CN101287424B - 流体流动修复装置 - Google Patents

流体流动修复装置 Download PDF

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CN101287424B
CN101287424B CN2005800485196A CN200580048519A CN101287424B CN 101287424 B CN101287424 B CN 101287424B CN 2005800485196 A CN2005800485196 A CN 2005800485196A CN 200580048519 A CN200580048519 A CN 200580048519A CN 101287424 B CN101287424 B CN 101287424B
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prosthetic device
flaring
valve
parts
aortic valve
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CN101287424A (zh
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埃胡德·施瓦门塔尔
约西·图瓦尔
拉裴尔·贝纳里
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Medtronic Ventor Technologies Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
    • A61F2/2418—Scaffolds therefor, e.g. support stents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/04—Hollow or tubular parts of organs, e.g. bladders, tracheae, bronchi or bile ducts
    • A61F2/06—Blood vessels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2427—Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
    • A61F2/2436—Deployment by retracting a sheath
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/848—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents having means for fixation to the vessel wall, e.g. barbs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/04—Hollow or tubular parts of organs, e.g. bladders, tracheae, bronchi or bile ducts
    • A61F2/06—Blood vessels
    • A61F2002/068—Modifying the blood flow model, e.g. by diffuser or deflector
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
    • A61F2230/0067—Three-dimensional shapes conical
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
    • A61F2230/0073—Quadric-shaped
    • A61F2230/0078—Quadric-shaped hyperboloidal
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0014—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
    • A61F2250/0039—Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in diameter

Abstract

所提供的装置包括适用于植入到对象中的修复装置，该修复装置具有从中通过的单一流场，并且成形为限定流体入口和位于流体入口远端的渐扩部件。该修复装置包括多个轴向延伸支杆(112)，其沿渐扩部件的至少一部分延伸并向外渐扩，使得在对象的整个心动周期中，与支杆的近端相比，支杆的远端彼此之间的间隔更大。渐扩部件包括与支杆连接的渐扩包膜(111)，该渐扩包膜适合在心脏收缩期处于其张开状态以允许血流通过该装置，并且适合在心脏舒张期折叠成其闭合状态以阻止血流通过该装置。

Description

流体流动修复装置
相关申请交叉引用
本申请(部分继续申请)要求Schwammenthal等人的标题为“流体流动修复装置”的美国专利申请第11/024,908号的权益。上述美国专利申请被转让给本专利申请的受让人并通过引用并入本文。
发明领域
本发明一般性涉及可植入医疗装置，并且具体涉及可植入的修复装置。本发明的实施方案尤其适用于可通过动脉递送植入来治疗患者心脏主动脉瓣膜中的主动脉瓣膜狭窄的修复装置，并因此在下文中相对于该应用描述这些实施方案。然而，应该理解本发明实施方案也可用于其他治疗，例如但不限于：主动脉回流、混合性主动脉瓣膜狭窄和回流、其他瓣膜损害，或治疗阻塞的血管或其他身体通道，例如尿道管或胃肠管道等。本发明实施方案还涉及植入该修复装置的方法。
发明背景
主动脉瓣膜狭窄是血液从左心室外流入主动脉存在障碍，起因是左心室收缩和喷射时主动脉瓣膜开口范围狭窄。缩小的主动脉瓣膜开口面积(从平均体格成年人正常大于3平方厘米到重症病患的不足0.5平方厘米)造成通过瓣膜的显著压力降，而且只能以增加左心室收缩压力来维持正常的心脏输出量和主动脉压力。必须由左心室产生的腔内高压造成心室壁张力和心肌氧耗增加。诸如心室肥厚(代偿性肌肉量增加)的适应性过程可以让心脏在一段时间内承受这种增加的压力负担，但最终，一般认为心脏泵衰竭不可避免。
