CN100450456C - 阻抗控制的组织切除仪器 - Google Patents

阻抗控制的组织切除仪器 Download PDF

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CN100450456C
CN100450456C CNB028235568A CN02823556A CN100450456C CN 100450456 C CN100450456 C CN 100450456C CN B028235568 A CNB028235568 A CN B028235568A CN 02823556 A CN02823556 A CN 02823556A CN 100450456 C CN100450456 C CN 100450456C
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electrode
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R·M·皮尔逊
S·A·丹尼尔
D·J·巴贝尔兹
T·C·约翰逊
Z·亚辛扎德
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Ruida Medical Systems Co.,Ltd.
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Abstract

本文公开了一种用于对靶组织进行热切除的方法和仪器。该仪器包括一个射频切除装置,其包括有计划在靶组织中展开的多极电极,以确定被切除的选定容积的组织;同时包括有灌注管腔,用于在切除过程中将液体灌注到靶组织。仪器中的控制单元与射频电源相连,用以控制传输到电极以及灌注装置的射频功率水平,从而控制液体通过管腔灌注到组织的速率。在电极展开和组织切除的过程中,对组织内的阻抗和/或温度进行测定以控制射频源和灌注装置,从而优化组织切除的时间和范围。

Description

阻抗控制的组织切除仪器
技术领域
本发明总体涉及一种以最小的损伤处理组织的方法。具体地说,本发明涉及一种用切除的方法治疗肿瘤和疾病组织的仪器和方法。更具体地说,本发明涉及一种用切除的方法治疗肿瘤和疾病组织的仪器和方法,该仪器和方法通过阻抗值来控制和优化分配到靶组织部位的电磁切除能量。
背景技术
各种切除治疗方法,如射频、微波和激光切除术,可用于治疗良性和恶性肿瘤。理论上讲,这些方法可能会产生生理和结构上的变化从而导致细胞坏死和所选靶组织的结构破坏。然而在实践中,用切除的方法治疗癌变组织存大非常多的困难,包括(i)靶组织定位,(ii)对肿瘤组织病理状态的鉴定和组织活检,(iii)疾病组织和正常组织的区分,(iii)将用于切除的仪器置入靶组织部位并保持其位置,(iv)监测切除的过程,包括显示切除的体积,(v)使其对邻近重要组织的损伤最小,(vi)保证完全切除肿瘤物质,包括确保足够的正常组织余量,(vii)评价完成切除的程度。目前的切除疗法尚未考虑这些问题,也没有提供解决这些问题的方法。因此,需要一种仪器和方法来解决在利用切除疗法治疗癌、肿瘤和其它疾病的过程中遇到的这些困难和其它未遇到的需求。
发明概述
本发明的一个实施方案提供一种阻抗控制的组织切除仪器和方法,这种仪器和方法利用如利用局部的组织阻抗的阻抗测定,来优化分配到靶组织部位的射频或其它电磁能量,并用较低的能量来实现较大的切除体积,而且比传统射频组织切除术目前的切除速度要快。通过降低切除所需的能量,该仪器还能显著降低垫烧伤的危险性及其它与传统的射频组织切除疗法相关的电休克的危险。本发明的一个相关实施方案是通过控制输注到局部组织的电解质液体量,从而将组织的阻抗控制并维持在传输切除能量最佳水平。
本发明的另一个实施方案是提供一种利用局部阻抗测定来检测和治疗肿瘤的仪器。这种仪器包括一个带有管腔的长型的传输装置并可在组织内操作。一个阻抗传感器阵列可排列在长型的传输装置周围并且与电磁能量源或开关装置的至少一个相连接。阻抗阵列包括多个弹性元件,  其中至少一个可以压缩状态设置在长型的传输装置内,并能以一定曲度展开,从长型的传输装置以展开状态放入组织。在展开状态时,多个弹性元件限定了标本的体积。多个弹性元件中至少一个具有传感器,阻抗阵列中至少一部分通过一组传导通路来获取组织阻抗。一个能量传输装置与传感器阵列、弹性元件或长型的传输装置其中之一连接。
本发明的一个实施方案是提供一种利用组织局部体积阻抗测定的方法来检测和治疗肿瘤的方法。本方法包括提供一种阻抗测定仪器,该仪器具有一组可以一定曲度展开的弹性元件,通过一组传导通路来获取组织阻抗。该仪器与能量传输装置、能量源、开关装置或逻辑源中至少一个连接。然后仪器被放入选定的组织部位,阻抗阵列展开来限定取样体积。之后,阻抗阵列通过一组传导通路进行阻抗测定。阻抗测定的信息用来确定取样体积内组织的状态。进而从能量传输装置输出能量来切除至少一部分肿瘤或使其坏死。
该仪器可利用阻抗测定的方法,如多通路检测的阻抗、复合阻抗和阻抗向量检测,来对一个选定组织部位中的肿瘤组织进行检测、定位和确认。在复合阻抗实施方案中,真实的和假想的阻抗信号成分可用于测定更精确的生物电学参数,如间质和细胞内阻抗及细胞膜电容,这些参数对细胞坏死或恶变更敏感并具有更好的预测能力。此外,该仪器还可配置一个或多个阻抗检测器来监测一个靶组织位点,并在向组织位点输出切除能量或其它治疗之前、之中或之后控制切除疗法的过程。相应地,该仪器可单独使用或与其它切除仪器(如射频、微波激光或其它光学切除仪器)联合应用。不仅如此,该仪器可利用多通路阻抗测定器来监测两个或更多的组织体积,包括肿瘤组织体积、确定的切除体积和邻近的解剖结构。该仪器的附加实施方案还可利用阻抗测定如复合、向量或位置阻抗测定来生成靶组织部位的图像并显示出来,用以帮助肿瘤和/或切除体积的定位和监测。
在实际应用中,将该仪器设置在已成像并确认包括有肿瘤或其它组织的选定组织部位。利用长型的传输装置或一个本领域已知的引导装置,如套针或内镜检查装置,将仪器引导并设置在该组织部位。然后,阻抗阵列展开并通过一个或多个传导通路来测定阻抗,该阻抗包括复合阻抗和电容。这一信息可被连接的逻辑源分析,然后用于确定肿瘤体积的位置和边界和/或确定肿瘤或组织类型。此外,信息还可经逻辑源或其它加工方法加工生成包括肿瘤体积的组织部位的图像,该图像利用阻抗位置来指示肿瘤的中心或在视觉上增强对肿瘤组织的检测和显示。然后这一信息可用于定位能量的输出从而生成理想的切除体积。能量输出装置一旦被置入,阻抗阵列便可用于监测和/或控制向肿瘤部位输出切除能量或治疗,包括监测根据肿瘤大小和位置确定的扩大的切除体积的大小和形状。这就使医生不仅能测定已切除的肿瘤体积的程度,还能控制肿瘤组织周围正常组织边缘的大小。这样的控制及其相关的能力顾及了对理想的临床端点的测定。此外,它还可使医生调整或控制能量或其它切除疗法的输出来控制切除体积的增加速率(进而控制整个切除时间)及肿瘤体积的最终形状和大小。多组织体积可被同时进行监测和比较来监测切除的进程,确保整个肿瘤或切除体积内部的一致性并提供实时监测以保证周围正常组织和结构不受损伤。例如,肿瘤组织的中心和一个或多个周围部位可同时或几乎同时受到监测来保证这些部位以致整个肿瘤坏死的一致性。阻抗测定可在多传导通路通过靶组织时(在汇聚发散和通路处)同时或序贯进行,从而通过降低靶组织内未取样区的大小及测量的任何方向偏斜为切除的一致性提供较高的置信度。多传导通路可通过可控制的开关装置以电子方式选择或通过靶组织内阻抗阵列的旋转、侧向或纵向运动进行人工选择。在前者的例子中,使用者通过连接的监测装置对传导通路进行程序控制;而在后者的例子中,使用者可通过长型的传输装置或者通过与阻抗阵列或传输装置机械连接的旋转、推进或倾斜装置对阻抗阵列进行旋转、推进、收回或倾斜。除了切除过程中的实时阻抗测定外,还可在一个或多个通路进行切除后测定(包括不同于切除监测中使用的通路),并与测定的基值或阻抗数据库相比较以提供完全切除和/或临床端点的进一步指征。端点还可根据细胞内阻抗与间质阻抗的比率以及阻抗或复合阻抗曲线的特征形状来测定,该特征包括阈值、斜率或回折点的测定。
本发明的不同方面还可用于展示以不同方法进行的阻抗测定,即用户友好方式和用户/医生的易辨别方式。在一个实施方案中,取样体积阻抗的部位或取样体积阻抗的向量可被显示成像从而有助于肿瘤的鉴定以及将能量传输或切除装置放入肿瘤组织中。在相关的实施方案中,仪器可配置逻辑源从而可通过测定阻抗向量来确定肿瘤从阻抗阵列或能量传输装置的辐射方向,并以方向图或点图的形式显示这一信息。
附图说明
图1是一个侧视图,描述仪器的一个实施方案设置在组织部位利用局部的阻抗测定法检测和治疗肿瘤。
图2是一个侧视图,描述利用阻抗测定法检测和治疗肿瘤的仪器的元件,包括长型的传输装置,传感器阵列,传感器,电极,能量传输装置和推进元件。
图3a是阻抗传感器阵列的实施方案的示意图,显示了通过一组可选择的传导通路进行组织阻抗测定的阻抗传感器阵列。
图3b是仪器的实施方案的示意图,描述了一级和二级传导通路及传导通路角的使用。
图4a-4c是发射和测定单元不同排列的透视图;图4a描述了一个实施方案,其中心设置一个由其它电极环绕的反回电极;图4b描述了一个实施方案,其反回电极对应于其它电极偏心设置;图4c描述了一个实施方案,其具有多个独立的位置可调的阻抗传感器阵列。
图5是透视图,描述在本发明的一个实施方案中利用多组传导通路对多个组织取样,以及测定阻抗向量和每一标本阻抗的位置。
图6是透视图,描述了一个测定和治疗肿瘤的仪器的实施方案,该仪器包括一个具有存贮器和逻辑源的阻抗监测装置,后者包括分析阻抗资料及生成阻抗分布图和图像的软件模块。
图7a是描述阻抗与频率依赖性的组织阻抗曲线图。
图7b是描述复合阻抗与频率依赖性的组织复合阻抗曲线图。
图8a-8d是利用多频率阻抗曲线来监测切除过程的阻抗曲线图。
图8e-8g是利用复合阻抗曲线来监测切除过程的复合阻抗曲线图(假想值对真实值)。
图9a-9c是利用复合阻抗曲线来确定组织类型和状态的复合阻抗曲线图。
图10是一张正在切除的组织的光谱信号密度与时间的相关关系图,描述对切除端点的定量测定。
图11是一张复合阻抗三维图的透视图。
图12a是引导器实施方案的侧视图。
图12b和12c是引导器横切面的剖面图。
图13是一个与引导器元件并行的可转向引导器实施方案的侧视图。
图14是一个组织活检和治疗仪器实施方案的侧视图,该仪器具有一个操作元件和连接的吸引装置,液体传输装置和液体容器。
图15a-15h是各种形状电极的侧视图,包括环形、球形、半球形、圆柱形、圆锥形和针形。
图16是一个用于组织穿刺的针形电极的实施方案侧视图。
图17是一个至少具有一个弯曲的电极的实施方案侧视图。
图18是一个实施方案的侧视图,包括至少具有一个弯曲的电极、传感器和连接的推进装置。
图19是一个电极实施方案的透视图,该电极具有位于弹性元件或电极表面的绝缘套,用于限定阻抗传感器的长度或能量传输的表面。
图20是一个电极实施方案的透视图,其具有多个绝缘套环绕在电极的选定部位使之绝缘。
图21是一个电极实施方案的透视图,其具有沿电极纵切面延伸的绝缘物,用来限定邻近的纵向能量传输表面。
图22是图21实施方案的剖面图。
图23a是仪器的一个实施方案的侧视图,该仪器具有一个有腔和小孔的电极可用于传输液体并利用灌注的液体生成一个增强的电极。
图23b是一个组织灌注切除仪器主要构件的透视图,包括具有多头注射器的灌注装置和多通道管。
图23c是图23b实施方案的仪器末端部分的放大图,描述末端的元件及阻抗测量和控制装置的传导通路。
图23d是离散能量与阻抗的相关关系图,描述一种新的能在非最小阻的抗靶组织将切除能量传输放大至最大的方法。
图23e是组织电阻与电极距离的相关关系图,描述利用灌注降低电极附近组织的炭化。
图24是一个阻抗传感元件实施方案的透视图,包括一个可用于在传感元件内产生阻抗梯度的传导套。
