl benzenealkyl sulfates and sulfonates, acids such as abitic acid available from Aldrich, NEOGEN RTM, NEOGEN SCTM obtained from Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku, combinations thereof, and the like. Other suitable anionic surfactants include, in embodiments, DOWFAXTM 2A 1, an alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate from The Dow Chemical Company, and/or TAYCA POWER BN2060 from Tayca Corporation (Japan), which are branched sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonates. Combinations of these surfactants and any of the foregoing anionic surfactants may be utilized in embodiments.

[0063] Examples of the cationic surfactants, which are usually positively charged, include, for example, alkylbenzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dialkyl benzenealkyl ammonium chloride, lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alkylbenzyl methyl ammonium chloride, alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium bromide, C12, C15, C 17 trimethyl ammonium bromides, halide salts of quaternized polyoxyethylalkylamines, dodecylbenzyl triethyl ammonium chloride, MIRAPOLTM and ALKAQUATTM, available from Alkaril Chemical Company, SANIZOLTM (benzalkonium chloride), available from Kao Chemicals, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

Cation Binding Materials [00641 The parent charge of polyester toners, styrene/acrylate toners, and other EA toners has previously been improved by adding CaC12 to the wash water, which decreases parent charge in the C-zone, but as the C-zone charge is reduced, A-zone charge also decreases, though at a slower rate as described in, for example, U.S. Patent No.
7,851,116, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Thus there is a need for charge control agents that reduced charge in C-zone without reducing charge in A-zone.
A number of different charge control agents have been found that can improve the RH ratio, keeping A-zone constant while decreasing C-zone charge. However, effective amounts of these charge control agents (CCA) may be, at a minimum, from about 1 to 5% by weight of the toner particle, and thus they are not very cost effective. Further, other properties, like fusing, can be affected by high amounts of non-flowing additives, so a more effective CCA is desired.

[00651 In accordance with the present disclosure, a cation binding material may be added to a toner to provide an improved parent RH ratio of charge in A-zone to C-zone.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the use of these cation binding materials may be used to modify a parent toner charge for toner resins that contain a functional group with ionic character. For example, a negative charging toner may include an ionic functional group attached to the resin chain, which has a negative charge and the cationic counterion may have a positive charge. Suitable ionic functional groups on the resin include, for example, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, salts of such acids, combinations thereof, and the like.
These end groups are commonly found in toner resins such as, for example, acrylic acid or beta-carboxyethyl acrylate (0-CEA) in emulsion aggregation styrene/acrylate toners, or carboxylic acids or their salts in jetted or emulsion aggregation polyester toner resins. In embodiments, the cationic counterion may be an end group, for example, H+, Na+, K+, Li+, Cat+, A13+, Zn2+, Mg2+, NH4+, and/or NR4+, where R may be hydrogen or an organic group such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group, combinations thereof, and the like.

[0066] As depicted in Equation III below, the cation binding material, denoted CE, complexes with the positive counterion associated with the ionic end group of the polymer resin. The result is an energetic stabilization of the positive charge ion.
Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed the lower energy of the complex reduces the energy for charge transfer normally present in two-component development systems, with the carrier resin. Since these complexes are also known to form in water, the complex will be stable to higher RH, improving the toner charge under humid conditions.

(Toner Resin)-COO'-) (+)H + CE -* (Toner Resin)-COO(-) (+)H:CE
(III) [0067] The cation binding materials may be a monomer or a functional group attached to a monomer. In another alternate approach, the cation binding material can be dissolved in a solvent with the resins noted above used to prepare a latex, such as by phase inversion or the like, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2010/0015544, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

[0068] Suitable cation binding materials include, for example, those possessing cyclic structures. In embodiments, suitable cation binding materials include crown ether complexes, cryptands, cyclens, porphin, porphyrins, combinations thereof, and the like.
Suitable crown ether complexes include, for example, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 4-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5, methylbenzo-l5-crown-5, stearylbenzo-15-crown-5, hydroxymethylbenzo-15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5 dinitrile, aza-15-crown-5, vinylbenzo-15-crown-5, 4-formylbenzo-l5-crown-5 18-crown-6, 4-acryloylamidobenzo-l8-crown-6, benzo-l8-crown-6, methylbenzo-l8-crown-6, hydroxymethylbenzo-l8-crown-6, benzo-crown-6 dinitrile, aza-18-crown-6, vinylbenzo-18-crown-6, 4-formyl benzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo- l 8-crown-6, stearylbenzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-21-crown-7, dibenzo-24-crown-8, bi s(m-phenyl ene)-3 2 -crown- 10, bis(carboxy-m-phenylene)-32-crown-10, combinations thereof, and the like.

[0069] In embodiments, suitable cation binding materials include crown ethers, which may be commercially available from a variety of sources. In some embodiments, suitable crown ethers (CE) include 12-crown-4 depicted as Formula IV below, and 15-crown-5 depicted as Formula V below:

O O

0 0 ('0 J
(IV) (V) [0070] In other embodiments, suitable cryptands which may be used as the cation binding material include, for example, 1,10-diaza-4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane, cryptand [2.2.2], benzocryptand [2.2.2], dibenzocryptand [2.2.2], methyl benzocryptand [2.2.2], bis(dimethylbenzo)cryptand[2.2.2], vinylbenzocryptand [2.2.2]
combinations thereof, and the like. Suitable cyclens include, for example, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, dimethylcylen, diacetylcyclen 12-ane-N4, tetrahydroxyethyl-l2-ane-N4, 13-ane-N4, 14-ane-N4, 15-ane-N4, 16-ane-N4, 9-ane-N3 12-ane-N30 combinations thereof, and the like.
Porphin, also known as porphine or 21,22-dihydroporphyrin, is also suitable if the compound is in its free-base form, so that it does not contain a central metal ion.
Suitable substituted porphin, generally known as porphyrins, include those that are in their free-base form and do not contain a central metal atom, and include, for example, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, tetratolylporphyrin, tetrabenzoporphyrin, tetraphenylporphyrin, phthalocyanines, and orthophenyltetraazaporphyrin combinations thereof, and the like. Other suitable porphyrins can include vinyl polymerizable groups, such as, for example, 5-mono(p-acrylamidophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphin, and 5,10,15,20-tetra(a,a,a,a-o-methacrylamidophenyl)porphin.
[0071] In embodiments, the cation binding material may be contacted with or attached to an additional monomer such as, for example acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, beta-carboxyethyl acrylate, dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, diethylamino ethyl methacrylate, dimethylamino butyl methacrylate, methylamino ethyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof.

