CN101485059A - 具有带电接地检测器的电路断流器 - Google Patents

具有带电接地检测器的电路断流器 Download PDF

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CN101485059A
CN101485059A CNA2007800249489A CN200780024948A CN101485059A CN 101485059 A CN101485059 A CN 101485059A CN A2007800249489 A CNA2007800249489 A CN A2007800249489A CN 200780024948 A CN200780024948 A CN 200780024948A CN 101485059 A CN101485059 A CN 101485059A
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switch
sensing circuit
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CN101485059B (zh
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G·博纳西亚
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Leviton Manufacturing Co Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/26Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents
    • H02H3/32Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors
    • H02H3/33Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors using summation current transformers
    • H02H3/338Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors using summation current transformers also responsive to wiring error, e.g. loss of neutral, break
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H83/00Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current
    • H01H83/02Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current operated by earth fault currents
    • H01H83/04Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current operated by earth fault currents with testing means for indicating the ability of the switch or relay to function properly

Abstract

本发明提供了一种带电接地检测器电路(429)形式的接地检测器电路。该带电接地检测器电路可以结合到电路断路装置。该电路断路装置可以具有接地导电路径(461)和一组触点(452A,452B),这些触点被配置成在操作时断开电路断路装置上的输入端子与输出端子之间的电气连接。当该检测器电路检测到信号或故障的存在时,结合到电路断流器的该接地检测器电路将电路断流器触发到故障状态。