图25a-25c是一个用频率控制切除区域的能量传输切除仪器实施方案透视图。
图26a-26c是能量密度或浓度与图25a-25c实施方案中电极/能量传输装置侧向距离的相关关系图。
图27是生成和显示阻抗衍生图像的方法的流程图。
图28是描述控制器、能量源、能量通路和其它电子元件与控制系统或本发明其它实施方案共同使用的框图。
图29是描述模拟放大器、多路调制器和微处理器与控制系统或本发明其它实施方案共同使用的框图。
图30是用于本发明各种实施方案中的控制和显示单元的侧视图。
图31是一张阻抗测定实施方案的图,显示在可选阈值条件下功率周期信号叠加到射频治疗信号之上。
图32是通过灌注调节阻抗的装置的实施方案图。
图33是装置的一个实施方案的使用流程图。
具体实施方式
定义
除非另外指出,下面的术语(如在此所用的)具有以下意义:
“电极”、“弹性元件”和“天线”可相互替换,指用于向组织部位传导能量的针或导线。电极可以是被动的、主动的或两者间互换的。此外,电极可以是能放在患者体表的接地垫电极。
“传感元件”是指用于探测切除参数的被动或主动电极。
“液体传输装置”和“灌注装置”可相互替换,指一种与(i)装有待注入的液体容器和(ii)一个或多个电极或长型的传输装置相连或包括上述装置的装置,用于将液体输入靶组织。
“反馈控制装置”、“控制单元”、“控制源”、“反馈控制系统”和“控制器”可相互替换,指一种能调整切除参数,如能量、温度、灌注等的控制器。控制器可自动或手动操作。
“阻抗检测”和“阻抗测定”可相互替换,指利用本领域已知的任何合适的计算装置或算法由数据源,如电流传感器、电压传感器或能量源等来计算阻抗。
本发明的实施方案提供了一种可对组织特征进行描绘的仪器和方法,利用局部的、包括复合阻抗测定的阻抗测定,对肿瘤定位和诊断、精确设置切除仪器、监测切除治疗的过程并确定临床端点。此外,本发明的这些和其它实施方案可装配用于测定和分析对细胞代谢具有更强预测能力的生物电参数以及相关的图像,这使得可对切除的过程进行实时监测控制,显著降低切除不全或对重要解剖结构造成不必要损伤的危险性。每一个公开的实施方案可认为是独立的或与本发明的其它各种形式和方面联合应用。在此提供的这些方法和仪器可用于治疗全身器官和组织的恶性肿瘤,包括但不仅限于肝、骨、乳腺、肺和脑。它们还可用于并同样适于治疗良性肿瘤、增生和用手术或最小损伤方法摘除、切除或修整的异常或增大组织。
在本发明不同方面提到的局部阻抗监测在用切除方法(如射频、微波、激光和化学切除)治疗肿瘤和瘤性组织时尤为有益。这些以及相关的切除疗法可引起细胞膜的破坏导致间质内液体的阻抗改变,但这一变化仅限于受影响的组织而周围的组织变化极小或无变化。既往的阻抗测定方法是利用通过患者全身的完全电路,具有不能测定组织局部电阻的缺点,不能解决如下的问题:
(i)对于包括通过全身的传导通路的完全阻抗测定系统来说信号太小和/或被其屏蔽接地垫电极和相关的导线;
(ii)体表测定与所需部位相距太远,因此也被屏蔽;
(iii)局部阻抗被传送到组织的射频或其它切除能量信号屏蔽。本发明的实施方案通过测定局部阻抗的变化解决了上述问题,特别是切除过程中发生的变化。该测定是利用设置在靶组织的阻抗阵列来测定包括复合阻抗的阻抗和在此描述的其它生物电特性。
在此将讨论阻抗测定理论和本发明实施方案所采用的阻抗测定方法。为了测定组织阻抗或电阻率(impedivity,其单位为20℃时阻抗/组织的晶体电流(cc)),将使电流通过组织并测定所产生的电压。这一电流,称为刺激电流或刺激信号,相对于切除射频或其它切除电流较小,因此不会产生明显影响。在不同的实施方案中刺激电流在0.01毫安-100安培范围内,在具体的实施方案中为0.1、1.0和10安培,可持续输出或利用功率周期(duty cycle)脉冲式输出。在不同的实施方案中功率周期可在5-50%范围内,脉冲持续时间为10-200毫秒。在功率周期中输出的平均能量可为0.1-100瓦。在这些及相关的实施方案中,利用刺激电流源来测定双极方式中两个或多个部位电压的差异或者一个或多个部位与接地电压(common ground)的差异。进而,可利用上述的和/或本领域已知算法和方法根据已知的刺激电流和测量电压计算阻抗。
由于不同的频率在不同类型的组织中传导不同,一些组织对一定频率的传导性或大或小。相应的,根据待测组织的类型和状态不同,探测或刺激信号可不同或者可被控制以提高阻抗测定时敏感度、准确度、精度和分辨率的一个或多个方面。在不同的实施方案中刺激信号可以是单频率或多频率信号并且可以是持续的或可变的。在一个实施方案中,通过使用多频率刺激信号和/或在一个很宽的频率范围内变化的刺激信号可以提高信号的分辨率,因而组织的分析和特征描绘更加精确。在不同的实施方案中频率的范围可以在1Hz~1MHz,在具体的实施方案中为0.5Hz,1,5,10,25,50,100,250,500和750kHz。由于在如100Hz的低频率时肿瘤组织与正常组织间的生物电差异(如相角,阻抗)很大,在例举的实施方案中可测量可在多个低于100Hz的刺激频率下进行,具体为3,4,10和20个低于100Hz的频率。其它实施方案可联合应用低于100Hz和100Hz~5kHz之间的频率进行测定。
本发明的其它实施方案可用于测定不同刺激频率(同时或续贯)下的阻抗,以得到更充分的资料和更精确的临床诊断信息。利用这些和其它的资料和方法可生成取样组织的阻抗与频率的相关关系图并分析测定取样组织的类型和组织状态,在此将详细描述。
复合阻抗包括真实的和假想的成分,反映电压和电流的相移(phaseshift)(如,根据组织的电学特性不同电压可比电流超前或滞后)。本发明的不同实施方案可记录复合阻抗的真实和假想成分。这有利于提供更广泛的组织信息使分析的准确度、精确度和分辨率更高。这些成分可利用刺激电流通过靶组织测定,在信号通过靶组织时测定阻抗和/或电流和电压的任何相移。
在相关的实施方案中,阻抗的真实和假想成分可用于测定细胞内阻抗、间质阻抗和细胞膜电容。这三个要素单独或联合应用可很好地描绘和确定组织类型和状态,其特异性较高。在一个实施方案中,监测装置或其它逻辑源可利用这三个参数中的一个或多个(“三参数”)来表征如射频切除或在此描述的切除方法的切除治疗中的一定量的切除或组织切除过程。该表征可以利用在此所述的监测装置、电源或连接的逻辑源中内置的软件模块来进行。
在具体的实施方案中,这三个参数可用于测定切除的各种生理指标和细胞坏死情况,包括细胞溶解、细胞膜肿胀(显示为细胞膜电容增加)、细胞膜破裂(显示为细胞膜电容剧烈减少)、细胞外液减少(显示为细胞内阻抗增加)和细胞内液增多(显示为细胞外液减少)。其它参数可以计算得出并用于测定和控制,包括阻抗或导纳的绝对值,阻抗的时相(如电流和电压的相差),电容或阻抗和导纳的联合函数。
本发明的具体实施方案可用于测定和/或控制这三个参数(或其它变量)中一个或多个参数阈值的升高或降低,包括在1.1∶1.0~100∶1.0范围内升高或降低,在具体实施方案中为1.5∶1.0,2∶1,3∶1,4∶1,5∶1,10∶1,20∶1和50∶10。相关的实施方案可用于测定和/或控制参数升高或降低的结合,包括但不仅限于细胞外阻抗升高后再降低,细胞内阻抗降低后再升高和细胞膜电容升高后再降低。其它相关的实施方案可用于测定、监测和控制这三个参数中的一个或多个参数曲线斜率的变化。还有其它相关的实施方案可采用本领域已知的PID控制方法在三参数曲线中使用比例法、积分法或导数法的变化的组合。
本发明的实施方案可将这三个参数积分到电子算法或软件程序中,后者可进行下述一项或多项工作:(i)控制能量传输至靶组织部位,(ii)给医生提供关于切除/治疗过程的提示和诊断信息,(iii)给医生提供临床端点的指征。
现参见图,图1显示了一个阻抗监测和治疗仪器10的实施方案,该仪器用于测定和治疗一个靶组织部位5’的肿瘤组织5”,其方法是获取组织的阻抗并传输能量或其它切除治疗手段来生成一定的切除体积5av。仪器可在切除前、切除过程中和切除后测定阻抗(包括复合阻抗)从而对靶位点的组织进行鉴定,监测切除的过程,包括显示切除的体积和定量测定切除过程的临床端点。
现参见图1和图2,阻抗治疗仪器10的一个实施方案,包括长型元件或引导器12,后者具有一个管腔13、一个近端部分14、一个末端16、一个或多个可设置在引导器管腔13内的弹性元件18和一个或多个设置在元件18表面的传感器22,或设置在元件18内部的可置于电极腔72内的传感元件22m。电极的末端应足够锋利以穿透各种组织,包括纤维化的和/或被包裹的肿瘤组织、骨、软骨和肌肉。引导器的管腔13可完全伸展或只伸展于引导器12的一部分。元件18包括多个弹性元件18组成的弹性元件组18pl,可设置在管腔13内,并可通过推进装置15或推进元件或在此描述的其它方法将其在末端16推进推出。弹性元件18可以一定曲度从引导器12展开共同限定靶组织部位5’的体积5av。在一个实施方案中,元件18中一个或多个的全部(或一部分)可作为能量传输装置或在此描述的能量传输元件。能量传输装置18e可与能量源或电源20连接并可包括一个或多个管腔72。
本发明的实施方案可进行调整,与其它许多切除疗法结合,这些疗法包括但不仅限于射频(RF)切除,冷冻切除,近距离放射疗法切除,乙醇组织切除,化学切除,微波切除,激光切除,热切除,电穿孔切除,等角射束辐射切除,标准辐射切除,高密度聚焦超声切除,光动力疗法切除。这些和相关的实施方案可包括与能量源连接的能量传输装置和探测装置。
为了便于讨论,能量传输装置和探测仪器为射频型,电源20为射频电源;然而,所有在此讨论的其它实施方案同样适用。在一个实施方案中,射频电源可以是一个射频发生器,用于输出治疗电流20t进行组织切除,同时或几乎同时(利用复合或交换装置)传输一个或多个频率的低功率探测或刺激信号20e,用于测定复合阻抗进而对靶组织进行分析。刺激信号20e可在1~1MHz的很宽的范围内。在不同的实施方案中,刺激信号以低频率传输,然后传输治疗信号(通常为460+/-60kHz)。在一个实施方案中,刺激信号低于400kHz。在其它实施方案中,探测信号在1h~100kHz范围内,具体为0.25,0.5,1,5,10,25,50和75kHz。在另外实施方案中,刺激信号的传输频率高于治疗频率,因此可大于520kHz。此外,刺激和治疗信号20e和20t的频率和功率的差异可利用本领域已知的电路学(circuitry)和控制算法进行监测和设点控制。而且对于一个或多个电参数来说,这两个信号间频率和功率的差异可以不同,从而使阻抗测定的准确度和精确度达到最高,并降低来自治疗信号20t的干扰(如出血结束(bleed over))。这些电参数包括但不仅限于阻抗、治疗电流、治疗频率、刺激电流和刺激频率。
在各种的实施方案中,引导器12为可弯曲的、分节的并易于操作,它可包括光纤(既能照明又可成像的纤维),液体和气体通路,以及传感器和电线。在一个实施方案中引导器12既能用于穿刺组织又可在组织内进行操作。这可通过使用与组织穿刺末端16连接的可弯曲部分来完成。穿刺末端16可以是针或套针,可为引导器12的一部分或与之相连接。引导器12可被充分弯曲沿任何所需的方向移动,穿透组织到达所需的组织位点5’。在相关的实施方案中,引导器12被充分弯曲至其移动路径的反向并向回移动。这可通过可弯曲材料和/或在此所述的偏向机械来实现。此外,引导器12的近端可连接一个手柄24或把手24。把手24可拆卸并包括接口24’和致动器24”。
一个或多个传感器22可与引导器12、弹性元件18或能量传输装置18e连接。在一个实施方案中,传感器22可包括一个或多个传感元件22m,后者可设置在弹性元件18的管腔72内并可在单个的元件18内推进、推出或与外部的弹性元件18相连接。传感器22可包括多个设置在多个弹性元件18内的传感器元件组22mpl。此外,仪器10还可具有沿长型的元件12排列和位于靶组织外部其它位置的传感器22,用于计量和测定电源20末端之间整个电路的总阻抗(如通过患者身体和地垫)。总的阻抗可以监测并用于提高靶组织局部阻抗测定的准确度和精确度。