[0072] There are a number of ways in which the cation binding material, in embodiments a crown ether, could be added to the toner particle. For a toner produced by conventional melt-mixing and grinding techniques, the cation binding material could be added in the melt-mix of a ground toner resin. For a toner produced by chemical processes, the cation binding material could be added during particle formation steps, washing steps, drying steps, and combinations thereof.

[0073] For EA toners, the cation binding material could be, for example, dissolved in the latex in the latex formation step, such as by solvent flash or phase inversion emulsification (as currently used by EA toners), and thus added to the latex utilized to form the toner. In other embodiments, the cation binding material could be added into the toner before, during or after the aggregation step, or during any mixing steps, or the freeze step, or the coalescence step, or in the washing or even the drying steps, as well as any combinations of the foregoing.

100741 As noted above, low amounts of cation binding materials may be necessary to obtain the desired effects on charging and stability to changes in relative humidity. For example, the cation binding material may be present in amounts of less than I%
by weight of the toner particle, in embodiments from about 0.001 % to about I% by weight of the toner particle, in embodiments from about 0.01 % to about 0.75% by weight of the toner particle, in embodiments from about 0.03% to about 0.5% by weight of the toner particle.

[00751 As noted above, in accordance with the present disclosure, enhanced charging of the toner particles including the cation binding material may be obtained, with enhanced sensitivity to relative humidity (RH). For example, in embodiments, A-zone charge may be from about -15 to about -80 microcolombs per gram ( C/g), in embodiments from about -20 to about -55 C/g, while C-zone charge may be from about -15 to about -80 C/g, in embodiments from about -20 to about -55 C/g. The ratio of A-zone charge to C-zone charge, sometimes referred to herein, in embodiments, as the relative humidity (RH) ratio, may be from about 0.4 to about 1, in embodiments from about 0.6 to about 0.8.

[00761 Conductivity is important for semi-conductive magnetic brush development to enable good development of solid areas which otherwise may be weakly developed. It has been found that the addition of the cation binding materials in forming toners of the present disclosure, can result in toners with decreased developer triboelectric response with change of relative humidity from about 20 percent to about 90 percent, in embodiments from about 40 percent to about 80 percent, that the charge is more consistent when the relative humidity is changed, and thus there is less decrease in charge at high relative humidity reducing background toner on the prints, and less increase in charge and subsequently less loss of development at low relative humidity, resulting in such improved image quality performance due to improved optical density.

[0077] The low amounts of cation binding materials necessary to obtain the desired charging characteristics and relative humidity stability makes the toners of the present disclosure very cost effective when compared with toners utilizing conventional CCAs. The resulting toners will possess enhanced reliability with machine aging. The addition of the cation binding materials will be easy to implement in current EA or conventional processes, with no modifications required of systems and/or apparatus utilized to produce these toners by these processes.

Colorants [0078] The resins and cation binding materials as described above may be added to a colorant to produce a toner. In embodiments the colorant may be in a dispersion. The colorant dispersion may include, for example, submicron colorant particles having a size of, for example, from about 50 to about 500 nanometers in volume average diameter and, in embodiments, of from about 100 to about 400 nanometers in volume average diameter. The colorant particles may be suspended in an aqueous water phase containing an anionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, or combinations thereof. Suitable surfactants include any of those surfactants described above. In embodiments, the surfactant may be ionic and may be present in a dispersion in an amount from about 0.1 to about 25 percent by weight of the colorant, and in embodiments from about 1 to about 15 percent by weight of the colorant.
[0079] Colorants useful in forming toners in accordance with the present disclosure include pigments, dyes, mixtures of pigments and dyes, mixtures of pigments, mixtures of dyes, and the like. The colorant may be, for example, carbon black, cyan, yellow, magenta, red, orange, brown, green, blue, violet, or mixtures thereof.

100801 In embodiments wherein the colorant is a pigment, the pigment may be, for example, carbon black, phthalocyanines, quinacridones or RHODAMINE BTM type, red, green, orange, brown, violet, yellow, fluorescent colorants, and the like.

100811 Exemplary colorants include carbon black like REGAL 330 magnetites;
Mobay magnetites including M08029TM, M08060TM; Columbian magnetites; MAPICO BLACKSTM
and surface treated magnetites; Pfizer magnetites including CB4799TM, CB5300TM
CB5600TM, MCX6369TM; Bayer magnetites including, BAYFERROX 8600TM, 8610TM;
Northern Pigments magnetites including, NP-604TM, NP-608TM; Magnox magnetites including TMB-100TM, or TMB-104TM, HELIOGEN BLUE L6900TM, D6840TM, D7080TM, D7020TM, PYLAM OIL BLUETM, PYLAM OIL YELLOWTM, PIGMENT BLUE I TM
available from Paul Uhlich and Company, Inc.; PIGMENT VIOLET ITM, PIGMENT RED
48TM, LEMON CHROME YELLOW DCC 1026TM, E.D. TOLUIDINE REDTM and BON
RED CTM available from Dominion Color Corporation, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario;
NOVAPERM
YELLOW FGLTM, HOSTAPERM PINK ETM from Hoechst; and CINQUASIA
MAGENTATM available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company. Other colorants include 2,9-dimethyl-substituted quinacridone and anthraquinone dye identified in the Color Index as Cl 60710, Cl Dispersed Red 15, diazo dye identified in the Color Index as Cl 26050, Cl Solvent Red 19, copper tetra(octadecyl sulfonamido) phthalocyanine, x-copper phthalocyanine pigment listed in the Color Index as Cl 74160, CI Pigment Blue, Anthrathrene Blue identified in the Color Index as CI 69810, Special Blue X-2137, diarylide yellow 3,3-dichlorobenzidene acetoacetanilides, a monoazo pigment identified in the Color Index as Cl 12700, Cl Solvent Yellow 16, a nitrophenyl amine sulfonamide identified in the Color Index as Foron Yellow SE/GLN, CI Dispersed Yellow 33, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-sulfonanilide phenylazo-4'-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy acetoacetanilide, Yellow 180 and Permanent Yellow FGL. Organic soluble dyes having a high purity for the purpose of color gamut which may be utilized include Neopen Yellow 075, Neopen Yellow 159, Neopen Orange 252, Neopen Red 336, Neopen Red 335, Neopen Red 366, Neopen Blue 808, Neopen Black X53, Neopen Black X55, wherein the dyes are selected in various suitable amounts, for example from about 0.5 to about 20 percent by weight of the toner, in embodiments, from about 5 to about 18 weight percent of the toner.