Description

具有带电接地检测器的电路断流器
本申请依据35 U.S.C.119(e)的规定要求2006年6月30日提交的美国临时申请No.60/806,428的优先权,通过引用该美国临时申请的全部公开内容并入于此。
技术领域
本申请涉及一系列可重置电路断流装置,包括接地故障电路断流器(GFCI),更具体而言,涉及在检测到GFCI的接地导体上的电压时检测和中断GFCI的线路侧和负载侧端子之间的导电路径的GFCI。
背景技术
电气布线装置工业中越来越需要被设计成自动中断对负载的供电的断路装置或系统,所述负载例如是家用电器、电气消费品和/或支路。特别是,电工规程要求家庭浴室和厨房中的电路装有接地故障电路断流器(GFCI)。目前市面上的GFCI装置,例如本申请的申请人拥有的美国专利No.4,595,894(通过引用将其全部内容并入于此)中所述装置,采用跳闸装置来断开该装置的线路侧和负载侧端子之间的电气连接。这些装置都可以在通过例如检测到接地故障而跳闸之后重置。在4,595,894号专利所述的装置中,用于对电路(也就是,线路侧端子和负载侧端子之间的导电路径)进行机械断路的跳闸装置包括螺线管(或跳闸线圈)。采用测试按钮来测试跳闸装置和故障感测电路,并且采用重置按钮来重置线路侧和负载侧端子之间的电气连接。
本申请的申请人拥有的美国专利No.6,282,070(通过引用将其全部内容并入于此)描述了一系列可重置电路断流装置,其能够在该电路断流部分不工作或者存在开路中性条件时闭锁该装置的重置部分,并且能够独立于电路断流部分的操作而断开导电路径。这些装置连接到外部线路,以使得相和中性线路导线连接到相和中性线路侧连接部,并且相和中性负载侧导线连接到相和中性负载侧连接部。此外,在具有接地线的设备中,该接地线连接到GFCI上的接地端子。当安装人员将GFCI连接到双线系统时,该安装人员正常情况下会首先将GFCI上的中性端子连接到中性线,将GFCI的相端子连接到相线。然而,会出现这样的情况,即GFCI的接地端子没有正确连接到电气系统的接地导体而是误连接到带电导体。这种误接线可能是由于安装人员接插座时接错,或者由于建筑系统本身的接线错误。例如,当建筑进行原始布线时,没有遵守线色接线规程,即将黑线连接到电源相,白线连接到电源的中性端或接地端。如果安装人员没有验证建筑布线是否正确(这是任何电气安装当中都应当要验证的),则会导致误接线问题。如果有人将带有接地金属壳的电器的三线插头插到GFCI的插座中,则该电器的外壳将通过接地线连接到120伏电压。由于在NEC规程中要求接地线不能被包括GFCI的任何接线装置断路,所以该电器的使用者可能会受到严重电击。因此需要一种在接地导体连接到电压源时会跳闸的GFCI。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种电路断流器,包括输入导体和输出导体、接地导体和开关,该开关用于断开输入导体与输出导体之间的连接。此外,该电路断流器还包括连接到控制电路的感测电路,其中该控制电路又连接到该开关。当接地路径上存在不处于接地电位的电压时,该感测电路使该控制电路断开开关。在一个实施例中,该控制电路集成到用于故障电路断流器的控制电路。在另一个实施例中,该控制电路被形成为与用于故障电路断流器的控制电路分离。
附图说明
图1是用于感测电路的电源的示意性框图;
图2是感测电路的示意图;
图3是用于检测接地故障和重置GFCI装置的电路的示意图,其中该GFCI装置包括图1所示的感测电路;
图4是当按下测试按钮时GFCI相关触点示例的侧视图;
图5是和图4类似、处于跳闸状态的侧视图;
图6是当按下重置按钮时该装置的侧视图;
图7是带电接地检测器的第二实施例的示意性框图;
图8是用于GFCI的集成电路的第二实施例的示意性框图;以及
图9是用于检测接地故障的电路的第二实施例的示意性框图。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及多种电路断流装置,它与用于检测带电接地条件(hotground condition)并且能够断开该装置的线路侧导体或端子和负载侧导体或端子之间的至少一个导电路径的电路相结合。该导电路径通常划分为连接到供电电源的线路侧和连接到一个或多个负载的负载侧。该系列可重置电路断流装置中的各种装置包括:接地故障电路断流器(GFCI)、电弧故障电路断流器(AFCI)、浸入检测电路断流器(IDCI)、电器漏电电路断流器(ALCI)和设备漏电电路断流器(ELCI)。为了说明本发明的本实施例,如图所示和在此所述的电路断流装置中采用的结构或机制仅通过被结合到适用于安装到例如居民电气布线系统中使用的单体接线盒中的GFCI插座的示例的方式示出。然而,根据本发明的电路可以包含在该系列可重置电路断流装置中多种装置当中的任一装置中。
在此描述的GFCI插座具有线路和负载相(或电源)连接部、线路和负载中性连接部以及用户可访问负载相和中性连接部。此外,该GFCI插座还具有连接到电气系统的接地导体的连接部。该连接部实现了外部导体或电器和该装置的连接。这种连接部的示例包括接线螺丝、接线片、端子、电线和外部插头连接部。GFCI插座或相关GFCI插座的示例可以从美国专利No.6,282,070中查阅。