在大多数病例中，主动脉瓣膜狭窄是由最初正常的瓣膜发生进行性纤维化和钙化退化所造成的，该过程受到高脂蛋白血症、动脉性高血压、和衰老(出现钙化动脉狭窄)所促进。患有严重主动脉瓣膜狭窄和呼吸短促的患者其平均存活时间少于两年。由于在相当数量的病例中，许多患者会突然死亡，因此一些研究人员建议如果病人适于手术，则甚至对无症状患者也施以预防性手术。
对只患有主动脉瓣膜狭窄的选择组患者进行手术的结果是良好的。此类病人的手术死亡率为约5％。但大多数患有严重主动脉瓣膜狭窄的个体是七、八十岁的老人。这些患者往往存在多种并存的风险因素，诸如冠状动脉疾病、脑血管疾病、全身性动脉硬化症、肾衰竭或糖尿病等。因此，手术死亡率和发病率非常突出。此外，如果通过机械修复术替换钙化的主动脉瓣膜，则强制性的抗凝作用减少血栓并发症的发生，但这使患者面临增大的严重出血危险，特别是对于老年人。因此，植入生物修复装置往往优选用于老年人，但是手术植入生物脉瓣可能存在不甚理想的血液动力学效果，因为需要在其上安装瓣膜的缝合环减少瓣膜本身的可用空间。这对女性尤其存在问题，因为尺寸较小的生物人工瓣膜(因女性心脏体积较小而不得不使用)会造成严重的残留血液外流阻塞。
由于老年患者在进行心肺分流开心手术时具有极高的风险，所述风险包括死亡、瘫痪性中风、呼吸系统和肾脏并发症，曾希望使用气囊导管对狭窄瓣膜施以扩张以提供手术的替代方案。不幸地是，因为气囊扩张术的直接效果不是很理想，而且几乎所有患者在几周到几个月内再次出现狭窄回缩，其结果与未接受手术的患者一样糟糕。因此，只有对那些具有明确的手术禁忌症的患者或偶尔作为“搭桥程序”才考虑施以气囊扩张术。
最近，类似于在冠状动脉中使用支架，已经提出使用瓣膜支架以获得足够大的瓣膜面积并避免瓣膜弹性回缩和再次狭窄。Spencer等人(美国专利号：6730118)、Andersen等人(美国专利号：5840081)和Gabbay(PN4759758)都描述了一种用于经动脉配置的特定设计的瓣膜支架。Cribier等人在WO 98/29057中描述了一种可折叠支架，其具有通过周边缝合与其连接的瓣膜。该网/瓣膜系统通过可膨胀的气囊张开。1992年，Andersen等人报导了他们使用一种缝合在可膨胀不锈钢支架中的可折叠猪动脉瓣膜的实验。该瓣膜支架安装在一个18-22毫米气囊扩张导管(前载在一个16F Mullin长束鞘内)上并植入肺部位置，完全取代肺动脉瓣尖(或瓣叶)，在支架完全张开时其挤压在支架和肺主动脉壁之间。但是，当植入主动脉位置时，该方法会导致冠状动脉阻塞，对病人将有致命危险。
即使支架不是配置在整个主动脉环面上，主动脉瓣尖(或瓣叶)的心室侧的动脉粥状沉淀也会冲压冠状动脉口，造成严重的冠状动脉阻塞或栓塞。允许配置大支架的严重钙化主动脉瓣膜的严重肿胀也会造成钙化沉淀阻塞瓣膜或瓣膜缝而导致严重的动脉回流症状。另外，大的支架瓣膜也会干扰周围结构，例如二尖瓣前瓣叶(对其造成损害或破坏其功能)，而且如果突入到左心室流出道，还会干扰到基面心室隔膜(在严重的主动脉狭窄时经常变得肥厚)。
以下是认为感兴趣的描述人工瓣膜的参考文献：
Deac的美国专利5344442
Yeo的美国专利5908451
Griffin等人的美国专利6312465，
Case等人的美国专利申请公开2004/0260389
Schwammentha等人的PCT专利公开2005/002466(其转让给本专利申请的受让人)
注意到Yeo专利的附图1～3示出的瓣膜包括一对瓣叶，其在张开状态时产生三个流过瓣膜的血液流场(一个中心流道和两个侧流道)。与此类似，Griffin专利的附图1A、1B、6和7示出的瓣膜包括一对瓣叶，其在张开状态时产生三个流过瓣膜的血液流场(一个中心流道和两个侧流道)。
以下也是认为感兴趣的参考文献：
美国专利5354330、美国专利4078268、美国专利4846830、美国专利5108425、美国专利6299638、美国专利6171335、美国专利6338740、美国专利6761736、美国专利申请公开2004/0186563、美国专利申请公开2004/0215333和美国专利申请公开2005/0015112。
以下为可能感兴趣的论文：
Heinrich RS et al.，Ann Biomed Eng.1996 Nov-Dec；24(6)：685-94.Experimental analysis of fluid mechanical energy losses in aortic valvestenosis：importance of pressure recovery。
Heinrich RS et al.，J Heart Valve Dis.1999Sep；8(5)：509-15.Valveorifice area alone is an insufficient index of aortic stenosis severity：effectsof the proximal and distal geometry on transaortic energy loss.
Marcus RH et al.，Circulation.1998Sep l；98(9)：866-72.Assessment ofsmall-diameter aortic mechanical prostheses：physiological relevance of theDoppler gradient，utility of flow augmentation，and limitations of orificearea estimation.
PD Stein et al.，Circulation Research，VoI 39，58-65，1976 by AmericanHeart Association.Turbulent blood flow in the ascending aorta of humanswith normal and diseased aortic valves.
Ku D.，Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics Vol.29：399-434(Volumepublication date January 1997).Blood flow in arteries.
Weyman AE et al.，Rev Cardiovasc Med.2005；6(l)23-32.Aortic Stenosis：Physics and Physiology-What Do the Numbers Really Mean？
Deac RF et al.，Ann Thorac Surg.1995 Aug；60(2Suppl)：S433-8.Newevolution in mitral physiology and surgery：mitral stentless pericardialvalve.