[00821 In embodiments, colorant examples include Pigment Blue 15:3 having a Color Index Constitution Number of 74160, Magenta Pigment Red 81:3 having a Color Index Constitution Number of 45160:3, Yellow 17 having a Color Index Constitution Number of 21105, and known dyes such as food dyes, yellow, blue, green, red, magenta dyes, and the like.

[0083] In other embodiments, a magenta pigment, Pigment Red 122 (2,9-dimethylquinacridone), Pigment Red 185, Pigment Red 192, Pigment Red 202, Pigment Red 206, Pigment Red 235, Pigment Red 269, combinations thereof, and the like, may be utilized as the colorant.

[0084] The resulting latex, optionally in a dispersion, and colorant dispersion may be stirred and heated to a temperature of from about 35 C to about 70 C, in embodiments of from about 40 C to about 65 C, resulting in toner aggregates of from about 2 microns to about 10 microns in volume average diameter, and in embodiments of from about 5 microns to about 8 microns in volume average diameter.

Wax [0085] Optionally, a wax may also be combined with the resin in forming toner particles.
When included, the wax may be present in an amount of, for example, from about 1 weight percent to about 25 weight percent of the toner particles, in embodiments from about 5 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the toner particles.

100861 Waxes that may be selected include waxes having, for example, a weight average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 20,000, in embodiments from about 1,000 to about 10,000. Waxes that may be used include, for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutene waxes such as commercially available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation, for example POLYWAXTM polyethylene waxes from Baker Petrolite, wax emulsions available from Michaelman, Inc. and the Daniels Products Company, EPOLENE N-I5TM commercially available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., and VISCOL 550-PTM, a low weight average molecular weight polypropylene available from Sanyo Kasei K. K.; plant-based waxes, such as carnauba wax, rice wax, candelilla wax, sumacs wax, and jojoba oil; animal-based waxes, such as beeswax; mineral-based waxes and petroleum-based waxes, such as montan wax, ozokerite, ceresin, paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, and Fischer-Tropsch wax; ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acid and higher alcohol, such as stearyl stearate and behenyl behenate; ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acid and monovalent or multivalent lower alcohol, such as butyl stearate, propyl oleate, glyceride monostearate, glyceride distearate, and pentaerythritol tetra behenate;
ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acid and multivalent alcohol multimers, such as diethyleneglycol monostearate, dipropyleneglycol distearate, diglyceryl distearate, and triglyceryl tetrastearate; sorbitan higher fatty acid ester waxes, such as sorbitan monostearate, and cholesterol higher fatty acid ester waxes, such as cholesteryl stearate.
Examples of functionalized waxes that may be used include, for example, amines, amides, for example AQUA SUPERSLIP 6550TM, SUPERSLIP 6530TH available from Micro Powder Inc., fluorinated waxes, for example POLYFLUO 190TM, POLYFLUO 200TM, POLYSILK 19TH
POLYSILK 14TH available from Micro Powder Inc., mixed fluorinated, amide waxes, for example MICROSPERSION 19TH also available from Micro Powder Inc., imides, esters, quaternary amines, carboxylic acids or acrylic polymer emulsion, for example JONCRYL

74TM, 89TM, 130TM, 537TM, and 538TM, all available from SC Johnson Wax, and chlorinated polypropylenes and polyethylenes available from Allied Chemical and Petrolite Corporation and SC Johnson wax. Mixtures and combinations of the foregoing waxes may also be used in embodiments. Waxes may be included as, for example, fuser roll release agents.

Toner Preparation [0087] The toner particles may be prepared by any method within the purview of one skilled in the art. Although embodiments relating to toner particle production are described below with respect to emulsion-aggregation processes, any suitable method of preparing toner particles may be used, including chemical processes, such as suspension and encapsulation processes disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,290,654 and 5,302,486, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In embodiments, toner compositions and toner particles may be prepared by aggregation and coalescence processes in which small-size resin particles are aggregated to the appropriate toner particle size and then coalesced to achieve the final toner-particle shape and morphology.

[0088] In embodiments, toner compositions may be prepared by emulsion-aggregation processes, such as a process that includes aggregating a mixture of an optional wax and any other desired or required additives, and emulsions including the resins described above, optionally in surfactants as described above, and then coalescing the aggregate mixture. A
mixture may be prepared by adding an optional wax or other materials, which may also be optionally in a dispersion(s) including a surfactant, to the emulsion, which may be a mixture of two or more emulsions containing the resin. The pH of the resulting mixture may be adjusted by an acid such as, for example, acetic acid, nitric acid or the like. In embodiments, the pH of the mixture may be adjusted to from about 2 to about 4.5.
Additionally, in embodiments, the mixture may be homogenized. If the mixture is homogenized, homogenization may be accomplished by mixing at about 600 to about 4,000 revolutions per minute. Homogenization may be accomplished by any suitable means, including, for example, an IKA ULTRA TURRAX T50 probe homogenizer.

[00891 Following the preparation of the above mixture, an aggregating agent may be added to the mixture. Any suitable aggregating agent may be utilized to form a toner. Suitable aggregating agents include, for example, aqueous solutions of a divalent cation or a multivalent cation material. The aggregating agent may be, for example, polyaluminum halides such as polyaluminum chloride (PAC), or the corresponding bromide, fluoride, or iodide, polyaluminum silicates such as polyaluminum sulfosilicate (PASS), and water soluble metal salts including aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrite, aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, calcium acetate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrite, calcium oxylate, calcium sulfate, magnesium acetate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, magnesium bromide, copper chloride, copper sulfate, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, the aggregating agent may be added to the mixture at a temperature that is below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin.

[00901 The aggregating agent may be added to the mixture utilized to form a toner in an amount of, for example, from about 0.1% to about 8% by weight, in embodiments from about 0.2% to about 5% by weight, in other embodiments from about 0.5% to about 5%
by weight, of the resin in the mixture. This provides a sufficient amount of agent for aggregation.

100911 In order to control aggregation and coalescence of the particles, in embodiments the aggregating agent may be metered into the mixture over time. For example, the agent may be metered into the mixture over a period of from about 5 to about 240 minutes, in embodiments from about 30 to about 200 minutes. The addition of the agent may also be done while the mixture is maintained under stirred conditions, in embodiments from about 50 rpm to about 1,000 rpm, in other embodiments from about 100 rpm to about 500 rpm, and at a temperature that is below the glass transition temperature of the resin as discussed above, in embodiments from about 30 C to about 90 C, in embodiments from about 35 C to about 70 C.

