CN100534181C - 利用健壮特征增加水印的完整性 - Google Patents

利用健壮特征增加水印的完整性 Download PDF

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CN100534181C
CN100534181C CNB028256670A CN02825667A CN100534181C CN 100534181 C CN100534181 C CN 100534181C CN B028256670 A CNB028256670 A CN B028256670A CN 02825667 A CN02825667 A CN 02825667A CN 100534181 C CN100534181 C CN 100534181C
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CN1739295A (zh
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J·C·奥斯特维恩
A·A·C·M·卡克
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Abstract

本发明涉及在时间相关的信息信号中嵌入具有有效载荷的水印图案的方法，包括步骤：确定信息信号中的若干健壮签名，创建相关于若干健壮签名中的至少一个和一个预定义消息的有效载荷，根据该有效载荷而在信息信号中嵌入水印图案。本发明还涉及相应的用于检测信息信号中水印图案的方法和装置。

Description

利用健壮特征增加水印的完整性
本发明涉及用于将辅助数据(比如水印)嵌入到诸如视频信号、音频信号或更一般地多媒体内容的信息信号中的方法和装置。本发明还涉及用于检测所述水印图案的方法和装置，以及用于记录和/或回放信息信号的设备。
辅助数据可以，举例来说，是数字水印，其最好(但不必)是察觉不到的、嵌入/附加到例如包括多媒体内容、视频、音频等的信息/宿主信号的标签。该标签可包括例如版权信息、材料所有者的名字、用户权利等。可以存储在水印中或基于水印而导出的信息通常被称为有效载荷，并用比特表达。注意，术语嵌入水印的“有效载荷”有时也指可以存储在一个嵌入的水印中或基于一个嵌入的水印而导出的信息量。然而，贯串下文的术语“有效载荷”是指基于水印而被传送、嵌入、导出等等的实际值(比如比特串)。
在多数水印方案中，水印是伪随机噪音序列(pn序列)，其以时间、空间，或变换域(例如，傅立叶、离散余弦或小波域)的方式被添加到宿主信号/信息信号中。于是水印检测通常基于水印和被嵌入的宿主信号之间的相关性。在这种情况下，我们拥有用于水印的1比特有效载荷，即噪音序列要么存在要么不存在。
水印的安全性中一个公认的问题是所谓的拷贝攻击。该攻击从一个被嵌入的宿主信号来估算水印，并且随后所估算出的水印可被移植到第二信号中。如果第二信号原先未被标注，则生成一个信号，其在水印方面冒充被嵌入的宿主信号的身份。另外，如果第二信号已经用水印标注，那么这个新创建的信号可能会使水印检测器迷惑。
为了避免拷贝攻击，一种选择是使水印与宿主信号的内容相关。例如在专利申请WO 01/39121中公开的，这是通过从宿主信号内容中提取健壮签名(一组健壮特征)，并且使水印依赖于该签名而完成的。健壮签名是一组代表宿主信号要素的变量。如果，举例来说，宿主信号是视频信号，那么理想地，视频信号所代表的图象中的轻微变化并不导致签名变化，而完全不同的图象则导致根本不同的签名。
当签名变化非常迅速时，比如“瞬间的”视频剪辑，则上述方法导致检测问题。在已知的水印系统中，水印嵌入在宿主信号的帧中。当在宿主信号中检测水印时，在一个时间周期，例如2秒，内的所有帧被聚积在缓冲器中。从而，每个帧中的水印相干地加在一起，从而提高水印检测的信噪比。在聚积步骤后，使缓冲器和水印图案相关，并且将结果和阈值比较。上述思想的一个问题在于，如果在例如10秒的视频材料中检测水印，则在这段时间内签名可能已经改变了四次。假如这样的话，在该检测周期内水印图案也改变了四次，且因此水印并未被相干地加在一起。这导致在信噪比检测中的较少提高。
本发明的一个目的是为在信息信号中嵌入附加/辅助数据提供方法和装置，而该方法和装置解决了上述问题。
这是通过在时间相关信息信号中嵌入具有有效载荷的水印图案的方法(以及相应的装置)来达到的，该方法包括步骤：
·确定若干健壮签名，每个签名是信息信号中的一组健壮特征，该健壮签名在所述信息信号的预定时间间隔内被确定，
·创建相关于所述若干健壮签名中的至少一个以及预定义消息的有效载荷，
·根据有效载荷将水印图案嵌入到信息信号中。
检测信息信号中的辅助数据的相应方法(和相应装置)包括在具有嵌入的水印图案的时间相关信息信号中检测消息的步骤，包括的步骤有：
·检测信息信号中的水印图案并且检测有效载荷，
·确定若干健壮签名，每个签名是信息信号中的一组健壮特征，该健壮签名在所述信息信号的预定时间间隔内被确定，
·利用若干健壮签名中的至少一个从有效载荷解码消息。