本文所引用的所有专利、专利申请和论文均通过引用并入本文。
发明内容
本发明的一些实施方案寻求提供一种修复装置，该修复装置可连接到血管现有瓣膜上并且能够恢复流经瓣膜和修复装置的流体压力，下文中更详细描述。
因此，根据本发明一个实施方案，提供一种设备，所述设备包括适用于植入到对象中的修复装置，所述修复装置具有从中通过的单一流场，并且所述修复装置成形为限定：
流体入口，和
渐扩部件，其位于所述流体入口的远端，
所述修复装置包括多个轴向延伸的支杆，所述支杆沿所述渐扩部件的至少一部分延伸并向外渐扩，使得在所述对象的整个心动周期中，与所述支杆的近端相比，所述支杆的远端彼此之间的间隔更大，并且
所述渐扩部件包括与所述支杆连接的渐扩包膜，其适合在心脏收缩期处于其张开状态以允许血流通过所述装置，并且其适合在心脏舒张期折叠成其闭合状态以阻止血流通过所述装置。
在一个实施方案中，所述设备包括连接并围绕所述渐扩部件的支架。
在一个实施方案中，所述包膜包括单一材料，并且所述材料在相应位置处连接至所述支杆。
在一个实施方案中，所述包膜包括多个独立部分，每个部分连接至两个支杆。
在一个实施方案中，所述修复装置包括附属构件，该附属构件适合将所述装置连接至所述对象的主动脉瓣膜，使得所述渐扩部件在植入时容纳在所述对象的上行主动脉内。
在一个实施方案中，所述修复装置包括多个附属构件(例如扣接构件)，其适合连接到(例如扣接)所述对象的自体瓣膜(native valve)的两侧。
在一个实施方案中，所述渐扩部件向远端扩张，扩张角度在0.1°和50°之间。
在一个实施方案中，所述渐扩部件向远端扩张，扩张角度在3°和10°之间。
在一个实施方案中，所述渐扩部件向远端扩张，扩张角度在5°和8°之间。
在一个实施方案中，所述修复装置的尺寸适合植入在与所述对象的主动脉瓣膜相连的自体瓣膜口处，并且所述自体瓣膜口的自体直径未被医生扩大。
在一个实施方案中，所述修复装置的尺寸适合植入在与所述对象的主动脉瓣膜相连的自体瓣膜口处，并且所述主动脉瓣膜未被移除。
在一个实施方案中，所述修复装置成形为在所述流体入口和渐扩部件之间限定喉道部件。
在一个实施方案中，所述修复装置适合植入到所述对象的上行主动脉中，并且其中所述渐扩部件成形为在心脏收缩期在所述喉道部件中产生血压损失的压力恢复。
在一个实施方案中，所述喉道部件适合安置在所述对象的主动脉瓣膜口内。
在一个实施方案中，所述喉道部件的轴向长度不大于20mm。
在一个实施方案中，所述轴向长度为1mm至10mm。
在一个实施方案中，所述轴向长度为约2mm。
在一个实施方案中，所述轴向长度为5mm。
根据本发明一个实施方案，提供一种修复装置，其包括可连接至血管瓣膜并包括流体入口的瓣膜口(valve-orifice)附属构件、和从所述流体入口延伸的渐扩构件，所述渐扩构件包括接近所述流体入口的近端和远离所述近端的远端，其中所述渐扩构件的远端相比其近端部分具有更大的截面面积供流体从中流过。所述渐扩构件可具有渐扩锥体，使得流体从中流过并在其远端处恢复压力。例如，所述锥体可以扩张为具有1°～25°(例如约5°)的扩张角α。所述流体入口可以是非渐扩的(在远端方向上，例如是会聚的或直的)。
内包膜可以覆盖渐扩构件和瓣膜口附属构件中至少其一的内表面。该内包膜可以是连续的或可具有非连续体(例如：开口或裂缝)。
瓣膜口附属构件可以包括适合扣接所述瓣膜口附近的瓣膜两侧的扣接构件，例如适合接合瓣膜瓣叶的环形夹。
根据本发明的一个实施方案，人工瓣膜可安置在渐扩构件中，该人工瓣膜适用于控制流体流过所述渐扩构件(例如，但不仅限于，机械心脏瓣膜、生物心脏瓣膜、心脏瓣膜同种异体移植物、静脉瓣膜、和/或心包瓣膜)。人工瓣膜可以替代性地或额外地安置在流体入口部件中。
另根据本发明的一个实施方案，环形支撑元件阵列可以安置在可接合至血管内表面的所述渐扩构件的远端处。多个轴向延伸的支杆可以以枢轴形式安置在所述瓣膜口附属构件附近并延伸穿过所述渐扩构件的至少一部分。
本发明其它特征和优点将通过以下描述而显而易见。
附图说明
本发明仅通过实施例并参照附图示在此说明，其中：
图1A、1B和1C是有助于说明狭窄瓣膜所造成的健康问题和用根据本发明一个实施方案构造的修复装置替换狭窄瓣膜口的优点的图示；
图2是说明根据本发明一个实施方案构造的修复装置通过产生流入主动脉的非湍流血流并恢复压力来治疗上述健康问题的图示；
图3是根据图2构造的修复装置的侧视图；
图4是根据本发明另一实施方案构造和操作的修复装置的简示图；
图5是图4修复装置的侧视图；
图6是说明植入在主动脉环面中的图4和图5的修复装置的心脏一侧的端视图；
图7是图4和5的修复装置的主动脉侧的透视图；
图8是说明在修复装置的植入条件下环形夹接合瓣膜瓣叶两侧方式的实施例的局部详视图；
图9说明类似图4中的修复装置，但其包括植入时用以支撑修复装置远端的支架；
图10说明植入到主动脉环面时图9的修复装置；
图11说明根据本发明一个实施方案的修复装置的另一构造的截面图；
图11A～11C说明具有如图9～11所示支撑元件的同类修复装置；其中图11A示出连结至瓣膜瓣叶的修复装置；图11B示出心脏收缩期流过修复装置的血流；图11C示出心脏舒张时流过修复装置的血流；