[00921 The particles may be permitted to aggregate until a predetermined desired particle size is obtained. A predetermined desired size refers to the desired particle size to be obtained as determined prior to formation, and the particle size being monitored during the growth process until such particle size is reached. Samples may be taken during the growth process and analyzed, for example with a Coulter Counter, for average particle size. The aggregation thus may proceed by maintaining the elevated temperature, or slowly raising the temperature to, for example, from about 40 C to about 100 C, and holding the mixture at this temperature for a time from about 0.5 hours to about 6 hours, in embodiments from about hour 1 to about 5 hours, while maintaining stirring, to provide the aggregated particles. Once the predetermined desired particle size is reached, then the growth process is halted. In embodiments, the predetermined desired particle size is within the toner particle size ranges mentioned above.

[00931 The growth and shaping of the particles following addition of the aggregation agent may be accomplished under any suitable conditions. For example, the growth and shaping may be conducted under conditions in which aggregation occurs separate from coalescence.
For separate aggregation and coalescence stages, the aggregation process may be conducted under shearing conditions at an elevated temperature, for example of from about 40 C to about 90 C, in embodiments from about 45 C to about 80 C, which may be below the glass transition temperature of the resin as discussed above.

Shell resin [00941 In embodiments, after aggregation, but prior to coalescence, a shell may be applied to the aggregated particles.

[00951 Resins which may be utilized to form the shell include, but are not limited to, the amorphous resins described above for use in the core. Such an amorphous resin may be a low molecular weight resin, a high molecular weight resin, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, an amorphous resin which may be used to form a shell in accordance with the present disclosure may include an amorphous polyester of formula I above.

[00961 In some embodiments, the amorphous resin utilized to form the shell may be crosslinked. For example, crosslinking may be achieved by combining an amorphous resin with a crosslinker, sometimes referred to herein, in embodiments, as an initiator. Examples of suitable crosslinkers include, but are not limited to, for example free radical or thermal initiators such as organic peroxides and azo compounds described above as suitable for forming a gel in the core. Examples of suitable organic peroxides include diacyl peroxides such as, for example, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide and benzoyl peroxide, ketone peroxides such as, for example, cyclohexanone peroxide and methyl ethyl ketone, alkyl peroxyesters such as, for example, t-butyl peroxy neodecanoate, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di (2-ethyl hexanoyl peroxy) hexane, t-amyl peroxy 2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butyl peroxy 2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butyl peroxy acetate, t-amyl peroxy acetate, t-butyl peroxy benzoate, t-amyl peroxy benzoate, oo-t-butyl o-isopropyl mono peroxy carbonate, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di (benzoyl peroxy) hexane, oo-t-butyl o-(2-ethyl hexyl) mono peroxy carbonate, and oo-t-amyl o-(2-ethyl hexyl) mono peroxy carbonate, alkyl peroxides such as, for example, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di (t-butyl peroxy) hexane, t-butyl cumyl peroxide, a-a-bis(t-butyl peroxy) diisopropyl benzene, di-t-butyl peroxide and 2,5-dimethyl 2,5di (t-butyl peroxy) hexyne-3, alkyl hydroperoxides such as, for example, 2,5-dihydro peroxy 2,5-dimethyl hexane, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide and t-amyl hydroperoxide, and alkyl peroxyketals such as, for example, n-butyl 4,4-di (t-butyl peroxy) valerate, 1,1-di (t-butyl peroxy) 3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, 1,1-di (t-butyl peroxy) cyclohexane, 1,1-di (t-amyl peroxy) cyclohexane, 2,2-di (t-butyl peroxy) butane, ethyl 3,3-di (t-butyl peroxy) butyrate and ethyl 3,3-di (t-amyl peroxy) butyrate, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable azo compounds include 2,2,'-azobis(2,4-dimethylpentane nitrile), azobis-isobutyronitrile, 2,2'-azobis (isobutyronitrile), 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile), 2,2'-azobis (methyl butyronitrile), 1,1'-azobis (cyano cyclohexane), other similar known compounds, and combinations thereof.

[00971 The crosslinker and amorphous resin may be combined for a sufficient time and at a sufficient temperature to form the crosslinked polyester gel. In embodiments, the crosslinker and amorphous resin may be heated to a temperature of from about 25 C to about 99 C, in embodiments from about 30 C to about 95 C, for a period of time of from about 1 minute to about 10 hours, in embodiments from about 5 minutes to about 5 hours, to form a crosslinked polyester resin or polyester gel suitable for use as a shell.

[00981 Where utilized, the crosslinker maybe present in an amount of from about 0.001%
by weight to about 5% by weight of the resin, in embodiments from about 0.01 %
by weight to about I% by weight of the resin.

[00991 A single polyester resin may be utilized as the shell or, as noted above, in embodiments a first polyester resin may be combined with other resins to form a shell.
Multiple resins may be utilized in any suitable amounts. In embodiments, a first amorphous polyester resin, for example a low molecular weight amorphous resin of formula I above, may be present in an amount of from about 20 percent by weight to about 100 percent by weight of the total shell resin, in embodiments from about 30 percent by weight to about 90 percent by weight of the total shell resin. Thus, in embodiments a second resin, in embodiments a high molecular weight amorphous resin, may be present in the shell resin in an amount of from about 0 percent by weight to about 80 percent by weight of the total shell resin, in embodiments from about 10 percent by weight to about 70 percent by weight of the shell resin.

Coalescence [00100] Following aggregation to the desired particle size and application of any optional shell, the particles may then be coalesced to the desired final shape, the coalescence being achieved by, for example, heating the mixture to a temperature from about 45 C
to about 100 C, in embodiments from about 55 C to about 99 C, which may be at or above the glass transition temperature of the resins utilized to form the toner particles, and/or reducing the stirring, for example to from about 100 rpm to about 400 rpm, in embodiments from about 200 rpm to about 300 rpm. The fused particles can be measured for shape factor or circularity, such as with a SYSMEX FPIA 2100 analyzer, until the desired shape is achieved.
[00101] Coalescence may be accomplished over a period from about 0.01 to about 9 hours, in embodiments from about 0.1 to about 4 hours.

Subsequent Treatments 1001021 In embodiments, after aggregation and/or coalescence, the pH of the mixture may then be lowered to from about 3.5 to about 6 and, in embodiments, to from about 3.7 to about 5.5 with, for example, an acid, to further coalesce the toner aggregates.
Suitable acids include, for example, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid and/or acetic acid. The amount of acid added may be from about 0.1 to about 30 percent by weight of the mixture, and in embodiments from about I to about 20 percent by weight of the mixture.
[00103] The mixture may be cooled, washed and dried. Cooling may be at a temperature of from about 20 C to about 40 C, in embodiments from about 22 C to about 30 C, over a period of time of from about 1 hour to about 8 hours, in embodiments from about 1.5 hours to about 5 hours.

