CN100343475C - 动态环空压力控制装置和方法 - Google Patents

动态环空压力控制装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN100343475C
CN100343475C CNB2004800044574A CN200480004457A CN100343475C CN 100343475 C CN100343475 C CN 100343475C CN B2004800044574 A CNB2004800044574 A CN B2004800044574A CN 200480004457 A CN200480004457 A CN 200480004457A CN 100343475 C CN100343475 C CN 100343475C
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drilling fluid
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CN1751169A (zh
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E·J·范里特
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Prad Research and Development Ltd
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B44/00—Automatic control systems specially adapted for drilling operations, i.e. self-operating systems which function to carry out or modify a drilling operation without intervention of a human operator, e.g. computer-controlled drilling systems; Systems specially adapted for monitoring a plurality of drilling variables or conditions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/08—Controlling or monitoring pressure or flow of drilling fluid, e.g. automatic filling of boreholes, automatic control of bottom pressure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/10—Valve arrangements in drilling-fluid circulation systems
    • E21B21/106—Valve arrangements outside the borehole, e.g. kelly valves

Abstract

一种用于在地下地层钻一井眼的钻井系统，所述的钻井系统包括：伸入井眼的钻柱(112)，其中在钻柱与井壁之间形成一环空，所述的钻柱包括一个纵向钻井液通道，该通道在钻柱的底端部分具有一出口；将钻井液从钻井液源穿过纵向钻井液通道而泵入环空的泵(138)；与所述的环空流体连通以排放所述钻井液的钻井液排放管道(124)；与所述的钻井液排放管道流体连通的钻井液回压系统(131，132，133)；所述的钻井液回压系统包括一旁通管道(7)和一设置在所述泵和纵向钻井液通道之间的三向阀(6)，所述的泵通过三向阀和旁通管道与钻井液排放管道(124)流体连通，所述的旁通管道绕过至少部分纵向钻井液通道。

Description

动态环空压力控制装置和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种动态井眼环空压力控制的方法和装置，尤其是涉及一种用于在钻井和完井期间控制井眼压力的选择性地闭环增压方法。
背景技术
从地下地层中勘探和开采烃类最终需要一种方法来到达地层并从中将烃类开采出来，通常利用钻机钻一口井来达到这一目的。在最简单的形式中，钻机为陆基钻机，其通常用于支承和旋转钻柱，该钻柱包括多根钻杆，在钻杆的末端安装有钻头。此外，泵送系统用于沿着钻柱向下循环钻井液，然后钻井液穿过旋转的钻头排出并通过井壁和钻头之间的环空返回地面，所述的钻井液包括一种基液(通常为水基或油基)和各种添加剂。所述的钻井液具有如下作用：(a)为井壁提供支承，(b)防止地层流体或气体进入井，(c)将由钻头产生的钻屑带至地面，(d)为安装在钻柱内的仪器提供液压动力，(e)冷却钻头。在通过所述的井循环之后，所述的钻井液反排入泥浆处理系统，该处理系统通常包括去除固体的振动台、泥浆池、用于添加各种化学物质或添加剂以保持钻井作业所需的返回流体的性质的手动或自动装置。一旦钻井液被处理完，利用泵送系统而将其从钻柱顶端回注入井中。