阻抗传感元件22m,或与弹性元件18连接的传感器22可单独或同时使用来探测多个部位的靶组织5’从而测定多个部位的阻抗,和/或通过多个传导通路22cp进行测定。阻抗传感元件22m或传感器22的排列可以控制,这样可利用遥测技术和阻抗的反馈来确定组织、肿瘤或组织结构的组织类型和局部解剖图。
阻抗传感元件22m还可以一定的曲度从元件18展开共同限定一个体积5sv(亦称为取样体积5sv),该体积经阻抗传感元件组22mpl进行立体取样。总之,展开的阻抗传感元件22m的元件组22mp或展开的弹性元件18的元件组18pl与传感器22连接可构成一个三维的或立体的阻抗传感器阵列22a。通过在不同部位或平面的传感器22,传感器阵列22a可在包括肿瘤组织5”的靶组织部位5’进行立体取样(如在多个部位及通过多条传导通路进行取样)。传感器阵列22a进一步可配置成能同时对体积5sv或组织部位5’内的多个部位取样,进而执行下列一顶或多项功能:(i)对肿瘤组织5”定位,(ii)分辨能量传输装置18的位置或展开距离,(iii)监测切除的体积,(iv)通过比较两个或多个位点间(如已知的正常组织和疑为疾病的组织)的信号进行组织探测识别。在不同的实施方案中传感器阵列22a和/或元件组18pl可用于限定取样体积5sv的多种形状,包括但不仅限于半球形、球形、椭圆形、圆锥形、锥形、多面形或四面形。
每一个弹性元件18可包括有一个或多个阻抗传感元件22m和/或传感器22,后者可以多种形态排列以完成在先所述的一项或多项功能(如组织鉴定、切除监测等)。现参见图3a,传感元件22m可进行阻抗测定,其可通过两个或多个元件22m进行双极测定或以单极方式测定一个或多个选定的元件22m与共用的地电极(如接地电极或地垫电极)间的阻抗。两种方式的转换可通过逻辑源和/或开关或者通过与阻抗监测装置19或电源20连接或整合的转换装置29进行控制。此外,转换装置29允许操作者确定和选择一个或多个传导通路22cp来测定阻抗。在实际应用中,这些和相关的实施方案允许操作者选择许多传导通路并以22pp的方式约束或确定感兴趣的取样体积5sv。此外,在这些实施方案中利用转换装置29使操作者可通过选定的通路同时或序贯测定阻抗。不仅如此,转换装置29和/或仪器10可配置为允许操作者在通路间进行动态变换或转换来完成下列一项或多项功能:
(i)改变通过选定取样体积的通路的数量,从而提高信号的分辨率和预测组织状态的统计学可信度。
(ii)改变两个或多个传导通路间的夹角;
(iii)改变取样体积的大小;(iv)在第一和第二取样体积间转换;以及(v)同时比较两个取样体积。
在图3b所示的实施方案中,传导通路22cp可包括主要通路和替代通路。替代通路可与主要通路呈一定角度并且可与主要通路有交叉点。合适的角度在1~360°范围内,具体实施方案中为距离主要通路的侧轴22la为30,45,90和270°。或者,替代传导通路可与原始通路共有一个或多个点或者与原始通路平行但补偿一定的侧向距离22ld。此外,阻抗的重复扫描包括扫描和连续雷达式扫描(如从取样体积的一侧向另一侧连续取样,与雷达类似),可通过所选取样体积中一个或多个选定的传导通路来监测切除的时间过程以及提高图像分析的信噪比和信号的分辨率。
改变阻抗测定中传导通路的角和/或侧向补偿有许多方法,包括但不仅限于:(i)选择性地使传感器22或传感元件22m关或开;(ii)利用转换装置29选择性地将传感元件22m从单极方式转换为双极方式,反之亦然(在射频实施方案中);(iii)配置可旋转和/或转向的传感器阵列;(iv)在相同或不同的装置中使用或设置第二阵列。转换可通过转换或复合装置29来完成,后者可由在此所述的逻辑源19lr来编程和控制。
在一个实施方案中,来自替代传导通路或通路组的资料可与主要传导通路的测定数据整合用来分析和成像,或在另一个实施方案中可单独分析和显示以使用户能比较源于主要通路和替代通路的测定结果和图像。前一方案的优点是更具代表性并且阻抗的取样一致,而后一方案则可测定取样体积内阻抗的一致性。
在实际应用中,这种实施方案可使医生对组织取样或成像的体积大于单通路取样,并可对多个组织取样,包括在不重新设置仪器或阻抗阵列的情况下同时取样。这一功能减少了操作过程的时间、普遍增加了仪器的实用性。此外,这种实施方案还可通过选择传导通路来控制取样的形状和大小,使其只对感兴趣的区域取样以消除来自周围非靶组织的任何可能的掩盖或不需要的阻抗,从而可提供关于靶组织的更准确和更具代表性的信号。此外,可转换通路夹角的能力消除或降低了阻抗测定中的任何方向偏斜。最后,由于对指定的组织进行更大的和按体积分布的取样,利用多通路阻抗测定法来测定选定体积的阻抗将更具代表性,可提高阻抗测定的准确度和精确度以及在一维或三维上提高图像的分辨率。
现参见不同实施方案中的图4a-4c,阻抗传感元件22m可以多种几何排列和关系排列在22a中,从而可利用不同的传导通路22cp对组织5sv的不同体积进行自动取样。这种实施方案有助于改善对源于指定取样体积5sv的阻抗信号19p的采集、准确度和分析,以补偿信号的滞后、干扰(由于能量传输等)、方向偏斜或其它误差。它们还可对两个或多个组织同时取样和比较从而进行组织鉴定。
现参见图4a-4c,传导通路22cp可具有多种可供用户选择的配置和位置。在一个实施方案中,传导通路22cp可在取样体积5sv内均匀分布或间隔分布。这可利用元件22m经转换装置29实现或通过二者的结合来完成。或者,传导通路可与一个或多个传感元件22m,引导器或肿瘤体积5”本身排成一列。在图4a所示的一个实施方案中,一个元件22mc可置于体积5sv的中心、其它的元件22m置于其周围,这样刺激电流在传导通路22cp的一组22pp中通过到达取样体积5sv的中心,并从该中心到达位于周围的阻抗传感元件22m。在实际应用中,这种配置测定的取样体积5sv的阻抗是每一传导通路所测阻抗的均值,因此与单通路测定相比该方法对选定组织的阻抗取样更具统计学代表性。元件22m可集合起来与电源20的阳极端连接,以元件22m作为反回电极并与电源20的回路末端连接。
在图4b所示的相关实施方案中,元件22mc可与元件22m偏心设置和/或位于元件22m限定的取样体积的外围。同样,这一实施方案可为取样体积提供平均的、更具代表性的阻抗测定。然而,这种配置也更容易测到阻抗的不一致性并对其定位,因此容易测到在组织周围或非中心部位的组织的性质。利用转换装置29可将任何一个传感元件22m动态转换到回返电极,通过快速扫描取样体积周围不同的部位更容易地检测可能的不一致性所在的位置。
另外,如图4c所示,元件22m可包括一个第一阵列(如垂直阵列)和一个第二阵列。第一阵列可旋转从而通过不同的传导通路到达第二阵列,以便对不同的组织体积取样和/或对同一体积多次取样(通过不同的传导通路)来提高测量的准确度和精确度并减少噪音。在实际应用中,这一实施方案还可通过比较由第一阵列22a1限定的第一组传导通路22cp1和由第二阵列22a2限定的第二组传导通路22cp2测定的阻抗来监测不完全切除。
在不同的实施方案中仪器10可通过转换装置或多路调制器29或者在此描述的或本领域已知的其它转换方式对靶组织5’内不同的部位同时取样。在图5所示的一个实施方案中,第一组选定的传导通路22cp’可用于对第一个体积5sv1取样,第二组选定的传导通路22cp”对第二个体积5sv2取样,而第三组选定的传导通路22cp”’可对由具有多个传感器尖端的元件18或传感元件22m限定或限制的更大的或总的取样体积5sv3进行取样。每一取样体积可产生一个独立的阻抗分布图19p。因此取样体积5sv1、5sv2和5sv3分别产生阻抗分布图19s1、19s2和19s3,可利用模块19m的比较/图形识别算法或其它软件或计算方法对上述分布图的全部或部分进行两两比较或与阻抗分布图数据库19db进行比较。在相关的实施方案中,对每一取样体积测定的阻抗信号可利用模块19m或其它计算方法进行整合或分析来测定每一取样体积的阻抗向量22v和阻抗位置22i(如阻抗向量22v1、22v2、22v3;和阻抗位置22i1、22i2和22i3)。
现参见图6,在一个实施方案中一个或多个传感器22或传感元件22m可与一个阻抗测定和监测装置19连接。监测装置19包括在此描述的电路用于测定刺激电流产生的电压进而计算阻抗。此外,监测装置19还可用于测定、计算和记录复合阻抗,由多种组织生物电特性(包括阻抗电导、电容等)生成阻抗分布图19p和复合阻抗分布图19pc。在一个实施方案中,监测装置19可包括逻辑源19lr(如微处理器)和存贮器19mr(如RAM或DRAM芯片)用于分析、贮存和显示组织阻抗分布图19p和/或其它来自传感元件22m和/或探测阵列22a的生物电信息。阻抗监测装置19还可与显示装置21连接来实时显示或贮存阻抗分布图和阻抗监测装置19生成的其它数据。显示装置21的实例包括阴极射线管(CRTs)、液晶显示器、等离子显示器、平板显示器和类似的装置。显示装置21还可与一个外部计算机结合连接到阻抗监测装置19。
在不同的实施方案中,阻抗监测装置19或电源20的配置可具有但不仅限于以下特征:
(i)包括典型的阻抗分布图数据库的存贮器;
(ii)一个以阻抗为基础进行组织类型和/或状态诊断的读出窗口;
(iii)人工智能算法/编程使发生器能得知新获得的阻抗扫描结果;
(iv)用户能进入发生器并教它根据组织活检或病理学资料得出的正确的组织类型和状态。
(v)能够同时在多频率进行阻抗测定以提高速度、准确度并降低干扰;
(vi)能够用非侵入垫(如电生理垫)测定复合阻抗并以非侵入性方法对靶组织进行评价。
(vii)能够监测一个参考信号和/或患者的基础电生理状态作为比较阻抗读出的基值并作为提供给用户的附加信息;
(viii)可编写程序以利用参考信号或信号通过数字扣除、压缩和本领域已知的其它信号处理方法来解释滞后、信号噪音、交叉和其它信号干扰,从而改善信噪比、信号敏感度或分辨率。
在不同的实施方案中,仪器10与阻抗监测装置19结合可对组织进行鉴定、鉴别、切除监测并描绘组织大小和结构。在具体的实施方案中,监测装置19可利用从传感器22、传感元件22m或阵列22a获得的阻抗信息对组织进行鉴定。在此将讨论利用阻抗测定法进行组织监测和鉴定的背景。由于组成和形态不同,不同的组织类型具有不同的电学特性(如电导、电感、电容等),因此尤其是在一定的频率下时它们对电能的传导不同。例如肿瘤组织特征性地具有比正常组织显著高的时相,尤其是在低频率时。当组织暴露在一个或多个特定频率的刺激电流下时,根据电学特性,特别是电导的这些差异可生成指定组织类型或状态的特征性的阻抗分布图19p。阻抗分布图19p具有一个或多个峰值、曲线和其它形状可作为组织类型或状态的指纹图。相应地,通过分析阻抗分布图19p并比较峰值、曲线形状、阈值等,分布图19p在本发明的实施方案中可用于鉴定组织的类型和状态,如恶性肿瘤、多血管状态、坏死、热损伤等。相关状态也可用这种方法进行鉴定,包括异常突变组织、异常分裂组织或含氧量低的组织。
此外,许多组织类型(包括肿瘤组织,如转移组织)具有标记性的分布图19p,可利用方式识别技术或本领域已知的算法很容易地进行鉴定并与分布图数据库相匹配。相应地,仪器10可包括一个电学算法或软件模块19m,位于监测装置19的逻辑源19lr或微处理器339中,它可用于分析阻抗分布图19p(包括真实的和假想的成分)并进行组织鉴定和/或对一个或多个取样体积5sv进行组织鉴别。模块19m可包括图形识别算法、曲线拟合、模糊逻辑或其它本领域已知的数字方法。在一个实施方案中,模块19m还可用于将分布图19p与存贮器19mr中的分布图数据库19db进行比较,并用曲线拟合或其它本领域已知的数字方法来提供并显示一个与指定组织类型或状态比较后得出的相关系数或统计学概率指标(如p值)。
在不同的实施方案中,可分析阻抗和其它生物电特性来测定组织类型或状态,包括但不仅限于复合阻抗(真实和假想成分)、细胞外阻抗、细胞内阻抗、间质阻抗、细胞膜电容、细胞内电容。在一个实施方案中,监测装置19可只分析阻抗分布图或其它生物电特性测量中的一些选定频率,这些频率已知可对选定的组织特征进行鉴定或与之相关,而不是分析分布图的全部频率。这些频率可从已存在的数据库中或利用在此所述的扫描频率方法进行的体内测定来选择。这一方法可加速处理时间,使用户能利用较少的计算机资源更快地进行评价和诊断,进而可降低控制和显示仪器的大小、能量需求和复杂性。