本发明的优选实施例在从属权利要求中定义。
因此，水印的有效载荷中的信息依赖于信息信号，并且消息只能结合信息信号中的信息来检测。因此，不可能拷贝水印并将它用在具有不同信息/内容的另一个信息信号上。
图1显示了根据本发明的一个嵌入装置的实施例。
图2显示了根据本发明的检测器的示意图。
图3显示了根据本发明的检测器的详细实施例。
图4显示了用于记录和/或回放具有嵌入水印的信息多媒体比特流的设备。
为方便起见，本发明将被描述为用于嵌入/附加最好不能为人眼所见的标签到视频内容的系统，但该教导显然可应用到任何其它内容，包括音频和多媒体。另外，还描述了用于检测标签的实施例。
图1显示了根据本发明的嵌入装置的实施例。一个源提供将要以辅助信息/水印被嵌入的信息信号X。该源可以，举例来说，提供图象、音频信号、具有多媒体内容的信号，等等。如后面所使用的一个例子，信息信号X是时间相关的。还示出了将水印W添加到信息信号X的水印嵌入装置(105)。
水印W是通过首先在预定的时间间隔内从信息信号X提取若干健壮签名而生成的，每个健壮签名是一组从信息信号X的内容中提取的健壮特征。该提取是利用签名提取装置(101)来执行的，而签名提取装置(101)的输出是签名S。
签名S和消息M一起被用作有效载荷生成装置(103)的输入。该有效载荷生成装置(103)将有效载荷P确定为消息M的签名相关的、可逆函数fs(.)。
P＝fs(M)
有效载荷P以及因此水印图案W都通过水印嵌入装置(105)被嵌入到信息信号P中，并且生成包含水印图案W的信息信号(Y)。
在具体的实施例中，有效载荷P是通过级联消息M和签名S的函数g(.)来生成的，例如
P＝(M，g(S))＝(P1，P2)
如上所述，从信息信号中提取若干签名，并且确定在有效载荷编码期间使用哪个(些)签名的不同方法的例子将在下面描述。
该签名可被随机选取，这将需要存储器装置，以便在水印检测期间要解码有效载荷时使用同样的签名。
该签名还能在若干签名中被选取为第n个签名，例如从信息信号提取的第5个签名。
可替换地，该签名可选取为在预定秒数(在有效载荷保持恒定的T秒的间隔内)之后得到的签名。
作为另一个可替换例，可以选取最健壮的签名，由此将降低在解码期间失败的可能性。可利用预定义的健壮量度来选择最健壮的签名。
另外，要使用的签名可利用关键帧(key-frame)选择。
图2显示了根据本发明的检测器的示意图。显示的是信息/宿主信号Y，其作为一个例子是时间相关的并可能包含待检测的具有消息M的水印。
首先，若干健壮签名在预定时间间隔内从信息信号X中被提取，每个健壮签名是一组从信息信号X的内容中提取的健壮特征。该提取是利用签名提取装置(201)来执行的，而签名提取装置(201)的输出是签名S。
另外，有效载荷P是利用水印检测装置(203)从信息信号Y中提取的。
该签名被用于生成一个逆签名相关函数fs -1并且将有效载荷P作为逆签名相关函数fs -1(.)的输入来从有效载荷P解码消息M，
M＝fs -1(P)
该解码由有效载荷解码装置(205)执行，其将签名S和有效载荷P作为输入并将消息M作为输出。
该签名可依照前述相同的方法结合嵌入过程来选择。当选择签名时，重要的是在嵌入过程中使用的签名也在检测中使用。
水印检测器更详细的实施例在图3示出。签名是通过签名提取装置(301)从信息信号Y提取的。接着在预定义时间间隔内所有收集到的签名{S1，...，Sn}由签名收集装置(302)收集。接着用于检查完整性的装置(303)将签名{S1，...，Sn}与利用水印检测器(304)从信息信号提取的有效载荷相组合。于是关于完整性的信息能被用于控制对信息信号的访问限制。
嵌入的信息可识别，例如版权持有者、内容描述和/或与内容使用相关联的权利。在DVD拷贝保护中，将允许材料被标记为“拷贝一次”、“永不拷贝”、“不再拷贝”，等等。图4显示了用作记录和/或回放带有嵌入水印的MPEG编码比特流的设备，如DVD播放器。该比特流记录/存储在如DVD盘401的信息介质上。记录的信号通过交换机402提供给输出终端403。该输出终端403连接到外部MPEG解码器和显示设备(没有示出)。除非满足其它和本发明无关的条件，否则假定DVD播放器不可回放带有预定的嵌入水印的视频信号。例如，只有当介质401包括所谓的“抖动”密钥(wobble key)时，才可回放添加了水印的信号。为了检测水印，该DVD播放器包含一个如上所述的水印检测器404。该检测器接收记录的信号并响应是否检测到水印和/或辅助数据/消息的值表示什么来控制交换机403。
需要注意，上面提到的实施例是举例说明而不是限制本发明，并且本领域技术人员可设计很多可替换的实施例而不偏离附加权利要求的范围。在权利要求中，放在括号中间的任何引用符号不应理解为限制权利要求。词语“包括”不排除未在权利要求中列出的其它单元或步骤的存在。本发明可由包括若干不同单元的硬件，和借助于适当编程的计算机实现。在枚举了若干装置的设备权利要求中，若干这些装置可由一个以及相同项的硬件具体化。在相互不同的从属权利要求中叙述某些措施的事实并不表明这些措施的组合不能用以获益。