钻井作业期间，钻井液向井壁施加压力，该压力主要由静压力部分(与泥浆柱的重力有关)和动压力部分(与如由钻井液循环速率和钻柱的运动引起的摩擦压力损失有关)构成。钻井液施加到井壁上的总压力(动压力+静压力)通常用等效密度表示，或者用“等效循环密度”(或ECD)表示。对井内的钻井液压力进行选择以便在钻井液静止或钻井作业期间其不致超过地层破裂压力或地层强度。如果超过了地层强度就会出现地层裂缝，这将产生钻井问题，如钻井液漏失和井壁不稳定。另一方面，对钻井液密度进行选择以便井内的压力可始终维持在孔隙压力之上从而避免地层流体进入井眼内(一次井控(primary well control))。孔隙压力和地层强度之间的压力范围称为“作业压力范围(Operational Window)”。
为了安全和压力控制，可将防喷器(BOP)安装在钻台下面的井口上，在不需要的地层流体或气体要进入井眼时，所述的防喷器可关闭井眼(二次井控)。这些流入井内的流入物通常被称为“井涌”。防喷器一般只用于紧急情况，也即用于井控的情况。
为了克服过平衡和开放式的钻井液循环系统的问题，已经研发出了许多封闭式的钻井液处理系统。这些示例包括授权给Bradfield等并受让给贝克休斯公司的专利US6,035,952。在这一专利中，一种封闭式系统被用于欠平衡钻井中，也就是环空压力维持在地层孔隙压力之下。
另一种方法和系统由H.L.Elikins在美国专利US6,374,925和后续申请US2002/0108783中进行了描述。该发明在循环中断时通过完全关闭环空出口而将压力限制在环空压力之内。
目前的发明还建立在壳牌石油公司的专利US6,352,129所述发明的基础上。在这一专利中描述了一种钻井期间控制井眼内流体压力的方法和系统，其使用与环空排放管道流体连通的回压泵和利用钻柱而将钻井液循环穿过环空的一级泵。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于在地下地层钻一井眼的钻井系统，所述的钻井系统包括：
伸入井眼的钻柱，其中在钻柱与井壁之间形成一环空，所述的钻柱包括一个纵向钻井液通道，该通道在钻柱的底端部分具有一出口；
将钻井液从钻井液源穿过纵向钻井液通道而泵入环空的泵；
与所述的环空流体连通以排放所述钻井液的钻井液排放管道；
与所述的钻井液排放管道流体连通的钻井液回压系统；所述的钻井液回压系统包括一旁通管道和一设置在所述泵和纵向钻井液通道之间的三向阀，所述的泵通过三向阀和旁通管道与钻井液排放管道流体连通，所述的旁通管道绕过纵向钻井液通道。
本发明的第二方面提供一种在地下地层内钻一井眼的方法，其包括：
将钻柱布置在井眼内，在钻柱和井壁之间形成一环空，所述的钻柱包括一个纵向钻井液通道，该通道在钻柱的底端部分具有一出口；
利用与钻井液源流体连通的泵，将钻井液通过纵向钻井液排放通道泵入环空；
提供一与所述环空流体连通的钻井液排放管道，以排放所述的钻井液；
提供一与所述钻井液排放管道流体连通的钻井液回压系统；所述的钻井液回压系统包括一旁通管道和一设置在所述泵和纵向钻井液通道之间的三向阀；
通过利用三向阀和旁通管道而绕过至少部分纵向钻井通道，从而在泵和流体排放管道之间建立流体连通，以向所述的钻井液排放管道增压。
根据本发明，由于所述的泵既被用于向钻柱内的纵向钻井液通道供给钻井液又用于在钻井液排放管道内施加回压，所以可省去单独的回压泵。
附图说明
下面将结合附图和实施例对本发明进行详细地描述，其中：
图1为本发明装置的实施例的示意图；
图2为本发明装置的另一实施例的示意图；
图3为本发明装置的又一实施例的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明用于钻井、完井和修井期间的井眼动态环空压力控制(DAPC)。
图1至图3为描述使用本发明实施例的地面钻井系统的示意图。可以理解，海上钻井系统也可使用本发明。在图中，钻井系统100包括钻机102，该钻机用于维持钻井作业。为了易于描述，用在钻机102上的许多部件(如方钻杆、动力大钳、卡瓦、绞车和其他设备)在图中未示出。钻机102用于在地层104中维持钻井和勘探作业。井眼106已经部分钻开，套管108由水泥109固结在合适的位置。在优选实施例中，套管关闭机构或者井下展开阀110安装在套管108内，以便在整个钻柱处于阀上方时可随意地关闭环空并有效地关闭裸眼部分。