现参见图7-10,在相关的实施方案中仪器10和监测装置19可利用复合阻抗曲线来鉴定和描绘不同的组织类型和状态。相应地,监测装置19可测定、生成和显示复合阻抗的曲线和分布图19pc。曲线可以是二维和三维的。在二维图中,x-轴可以是真实成分、y-轴为假想成分,而三维图可包括一个时间或频率轴。这可通过模块19m内的算法来实现,模块19m从阻抗阵列22a输入信息进行本领域已知的复合阻抗计算和在此描述的曲线拟合或转换功能,然后将阻抗分布图19p输入到显示装置21进行显示。如图7a和7b所示,由于在不同频率下组织的传导能力不同,在一定范围的刺激频率下进行测定可生成一个阻抗频率反应曲线500(图7a)或一系列复合阻抗频率反应曲线(图7b)。利用图7a或7b中任何一条反应曲线,可选择一个特定的频率用于阻抗、复合阻抗的测定和分析,这对指定组织类型或状态具有最大的敏感性和/或生成一个对所需组织类型或状态具有最大预测价值的复合阻抗曲线。这种选择可利用在此所述的方法进行或通过一套能代表所需组织状态体外测定标准进行标定,通过用户的视觉测定/评价或二者结合。
如图8a-8c所示,在一个实施方案中,可用多频率下进行的阻抗测定监测切除过程。在切除过程中,阻抗在一些频率下会升高、降低或有升有降。通过汇总多条曲线的阻抗资料,切除过程或端点测定的总体预测值将大大增加。相应地,利用鉴别诊断方法学,切除监测算法或模块可用于寻找在不同频率下测定的两个或多个阻抗曲线的阻抗特征性曲线形状、斜率、阈值等,作为切除端点的预测指标。这些信息可用于提供更可靠的临床端点指标,并监测和调整切除能量或切除疗法向所需部位的输出。与之相似,图8d所示,切除前、切除中和切除后阻抗频谱的差异也可用于监测和评价切除过程。
在图8e-8g所示的相关实施方案中,复合阻抗曲线可用于监测和评价切除的过程,包括在此所述的临床端点的测定。此外,如图9a-9c所示,仪器可利用复合阻抗曲线来鉴定和描绘不同组织类型、肿瘤等。相关实施方案可生成和显示复合阻抗的三维图,以时间或位置作为第三轴。在位置的三维图中,阻抗位置502可以计算并能以图表形式表示,这些图表如图10所示或利用本领域已知的其它图表形式,包括2维图表。此外,阻抗位置还可用于描绘切除过程,并能对射频或微波电流或其它切除能量向量进行向量分析(如切除能量的大小和方向),还可进行细胞坏死的生理指标的向量分析(如细胞间质导电性的改变)。在不同的实施方案中,阻抗位置可帮助对靶组织内肿瘤体积、切除体积或其它所需组织或体积进行定位和显示。阻抗位置5li(二维或三维)的生成和显示可为医生提供一个易于识别的关于切除、肿瘤或其它所选组织的位置、大小或运动的视觉线索。
除了鉴定组织类型外,监测装置与阻抗探测阵列还可用于实时监测切除过程的进展,包括能量输出至靶组织形成切除体积的进展过程。这降低了靶组织周围的组织被切除的危险性。通过监测组织内部和内部以外不同点的阻抗,可测定所选组织的边缘,以及何时细胞坏死的过程完成。如果在任何时间点探测结果确定已达到或超过某个阻抗水平或切除端点,则适当的反馈信号将输入至能量源,然后能量源终止或调整输出到电极的切除能量的水平。在切除结束后传感器阵列还可探测和检查靶组织以确定对所要切除的体积是否完全切除。通过传感器阵列探测切除区域可评价切除的三维体积,同时还可测量所切除的位于肿瘤组织以外的正常组织的余量。
现参见图11,在一个监测切除过程的实施方案中,利用监测装置、能量源或其它本领域已知的生物电信号监测方法全程监测与两个或多个传感元件或阵列相邻的组织取样体积的阻抗信号强度510。切除端点的测定可依据信号510的一个可选择的阈值514或曲线506的折点或其斜率(如导函数)的变化点512或者两者结合。在一个实施方案中,信号506为靶组织切除过程的实时测量504减去附近非切除组织的基础(或参考)阻抗测定值508。这补偿了过程中任何信号或组织滞后。阈值514和信号510可输入并贮存在与阻抗监测装置连接的逻辑源中或整合到控制着能量传输的电算法中,后者可贮存在与电源相连的控制器或处理器中。
现在进一步讨论引导器,在不同的实施方案中,引导器可为套针、导管、多腔导管,或用金属线加强的或金属丝编绕的多聚体的杆,穿刺装置,皮下穿刺装置,长型的传输装置或其它本领域熟练技术人员已知的医学引导装置。在不同的实施方案中,引导器和弹性元件沿着各自的长轴可具有不同的机械特性,包括(但不仅限于)可变的硬度,扭力,裂断强度,挠曲模量,推动特性,跟踪能力和其它导管领域已知的机械性能参数。参见图12a,这可通过使用沿引导器长度522设置在引导器内的硬杆部分520来实现。它还可通过使用置于引导器各部位的编织物来完成,后者直径不同/带锥度且材料不同(如硬性材料与易弯曲材料结合)。由不同材料制成的520部分可用本领域已知的引导器结合方法连接起来,这些方法如热融接,可用也可不用导管/整型器(capture tubes/collates),粘接,按钮连接及类似方法。可以选择/控制连接方法从而将两个部分间机械过渡段12mt的梯度控制在理想的范围(如平缓或陡直)。在相关的实施方案中,引导器12和/或元件18可具有较硬的近端部分和较易弯曲的末端部分,从而促进以下一项或多项功能:(i)提高引导器的引导能力并将引导器末端16设置在一个可选择的靶组织部位,(ii)降低引导器置入组织部位过程中穿孔、擦伤及其它创伤的危险性。在不同的实施方案中,从较硬部分向较易弯曲部分的转换可以(i)逐渐的线性或曲线线性过渡,(ii)阶梯或突然的过渡,或(iii)二者结合。
参见图12b和12c,沿着引导器12长轴可具有大致环形、半环形、椭圆形或新月形的横截面12cs,及其结合。与之相似,在引导器12的全部或部分长度上管腔13可具有环形、半环形、椭圆形或新月形的横截面。
适用于引导器12和弹性元件18的材料包括但不仅限于不锈钢、形状记忆合金(如镍钛合金)、聚酯、聚乙烯、聚氨基甲酸乙酯、
Figure C0282355600231
聚酰胺、尼龙、上述物质的共聚物和其它本领域熟练技术人员已知的医用塑料。引导器12的全部或部分可包被光滑的涂层或膜524,这可降低引导器12与肝、肺、骨和其它组织之间的摩擦(和创伤)。这种涂层可包括但不仅限于硅氧烷、PTFE(包括
Figure C0282355600232
)和本领域已知的其它涂层。此外,仪器10的全部或部分(包括引导器12和元件18)可用本领域已知的材料构造,这些材料已优化和/或适合用射线进行消毒(如Gamma或E射线)。在相关的实施方案中,仪器10的全部或部分(如腔的直径与长度比等)可用液体(如H2O2)消毒。
现参见图13,在其它的实施方案中引导器12的全部或部分或弹性元件18可用转向机械25和本领域已知的其它转向方法进行转向和/或推进,转向机械25包括拉线15、棘轮、凸轮、弹簧锁、压电材料(piezoelectric)。引导器12的转向数量可能选择,并可使引导器12在组织、器官、器官管腔和血管内进行斜向转动。在具体的实施方案中,引导器12的末端可转动0-180°或更大的角度可达三维,使引导器12的末端能向后退行。转向机械25可与手柄24上一个可移动的或可滑动的致动器24”,25’连接或整合。转向机械25及其连接的致动器25’使医生能选择性地控制引导器12的末端16或其它部分转向的数量。致动器25’可通过旋转与纵向运动结合使末端16旋转或转向。
现参见图14,在不同的实施方案中引导器12的近端可与把手24或手柄24连接。手柄24为可拆卸的,可包括接口(ports)24’和致动器24”。接口24’可与一个或多个引导器管13连接(进而与电极腔72连接),并可包括液体和气体接口/接合器和电学或光学接合器。在不同的实施方案中,接口可用于吸引(包括组织吸引)和运送冷却液、电解液、灌洗液、聚合物和在此所述的其它液体(液态的和气态的)。接口可包括但不仅限于锁紧接口、阀门(单向,双向)、塔菲-布斯特(toughy-bourst)接头、型铁(swage)接头和其它本领域已知的接头或医学接头。接口还可包括莱蒙(lemo)接头、计算机接头(串联的、并联的、DIN等)、微接头和本领域熟练技术人员已知的其它电学接头。此外,接口可包括光电子连接,使光纤和/或浏览器与光源、接目镜、视频显示器及类似物品进行光学和电子连接。致动器24”可包括振荡开关、枢轴杆、按钮、旋钮、棘轮、杠杆、滑道和本领域已知的其它机械致动器,其中全部或部分可被索引。这些致动器可与拉线、转向机械和类似物品进行机械、电子机械或光学连接,使用户能选择性地控制和引导引导器12。手柄24可通过接口24’与组织吸引/收集装置26,液体传输装置28(如灌注泵)、液体储存器(冷却液、电解液、灌洗液等)30或电源20连接。组织吸引/收集装置26可包括与过滤器或收集室/袋连接的注射器、真空装置。液体传输装置28包括医用灌注泵、哈佛(Harvard)泵、注射器及类似物品。在具体实施方案中,吸引装置26可用于胸腔穿刺术。
现讨论电极或弹性元件18和传感元件22m,针对特定的组织部位时这些元件的大小、形状可不同并且可具有不同的机械特性。在一个实施方案中,元件18可为针形,其大小在28-12号针范围内,具体实施方案中为14、16和18号针。弹性元件18在引导器12内时为非展开状态。在非展开状态时,弹性元件18可以是压缩状态、具有弹性并通常设置在引导器12内,或如果由合适的记忆金属(如镍)制成则基本为直的。当弹性元件18从引导器12推进后它们将因弹性或形状记忆而膨胀成展开状态,从而限定切除体积5av进行组织切除(详见图1和2)。可通过下列一个或多个方法实现选择性的展开弹性元件18:
(i)弹性元件18从引导器12推进的量;
(ii)弹性元件18从引导器12独立推进;
(iii)电极18和18’能量传输表面的长度和/或大小;
(iv)电极18所用的材料的不同;
(v)选择电极18的弹性或形状记忆的量;
(vi)在展开状态时电极18几何结构的不同;
(vii)当电极18从引导器12推进时预先形成假定的曲度。
正如在此所述,在不同的实施方案中弹性元件18的全部或部分可为能量传输装置或元件18e。现在讨论能量传输装置和能量源,特殊的能量传输装置18e和电源20可用于本发明的一个或多个实施方案中,包括但不仅限于以下情况:
(i)与微波天线连接的微波能量源,可提供频率在915MHz至大约2.45GHz的微波能量。
(ii)与射频(RF)电极连接的射频电源;
(iii)与光纤或光管连接的连续光源;
(iv)与光纤连接的不连续光源;
(v)热液体通过闭合的或至少部分开放的管腔与导管连接来接受热的液体;
(vi)冷液体通过闭合的或至少部分开放的管腔与导管连接来接受冷的液体;
(vii)致冷液体;
(viii)与导线连接的电阻加热源;
(ix)与超声发射器连接的超声能量源,其中超声能量源产生300KHz至3GHz左右的超声能量;(x)上述情况的结合。为了便于讨论剩余的应用情况,能量传输元件18e是一个或多个射频电极18并且能量源采用射频电源。在这些及相关的实施方案中,射频电源20可向能量传输装置18e的电极输出5~200瓦(较理想的为5~100瓦,更好的为5~50瓦)电磁能量而不受阻碍。电极18与电源20通过电磁连接。这种连接可以是电源20分别与每一个电极18直接连接或通过筒夹、套管及可连接一个或多个电极与电源20的类似物质进行间接连接。