[00104] In embodiments, cooling a coalesced toner slurry may include quenching by adding a cooling media such as, for example, ice, dry ice and the like, to effect rapid cooling to a temperature of from about 20 C to about 40 C, in embodiments of from about 22 C to about 30 C. Quenching may be feasible for small quantities of toner, such as, for example, less than about 2 liters, in embodiments from about 0.1 liters to about 1.5 liters.
For larger scale processes, such as for example greater than about 10 liters in size, rapid cooling of the toner mixture may not be feasible or practical, neither by the introduction of a cooling medium into the toner mixture, or by the use of jacketed reactor cooling.

[00105] The toner slurry may then be washed. The washing may be carried out at a pH of from about 7 to about 12, in embodiments at a pH of from about 9 to about 11.
The washing may be at a temperature of from about 30 C to about 70 C, in embodiments from about 40 C
to about 67 C. The washing may include filtering and reslurrying a filter cake including toner particles in deionized water. The filter cake may be washed one or more times by deionized water, or washed by a single deionized water wash at a pH of about 4 wherein the pH of the slurry is adjusted with an acid, and followed optionally by one or more deionized water washes.

[00106] Drying may be carried out at a temperature of from about 35 C to about 75 C, and in embodiments of from about 45 C to about 60 C. The drying may be continued until the moisture level of the particles is below a set target of about 1 % by weight, in embodiments of less than about 0.7% by weight.

Additives [00107] In embodiments, toner particles may contain other optional additives, as desired or required. For example, the toner may include positive or negative charge control agents, for example in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of the toner, in embodiments from about 1 to about 3 weight percent of the toner. Examples of suitable charge control agents include quaternary ammonium compounds inclusive of alkyl pyridinium halides; bisulfates; alkyl pyridinium compounds, including those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,298,672, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety; organic sulfate and sulfonate compositions, including those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,338,390, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety;
cetyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborates; distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate; aluminum salts such as BONTRON E84TM or E88TM (Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.);
combinations thereof, and the like. Such charge control agents may be applied simultaneously with the shell resin described above or after application of the shell resin.

[00108] There can also be blended with the toner particles external additive particles after formation including flow aid additives, which additives may be present on the surface of the toner particles. Examples of these additives include metal oxides such as titanium oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxides, cerium oxides, tin oxide, mixtures thereof, and the like;
colloidal and amorphous silicas, such as AEROSIL , metal salts and metal salts of fatty acids inclusive of zinc stearate, calcium stearate, or long chain alcohols such as UNILIN 700, and mixtures thereof.

[00109] In general, silica maybe applied to the toner surface for toner flow, triboelectric charge enhancement, admix control, improved development and transfer stability, and higher toner blocking temperature. TiO2 may be applied for improved relative humidity (RH) stability, triboelectric charge control and improved development and transfer stability. Zinc stearate, calcium stearate and/or magnesium stearate may optionally also be used as an external additive for providing lubricating properties, developer conductivity, triboelectric charge enhancement, enabling higher toner charge and charge stability by increasing the number of contacts between toner and carrier particles. In embodiments, a commercially available zinc stearate known as Zinc Stearate L, obtained from Ferro Corporation, may be used. The external surface additives may be used with or without a coating.

[00110] Each of these external additives maybe present in an amount from about 0 weight percent to about 3 weight percent of the toner, in embodiments from about 0.25 weight percent to about 2.5 weight percent of the toner, although the amount of additives can be outside of these ranges. In embodiments, the toners may include, for example, from about 0 weight percent to about 3 weight percent titania, from about 0 weight percent to about 3 weight percent silica, and from about 0 weight percent to about 3 weight percent zinc stearate.

[00111] Suitable additives include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
3,590,000, and 6,214,507, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Again, these additives may be applied simultaneously with the shell resin described above or after application of the shell resin.

[00112] In embodiments, toner particles may possess silica in amounts of from about 0.1%
to about 5% by weight of the toner particles, in embodiments from about 0.2%
to about 2%
by weight of the toner particles, and titania in amounts of from about 0% to about 3% by weight of the toner particles, in embodiments from about 0.1 % to about I% by weight of the toner particles.

[001131 In embodiments, toners of the present disclosure maybe utilized as ultra low melt (ULM) toners. In embodiments, the dry toner particles having a core and/or shell may, exclusive of external surface additives, have one or more the following characteristics:

(1) Volume average diameter (also referred to as "volume average particle diameter") of from about 3 to about 25 m, in embodiments from about 4 to about 15 m, in other embodiments from about 5 to about 12 m.

(2) Number Average Geometric Size Distribution (GSDn) and/or Volume Average Geometric Size Distribution (GSDv): In embodiments, the toner particles described in (1) above may have a narrow particle size distribution with a lower number ratio GSD of from about 1.15 to about 1.38, in other embodiments, less than about 1.31. The toner particles of the present disclosure may also have a size such that the upper GSD by volume in the range of from about 1.20 to about 3.20, in other embodiments, from about 1.26 to about 3.11.
Volume average particle diameter D50,,, GSDv, and GSDn may be measured by means of a measuring instrument such as a Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3, operated in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Representative sampling may occur as follows:
a small amount of toner sample, about 1 gram, may be obtained and filtered through a 25 micrometer screen, then put in isotonic solution to obtain a concentration of about 10%, with the sample then run in a Beckman Coulter Multisizer 3.

(3) Shape factor of from about 105 to about 170, in embodiments, from about 110 to about 160, SF 1 *a. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) may be used to determine the shape factor analysis of the toners by SEM and image analysis (IA). The average particle shapes are quantified by employing the following shape factor (SFI *a) formula:

SF1 *a = 10071d2/(4A), (IV) where A is the area of the particle and d is its major axis. A perfectly circular or spherical particle has a shape factor of exactly 100. The shape factor SFI*a increases as the shape becomes more irregular or elongated in shape with a higher surface area.

(4) Circularity of from about 0.92 to about 0.99, in other embodiments, from about 0.94 to about 0.975. The instrument used to measure particle circularity may be an FPIA-2100 manufactured by SYSMEX, following the manufacturer's instructions.