图12是根据本发明一个实施方案构造的另一修复装置的简示图；
图13是图12的装置的侧视图；
图14说明处于半闭合(非全闭合)状态的图12和13的修复装置；
图15A～15H和图16A～16F说明用于植入根据本发明一个实施方案的几种修复装置的单鞘法；
图17A～17F说明用于植入根据本发明一个实施方案的修复装置的双鞘法；
图18A和18B是根据本发明又一实施方案构造和操作的修复装置的简示图和侧视图；
图19A和19B说明根据本发明再一实施方案构造和操作的修复装置的简示图和侧视图，并且所述修复装置包括与直径相对较小的入口连接的生物相容性材料瓣膜，并且渐扩压力恢复出口大致起始在全开的瓣膜瓣尖终止处；和
图19C是图19A和19B的修复装置的一个变体的简示图，其中渐扩出口没有与修复装置连接，从而允许进行两阶段植入。
具体实施方式
现在参考图2和图1A～1C，其中图2图解说明根据本发明一个实施方案的修复装置的一个非限制性构造，图1A～1C图解说明该修复装置可用于减轻因主动脉瓣膜患有严重的主动脉瓣膜狭窄而对心脏所造成的工作负荷的方式。需要指出的是，本发明不依赖于对血液在循环系统中的流动方式的任何理论或解释，并且所提供的任何理论或解释仅以说明为目的。还需要指出的是以下所具体说明的实施方案仅为示例性的，并且本发明不限于这些具体的构造。
心血管系统内的血流调节原理可能类似于管道系统中的原理。主动脉压力和心脏输出量由在主动脉和主动脉动脉分支(无名动脉和颈动脉)内具有牵张感受器的压力感受器系统调节。任何压力损失会导致中央介导的心脏输出量增加，直到重新达到预定的系统压力。
图1A图解说明血液如何从左心室LV通过主动脉瓣膜口(AO)流入主动脉(AA)。血流会受主动脉瓣膜口AO中狭窄状态的影响。这种狭窄状态明显缩小主动脉瓣膜口AO的大小，从而产生湍流进入主动脉AA，这导致进入主动脉的血液的压力显著降低。这种压力损失通过用于提高左心室室收缩腔内压力的压力感受器系统所感知，由此提高左心室中的壁张力，增大心肌氧耗，并最终导致心脏衰竭。
如图1B所示，当狭窄的瓣膜口(如图1A所示)被具有相同的喉道尺寸但包括文氏管构造的修复装置，即具有(在所选实施例中)渐扩圆锥构造的修复装置所替代时，产生非湍流血流进入主动脉，并在该修复装置的远(宽)端恢复压力。压力感受器系统因此不会感知到压力损失，因而不会增加左心室的工作负荷以弥补这种压力损失。因此，用具有如图1B所示的渐扩(优选圆锥形)构造的修复装置替代图1A所示的狭窄主动脉瓣膜，可以减少左心室所承担的工作负荷。
图1C图解说明在如图1A所示的狭窄主动脉瓣膜的情况下和用如图1B所示具有渐扩圆锥构造的修复装置替代该主动脉瓣膜的情况下心脏负荷的差别。出于示例的目的，图1C的图表基于以下条件：心脏输出量为5L/分钟；喉道的截面面积为0.5平方厘米；所需压力梯度为100mmHg；并且在给定实施例中压力感受器系统所需的主动脉压力为125。因此，在狭窄主动脉瓣膜(图1A)中产生的压头显著下降会造成左心室内的血压在心脏收缩期为220mmHg。但是，在加入具有图1B的渐扩圆锥构造的具有相同临界面积的修复装置可以提供85mmHg的压力恢复，而且可以在心脏收缩期产生140mmHg的血压。实际上，压头损失可以从95mmHg降低到15mmHg。
在图2中图解说明的修复装置可包括环形基体2(亦可称为基体部件2或喉道部件2)，其具有待植入到主动脉瓣膜口AO中的圆形截面；环形夹3，在其远端可与左心室内的主动脉瓣叶(瓣尖)的一侧接合并且用作防止回流的屏障；和可与主动脉瓣叶的另一侧接合的另一环形夹4。在本发明的该实施方案和所有其它实施方案中，修复装置的所有部件可以由任何适用的医用安全的材料或该材料的组合构成，例如但不仅限于金属(例如不锈钢、镍钛合金(NITINOL)等)、或塑料(例如尼龙、聚氨酯等)。
修复装置的基体部件2可以相对短、直、直径均匀，并可位于主动脉瓣膜口内。修复装置的其余部件可以延伸进入主动脉AA中，并可以具有渐扩(优选圆锥形)构造，如附图标记5所示，其中其直径从其在主动脉中的近端PE向其在主动脉中的远端DE逐渐增大。渐扩(优选圆锥形)部件5的锥体角(α)可根据文丘里流动的流体动力学原理确定，从而产生非湍流血流进入主动脉，血流速度逐渐减小并且在修复装置的远端处压力恢复。
渐扩部件5可以是直的或任意弯曲形状，凹的或凸的，例如抛物面状、漏斗状、喇叭状或其它形状。渐扩部件5的远端比近端具有供流体从中流过的更大截面。
因此，正如流体动力学中所公知的，通过小直径的基体或喉道部件2时流速增加，由此降低静压或侧压；而渐扩(优选圆锥形)部件5逐渐扩张降低流速，由此恢复静压或侧压(即，产生压力恢复)。这种构造产生层流或非湍流，在渐扩(优选圆锥形)部件5中降低或消除流动分离，由此降低修复装置远端DE处的压头损失。因此所描述的发明代表一种压力恢复装置，但不仅限于此。
正如在下文中更详细说明的那样，该修复装置可以在其远端DE携带人工瓣膜(prosthetic valve)。目前可得到的几种商用的主动脉瓣膜修复系统一般分别分为机械心脏瓣膜和生物心脏瓣膜(心脏瓣膜同种异体移植物、静脉瓣膜或心包瓣膜)。