在不同的实施方案中,包括至少一个传感器22和传感元件22m的电极18可具有不同的形状和几何形状。现参见15a-15f,示例形状和几何形状可包括但不仅限于环状、球形、半球形、圆柱体、圆锥体、针样及其结合。参见图16,在一个实施方案中电极18可为足够锋利的针形,可穿刺下列组织:纤维化组织,有被膜的肿瘤、软骨和骨。电极18的末端可具有一个1-60°的切角,较理想的为至少25°或至少30°,具体实施方案中为25°和30°。电极18表面可为光滑或有凹或凸的纹理。电极18可具有不同的长度38从引导器12的末端16’推进。这一长度可由电极18e的实际物理长度、电极18能量传输表面18eds的长度38’和覆盖绝缘体36的电极长度38”来决定。合适的长度38包括但不仅限于1-30cm,具体实施方案中为0.5,1,3,5,10,15和25.0cm。电极18的传导表面积可为0.05mm2-100cm2。电极18的实际长度有赖于待切除组织的部位、电极与组织部位的距离、电极可进入性以及医生是否进行内镜检查或手术操作。同时,传导表面积18eds与要切除的体积相关。
现参见图17和18,电极18还可配置成可弯曲和/或可转向的,具有一个或多个可超过180°弯曲半径70。在实际应用中,电极18可对任何选定的靶组织进行加热、坏死或切除。一个射线不穿透的标记11可包被在电极18e上用于显影。电极18可与引导器12和/或推进元件或装置15或推拉元件连接,连接方法可为锡焊、铜焊、焊接、弯边、粘接或医学装置领域已知的其它连接方法。此外,电极18可包括一个或多个与之相连的传感器22用于测定(电极和周围组织的)温度和阻抗、电压和电流以及电极和邻近组织的其它物理学特性。传感器22可位于电极18末端或中部的外表面。
电极18可由不同传导材料制成,可为金属的和非金属的。电极18适宜材料包括钢,如可用于皮下的304不锈钢,以及铂、金、银和合金以及上述物质的结合。此外,电极18可由各种形状的具有传导性的实心或空心直导线制成,如圆形、扁平、三角形、长方形、六边形、椭圆形和类似的形状。在具体的实施方案中,电极18或第二电极的全部或部分可由具有形状记忆的金属制成,如镍钛(NiTi),可从Raychem公司,Menlo Park,California购买。
现参见图19-22,在不同的实施方案中一个或多个弹性元件或电极18可包被绝缘层36,从而形成一个完全或部分绝缘的外表面并提供一个非绝缘区作为能量传输表面。在图19所示的实施方案中,绝缘层36可包括一个固定的或可延电极18长轴滑动的套用于改变和控制能量传输表面的长度。绝缘层36的适宜材料包括聚酰胺和碳氟化合物聚合物,如特氟龙(TEFLON)。
在图20所示的实施方案中,绝缘层36以圆环的形式排列在电极18的表面,留下一组能量传输表面。在图21和22所示的实施方案中,绝缘层36沿电极18的表面纵向延伸。绝缘层36可沿电极上选定的距离纵向延伸并可选择性地环绕在电极圆周上的某些部位。在不同的实施方案中,电极的一些部分具有沿选定的纵向长度延伸的绝缘层36,同时在电极的一个或多个环形部分又具有完全环绕的绝缘层。置于电极18表面的绝缘层36可为多种多样的以限定能量传输表面任何所需的形状、大小和几何要求。
现参见图23a和23b,在不同的实施方案中电极18可包括一个或多个与一组液体注入口23(可为孔)连接的管腔72(其可与管腔13接近或相同),由此各种液体27可注入,包括电导增强液、电解液、生理盐水、冷却液、致冷液、气体、化疗药物、药物、基因治疗药物、光疗药物、对照药物、灌注介质及上述物质的结合。这可通过如下过程来完成:液体注入口或孔23流动性地连接到一个或多个与管腔13连接的管腔72,后者进一步与液体容器和/或液体传输装置28相连。
在图23a所示的实施方案中,电导增强液27可灌注到靶组织5’内。电导增强液可通过能量传输装置在能量传输之前、之中或之后灌注到组织部位。将电导增强液27灌注到靶组织5’可产生一个电导性增加或可控制的组织灌注区域(与非灌注组织相比)可作为增强电极40或可控制组织电阻的区域40。在射频能量传输过程中,组织阻抗和增强电极40内的电流密度被控制在最佳水平,从而可向电极40和靶组织5’传输更大的射频功率,而不会因局部阻抗过强导致射频电源关闭。在实际应用中,用电导增强液灌注靶组织有三个主要的益处:(i)缩短切除时间;(ii)产生较大的创面;(iii)减少与阻抗相关的射频电源关闭。这是由于电导增强液降低了电流密度并且防止电极附近组织的脱水,而组织脱水可使组织阻抗增加。此外,这些及相关的实施方案可显著降低患者垫烧伤的危险性,这是由于所用的较低功率可降低患者皮肤与接地垫电极间的电流密度。
电导增强液的一个较好的例子是高渗盐水。其它例子包括卤化盐溶液、胶体铁溶液和胶体银溶液。增强电极40的导电性的增加可通过控制灌注的速率和灌注量和使用较高浓度、较强导电性的电解质(如盐水)来实现。在不同的实施方案中,利用电导增强液27可将高达2000瓦的功率输送到组织部位,在具体实施方案中为50、100、150、250、500、1000和1500瓦,可通过调节灌注液的流速、灌注量和浓度来实现。溶液27的灌注可以是持续的、脉冲式的或二者结合,并可通过在此所述反馈控制系统329进行控制。在一个具体的实施方案中,大量的灌注液27在能量传输前注入,然后利用能量传输装置18e或其它手段在能量传输前或传输过程中持续注入灌注液27。
在不同的实施方案中,仪器可包括阻抗测定、组织切除功能,并且不仅能灌注液体还能控制靶组织部位的组织阻抗。图23b显示了一个用组织灌注来控制阻抗的切除仪器的实施方案。在这个及相关的实施方案中,液体传输装置28可以为多个注射器28s、多孔注射器28b组成的注射泵,其中每一注射器与独立的液体腔或管72直接相连或通过如分度阀的阀门连接。灌注装置28的相关实施方案可包括分度阀以及一个或多个多腔管或多通道管,后者通过引导器管腔13或其它位于引导器12外部的通道与电极管72连接的。多通道管可由FEBAX,硅酮、聚氨基甲酸己酯或其它用本领域已知的挤压技术制作的弹性聚合物制成。利用分度阀可以通过单一的管腔72独立地控制流速,进而单独控制通过电极18的灌注。由此可进一步更好地控制灌注过程,包括在单个电极18周围产生更小或更大的灌注区域。这种控制对双极实施方案尤为有益,在此类实施方案中为了避免短路最好是在一个或多个双极电极18和反回电极间不形成连续的灌注区域。
正如在此所述,组织切除仪器可利用灌注液体27来控制或维持靶组织部位的组织阻抗。在不同的实施方案中,这可通过利用反馈控制装置、系统、液体传输装置控制器以及在此描述和本领域已知的算法(如比例算法(Proportional)、比例积分(Proportional-integral)控制或比例积分导数(Proportional-integral-derivative)方法)来实现。此外,如图23c所示,反馈控制系统可与液体传输装置(或液体传输控制器,资料未显示)和阻抗监测装置连接,以接收监测装置的输入或监测信号并向装置输出控制信号。液体向组织部位的传输可为流速和压力控制。相应地,在不同的实施方案中,控制系统通过流经一个或多个通道的灌注流速、通道内灌注液体的压力或二者的结合来调节阻抗。流速可控制在大约0.01~2.5ml/每通道的范围内,具体实施方案中为0.1、0.25、0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5和2.0ml/分钟。压力可控制在0.01~5大气压,具体实施方案中为0.1、0.25、0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5和2.5大气压。
具有相关特征的液体传输方法和切除仪器的其它实施方案可适用,如2001年5月10提交的U.S.专利申请60/290,060,该文件的内容在此结合作为参考。
现讨论在本发明各实施方案中可被测量和控制的阻抗类型,包括系统阻抗和局部阻抗。局部阻抗是指沿靶组织内传导通路22的阻抗,在双极实施方案中可测定一个或多个电极间的阻抗。系统阻抗是指沿传导通路的局部阻抗、身体其它部位(腹部、腿、皮肤等)与接地垫电极间的阻抗、地垫电极的阻抗、射频发生器的阻抗、套针或传输装置的阻抗、电极阻抗,以及连接仪器的一个或多个元件与在此所述的装置和元件(如射频发生器等)的所有相关导线的阻抗。在双极实施方案中,局部阻抗可通过测量沿传导通路的两个或多个电极间的阻抗直接测定。或者用间接方法测定阻抗,即在切除治疗前测定系统阻抗的基值,然后从切除治疗过程中所测得的阻抗中减去基值。在相关的实施方案中,仪器和射频发生器的阻抗可利用定标装置或预定标的组织/机体阻抗模拟器进行预先设定。这些值可储存起来并从系统阻抗的实时测定值中减去得出局部阻抗。
局部阻抗可测定一个或多个电极间的阻抗或测定中空电极内部和外部之间的阻抗,后者是通过用绝缘涂层包被电极外的一部分从而使电流从电极非绝缘的外部和内部之间流过。或者电极的全部或部分包括具有一个内部电极和一个外部电极的同轴电缆。
现讨论本发明各实施方案中所用的阻抗测定和计算。在一个实施方案中,通过阻抗测定装置或功率发生器测定的阻抗为系统阻抗。系统阻抗包括从靶组织测定的局部阻抗(LI)和身体其它部位的阻抗(BI),以及地垫与发生器和导线的局部阻抗。具有代表性的情况是,身体其它部位的阻抗(BI)是固定的而局部阻抗(LI)是可变的。这使得用户可间接测定局部组织阻抗,方法是(在射频能量传输之前或开始时)测定阻抗基值,然后再减去基值。测定局部组织阻抗和系统阻抗后可计算阻抗功效(IE)。该值是局部组织阻抗与系统阻抗的比率(LI/SI)。通过IE值还可计算另一参数,即功率逸散功效(PDE)。该值是射频功率在靶组织部位实际逸散的量(因电阻产热)与射频发生器传输的总功率或指定的功率的比率。可通过IE乘以射频功率得出PDE的理论值。PDE达最大值可以使在损害部位逸散的功率达到最大,因此创面热和热所致的坏死也最大。通常,较高的PED可使切除更快、更大并且更理想而垫烧伤的危险降到最小,这是由于降低了切除所需的功率,继而患者皮肤与地垫或与射频连接的反回电极之间介面的电流密度也降低。
可通过多种方法对PDE进行优化/最大化,包括在此所述的控制系统和方法。相应地,本发明的各实施方案可通过控制下列参数中的一个或多个来实现PDE的优化,包括但不仅限于靶组织阻抗,该靶组织阻抗包括是靶组织与电极距离的函数的靶组织阻抗梯度,电极阻抗,电极表面阻抗,系统阻抗和靶组织电流密度,该电流密度包括电流密度梯度,该梯度是靶组织与电极距离的函数。这些参数中的一个或多个可通过在此所述的控制系统和方法进行调定点(set point)控制。在图23所示的实施方案中,PDE通过将系统阻抗和/或局部阻抗控制在最佳值526或范围来最大化。以往的射频切除方法通过将系统阻抗减到最小来实现向组织部位传输最大的功率。本发明的实施方案利用了一个与之相反的新方法,通过将阻抗(局部阻抗或系统阻抗)控制在高于最小值的水平或控制在最佳值以使PED达最大值。这一最佳值高于最小值,因为当局部阻抗太小时,与身体其它部分(如腿、躯干及地垫与皮肤间的介面)相比靶组织部位的功率逸散会降低。本发明的多种实施方案采用了这一方法与以往的射频切除方法存在根本的不同,后者认为组织阻抗越低越好。本发明的实施方案是通过将增加局部阻抗使IE值增加从而增加分配到组织部位的功率。
如图23d所示,组织阻抗低于最佳值阻抗526时导致曲线530的分配功率528迅速降低(如二次幂下降,曲线下降或对数下降),而阻抗值高于最低阻抗时表现为较缓慢的线性或渐进的下降。利用这条及相关的曲线,可通过控制局部阻抗来控制分配到靶组织的功率,而局部组织阻抗可通过调节导电溶液的灌注速率或在此所述的其它方法来控制。相应地,在不同的实施方案中,局部组织阻抗不仅可设定最佳阻抗值或最佳阻抗范围532,而且在切除治疗的过程中可维持在高于或低于最佳阻抗的水平。在实际应用中,这使医生可根据具体肿瘤体积的大小、形状和硬度以及例如邻近或位于血管内等的局部解剖特性,来更精确地调节切除能量的传输。此外,这些及相关的实施方案可使医生在切除过程中快速地增加或减少传输功率,而不必改变射频发生器的能量设置。本发明的各种实施方案包括预先编程的流速分布图或程序(储存于在此所述的存贮器中),从而产生一个在切除过程中随时间改变的局部阻抗分布图。例如,可以程序控制流速:首先在曲线530线性部分的右侧进行操作使传输功率逐渐增加,然后将阻抗值移至最佳阻抗,进而在切除即将结束时移至最佳阻抗的左侧使传输功率迅速降低。这种实施方案有利于将切除即将结束时对周围正常组织的损害降至最小。或者,可采用一个相反的分布图。相关的实施方案包括在最佳阻抗的左右具有多个间隔的灌注/阻抗分布图。仪器还可配置成允许医生根据单个肿瘤的需要人工控制流速/阻抗分布图。灌注/阻抗分布图数据库可贮存在存贮器或数据库中。