[00114] The characteristics of the toner particles maybe determined by any suitable technique and apparatus and are not limited to the instruments and techniques indicated hereinabove.

[00115] As noted above, there area number of ways in which the cation binding material could be added to the toner particle. Again, for an EA toner, the cation binding material could be, for example, dissolved in the latex in the latex formation step, such as by solvent flash or phase inversion emulsification (as currently used by EA toners). It could also be added into the toner before, during or after the aggregation step, or the freeze step, or the coalescence step, or in the washing or even the drying steps.

Developers [00116] The toner particles thus formed maybe formulated into a developer composition.
The toner particles may be mixed with carrier particles to achieve a two-component developer composition. The toner concentration in the developer may be from about 1 % to about 25% by weight of the total weight of the developer, in embodiments from about 2% to about 15% by weight of the total weight of the developer.

Carriers [00117] Examples of carrier particles that can be utilized for mixing with the toner include those particles that are capable of triboelectrically obtaining a charge of opposite polarity to that of the toner particles. Illustrative examples of suitable carrier particles include granular zircon, granular silicon, glass, steel, nickel, ferrites, iron ferrites, silicon dioxide, and the like.
Other carriers include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,847,604, 4,937,166, and 4,935,326.

[001181 The selected carrier particles can be used with or without a coating.
In embodiments, the carrier particles may include a core with a coating thereover which may be formed from a mixture of polymers that are not in close proximity thereto in the triboelectric series. The coating may include fluoropolymers, such as polyvinylidene fluoride resins, terpolymers of styrene, methyl methacrylate, and/or silanes, such as triethoxy silane, tetrafluoroethylenes, other known coatings and the like. For example, coatings containing polyvinylidenefluoride, available, for example, as KYNAR 301FTM, and/or polymethylmethacrylate, for example having a weight average molecular weight of about 300,000 to about 350,000, such as commercially available from Soken, may be used. In embodiments, polyvinylidenefluoride and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) may be mixed in proportions of from about 30 to about 70 weight % to about 70 to about 30 weight %, in embodiments from about 40 to about 60 weight % to about 60 to about 40 weight %. The coating may have a coating weight of, for example, from about 0.1 to about 5%
by weight of the carrier, in embodiments from about 0.5 to about 2% by weight of the carrier.

1001191 In embodiments, PMMA may optionally be copolymerized with any desired comonomer, so long as the resulting copolymer retains a suitable particle size. Suitable comonomers can include monoalkyl, or dialkyl amines, such as a dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate, or t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, and the like. The carrier particles may be prepared by mixing the carrier core with polymer in an amount from about 0.05 to about 10 percent by weight, in embodiments from about 0.01 percent to about 3 percent by weight, based on the weight of the coated carrier particles, until adherence thereof to the carrier core by mechanical impaction and/or electrostatic attraction.

1001201 Various effective suitable means can be used to apply the polymer to the surface of the carrier core particles, for example, cascade roll mixing, tumbling, milling, shaking, electrostatic powder cloud spraying, fluidized bed, electrostatic disc processing, electrostatic curtain, combinations thereof, and the like. The mixture of carrier core particles and polymer may then be heated to enable the polymer to melt and fuse to the carrier core particles. The coated carrier particles may then be cooled and thereafter classified to a desired particle size.
[001211 In embodiments, suitable carriers may include a steel core, for example of from about 25 to about 100 gm in size, in embodiments from about 50 to about 75 gm in size, coated with about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, in embodiments from about 0.7%
to about 5% by weight of a conductive polymer mixture including, for example, methylacrylate and carbon black using the process described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,236,629 and 5,330,874.
[001221 The carrier particles can be mixed with the toner particles in various suitable combinations. The concentrations are may be from about 1 % to about 20% by weight of the toner composition. However, different toner and carrier percentages may be used to achieve a developer composition with desired characteristics.

Ima n [001231 The toners can be utilized for electrophotographic processes, including those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,295,990, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In embodiments, any known type of image development system may be used in an image developing device, including, for example, magnetic brush development, jumping single-component development, hybrid scavengeless development (HSD), and the like. These and similar development systems are within the purview of those skilled in the art.

[00124] Imaging processes include, for example, preparing an image with an electrophotographic device including a charging component, an imaging component, a photoconductive component, a developing component, a transfer component, and a fusing component. In embodiments, the development component may include a developer prepared by mixing a carrier with a toner composition described herein. The electrophotographic device may include a high speed printer, a black and white high speed printer, a color printer, and the like.

[00125] Once the image is formed with toners/developers via a suitable image development method such as any one of the aforementioned methods, the image may then be transferred to an image receiving medium such as paper and the like. In embodiments, the toners may be used in developing an image in an image-developing device utilizing a fuser roll member.
Fuser roll members are contact fusing devices that are within the purview of those skilled in the art, in which heat and pressure from the roll may be used to fuse the toner to the image-receiving medium. In embodiments, the fuser member may be heated to a temperature above the fusing temperature of the toner, for example to temperatures of from about 70 C to about 160 C, in embodiments from about 80 C to about 150 C, in other embodiments from about 90 C to about 140 C, after or during melting onto the image receiving substrate.

[00126] In embodiments where the toner resin is crosslinkable, such crosslinking may be accomplished in any suitable manner. For example, the toner resin may be crosslinked during fusing of the toner to the substrate where the toner resin is crosslinkable at the fusing temperature. Crosslinking also may be effected by heating the fused image to a temperature at which the toner resin will be crosslinked, for example in a post-fusing operation. In embodiments, crosslinking may be effected at temperatures of from about 160 C
or less, in embodiments from about 70 C to about 160 C, in other embodiments from about 80 C to about 140 C.

[00127] The following Examples are being submitted to illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure. These Examples are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Also, parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. As used herein, "room temperature" refers to a temperature of from about 20 C to about 25 C.