为了适应不同体格和体重的患者，修复装置在其扩张状态下可具有如图3所示的以下尺寸：近端PE处直径D1可为5～30mm，典型为约14mm；远端处直径D2可为10～40mm，典型为约20mm；基体或喉道部件2的轴向长度L1为0～20mm，典型为约2mm；和从近端到远端的轴向长度L2为5～70mm，典型为约37mm。
在另一非限制性实施例中，喉道部件2的典型直径D1为13～15mm(覆盖成年人平均流出道直径的约2/3)；典型长度L1可为5mm；渐扩圆锥部件5典型的长度(L2-L1)可为18～60mm；并且典型的角度α(偏离直段的扩张角，即半锥角)为0.1°～50°，典型为约5～8°，其中5°的角α对于层流几乎产生完全压力恢复。例如，如果直喉道部件2的直径为14mm(截面面积为154平方毫米)，则连接至该部件并在35mm距离上以5°的角α扩张的管可在其远端具有20mm的直径(截面面积为314平方毫米)。因此，该装置可能够在其具有良好血液动力学特性的末端(主动脉内)容纳20mm直径的生物修复装置，尽管喉道尺寸(瓣膜内的直段)在直径方面仅为14mm。
图4-8的修复装置
如前所述，根据本发明一个实施方案构造的修复装置优选在渐扩(优选圆锥形)部件5的远端DE处还包括与修复装置一起植入的人工瓣膜。然而，据估计，对一些应用而言，该修复装置没有人工瓣膜亦可植入，而该人工瓣膜在第二后续手术中植入该修复装置的主动脉下游。
图4～8说明本发明一个非限制性实施方案的包括人工瓣膜的修复装置构造。
具体如图5的剖面图所示，所示修复装置包括可扩张体10(例如由金属网构成)以从而可通过导管经动脉递送到移植位置，在这种情况下，是指受主动脉狭窄影响的主动脉环面或主动脉瓣膜口。所示修复装置还包括内包膜11，例如但不限于由生物或柔性聚合物或其它生物相容性材料构成，其覆盖可扩张体10的整个内表面。
所示修复装置的可扩张体10及其内衬11可包括短而直的喉道部件12，其构造为植入到主动脉瓣膜口中(AO，图2)。该修复装置还可包括环形夹13，以接合主动脉瓣膜口一侧的瓣膜瓣叶(瓣尖)的表面；环形夹14，以接合主动脉瓣膜口另一侧的瓣膜瓣叶的表面(在一个实施方案中，仅使用近端环形夹)；和延伸进入主动脉AA中的渐扩(优选圆锥形)部件15。其构造为使得渐扩(优选圆锥形)部件15的直径从修复装置近端PE处的短喉道部件12到其远端DE逐渐增大，从而产生非湍流血流，通过修复装置进入主动脉，并在远端处压力恢复，如以上关于图2的实施方案所述。
需要指出的是，在本发明的一个实施方案中，可只使用近端环形夹。所述装置在其远端处的固定可受主动脉壁支架(优选自扩张的支架，但不是排他的)影响。
所示修复装置的远端可包括人工瓣膜16。人工瓣膜16可安置在沿着渐扩部件15的任意部位处。人工瓣膜16优选是可折叠的机械或生物瓣膜(例如由柔软的聚合物膜制成)，其有效地在心脏收缩期张开修复装置的远端，并在心脏舒张时闭合修复装置的远端。例如，人工瓣膜16可以由与内衬11相同的材料制成并沿附属构件区域如图5所示的17处与其连接。
尽管优选可折叠的生物人工瓣膜，但也可使用其它人工瓣膜系统，例如球笼、碟笼、斜碟、双叶瓣、止回瓣等。在一个实施方案中，也可以使用机械或合成的人工瓣膜。其它可以使用的人工瓣膜是心包瓣膜，例如可从CarboMedics(Sorin Group公司)商购的Mitrofiow主动脉心包心脏瓣膜，该瓣膜具备流线型缝合翻边，用于优化心脏瓣膜安置位置，以增加血流的面积。
还应指出的是，人工瓣膜16可具有渐扩形状(例如圆锥状)，使得人工瓣膜16成为渐扩部件15。换言之，不需要构造其中具有额外的人工瓣膜的渐扩部件，而是人工瓣膜可以成为渐扩构件自身。
根据本发明一个非限制性实施方案，在所示修复装置扩张的情况下，环形夹13和14各自可包括扣接构件的环形阵列，其接合主动脉环面两侧的瓣膜瓣叶(瓣尖)的表面，如图6～8所示。具体如图8所示，环形夹13可包括扣接构件13a的环形阵列，其可与主动脉环面AO的左心室一侧的自体瓣膜瓣叶的表面18(图6)接合；并且环形夹14可包括类似的扣接构件14a的环形阵列，其可与主动脉环面AO的主动脉一侧的自体瓣膜瓣叶的表面19(图8)接合。
可以使用任何合适的方法将内包膜或内衬11附着到渐扩部件10的内表面上。非限制性实施例包括：粘合剂粘接，例如使用持久的生物相容性粘合剂；超声波焊接，例如使用声能来软化接触渐扩部件15处的塑料包膜11；或注射成形聚合物材料，以将渐扩部件15嵌入其中。其它可能的方法包括机械锁定装配，其中内包膜被积械锁定在渐扩部件15上；或缝合技术，其中内包膜被缝合在渐扩部件15上。
如上文所述，修复装置的所有部件可以由任意合适的医用安全的材料或这些材料的组合制成，例如但不限于金属(例如不锈钢、镍钛合金(NITINOL)等)、或塑料(例如尼龙、聚氨酯等)。不作限制，内衬11可以由合适的生物相容性聚合物或塑料材料、或生物材料(例如心包材料(pericard))制成。
可使用的金属的实例包括钨、铂和钛等。具有所需的物理特性的金属合金包括(但不仅限于)不锈钢316和NITINOL(镍钛合金)，二者都是生物相容性的并可商业购得。例如，NITINOL可用于环形夹13和14以及渐扩圆锥部件5，而其它传统金属支架材料(如不锈钢316)可用于集体和喉道部件12。通常使用涤纶(Dacron)覆盖NITINOL基的装置，但其它合适的生物相容性聚合物或弹性体材料也可用于内包膜或内衬11。