钻柱112支承着底部钻具组合(BHA)113，该底部钻具组合包括钻头120、泥浆马达118、包括确定环空压力的压力传感器116的MWD/LWD传感器设备119、防止流体从环空回流的单向阀118。其还包括遥测组件122。该遥测组件用于传递压力、MWD/LWD及钻井信息，以在地面进行接收。
如上所述，钻井过程需要使用钻井液150，其储存在泥浆池136中。泥浆池136与一个或多个泥浆泵138流体连通，泥浆泵138泵送着钻井液150穿过管道140。可选择的流量计152串接在一个或多个泥浆泵的上游或下游。管道140连接到最后一节钻柱112上，最后一节钻柱112穿过防喷器(BOP)142顶部的旋转控制头。当防喷器顶部的旋转控制头受到激励时，其在钻柱112周围形成一个密封从而隔离压力，但是仍允许钻柱旋转和往复。
钻井液150被向下泵送穿过钻柱112和BHA113，并从钻头120排出，在钻头120处钻井液将钻屑旋离钻头120并将钻屑向上返回裸眼环空115，之后进入套管108和钻柱112之间的环空。钻井液返回地面并穿过BOP顶部的旋转控制头密封下的侧出口，穿过管道124和可选择地穿过各个缓冲罐和遥测系统(未示出)。
此后，钻井液150进入所谓的回压系统131，132，133。钻井液150进入回压系统131，132，133并流过可选择的流量计126。流量计126可以为质量平衡型流量计或者其它高分辨率的流量计。利用流量计126和152，操作员可以确定多少钻井液150已经通过钻柱112被泵入到井中以及从井中返回的钻井液150的量。根据泵入钻井液150的量与返回钻井液150的量之间的差值，操作员可确定是否有钻井液150漏失到地层104中，也就是明显的负钻井液差值意味着地层已经出现裂缝。与之类似，明显的正钻井液差值意味着地层流体或气体进入到了井眼中(井涌)。
钻井液150继续进入到设置在管道124上的抗磨节流器130中。可以理解，设置节流器是为了在钻井液150含有大量的钻屑和其它颗粒物质的环境中使用。节流器130是这种类型，其还能够在各种压力、流量和通过多种工作循环中进行应用。
现在参看图1所示的实施例，钻井液从节流器130排出并穿过阀121。之后，钻井液150由多个过滤器和颗粒分离装置129进行处理，以便从钻井液150中除去杂质(包括钻屑)。然后，钻井液150返回到泥浆池136中。
仍参看图1，一个三向阀6设置在泥浆泵138下游和钻柱112的纵向钻井液通道上游的管道140上。旁通管道7通过三向阀6将泥浆泵138与钻井液排放管道124流体连接，从而绕过钻柱112的纵向钻井液通道。三向阀6允许从泥浆泵出来的钻井液完全从管道140转到管道7，但不允许从泥浆泵138流入钻柱112。通过维持泥浆泵138的泵送作用确保了流过抗磨节流器130以控制回压的充足流动。
在图2和图3所示的实施例中，钻井液150从节流器130流出并流过阀5。阀5使从井返回的钻井液通过脱气装置1和颗粒分离装置129或者进入泥浆池2，泥浆池2可以为一泥浆补给罐。可选择的脱气装置1和颗粒分离装置129用于从钻井液中去除过量的气体杂质(包括钻屑)。在经过颗粒分离装置129之后，钻井液150返回到泥浆池136中。
泥浆补给罐通常用在钻机中以在起下钻作业期间监控钻井液的增加或损失。在本发明中维持了这一功能。
在图2所示的实施例中，阀6的操作类似于图1中的阀6。阀6可为可控的调节阀，一方面允许总泵出量的可调节部分进入管道140和钻柱112内的纵向钻井液通道，另一方面进入旁通管道7。这样，钻井液既可泵入钻柱112的纵向钻井液通道又可进入回压系统130，131，132。
在作业中，泥浆泵138供给压力，以高于钻柱循环压力损失和环空循环压力损失，并提供环空回压。维持在回压，调节阀打开以允许泥浆流入旁通管道7从而获得理想的回压。如果设置了阀6或节流器130，或者设置了二者，对其进行调节以维持理想的回压。
三向阀可设置为图3所示的形式，其中，三向钻井液交汇点8设置在管道140上，从而第一可调限流装置9设置在三向钻井液交汇点8与纵向钻井液通道之间，第二可调限流装置10设置在三向钻井液交汇点8与钻井液排放管道124之间。
在整个钻井和完井过程期间提供可调回压的能力是与常规钻井系统不同的重要改进。
可以理解，钻井期间，比如连接钻杆单根期间，不时地关闭穿过钻柱112内的纵向钻井液通道和环空是必要的。当钻井液循环被关闭时，环空压力将减小到静压力。与之类似，当循环再次进行时，环空压力增加。井壁循环加载会产生疲劳。
使用本发明可使操作员在地面通过调节节流器130和/或阀6和/或第一、第二可调限流装置9、10来调节回压，从而连续地调节环空压力。以这种方式，井下压力基本上保持稳定并在孔隙压力和破裂压力所限制的作业范围内。可以理解，通常所说的过平衡压力，即如此保持的环空压力和孔隙压力之间的差值可显著得小于应用常规方法的过平衡压力。