EXAMPLES

[001281 A black polyester toner was prepared at a 2L bench scale (about 140g dry theoretical toner). About 28g of a high molecular weight amorphous resin in an emulsion, the amorphous resin having a Mw of about 63,400 Daltons, including alkoxylated bisphenol A with terephthalic acid, trimellitic acid, and dodecenylsuccinic acid co-monomers (hereinafter "High MW Amorphous Resin"), was combined with about 28g of a lower molecular weight amorphous resin in an emulsion, the amorphous resin having a Mw of about 16,100 Daltons, including an alkoxylated bisphenol A with terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, and dodecenylsuccinic acid co-monomers (hereinafter "Low MW Amorphous Resin").
[001291 About 9.4g of a crystalline resin in an emulsion (about 6.7wt.% by weight of toner) was added thereto. The crystalline resin was of the following formula:

O O

(CH2s...,,- O O
(CH2)~o d b (II) wherein b was from about 5 to about 2000 and d was from about 5 to about 2000.
[001301 Also added thereto was about 1 g of an alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate, commercially available as DOWFAXTM 2A1 from Dow Chemical Company in about 4g of deionized water, about 12.6g of a polyethylene wax (from IGI) in a dispersion (about 9% by weight of toner), about 2.1 g of a cyan pigment dispersion (Pigment Blue 15:3 from Sun Chemical) (about 1.5% by weight of toner) and about 12.2g of a black pigment (Nipex 35 from Evonik) in a dispersion (about 8.7% by weight of toner). The above components were mixed and the pH was then adjusted to 4.2 using 0.3M nitric acid. The slurry was then homogenized for about 10min at a rate of from about 3000 to about 6000rpm while adding a solution including about 0.7g of aluminum sulfate in about 80g deionized water. The slurry was then transferred to a 2L Buchi reactor and mixing commenced at a rate of about 400rpm.
The slurry was aggregated at a batch temperature of about 43 C. During aggregation the toner particle size was closely monitored. At around 4.3 m in size, a shell including 23.8g each of the same amorphous emulsions described above was added to achieve a final targeted particle size of about 5.2 m.

[00131] Once the target particle size of about 5.2 was obtained, with pH
adjustment using about 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to achieve a pH of about 4, a chelating solution including about 5.39g of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) (commercially available as VERSENE-100 from Dow Chemical Company), in about I Og water was added thereto and the pH was further adjusted to about 7.5 with the addition of 4% NaOH to freeze, i.e., stop, the aggregation step. The process continued with the reactor temperature (Tr) increased to about 85 C. Once the reactor temperature reached about 85 C, the pH of the slurry was reduced to about 7 with diluted nitric acid and held at that point until the particles had a circularity of >0.96 (measured with, for example, a SYSMEX FPIA 2100 analyzer), at which time the reaction was poured into equal parts by weight of ice formed from deionized water to quench the reaction. The toner was washed using deionized (DI) water 6 times and freeze-dried. The final toner particles had a particle size (D50) of about 5.2 m, and the circularity was about 0.963.

[00132] Toners were made with varying amounts of either 12-crown-4 crown ether or 15-crown-5 crown ether. Toners were prepared following the same procedure as set forth above in Comparative Example 1, with the following modification. After the last toner filtration, the wet cake was redispersed in a small amount of water, such that the solids content was about 50%, and the crown ether was added (in liquid form) and mixed thoroughly. The toner was then freeze dried. The types and amounts of crown ether (CE) utilized in preparing the toners are set forth in Table 1 below. Four samples of the toner of Comparative Example 1, designated A-D, were tested.

Table 1 Loading Sample CE wt%
Comparative Example 1, Sample A none 0 Comparative Example 1, Sample B none 0 Comparative Example 1, Sample C none 0 Comparative Example 1, Sample D none 0 Example 1 12-crown-4 1.0 Example 2 12-crown-4 0.5 Example 3 12-crown-4 0.25 Example 4 12-crown-4 0.125 Example 5 12-crown-4 0.0625 Example 6 15-crown-5 1.0 Example 7 15-crown-5 0.5 Example 8 15-crown-5 0.25 Example 9 15-crown-5 0.125 Example 10 15-crown-5 0.042 Example 11 15-crown-5 0.028 Example 12 15-crown-5 0.014 Bench Charging [00133] Bench charge of the toners was evaluated for both parent toners and toners blended with additives. The blended toner was blended with an additive package including the following:

1. about 1.40% by weight of a silica surface treated with polydimethylsiloxane, commercially available as RY50L from Evonik (Nippon Aerosil);
2. about 0.94% by weight of a silica surface treated with hexamethyldisilazane, commercially available as RX50 from Evonik (Nippon Aerosil);

3. about 0.96% by weight of a titanium surface treated with butyltrimethoxysiliane, commercially available as STT100H from Titan Koygo;
4. about 1.89% by weight of a sol-gel silica surface treated with hexamethyldisilazane, commercially available as X24-9163A from Nisshin Chemical Kogyo;

5. about 0.31 % by weight of a cerium dioxide, commercially available as El0 from Mitsui Mining & Smelting;

6. about 0.20% by weight of a zinc stearate, commercially available as ZnFP
from NOF; and 7. about 0.55% by weight of PMMA polymer particles, commercially available as MP116CF from Soken.

[00134] All developers were prepared with Xerox 700 carrier, commercially available from Xerox Corporation. Developers were conditioned overnight in A-zone and C-zone and then 60min aging was carried out with a Turbula mixer. The triboelectric charge of the toner was measured using a charge spectrograph using a 100V/cm field. The toner charge (Q/D) was measured visually as the midpoint of the toner charge distribution. The charge was reported in millimeters of displacement from the zero line. (The displacement in mm can be converted to Q/D charge in femtocoulombs per micron by multiplication by 0.092 femtocoulombs/mm.) Also measured were the extreme low and extreme high end of the charge distribution.

[00135] The charging data for the parent toner and blended toner including the 12-crown-4 ether is set forth in Figures 1 A and 1 B. The following conclusions can be derived from the data.

[00136] About 0.25% of 12-crown-4 increased A-zone parent charge and decreased C-zone parent charge, compared to the control. Using a lower amount of about 0.125%
of the crown ether increased charge in both A-zone and C-zone. Thus, very low amounts of the crown ether, 0.125% or lower, were effective to lower parent C-zone and increased parent A-zone.

This was surprising, as it is very rare to find an additive that decreases C-zone parent charge, but actually increases A-zone parent charge.

[00137] Adding the crown ether somewhat decreased A-zone and C-zone blended toner charge, but the effect was less at lower amounts. Again, the most effective amount to maintain blended toner A-zone charge was less than 0.125%

[00138] The charging data for the parent toner and blended toner including the 15-crown-5 ether is set forth in Figures 2A and 2B. The following conclusions can be derived from the data.

[00139] A control parent toner, a parent toner including about 0.25% 15-crown-5 ether, and a parent toner including about 0.125% 15-crown-5 ether, were evaluated and showed very low C-zone charge.

[00140] A second control parent toner, and a parent toner including about 0.042% 15-crown ether showed very low C-zone charge.