图9、10和图11(和图11A～11C)的修复装置
图9说明与上述关于图4～8所示类似的修复装置，因此为了利于理解，相应的部件以相同的附图标记标识。图9所示的修复装置的主要区别在于提供了多个支撑元件20，其由可扩张体10的远端DE携带并可接合至主动脉的内表面，以支撑主动脉内的修复装置，特别是支撑其远端，如图10所示。
在图11中，环形夹34的扣接部件34a可以接合主动脉环面内瓣膜瓣叶的(主动脉)远端侧。通常标记为40的支撑元件可包含从修复装置远(宽)端延伸的环形列阵，其包括连接元件41。渐扩(优选圆锥形)部件35从扣接部件34a延伸到支撑元件40。扣接部件34a与由喉道部件32所携带的扣接部件33a一起将所述装置夹在主动脉瓣膜口内。支撑元件40设计为接合主动脉的内表面，优选邻接修复装置的远端，以便在将修复装置植入主动脉环面时支撑该远端。它们可以设计成不阻塞或封闭主动脉环面附近的冠状动脉(如以下参照图16F所述)。
为了简化的目的，图11省略了图5中所示的内衬和人工瓣膜，例如分别是11和16。
图11A～11C说明具有如图9～11所示支撑元件的同类修复装置。图11A说明连接至瓣膜瓣叶(如主动脉环面)的修复装置。图11B说明心脏收缩期流过修复装置的血流。血液以非湍流的形式流过修复装置的渐扩构件，并且在渐扩构件的远端存在压力恢复。图11C说明心脏舒张时流过修复装置的血流。可见，修复装置防止血液通过瓣膜口回流。
图12～14的修复装置
图12～14说明可包括基体110和包膜111的修复装置，其还可起到人工瓣膜的作用。在心脏收缩期，包膜111张开并呈现渐扩圆锥构造，从而产生非湍流血流进入主动脉并在包膜的远端处恢复压力；而在心脏舒张时，包膜111折叠以阻止(基本阻止或完全阻止)血流从中通过。注意图12～14所示的修复装置(如其它附图中所示的修复装置一样)具有从中流过的单一血液流场。换言之，进入所述装置的血液保留在所述装置内的共用场区中，直到血液离开所述装置。
基体110对应于待植入主动脉环面的修复装置的喉道部件(即图5的12)，基体110还包括在其两侧用于接合主动脉环面内的瓣膜瓣叶的两个表面的两个扣接构件环形阵列113和114，其对应于图5的环形夹13和14。
包膜111覆盖基体110的内表面。随后从基体110向外延伸以限定修复装置的渐扩(优选圆锥形)部件以及在修复装置远端携带的人工瓣膜(分别对应于图5的部件15和瓣膜16)。
包膜111还包括多个以枢轴形式在112a处安装至基体110的轴向延伸的支杆112，以使包膜在心脏收缩期可扩张到其瓣膜张开状态，以允许血液从中流过，与此同时，利用渐扩圆锥结构产生非湍流血流进入主动脉，并在远端恢复压力。支杆112还允许包膜111在心脏舒张时折叠，从而有效地阻止血液从中流过，由此执行人工瓣膜的功能。图14显示处于部分折叠状态的包膜111。注意支杆112通常在心动周期(包括心脏舒张，如图14所示)的所有阶段为渐扩结构。
增强支杆112可以由与基体110相同的材料构成，并可通过整体成形铰链以枢轴形式安装至基体。或者，增强支杆112可具有不同的材料，如不同的金属或塑料，其刚性足以支撑包膜111在心脏收缩期形成瓣膜张开的圆锥结构，并以任何合适的方式机械铰接到基体110上。
因此从中可见，图12～14所示的修复装置不仅用于调节从左心室流入主动脉的血流从而产生上述流入主动脉并恢复压力的非湍流血流，而且用作在心脏收缩期张开并且在心脏舒张时闭合的人工瓣膜。
在图13所示的结构中，如前所述，包膜111可以如人工瓣膜一样张开和闭合。换言之，修复装置的渐扩部件本身可以作心脏收缩期张开且在心脏舒张时闭合的人工瓣膜，而无须在渐扩部件中的某处安置人工瓣膜(如其它实施方案中所显示和说明的)。
或者，渐扩部件本身也可以成为人工瓣膜，而不构造具有枢轴增强支杆112的渐扩部件，如以上参照图4～8的实施方案所述。
配置模式
如前所述，本发明一个实施方案的修复装置可以植入到在人体通道壁上形成的开口内。因此修复装置被构造成具有经人体通道递送到植入位置的压缩状态和可在植入位置扩张成扩张状态以植入开口。上述本发明实施方案用于在患者心脏的主动脉环面中植入，因此构造为经动脉递送至主动脉环面并在植入其中的主动脉环面处扩张。
以下相对于图15A～15H和16A～16H描述单鞘配置模式；并相对于图17A～17H描述双鞘配置模式。
单鞘配置模式
图15A～15H图解说明利用单鞘配置例如图2的修复装置的方法；而图16A～16F则说明用于配置图11所示结构(即包括支撑元件40的环形阵列)的修复装置的方法。
在图15A～15H所示的单鞘法中，修复装置(一般标记为PD并具有如图2所示结构)将通过环形夹3和4植入到主动脉瓣膜AV的主动脉瓣膜口AO内。当如此植入时，修复装置的喉道部件2被植入到主动脉瓣膜口AO内，而修复装置的渐扩圆锥部件5则容纳在主动脉AA中。