在图1到图3所示的所有实施例中，当由于各种原因(如增加另一根钻杆单根)而需要将流过井的流动关闭时，不需要单独的回压泵来通过管道124和流过节流器系统130的流动而在环空内保持足够的回压。
虽然结合具体的实施例对本发明进行了描述，但是可以理解，在不脱离本发明的情况下可对本发明所述的系统和方法进行改变。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于在地下地层钻一井眼的钻井系统，所述的钻井系统包括：
伸入井眼的钻柱，其中在钻柱与井壁之间形成一环空，所述的钻柱包括一个纵向钻井液通道，该通道在钻柱的底端部分具有一出口；
将钻井液从钻井液源穿过纵向钻井液通道而泵入环空的泵；
与所述的环空流体连通以排放所述钻井液的钻井液排放管道；
与所述的钻井液排放管道流体连通的钻井液回压系统；所述的钻井液回压系统包括一旁通管道和一设置在所述泵和纵向钻井液通道之间的三向阀，所述的泵通过所述三向阀和所述旁通管道与所述钻井液排放管道流体连通，所述的旁通管道旁通了至少部分所述纵向钻井液通道。
2.如权利要求1所述的钻井系统，其特征在于：设置回压控制系统以控制钻井液从所述泵经所述旁通管道进入所述排放管道。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的钻井系统，其特征在于：所述的钻井液回压系统还包括可调限流装置，以对钻井液排放管道施加流量限制。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的钻井系统，其特征在于：所述的三向阀设置成包括三向钻井液交汇点，从而第一可调限流装置设置在所述三向钻井液交汇点和所述纵向钻井液通道之间，第二可调限流装置设置在所述三向钻井液交汇点和所述钻井液排放管道之间。
5.一种在地下地层中钻一井眼的方法，其包括：
将钻柱布置在井眼内，在钻柱和井壁之间形成一环空，所述的钻柱包括一个纵向钻井液通道，该通道在钻柱的底端部分具有一出口；
利用与钻井液源流体连通的泵，将钻井液通过所述纵向钻井液排放通道泵入所述环空；
提供一与所述环空流体连通的钻井液排放管道，以排放所述的钻井液；
提供一与所述钻井液排放管道流体连通的钻井液回压系统；所述的钻井液回压系统包括一旁通管道和一设置在所述泵和所述纵向钻井液通道之间的三向阀；
通过利用三向阀和旁通管道而旁通了至少部分纵向钻井通道，从而在泵和流体排放管道之间建立流体连通，从而利用泵向所述的钻井液排放管道增压。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于：控制钻井液从泵经旁通管道进入所述排放管道是通过控制三向阀而控制的。
7.如权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于：所述的三向阀设置成包括一三向钻井液交汇点，从而第一可调限流装置设置在所述三向钻井液交汇点和所述纵向钻井液通道之间，第二可调限流装置设置在所述三向钻井液交汇点和所述钻井液排放管道之间，并且钻井液从所述泵经所述旁通管道进入排放管道是通过控制第一和第二可调限流装置中的一个或两个而得到控制的。
8.如权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于：关闭钻井液穿过钻柱内的所述纵向钻井液通道的流动，并且维持泵的泵送作用以对旁通管道增压。
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EP1595057B1 (en) 2006-07-19
RU2336407C2 (ru) 2008-10-20
BRPI0407538A (pt) 2006-02-14
WO2004074627A1 (en) 2004-09-02
EP1595057B2 (en) 2018-06-20
AU2004213597A1 (en) 2004-09-02
BRPI0407538B1 (pt) 2015-05-26
AR043196A1 (es) 2005-07-20
EG24151A (en) 2008-08-19
RU2005129085A (ru) 2006-01-27
AU2004213597B2 (en) 2007-05-31
US6904981B2 (en) 2005-06-14
CA2516277A1 (en) 2004-09-02
US20030196804A1 (en) 2003-10-23
CA2516277C (en) 2010-07-27
OA13030A (en) 2006-11-10
CN1751169A (zh) 2006-03-22
MXPA05008753A (es) 2005-09-20
EP1595057A1 (en) 2005-11-16

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