[00141] A third control parent toner, a parent toner including about 0.028% 15-crown-5 ether, and a parent toner including about 0.014% 15-crown-5 ether, were also evaluated. At about 0.028%, A-zone parent charge was comparable to the control, and C-zone charge was much reduced. At about 0.014%, both C-zone and A-zone were further increased.
At the lowest amount of crown ether, the A-zone charge was higher than the control, with no zero charge toner in the distribution, compared to the control, which showed zero charge toner.
The C-zone charge remained lower than the control.

[00142] The blended toner with the lowest amounts of 15-crown-5 ether (about 0.028% and 0.014%) was also evaluated.

[00143] As can be seen from Figures 2A and 2B, for toners with low amounts of crown ether, the A-zone charge was unaffected within experimental error, while the C-zone charge was reduced by as much as 15%, and thus an improved RH ratio from 0.4 to 0.44 was obtained.

[001441 The above examples, with both of these crown ethers included in toner particles, demonstrated that these materials were very cost effective for controlling parent toner charge, which would be beneficial for aging characteristics of a toner including these materials, and that the cation binding materials could be used to improve the RH ratio of the final toner, without lowering A-zone significantly, but with reduced C-zone, thereby improving charging latitude.

[00145] It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
Unless specifically recited in a claim, steps or components of claims should not be implied or imported from the specification or any other claims as to any particular order, number, position, size, shape, angle, color, or material.

Claims (20)

1. A toner comprising toner particles comprising a resin, an optional colorant, and a cation binding material selected from the group consisting of crown ethers, cryptands, cyclens, porphin, porphyrins and combinations thereof.

2. The toner as in claim 1, wherein the cation binding material comprises a crown ether selected from the group consisting of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 4-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5, methylbenzo-15-crown-5, stearylbenzo-15-crown-5, hydroxymethylbenzo-15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5 dinitrile, aza-15-crown-5, vinylbenzo-15-crown-5, 4-formylbenzo-15-crown-15 18-crown-6, 4-acryloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6, benzo-18-crown-6, methylbenzo-18-crown-6, hydroxymethylbenzo-18-crown-6, benzo-18-crown-6 dinitrile, aza-18-crown-6, vinylbenzo-18-crown-6, 4-formyl benzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, stearylbenzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-21-crown-7, dibenzo-24-crown-8, bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10, bis(carboxy-m-phenyl ene)-32-crown-10, and combinations thereof.

3. The toner as in claim 1, wherein the resin comprises at least one amorphous resin in combination with at least one crystalline resin.

4. The toner as in claim 3, wherein the at least one amorphous resin comprises an alkoxylated bisphenol A fumarate/terephthalate based polyester or copolyester resin, and wherein the at least one crystalline polyester resin comprises wherein b is from about 5 to about 2000 and d is from about 5 to about 2000.

5. The toner as in claim 1, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of poly(.beta.-carboxyethyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene);
poly(styrene-propyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), and poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), and combinations thereof

6. The toner as in claim 1, wherein the resin possesses an ionic functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acid salts, sulfonic acid salts, and combinations thereof, and wherein the cation binding material possesses a counterion selected from the group consisting of H+, Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, A1 3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, NH4, and NR4+, where R represents hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group, and combinations thereof.

7. The toner as in claim 1, wherein the toner possess an A-zone charge from about -15 µC/g to about -80 µC/g and a C-zone charge from about -15 µC/g to about -80 µC/g, and a relative humidity ratio from about 0.40 to about 1.

8. The toner as in claim 1, wherein the cation binding material is present in an amount of from about 0.001 % to about 1% by weight of the toner particle.

9. A toner comprising: a resin;

an optional colorant; and a cation binding material comprising a crown ether selected from the group consisting of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 4-acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5, methylbenzo-15-crown-5, stearylbenzo-15-crown-5, hydroxymethylbenzo-15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5 dinitrile, aza-15-crown-5, vinylbenzo-15-crown-5, 4-formylbenzo-15-crown-5 18-crown-6, 4-acryloylamidobenzo-18-crown-6, benzo-18-crown-6, methylbenzo-18-crown-6, hydroxymethylbenzo-18-crown-6, benzo-18-crown-6 dinitrile, aza-18-crown-6, vinylbenzo-18-crown-6, 4-formyl benzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, stearylbenzo- 18-crown-6, dibenzo-21-crown-7, dibenzo-24-crown-8, bis(m-phenyl ene)-3 2 -crown-

10, bis(carboxy-m-phenylene)-32-crown-10, and combinations thereof.

10. The toner as in claim 9, wherein the cation binding material comprises a crown ether selected from the group consisting of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, and combinations thereof.

11. The toner as in claim 9, wherein the resin comprises at least one amorphous resin comprising an alkoxylated bisphenol A fumarate/terephthalate based polyester or copolyester resin, in combination with at least one crystalline polyester resin comprising wherein b is from about 5 to about 2000 and d is from about 5 to about 2000.

12. The toner as in claim 9, wherein the resin is selected from the group consisting of poly(.beta.-carboxyethyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene);
poly(styrene-propyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), and poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), and combinations thereof.

13. The toner as in claim 9, wherein the resin possesses an ionic functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, carboxylic acid salts, sulfonic acid salts, and combinations thereof, and wherein the cation binding material possesses a counterion selected from the group consisting of H+, Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, A1 3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, NH4, and NR4+, where R represents hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group, and combinations thereof.

14. The toner as in claim 9, wherein the toner possess an A-zone charge from about -15 µC/g to about -80 µC/g and a C-zone charge from about -15 µC/g to about -80 µC/g, and a relative humidity ratio from about 0.40 to about 1.

15. The toner as in claim 11, wherein the cation binding material is present in an amount from about 0.00 1% to about 0.25% by weight of the toner particle.

16. A process comprising:

contacting at least one resin with an optional colorant and at least one cation binding material selected from the group consisting of crown ethers, cryptands, cyclens, porphin, porphyrins and combinations thereof to form toner particles; and recovering the toner particles.

17. The process of claim 16, wherein the cation binding material comprises a crown ether added in a melt-mix of a ground toner resin.

18. The process of claim 16, wherein the cation binding material comprises a crown ether added to a step of a chemical toner formation process selected from the group consisting of a particle formation step, a washing step, a drying step, and combinations thereof.

19. The process of claim 16, wherein the cation binding material comprises a crown ether added during the formation of a latex comprising the resin, wherein that latex is used to prepare the toner particles.

20. The process of claim 16, wherein the cation binding material comprises a crown ether added to a step of an emulsion aggregation process selected the group consisting of a mixing step, an aggregation step, a freezing step, a coalescence step, a washing step, a drying step, and combinations thereof.