正如在此所述,不同实施方案中可通过向靶组织灌注导电溶液控制局部阻抗来控制和维持最佳阻抗。这可通过从传感器和/或电极向控制系统输入测定结果来实现,该控制系统与在此所述的灌注装置具有电子连接。在不同的实施方案中,控制系统可为闭合的环路系统,采用了比例算法、比例积分算法,以及控制或比例积分导数方法以及本领域已知的模糊逻辑算法。控制系统可通过控制灌注液中电解质的浓度/盐浓度来控制灌注液的流速和导电性。再参见图23a,对灌注液中电解质的浓度/盐浓度的控制可通过如下两种方法实现,一个控制阀将稀释液与容器连接或将容器设计为具有两个或多个腔室分别装有浓缩的和稀释的电解液。在这两种实施方案中,可利用本领域已知的导电性/pH传感器来监测电解质浓度的输出,从而通过控制阀将两种溶液按一定比例混合以得到所需的电解质浓度。
在相关的实施方案中,可控制两个或多个处理参数从而将局部或系统阻抗维持在最佳阻抗值。在一个实施方案中,可以控制射频发生器功率和灌注速率同时控制局部或系统阻抗。在阻抗太低的情况下,射频功率可升高而灌注速率降低。这可通过将液体汽化或将液体从靶组织部位驱出和/或使液体从组织部位消散来使靶组织部位干燥。或者,可将液体传输装置与真空装置连接或通过负压将液体从靶组织吸出至电极腔或引导器的腔。当阻抗太高时灌注速率可升高而射频功率降低。
在不同的实施方案中,最佳阻抗或阻抗范围可维持在5~200欧姆,较理想为30~150欧姆。在具体的实施方案中为10,15,20,30,40,50,75,80,90,100,110和120欧姆。最佳阻抗值可通过定标软件程序和/或定标检测设备(在此未显示)来测定,定标检测设备可通过本领域已知的生物医学仪器标定方法模拟局部组织和/或身体阻抗。在实际应用中,医生可将切除仪器或导管与射频发生器连接从而测定指定导管发生器组合的最佳阻抗的唯一值。或者,每个导管在生产地即利用本领域已知的生物医学仪器标定方法进行了标定。这一值可以贮存在本领域已知的微处理器或ROM芯片中,后者可整合在仪器中或与仪器相连,并能用电传送测量装置和/或发生器的信号。此外,控制系统、测量装置或发生器可使医生人工输入最佳阻抗的值。
在图23e所示的实施方案中,可控制溶液的灌注来控制位置阻抗的分布图或梯度534(其为与电极距离的函数),以及功率逸散梯度536。最佳阻抗梯度538可以选择,进而产生最佳功率逸散梯度540来优化分配到靶组织的功率。在一个实施方案中,可控制灌注流速来维持切除过程中阻抗梯度基本恒定(如形状和位置)。或者,流速可根据需要升高或降低,这可通过控制系统329来改变切除射频功率传输过程中阻抗梯度来实现以优化切除体积并缩短切除时间。降低灌注速率(和/或降低电解质浓度)可使阻抗梯度移到右侧从而使更多的能量传送到靶组织,以便在很短的时间内产生更大的切除体积。增加灌注速率可使阻抗梯度移到左侧从而使组织脱水达到最小程度,并且炭化和防止或降低阻抗诱导的发生器关闭(又称为阻挡关闭(impeding out))。在另一实施方案中,液体的灌注可产生一个恒定的阻抗分布图546,548或梯度增加的阻抗分布图542,544。利用最佳阻抗梯度可解释靶组织(尤其是邻近电极的靶组织)内的阻抗差异,这有利于更精确或更精细地控制切除过程。在不同的实施方案中,阻抗梯度534可以为线性、对数、二次幂、三次幂或其它多次幂函数。可用于产生这种梯度的流速程序或子程序可贮存在存贮器或逻辑源中。
接下来讨论传感器,在多种实施方案中,传感器包括全部或部分弹性元件。回过头来看图19,其中弹性元件18由传导材料构成,传感器221的长度由设置可滑动的或固定的绝缘层36所决定。也是在多种实施方案中,传感器22可由下列物质制成:各种传导性材料和本专业所熟知的材料,如不锈钢、铜、银、金、铂和合金及复合材料。现在参见图24,与之类似,传感器22或传感元件22m的全部或一部分可包括有导电的金属外层或导电的聚合材料覆层22c,后者通过业界熟知的方法包被或沉淀到弹性元件18的所选部分上,这些方法有,喷涂、真空沉淀、包被、光刻法及类似方法。在一项相关实施方案中,传感元件22m和/或传感器22可沿其长轴的全部或一部分具有一种电阻梯度22g。这种电阻梯度可呈线性升高或下降,也可以呈二次幂、三次幂、指数或其他形式。在一项特殊实施方案中,电阻梯度被设计用于对电阻损失(如电压)和/或沿传感器22长轴发生的滞后现象的补偿,以及传感器22的整体电压的变化,源于传感器22在温度和/或传导/感应的长轴22lc(和区域)上的变化,这种变化的发生可能源于可滑动绝缘层的伸展或缩回,或因为传感器与切除的、烧毁的组织或其他粘连组织的移动。在此及相关实施方案中,该梯度可以设计成在传感器22的远端22d产生最小电阻(如,最大导电性)并且向近端方向呈现增加移动。这种梯度的产生可通过使用被覆层22c,如改变被覆层的厚度或成分,或二者皆用,沿传感器的长轴221使用业界熟知的方法。而且,通过对沿传感器长轴或区域电阻改变或损失的补偿,这些和相关实施方案也可改进对复杂阻抗的实际和假想成分的检测。在其他相关实施方案中,根据传感器长度221,电阻梯度的方向可呈放射状或放射状与线性相结合。
在另一项实施方案中,传感器可包括许多业界熟知的生物医学传感器,如热传感器、声学传感器、光学传感器、电压传感器、电流传感器、pH值传感器、气体传感器、流体传感器、位置传感器、压力/阻力传感器等,且不限于此。热传感器可包括热敏电阻、热耦合器、电阻导线、光学传感器及类似物。声学传感器包括超声波传感器,后者包括压电传感器,可呈阵列排列。压力/阻力传感器包括扭力计量传感器,后者包括硅基扭力计量仪。
在一项实施方案中,可选择传感器以在测量阻抗的同时测量温度,以补偿在测量阻抗时任何因温度相关的偏差或磁滞现象。相应地,在一项实施方案中,来自温度传感器或温度计算装置的反馈信号可输入此处提及的阻抗计算装置以补偿上述偏差。对温度的监测也可用于对能量传输的实时监测。如果在某一时间,来自传感器的数据显示所需的细胞坏死温度超标,则一个合适的信号被送往控制器,后者然后调整传输到电极的电磁能量大小。
现在参见图25a-25c和26a-26c,在一项实施方案中,由传输电磁能量产生的切除体积的位置和大小可通过传输切除能量的频率进行控制。低电磁能量频率如射频频率(如1kHz-1MHz)产生一个较局限的能量浓度(如,电流密度),导致从侧距18dl或其他方向看,能量浓度区或切除区5az紧靠能量传输电极/天线。较高频率的能量如微波则产生一个较远的能量浓度和切除区。如图25a-25c所示,通过改变能量传输的频率和/或能量传输电极/天线与不同频率的能量源耦合,切除病变组织的部位、形状和大小可得到精确控制。这可通过将一个或多个电极18进行电学分离以允许各个电极使用独立频率而获得。这种电路和控制方式可用于开关单个电极或天线,以及控制/调整各个电极的频率。在使用过程中,这些和相关实施方案有如下优点,使得病变的大小、位置和形状可被精确控制和/或操作,从而满足对靶组织的治疗需要。
参照图25b和图25c,在多个实施方案中,一个或多个电极可包括有节段性部分18sp,使得电极18的不同节段18sp可发射或放射不同波长的能量。通过采用电子绝缘段36s可获得这种节段性。
在图25b显示的实施方案中,使用节段性电极可产生一个节段性的切除区域5az,后者包括第一个和第二个节段区5azs1和5azs2。这些节段切除区的大小和形状可通过间断或重叠来控制。该实施方案还可以对一些解剖结构如血管、神经等的损伤,这些结构与待切肿瘤紧密相连或被肿瘤包裹。例如,在图25b所示的实施方案中,节段切除区5azs1和5azs2可被定大小和定位(通过控制传输到各个电极的切除频率),从而在每个切除区间有足够的空间以避免对血管5bv或其他重要结构5as的损伤,上述结构位于两个或更多的电极18之间。另外,如果需要,传输到各个电极节段区的切除频率可被设定以产生一个重叠的节段切除区域5az,如图25c所示。
在使用过程中,医疗人员对仪器设置进行定位,然后对靶组织成像(使用业界熟知的成像系统如医用超声或CAT扫描技术)以辨别肿瘤和重要的结构,并利用上述图像控制能量传输装置的输入频率以产生所需的病变大小和形状,从而在保护重要结构的同时完整地切除肿瘤。在一项实施方案中,图像可以电子方式贮存,并被分析以辨别肿瘤和周围的解剖结构(采用业界熟知的图像处理技术如成像仪器处理器自带的边缘判定算法),从而输出反馈到与功率供应相耦连的功率控制软件模式,控制功率频率以产生所需的切除体积。上述和相关的实施方案的另一个好处在于,可在靶组织位点产生一个能量或热量梯度。也就是可以将更多或更少的能量送达靶组织空间中的具体部位,从而控制能量的传输以符合某一特定肿块、甚至肿块的各处部分的物理学和热学情况。这是一项重要的技术,因为肿瘤常常在形态学上、因而也在热学上呈非均一性,该问题是目前的切除治疗方法尚未认识到或未解决的。
使用上述技术的例示实施方案包括将较大量的能量输送到肿瘤的中心区、而将少量能量输送到边缘,从而在中心区产生较高的温度以确保完全切除、将对周边健康组织的热损害危险减到最小。另外,在射频针或探针(或其他刺入性能量传输装置)插入肿瘤或周边组织造成的组织腔道内也选择性地用较高的能量,从而保证在射频针抽出时没有活的肿瘤组织随之被抽出。
参见图3和图27,本发明的多个实施方案可从一个或多个阻抗参数,包括但不限于复合阻抗、阻抗向量、阻抗位置或复合值等,产生并显示图像或图形。在一项实施方案中,用于生成和显示阻抗图形或阻抗图像4’的步骤100包括下述一个或多个步骤,这些步骤的所有或一部分可作为电子设备装配入一个处理器或在此提及的逻辑源。阻抗阵列22a和/或设备10可设置101在所需样本体积5sv的内部或周围,和/或传导路径22p可被选择105以确定、并因此选择110一个特定的样本体积5sv。接着应用传感元件22m或传感器22(包括阵列22a)的全部或一部分可将该空间成像200。然后获得一项决定300,以对样本体积进行一次或多次重成像以增强图像分辨率。而且,在靶组织位点可采用不同的切除电流并随着时间推移重复测定电压,从而通过增加采用和减少信号偏差增加测定的准确性和精确性,上述信号偏差可发生于某一特定的切除位点。来自阻抗阵列22a的信号22i可接着被传送或输入400到逻辑源19lr,后者包括模块19m,该模块还可包括一个图像处理亚模块19mi。亚模块19mi包括亚路径或算法,用以对靶组织空间的全部或部分生成一个阻抗图形或衍生图像4’,其采用的图像/信号处理技术包括但不限于边缘判定、滤过、近似技术、空间成像、对比增强、模糊逻辑和其他业内熟知的技术。另外,来自阵列22a的一个和多个信号22i可输入或传达500到存贮源19mr(或一个外源耦合数据存贮装置)并以整套阻抗数据22s贮存在存贮源19mr。接下来,根据下述方法将整套数据22ds输入到亚模块19mi并进行处理600,以生成一个阻抗图形或阻抗衍生图像4’,后者可以显示700在显示装置21或其他显示方式上。于是作出一个决定800,以一个新的样本体积进行成像,该处理过程可在定位步骤101或选择传导路径步骤105进行重复。在一项实施方案中,通过沿轴12al旋转阵列22a或从传感元件18推进、回抽一个或多个传感元件,或二者结合起来进行,可以有利于成像或图形过程。