为了将修复装置PD递送到植入位置，可以引入导管200，其包括用于植入后扩张的气囊201和束鞘202。气囊201在其放气收缩状态下容纳修复装置的喉道部件2和两个环形夹3和4。束鞘202装入整个修复装置并将其(包括环形夹13和14以及渐扩圆锥部件15)保持在用于经动脉递送的压缩状态。该装置亦可在实施气囊预扩张(气囊瓣膜成形术)之后引入，这样，该装置插入(植入)导管将不包括气囊。
导管可导入到患者的外围动脉中，并利用位于瓣膜瓣叶两侧限定瓣膜口的两个环形夹3和4(图15A)，通过常规方式操作以使喉道部件2与主动脉瓣膜口AO对齐。
束鞘202随后移到一侧(图15B)，由于扩张而释放第一环形夹3(图15C)，接着释放环形夹4(图15D和15E)并最终释放修复装置的渐扩圆锥部件5(图15F)。气囊201随后充气膨胀(图15G)将基体部件2牢牢压在瓣膜口内；然后放气收缩(图15H)，以使导管200与气囊201和束鞘202一起可从动脉中移除，留下夹在瓣膜口内的修复装置。
由于修复装置通过两个环形夹3和4与瓣膜口夹在一起，也可以基本不使用气囊；然而这样做可以更好地保证将修复装置合适植入到瓣膜口内。但是，提供两个环形夹3和4能够使喉道部件2仅轻微扩张，如扩张到远小于常规支架型植入的程度，并由此降低了阻塞或封闭冠状动脉的危险。
图16A～16F示出前述配置图11所示修复装置(即，包括支撑元件40的环形阵列)的单鞘法。具体情况如下：图16A中，喉道部件32位于主动脉瓣膜口内；图16B中，束鞘201已被移至足以释放环形夹33的扣接构件33a的一侧；图16中，继续移动束鞘释放其它环形夹34的扣接构件34a；图16D和16E中，继续移动束鞘，开始释放修复装置的渐扩部件35；以及图16F中，充分移动束鞘以扩张释放整个修复装置，包括渐扩部件35及渐扩部件35周围的支撑元件40。特别如图16F所示，支撑元件40可构造为在修复装置的植入条件下不阻塞冠状动脉。
尽管如图16A～16H所示的方法并未使用可膨胀的气囊，但应该理解也可以使用这种可膨胀的气囊，如以上关于图15A～15H所述，以更好地保证修复装置牢固地植入到主动脉瓣膜口中。
双鞘展开模式
图17A～17H示出配置修复装置的双鞘法。处于举例目的，该修复装置为下文所述如图4～8所示的修复装置。
在双鞘法中，导管(图中标记为300)包括位于外端以接合修复装置的环形夹13的第一束鞘301、和从束鞘301向内延伸以接合所述修复装置的环形夹14和渐扩圆锥部件15的第二束鞘302。这是如图17A所示的状态。
首先操作导管，将修复装置的喉道部件12置于主动脉瓣膜口内(图17A)。然后，将束鞘302横向移动到一侧(如附图所示向右)，从而释放环形夹14(图17B)。当释放环形夹14后，随后将导管向心脏内侧(向左)移动少许(图17C)，以将环形夹14的扣接构件14a牢固地贴在瓣膜瓣叶的相应表面上，使得环形夹14牢固接合瓣膜瓣叶的主动脉表面(图8的18)，如图17C所示。
随后，将外束鞘301移动离开束鞘302(如左向)进一步进入心脏。这释放环形夹13达到其扩张状态，接触面对心脏左心室(图17D)的瓣膜瓣叶的表面(图8的19)。此时，导管300可随后反向(右向)移动，以将环形夹13的扣接构件13a与瓣膜瓣叶的表面牢固接合。
主动脉内的束鞘302可进一步移动离开束鞘301，由此扩张而释放修复装置的其它部件，如图17E和17F所示。
图17A～17F所示的导管还可包括气囊(未示出)，如果需要，从而使基体12在主动脉瓣膜口内略微进一步扩张，在此情况下，气囊将随后放气收缩从而允许取出导管及其束鞘。
应该理解，在上述配置方法中，即使没有使用气囊，相应修复装置的基体部件也仍将在取出相应束鞘时略微扩张，以将基体部件牢固固定在主动脉环面内并允许取出导管及其束鞘。但是，条件是该气囊允许修复装置的基体部件额外膨胀以足以更好地保证在瓣膜口内牢固植入，但程度不至于阻塞或闭塞冠状动脉。
现在参照图18A和18B，它们示出根据本发明另一实施方案构造和操作的修复装置80。修复装置80的构造类似于图4的修复装置10。其中相同部件以相同的附图标记表示。修复装置80可包括近端附属构件82(在装置的左心室或入口侧)，其可由被弯曲的内衬86覆盖的扣接构件84的阵列组成，使得内衬86延伸并覆盖形成左心室流出道(基础左心室隔膜，二尖瓣前叶基部)的壁。近端附属构件82和内衬86可呈号角状，号角近端宽于号角远端(靠近扣接元件84)。该形状可产生具有径向力的覆盖壁支架(类似壁支架)形式的左心室入口，该径向力的作用是将其出口压在心室隔膜和基础瓣膜前叶上而稳定该装置。该入口可以是对称的或不对称的，即延伸超过瓣膜前叶的较短部分，从而避免降低二尖瓣的功能。
现在参照图19A和19B，它们示出根据本发明另一实施方案构造和操作的修复装置90。修复装置90的构造类似于图4的修复装置10。其中相同部件以相同的附图标记表示。在修复装置90中，连接至相对较小直径的入口92(通常但不限于12～16mm)的生物相容性材料的瓣膜16将被植入到自体瓣膜中，并且瓣膜16具有渐扩压力恢复出口94，大约在完全张开的瓣膜瓣尖终止处开始。因此，该完全张开的瓣膜可在心脏收缩期形成一个直段(其长度由瓣膜瓣尖给定)并可在入口的延长部分中引导血流进入渐扩压力恢复出口。当心脏舒张时，瓣膜闭合将在人工瓣膜和渐扩出口之间产生空隙，其大致由瓣尖的长度给定，从而允许冠状动脉的供血流过渐扩出口的近端(上游)。在一个实施方案中，远端渐扩出口94可通过肋材、支杆或其它连接结构96与人工瓣膜连接(如支撑瓣尖的入口92)。在另一个实施方案中，参见图19C，渐扩出口94可不与修复部件相连(如不与入口92相连)，以便施行两阶段植入(首先是植入渐扩出口，接着是穿过已展开出口植入人工瓣膜，反之亦然)。在这个构造中，渐扩出口可以被覆盖直到其远端(下游)，其远端以壁支架的方式延伸到主动脉壁，或内衬可以在到达主动脉壁之前终止，因此允许冠状动脉血液供应通过主动脉壁和渐扩出口之间的通道。