Claims (18)

1.一种在时间相关信息信号(X)中嵌入具有有效载荷(P)的水印图案(W)的方法，包括步骤：
·确定若干健壮签名(S)，每个签名(S)是所述信息信号(X)中的一组健壮特征，所述健壮签名在所述信息信号的预定时间间隔内被确定，
·创建相关于所述若干健壮签名(S)中的至少一个以及预定义消息(M)的有效载荷(P)，
·根据所述有效载荷(P)将所述水印图案(W)嵌入所述信息信号(X)中。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其中有效载荷(P)被创建为签名相关的、所述消息(M)的可逆函数。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法，其中有效载荷(P)通过级联消息(M)和所述签名(S)中至少一个的函数来创建。
4.根据权利要求1或2的方法，其中有效载荷相关于来自所述若干健壮签名(S)的至少一个随机签名。
5.根据权利要求1或2的方法，其中有效载荷至少相关于来自所述若干健壮签名(S)的第n个签名。
6.根据权利要求1或2的方法，其中有效载荷至少相关于来自所述若干健壮签名(S)的最健壮的签名。
7.根据权利要求1或2的方法，其中有效载荷相关于从所述若干健壮签名(S)中选取的签名，利用一个关键帧来选择该签名。
8.一种在具有嵌入的水印图案(W)的时间相关信息信号(Y)中检测消息(M)的方法，所述方法包括步骤：
·检测所述信息信号(Y)中的水印图案(W)并且检测有效载荷(P)，
·确定若干健壮签名(S)，每个签名(S)是所述信息信号(Y)中的一组健壮特征，所述健壮签名在所述信息信号(Y)的预定时间间隔内被确定，
·利用所述若干健壮签名中的至少一个从所述有效载荷(P)解码所述消息(M)。
9.根据权利要求8的方法，其中消息(M)是利用所述有效载荷(P)的签名相关的可逆函数而从有效载荷(P)解码的。
10.根据权利要求8或9的方法，其中已通过级联消息(M)和所述签名(S)中的至少一个的函数来创建有效载荷(P)，并且其中解码有效载荷(P)的步骤包括选择所述有效载荷(P)相关部分的手段。
11.根据权利要求10的方法，其中从所述有效载荷解码所述消息包括检查有效载荷的剩余部分是所述签名(S)中至少一个的函数的步骤。
12.根据权利要求8或9的方法，其中从所述有效载荷(P)解码所述消息(M)是利用来自所述若干健壮签名(S)中的第n个签名完成的。
13.根据权利要求8或9的方法，其中从所述有效载荷(P)解码所述消息(M)是利用来自所述若干健壮签名(S)中的最健壮签名完成的。
14.根据权利要求8或9的方法，其中从所述有效载荷(P)解码所述消息(M)是连续地利用来自所述若干健壮签名(S)中的所有签名完成的。
15.一种在时间相关信息信号(X)中嵌入具有有效载荷(P)的水印图案(W)的装置，包括：
·用以确定若干健壮签名(S)的装置，每个签名(S)是所述信息信号(X)中的一组健壮特征，所述健壮签名在所述信息信号的预定时间间隔内被确定，
·用以创建相关于所述若干健壮签名(S)中的至少一个以及预定义消息(M)的有效载荷(P)的装置，
·用以在所述信息信号(X)中根据所述有效载荷(P)嵌入所述水印图案(W)的装置。
16.一种用于在具有嵌入的水印图案(W)的时间相关信息信号(Y)中检测消息(M)的装置，包括：
·用于检测所述信息信号(Y)中的水印图案(W)和检测有效载荷(P)的装置，
·用于确定若干健壮签名(S)的装置，每个签名(S)是所述信息信号(Y)中的一组健壮特征，所述健壮签名在所述信息信号(Y)的预定时间间隔内被确定，
·用于利用所述若干健壮签名中的至少一个从所述有效载荷(P)解码所述消息(M)的装置。
17.一种用于记录和/或回放信息信号的设备，该设备包括用于依赖于嵌入在所述信息信号中的水印图案(W)来禁止记录和/或回放该信息信号的装置(402)，其中该设备还包括根据权利要求16的用于在具有嵌入的水印图案(W)的时间相关信息信号(Y)中检测消息(M)的装置(404)。
18.一种用于传输信息信号的设备，该设备包括用于在时间相关信息信号(X)中嵌入具有有效载荷(P)的水印图案(W)的装置，包括：
·用于确定若干健壮签名(S)的装置，每个签名(S)是所述信息信号(X)中的一组健壮特征，所述健壮签名在所述信息信号的预定时间间隔内被确定，
·用于创建相关于所述若干健壮签名(S)中的至少一个以及预定义消息(M)的有效载荷(P)的装置，
·用于在所述信息信号(X)中根据所述有效载荷(P)嵌入所述水印图案(W)的装置。
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