在一项实施方案中,模块19m或19mi可包括采用拉普莱斯(Laplace)方程的算法以在靶组织空间内根据在一个或多传导路径22cp内测得的已知电压和电流计算电阻率(impedivity)或电阻系数。参考计量或标准化方法要用于补偿测量过程中的噪音。在相关实施方案中,在此述及的阻抗和其他生物电参数可通过分析、从功率域转换成时间,使用转换函数如弗埃尔(Fourier)转换、快速弗吕尔转换、子波分析方法和其他业内熟知的计量方法。上述函数和方法可以整合到模块19m或19mi中的算法或亚路径中。这些整合了子波函数和转换(包括信息包)的算法可用于分析和解决多维和多频数据及相关的函数和方程。该方法使得在应用子波分析阻抗、传导率和其他应用本专利的系统和设备收信的生物电信号时有更大的灵活性。下述一个或多个子波函数可被整合进入模块19m或19mi的一个算法或亚路径中去,如曲线子波(spline wavelets)、波型建模和分段、时间-频率分析、时间-频率定位、快速算法和滤过堤(fast algorithms and filter banks)、积分子波转换(integral wavelet transforms)、多分辨率分析(multiresolutionanslysis)、基数样条函数(cardinal splines)、标准正交子波(orthonormalwavelets)、正交子波空间(orthogonal wavelet spaces)、哈雾、香农和迈耶子波(wavelets of haar,Shannon和meyer)、巴特勒玛尔和斯特罗姆博格样条子波(spline wavelets of battle-lemarié and
Figure C0282355600371
)、道比奇斯子波(daubechies wavelets)、双正交子波(biorthogonal wavelets)、正交分解和重建(orthogonal decompositions and reconstruction)、以及多维子波转换(multidimensional wavelet transforms)。在一项实施方案范例中,模块19m或19mi采用曲线子波从而在均匀或非均匀组织样本上分析并合成离散的数据而不受任何边界的影响。
图像模式19mi也可包括亚路径以从一个样本容积中获得的图像数据系列中的单个确定阻抗值间进行插补,如线形、四方形或立方形齿形插补。这样就提高了图像质量包括分辨率而对空间或对比细节没有明显影响。在相关的实施方案中,图像处理模式19mi可以设计成允许使用者选择内插(interpolative)或其他图像处理算法并使图像区域进行上述处理。因此,使用者可以选择以图像的全部或部分进行增强,从而加快图像处理时间(通过无需对整个图像进行处理)同时提高图像质量和成像仪器/系统的其他可用性。图像处理模式19mi还可以包括灰阶和色彩对比功能,这些均为可选功能。灰阶和色彩均要成阶或标准化,其来源于从单个患者、计算测量值或来个患者样本群的统计值(如中间值)或善于患者人群的测量值(如平均值)或上述值的联合。
在相关实施方案中,显示器19和模块19mi可以设计用以生成含肿瘤组织和健康组织间最大可视区别或对比度的阻抗图像。通过使用频率或频率组合以获取所选组织型别或提示某种肿瘤(如血管温度等)的组织状况。在一项实施方案中,通过测定扫描频率,采用一个或多个频率从而产生健康组织和肿瘤组织或其他组织状况(如热损伤、坏死等)间的最佳对比度从而生成一个阻抗图形或图像。
参照图28和29,反馈控制系统329可以能量源320、传感器324、阻抗阵列322a和能量传输装置314和316相连。反馈控制系统329接收来自传感器324的温度或阻抗数据,能量传输装置314接收的电磁能量大小可通过切除能量输出、切除时间、温度和电流密度(即“四参数”)的初始设定所调节。反馈控制系统329可自动改变上述任何四参数。反馈控制系统329可检测阻抗或温度、并根据其中一个或二者改变四参数中的任何参数。反馈控制系统329可包括一个多数传输器(数字或模拟的)以多路传输不同的电极、传感器、传感器阵列,以及一个温度检测环路,后者提供一个可代表在一个或多个传感器324测定的温度或阻抗的对照信号。微处理器可与温度控制环路相连。
下述讨论特别包括采用一种射频能量作为本仪器的切除能量源。为了讨论的需要,能量传输装置314和316将称作射频电极/天线314和316,而能量源320被称为射频电源。然而,其他能量传输装置和能量源在同样可能应用,同时与治疗仪器相关的类似装置可能采用激光光纤、微波和一些类似装置。对组织或射频电极的温度进行监测,而能量源320的传输功率相应进行调整。如果需要,医生可以不考虑该封闭或开放的系统。
本仪器使用者可根据仪器内部和调控点输入一个阻抗值。根据这个阻抗值,以及测定的阻抗值,反馈控制系统329可以确定用以传输射频能量的最佳功率和时间。通过反馈控制系统329自动调节功率输出对温度进行调节。
在另一个实施方案中,反馈控制系统329为基线设定确定一个最佳功率和时间。切除的体积或创面首先在基线时确定。检查切除病变的完成情况可通过将能量传输装置316从导管的远端送到与所需的病变大小相一致的部分、同时监测创面周围的温度使得该温度足以产生所需的创面。
闭环系统329也可采用控制器338监测温度、调节射频功率、分析结果、反馈结果并调整能量。更具体地说,控制器338控制射频能量传输到电极314和316的功率水平、周期数和时间,从而获得适用于达到所需的治疗目标和临床端点的功能水平。控制器338也可采取串联分析的光谱形式19p,完成组织活检和包括治疗端点在内的切除监测功能。控制器338还可呈串联控制电流、冷却液以及抽吸出的组织的移除。控制器338可与能量源320整合或者耦合。在此以及相关实施方案中,控制器338还可与分离的阻抗测定定电源317耦合,可用于同步到达组织部位脉冲能量的传输,从而使得传感器或传感器阵列322a在能量间歇期以避免或使传感器或传感器阵列322a取样时信号干扰、人为因素或不必要的组织影响减到最少。控制器338与可与输入/输出装置(I/O)耦合,如键盘、触摸板、PDA、麦克风(与控制器338或其他计算机内的语言识别软件耦合)或类似物。在一项实施方案中,电源317可以是一个多频发生器,如由惠普公司(Palo Alto,California)的产品,该产品可以与同一公司生产的频谱分析器耦合或包括在其中。
参照图28,图示反馈控制系统329的全部或部分结构。射频电极314和316(也称为初级和二级射频电极/天线)传输的电流由电流传感器330测量。电压则由电压传感器332测量。阻抗和能量于是在能量和阻抗计算装置334中得以计算出来。这些数据可以在用户端或显示器336上显示。代表能量和阻抗的信号被控制器338接收,后者可以是一个微处理器。
控制器338产生控制信号,其与实际测量值和所需值间的差异相匹配。控制信号被能量电路接收用以将能量输出调节在一个合适的水平,从而保持传输到相应初级和/或二级天线314和316的所需能量。在一个类似方式中,由传感器324测定的温度为保持一个所选能量提供反馈。实际温度由温度测量装置342测得,该温度在用户端和显示器336上显示。控制器338产生的控制信号与实际测量温度和所需温度间的差异相匹配。控制信号被用于电源电路340以将能量输出调节在一个合适的水平,从而保持传输到相应传感器324的所需温度。多路调制器346可用于测定电流、电压和温度,在许多传感器324以及在初级电极314和二次电极316间传输和分配能量。合适的多路调制器包括在下述产品中,但不限于此:National
Figure C0282355600391
公司(Santa Clara,Ca.)的产品如CLC 522和CLC 533系列,以及Analog公司(Norwood,Mass)的产品。
控制器338可以是一种数字或类似控制器,或包括有嵌入、常驻软件或耦合软件的计算机。在一项实施方案中,控制器338可以是
Figure C0282355600401
公司(Santa Clara,Ca.)生产的
Figure C0282355600402
系列处理器。如控制器338是一台计算机,它可以包括一个通过系统总线耦合的CPU。该系统中可以有一个键盘、一个磁盘驱动器、或其他非可变记忆系统、显示器和其他外围设备,如本专业如熟悉的那样。与该总线耦合的还有一个程序存储器和一个数据存储器。在各种实施方案中,控制器可与影像系统耦合,包括但不仅限于超声、CT扫描仪(包括快速CT扫描如由公司(South San Francisco,CA)生产的产品)、X线、MRI、乳腺成像X线和类似产品。另外,还可采用直视或触觉成像。
用户端界面和显示器336可包括操作者控制器和一个显示器。在一个实施方案中,用户端界面可以是一个PDA,如业内所知,由
Figure C0282355600404
Computing(Santa,Ca.)生产的
Figure C0282355600405
家庭计算机。界面336可配置成允许使用者输入控制和处理数据,使控制器能产生合适的指挥信号。界面336也可接收来自一个或多个传感器324的实时处理反馈信号供控制器338处理,以管理能量、液体等的传输和分配。
电流传感器330和电压传感器332的输出被控制器338采用,用以在初级和二级天线314和316保持所选的功率水平。传输的射频能量大小对功率大小进行控制。传输功率的图形可以被整合到控制器338,还可以对预设大小、用于传输的能量形成图形。
环路、软件和向控制器338的反馈导致对处理过程的控制,对所选功率的保持,也可用于改变(i)所选功率,包括射频、微波、激光和其他类似物,(ii)功率周期(开-关和瓦特数),(iii)双极或单极能量的输送,以及(iv)灌注介质的输送,包括流率和压力。这些过程变量受控且可变,而维持所需的功率输送不依赖于电压或电流的变化,而是基于传感器324监测到的温度。控制器338可整合入反馈控制系统329以控制电源的开关,以及对电源进行调控。而且,通过使用传感器324和反馈调节系统329,邻近射频电极314和316的组织可在所选的一段时间内维持于一个所需的温度,而不会因为在电极314及其附近组织出现过程的电阻导致关闭通往电极314的电路。
参照图29,电流传感器330和电压传感器332与一个模拟放大器344的输入端相连。模拟放大器344可以作为与传感器324一起使用的传统差值放大电路。模拟放大器344的输出端接下来与模拟多路调制器346相连,进入A/D转换器348的输入端。模拟放大器344输出的是一种电压,代表了相应的感应温度。A/D转换器348提供的数字扩增输出电压去往微处理器350。微处理器350可以是Motorola公司的Power
Figure C0282355600411
芯片或
Figure C0282355600412
系列芯片。然而可以理解,任何合适的微处理器或一般用途的数字或模拟计算机可用于计算阻抗或温度,或进行图像处理以及组织辨别。
微处理器350连续接收和贮存代表阻抗和温度的数字信号。由微处理器350接收的每个数字信号与不同的温度和阻抗相对应。计算出来的功率和阻抗值显示在用户界面和显示器336上。另外,或除了以数字表示的功率或阻抗,计算得出的阻抗和功率值可以通过微处理器350与功率和阻抗限量作比较。如果上述数值超出预设的功率或阻抗值,在用户界面或显示器336会发出警告,而且输送的射频能量会被减弱、调整或中断。来自微处理器350的控制信号可以改变由能量源320提供给射频电极314和316的功率水平。在一个类似方式中,传感器324检测的温度可提供用以确定下述参数的程度或比率的反馈信号:(i)组织过热,(ii)细胞坏死,和(iii)达到所需的坏死细胞边缘时传感器324的物理位置。
参照图30,在一项实施方案中,设有一个或多个阻抗测量装置19、电源20、显示装置21和控制系统,控制器可以合并或整合进入单一的控制、显示装置或单元20cd。装置20cd可以通过装配显示下述一个或多个成分:阻抗图形19p、组织位点图像4’、肿瘤体积图像4”、切除体积图像4av、时间温度图形、组织辨别信息和切除设定信息(如功率设定、传输时间等)。装置20cd也可用于将切除体积图像4av叠加在肿瘤体积图像4”或组织位点图像4’上,以及将可视线索4c叠加在仪器10(包括在肿瘤体积或一个组织位点内的能量传输装置)的设置位点(包括合适的和不合适的位点)上。装置20cd也可包括用以在一个或多个轴上操作任何图像(4’、4”或4av)的控制按钮20ck。