在另一个实施方案中，压力恢复装置可配置在自体瓣膜上，而保留自体瓣膜。压力恢复装置可具有形成渐扩扩散体的内包覆形状。该内形状可具有渐扩部或直部(不变区域)。其可置于狭窄的主动脉瓣膜的瓣膜口上方，以在动能消失前参与已有的高速喷射，从而导致血流流线提早重新附着到覆盖所述装置的内衬上。所述装置的出口的渐扩形状可随后使血流流线能够逐渐扩张，允许血流速度逐渐降低而没有能量耗散并且允许动能重新转化为侧压(压力恢复)。近端(上游)可以在冠状动脉上开始，优选但不是排他地在窦管交界处开始；在该实施方案中，冠状动脉供血的方式与植入该装置之前一样，而该装置用作主动脉内修复物，重新成形主动脉的内腔，以允许压力恢复。在另一实施方案中，该装置的近端(上游)起始于或直接在副冠状动脉的自体瓣膜上，而冠状动脉血流通过在渐扩出口远端处的内衬末端和其以壁支架方式附着到主动脉壁上的附属构件之间留出的空隙来提供。
本领域技术人员应该理解本发明不限于以上所具体示出和说明的范围。本发明的范围包括前文所述的各种特征的组合和次组合，以及本领域技术人员在阅读前文说明时会想到的在现有技术中不存在的其变化和改动。

Claims (18)

1.适合植入到对象中的修复装置，所述修复装置具有从中流过的单一流场并且成形为限定：
流体入口，和
渐扩部件，其位于所述流体入口的远端，
所述修复装置包括多个轴向延伸的支杆，所述支杆沿所述渐扩部件的至少一部分延伸并向外渐扩，使得在所述对象的整个心动周期中，与所述支杆的近端相比，所述支杆的远端彼此之间的间隔更大，以及
所述渐扩部件包括与所述支杆连接的渐扩包膜，所述渐扩包膜适合在心脏收缩期处于其张开状态以允许血流通过所述装置，并且其适合在心脏舒张期折叠成其闭合状态以阻止血流通过所述装置。
2.根据权利要求1的修复装置，包括连接并围绕所述渐扩部件的支架。
3.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其中所述包膜包含单一材料，所述材料在其相应位置处连接至所述支杆。
4.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其中所述包膜包括多个独立部分，每个部分连接到两个支杆上。
5.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其包括附属构件，所述附属构件适合将所述装置连接至所述对象的主动脉瓣膜，使得在植入时，所述渐扩部件容纳在所述对象的上行主动脉内。
6.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其包括附属构件，所述附属构件适合接合所述对象的自体瓣膜的两侧。
7.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其中所述渐扩部件向远端扩张，扩张角在0.1°至50°之间。
8.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其中所述渐扩部件向远端扩张，扩张角在3°至10°之间。
9.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其中所述渐扩部件向远端扩张，扩张角在5°至8°之间。
10.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其尺寸适合植入到与所述对象的主动脉瓣膜相连的自体瓣膜口处，所述自体瓣膜口的自体直径未被医生扩大。
11.根据权利要求1的修复装置，其尺寸适合植入到与所述对象的主动脉瓣膜相连的自体瓣膜口处，所述主动脉瓣膜未被移除。
12.根据权利要求1～11中任一项的修复装置，其成形为在所述流体入口和所述渐扩部件之间限定喉道部件。
13.根据权利要求12的修复装置，其适于植入到所述对象的上行主动脉中，并且其中所述渐扩部件成形为在心脏收缩期在所述喉道部件中产生血压损失的压力恢复。
14.根据权利要求12的修复装置，其中所述喉道部件适于安置在所述对象的主动脉瓣膜口内。
15.根据权利要求12的修复装置，其中所述喉道部件的轴向长度不大于20mm。
16.根据权利要求15的修复装置，其中所述轴向长度为1mm至10mm。
17.根据权利要求15的修复装置，其中所述轴向长度为约2mm。
18.根据权利要求15的修复装置，其中所述轴向长度为5mm。
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