参照图31,在多个实施方案中,阻抗检测装置或控制系统在出现某种系统阻抗或功率条件时可从第一种测量阻抗模式转变为第二种模式。在一种实施方案中,第一种阻抗测量模式是这种做的:采用射频治疗功率,使用测定的电流和电压计算阻抗,如下所述。然而,当系统阻抗显著升高,导致射频治疗功率水平下降至某个阈值以下时,局部阻抗测定的准确性和精确性下降,部分源自与射频功率系统噪声水平有关的阻抗测定电流减少。该问题并未被现有的射频切除/阻抗测定装置所认识或提及。在这种条件下,位于监视装置内的逻辑源可以被构造成被切换到测定局部阻抗的第二种模式。导致模式转换的阈值项目是可选的,包括下述一个或多个:治疗(如射频)功率阈值下降、系统阻抗增加、射频功率或系统阻抗曲线的斜率(如导数)改变。在多个实施方案中,射频治疗功率的阈值水平导致模式转换,可从1瓦特到50瓦特,在特定的实施方案中为5、10和25瓦特。
如图31所示的一项实施方案中,测量阻抗的一个备选模式包括了将一个功率周期测量信号20e叠加至治疗信号20之上。信号20e的脉冲时间20pd范围可以是1到500毫秒,在特定的实施方案中为50毫秒、100毫秒和250毫秒。信号20e的功率周期20dc可以是1-99%,在特定的实施方案中为10%、25%、50%和75%。监视器、电源或控制系统可用以控制测量信号的功率放大以保持所选的整体信号放大20at。在一项实施方案中,整体信号放大20at可从大约5瓦特到大约50瓦特,其特定的实施方案为10、20、30和40瓦特。而且,功率周期、脉冲时间和整体信号放大可以被控制,从而在功率周期上输送一个可选择的功率,可从大约0.5瓦特到大约10瓦特,其特定的实施方案为1、2.5和5瓦特。通过控制叠加在功率周期上的平均功率,更高的测量电流被用于短脉冲时间,而不会影响传输的治疗功率、系统表现力或导致额外的、不需要的能量传输到靶组织。
在实际使用中,有关包括被叠加的功率周期测量的阻抗测定的备选方案的上述或相关实施方案,其具有的好处在于,在高系统阻抗和/或较低传输射频功率水平(如切除功率)的条件下提高了阻抗和相关生物-电子测量的精确度和信噪比。
在相关的实施方案中,调整功率周期和/或脉冲时间可用以改变对一个或多个所选参数的反应性,这些参数可包括治疗信号的频率、治疗信号的功率或治疗信号的阻抗。脉冲时间或功率周期的变化可由一个控制系统和/或阻抗监测装置或功率供应的逻辑源所控制,其控制方式为业界所熟知,如PID控制。在实际应用中,上述实施方案允许阻抗测定被连续微调以改变系统状态,从而提高阻抗和相关生物电参数测量的准确性和精确性。
图32显示一个组织切除系统或仪器550,其中大部分已在上文阐述。该仪器通常包括一个控制单元55,用以根据图33(下面有更详细的描述)所示的方式进行操作。控制单元与射频电源554(如上述能量源)相连,用以控制从能量源到多电极切除装置556(型号如上述)中的电极的能量输出,如功率输出。控制单元552和能量源间的连接,如560所示,可以是任何传统电子或机械控制,如,一个继动器(servomotor),通过它来自控制单元的电子信号可用于改变射频电源554的功率输出。
能量源的输出与一个多电极切除装置的电极连接,如上所述,用以改变输送到电极的射频功率、电极在靶组织内(如前所详述)展开时改变仪器的切除率。
控制单元也可与一个灌注装置558(如一个泵或类似物相连),用以控制液体的流率和/或压力,如盐溶液,通过液体输送管提供给电极或切除装置中的其他液体灌注管腔,如561如示。单元552和灌注装置间的连接如562所示,或以受任何电或机械控制,如一个继动器,通过它来自控制单元的电信号可用来改变泵出率或压力,液体据此由装置558输送到切除装置。
切除装置和控制单元间的电连接553被用于传输与携带在切除装置电极上的温度传感器输出有关的电信号,如上所述,或传输与电极和一个身体外表面间电流(用于整体阻抗测定)和电极与某个电极区域间的电流(用于局部阻抗测定)有关的电流信号。这些阻抗和/或温度测量值可以是一些瞬间数值,或与阻抗和/或温度随时间变化相关的数值。
图33是一个流程图,显示在控制单元中的各种功能和操作,这些与控制射频电源和控制灌注装置有关。在开始,需注意的是控制单元可自动控制能量和灌注装置的操作,而无需使用者的干预,或者向使用者提供信息,如怎样控制能量装置和灌注装置中的一个或两个的操作水平,以优化切除步骤,特别是在确保完整切除组织的同时使周围健康组织的炭化或伴随损害达到最小。
如564所示,使用者在开始时可输入靶组织的类型,如肝肿瘤、骨肿瘤或类似物。控制单元优先贮存与组织阻抗特性和/或加热率以及特定组织类型阻抗改变情况相关的数据,在给定的功率水平下,尤其在有灌注液时。如下如见,根据在系统操作初始阶段检测到的阻抗和/或温度变化情况,这种内部数据将用于切除装置的电极在其中展开的组织正是所需的组织类型。
当使用者着手将装置插入患者体内、在靶组织内展开电极、确定组织切除的备选体积时,系统便开始通过该装置灌注液体,同时还控制能量装置传输低功率、脉冲射频能量到达展开的电极,如566所示。低功率脉冲用以产生整体或局部电流参数,目的是为了在电极展开时测定整体或局部阻抗值,如568和570所示。在展开过程中供应电极的功率也足以在电极周围产生非常局限的热量,使电极易于进入靶组织。当与所需组织体积相关的电极展开角度已经达到时,切除装置也可通过连接器553(图33)向控制单元传输信号。
在电极展开的过程中阻抗(和/或温度)的测量可与贮存在控制单元中的组织特导性阻抗或温度数据进行比较,以确定包括在电极在的组织实际上就是所选的组织。如程序发现不匹配,如574所示,控制单元就会向使用者发出信号按要求重新展开电极。如确定组织无误,程序将继续,向使用者表示开始切除步骤,或自动显示切除操作阶段,由能量源提供的功率水平进一步达到所需的水平,同时还可以增加进入组织的灌注液体流率,如576所示。
一旦开始进行切除操作,系统将在靶组织位点进行持续和阶段性的阻抗和/或温度测定,同时进行自动或使用者控制的功率水平和/或灌注率的调整,以得到所需的切除速率和程度,如570所示。如上所述,当上述调整自动进行时,控制单元分别自动调整装置554、562的功率水平和/或灌注率(图32)。另外,控制单元可以有一个显示器,向使用者表明需要调整的方向和程度,以及作上述调整所作的控制动作。
在整个调整期间,控制单元接受间断和重复的阻抗和/或温度数据,后者被处理以引导对能量和灌注装置的控制。数据处理的操作如图32底部所示。开始,如580所示,程序询问温度是否已升到足够高(按要求应尽可能在一个短的时间内完成切除,与合适的组织切除目标相一致)。如果温度上升速率低于所选的阈值,控制单元将运行(或建议使用者)以调整功率和/或组织灌注的速率、提高加热速率,如通过增加功率或减少灌注。程序还询问测得的阻抗是否超出了所需的阈值,如582所示。如果测定的阻抗过低,同样程序将运行(或建议使用者)以调整传输到电极的功率和/或离子灌注到组织的速率。该过程被重复直到温度变化和阻抗水平均在所选的可按受的范围。
程序还监控阻抗峰值,后者提示炭化或过热。如果发现上述情况,通过逻辑决定584,控制单元将运行(或建议使用者)调整功率水平或灌注速率以最大程度减少阻抗峰值。
假设所有上述变量均在可接受的水平,系统将得到合适的调整以使切除过程最大化,也就是说,以大约最大速率完成切除且不引起组织炭化(或过多组织被炭化)或周边健康组织的伴随损伤。程序接着监控在电极区域何时获得完全的切除,如586所示。如果切除不完全,程序将以现有的功率和/或灌注速率,或调整到合适的水平,继续切除。
如果局部切除已完成,系统将询问整个靶区域是否已切除,如558所示。如答案为是,则程序操作结束,系统终止或功率下降到一个较低水平/灌注水平。例如,在电极撤离或导管撤离的过程中向电极传输一些射频能量,使得在切除装置撤离患者体内的过程中减少健康组织暴露于肿瘤细胞的危险。
如果整体切除尚未完成,系统将给使用者信号使电极进一步展开,上述切除过程被重复直到靶组织被最终切除。
结论
本申请提供了一种新颖而有用的诊断和治疗肿瘤的仪器和方法,其采用了包括确定组织阻抗的最小侵入性方法。上述对本专利各种实施方案的描述源自说明和描述之目的。但并未将本专利局限在公布的形式中。本专利实施方案可用于但不限于对多种器官如肝、乳腺、骨和肺中组织表面或内部的肿瘤或组织肿块的治疗。而本专利的实施方案同样也适用于其他器官和组织。显然,熟悉本领域者可以对本发明作各种改良和变动。另外,一种实施方案的元件可以轻易与其他一个或多个实施方案的元件进行组合。这些组合可组成本专利范围内的多种实施方案。本专利的范围应由所附权利要求及其等同物所界定。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于切除靶组织的细胞坏死仪器,在手术条件下包括:
长型的输送装置,该输送装置具有一个管腔;
能量输送装置,包括一组电极,每个电极有一个组织刺入端,以紧凑方式置于长型的输送装置内,且在展开时可成弧形,这一组电极在展开时从长型的输送装置到达所选组织位点、显示出运动方向的变化并界定待切除的体积,所述能量输送装置可操作地连接到一个能量源;
电极组中的至少两个用于输送液体通过至少一个灌注接口,该灌注接口分布于电极组上,其中所述电极组中的至少两个中的每一个均包括一个用于输送液体通过的独立的灌注管腔;
液体传输装置,与电极组中的至少两个的灌注管腔可操作地连接,用以传输液体通过上述至少一个灌注接口,进入靶组织;
能量控制单元,可操作地连接到:(i)能量源,以控制能量传输到能量传输装置,以及(ii)能量传输装置,以用于检测阻抗;
用于液体传输装置的液体控制器,通过该控制器,从传输装置灌注进入靶组织的液体基于上述被检测的阻抗而受调控,其中所述液体控制器通过独立的灌注管腔可操作地提供独立的灌注控制。
2.根据权利要求1的仪器,其中所述能量控制单元与电极组中的至少一个相连,以确定组织的阻抗。
3.根据权利要求1的仪器,其中通过确定在电极组中至少一个电极上一个或多个位点间传导路径的阻抗,而直接测定局部阻抗。
4.根据权利要求3的仪器,所述的一个或多个位点是同一电极上的至少两个位点,用于确定穿过一个固定距离的局部阻抗。
5.根据权利要求1的仪器,其中的电极组中的至少一个电极是负极,而能量控制单元可操作地与该负极相连。
6.根据权利要求1的仪器,还包括:
位于电极组中的至少一个电极上、且可操作地与能量控制单元相连的温度传感器。
7.根据权利要求1的仪器,其中所述的能量控制单元可操作地与所述液体传输装置相连,用以根据所述的实测阻抗调节来自液体传输装置的液体灌注量。
8.根据权利要求1的仪器,其中的能量控制单元可以进行手动调整以根据所述的实测阻抗来调节传输到所述至少一个电极的能量大小。
9.根据权利要求7的仪器,其中的能量控制单元可以进行手动调整以根据所述的实测阻抗来调节来自液体传输装置的液体灌注量。
10.根据权利要求1的仪器,其中长型的输送装置包括至少一个灌注接口,用于使液体从管腔中通过而到达至少一个灌注接口。
11.根据权利要求1的仪器,其中长型的输送装置可操作地连接到液体传输装置,用于使液体从其中通过而到达所述至少一个灌注接口。
12.根据上述权利要求中的任一项的仪器,其中能量源是射频电源。
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US7344533B2 (en) 2008-03-18
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US20080287944A1 (en) 2008-11-20
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US20030130711A1 (en) 2003-07-10
DE60210111D1 (de) 2006-05-11
ATE320767T1 (de) 2006-04-15
AU2008224345B2 (en) 2011-11-17
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