在一个实施例中,该GFCI插座具有与用于检测GFCI的接地导体上的电压(也被称为带电接地条件)的电路相结合的断流器,该断流器用于断开GFCI的线路和负载端子之间的电连接。该GFCI还可以包括电路断流器和重置组件。此外,该GFCI还可以可选地具有重置闭锁组件。
在此描述的电路断流器和重置组件可以采用电机械部件来切断(断开)和形成(闭合)该装置的线路和负载侧之间的一个或多个导电路径(参见图4-6)。然而,也可以采用电气部件例如固态开关和支持电路来断开和闭合导电路径(参见图7)。通常,该电路断流器用于在检测到预定条件时自动断开线路和负载侧之间的一个或多个导电路径中的电气连接,所述预定条件在所描述的实施例中为接地故障。该重置组件用于闭合导电路径。
如果可选的重置闭锁组件结合到GFCI中,则该重置组件在未被重置闭锁组件禁用时可以用于闭合开路导电路径。在该结构中,重置和重置闭锁组件的操作和电路断流器的操作相结合,使得如果电路断流器处于非操作状态、如果存在开路中性条件和/或如果该装置被反向接线,均不能重建开路导电路径的电气连接。
此外,还可以将独立的跳闸组件可选地结合到GFCI。该独立的跳闸组件可以独立于电路断流器的操作而断开一个或多个导电路径的电气连接。因此,在电路断流器没有正确工作的情况下,也可以对该装置实施跳闸。
上述特性可以结合到任何可重置电路断流装置,但是为简单起见,本说明书仅针对GFCI插座进行说明。
参照图1,示出了用于产生+5伏和+27伏直流电压的电源的示意性线路图。整个电源400也在图3中示出。用于接收120伏交流电压的输入端子401经电容器402连接到二极管404的阳极端子和二极管406的阴极端子。二极管404的阴极端子连接到齐纳二极管408的阴极端子和输出端子410,该输出端子提供+27伏电压。齐纳二极管408的阳极端子连接到齐纳二极管412的阴极端子和提供+5伏电压的端子414。二极管406和412的阳极端子连接在一起,并且连接到接地端子416。端子400连接到GFCI的端子34(参见图3),端子416连接到端子38,如图3所示。
图2示出该实施例的感测电路429。输入端子430连接到电气系统461的接地导体。然后输入端子430连接到反相器432的输入,电阻器434连接在反相器432的输入与输出之间。对于所示出的感测电路,反相器432和436可以集成到单个芯片433中。作为示例,可以采用例如MC14069UB的六角反相器。可选的是,该感测电路还可以和上述控制电路一起集成到单个集成电路芯片或微处理器中(参见图7-9)。反相器432的输出连接到反相器436的输入并经电阻器438连接到中性导体416。反相器436可用于从反相器432输出的信号去除噪音。作为另一种选择或者附加的是,反相器436可用作逻辑门。反相器432和反相器436都可以集成到单个芯片433中。
在这种情况下,当输入430没有接收到任何因带电接地条件而导致的信号时,则没有信号输入到反相器432。反相器432将5伏直流电流传输到反相器436的输入。然后反相器436向晶体管442传输低电流甚至不传输电流,该晶体管保持开关452断开。然而,当输入430接收到表示带电接地条件的信号时,则将该信号传输到反相器432的输入。从反相器432获得的输出是低电压条件或无电压。由于该输出馈入反相器436,所以获得的输出为5伏直流的形式,它馈入晶体管442的基极442b。
晶体管442的集电极442C连接到例如图1的端子414上存在的+5伏电位,并经与发光二极管448串联的电阻器446连接到晶体管442的发射极端子。晶体管442的发射极端子也经继电器线圈450连接到图1的中性端子416,其中该继电器线圈450可操作地连接到一组触点452。当晶体管442的基极442b受激励时,该5伏直流通过线圈450,从而触发开关452,将该开关452移动到闭合位置。
为了确保检测到带电接地条件,反相器432具有一个具有高增益的MOSFET作为输入。例如,在一些情况下,如果放大率至少为1000倍,可以将增益称作高增益。通过将反相器的输入连接到具有高阻抗(例如10兆欧电阻器,比如电阻器434)的输出,则反相器的增益几乎为指数增益,只需很小的信号例如微伏或更低的信号就能够触发。输入端子430位于附近,但是不直接连接到GFCI的接地母线(strap)。例如,到端子430的导体461可以缠绕在GFCI的金属接地或安装母线周围。在另一个实施例中,该端子430经0.002微法的电容器460连接到GFCI的接地母线。
触点452(包括触点452a和452b)并联连接到测试开关26(参见图3),从而在电路429激活时获得测试功能并且断开该负载和面板(face)端子连接。这种情况会在带电接地条件下发生。因此,电路429的激活导致继电触点452(452a、452b)操作将具有与人按下GFCI上的测试按钮26相同的效果。然后该动作使电路跳闸,停止对图3所示的面板端子101和后部负载端子103进行供电。
这些电路400和429可以连接到不同的故障电路,例如GFCI、AFCI或可以应用该电路的任意其他类型的电路。例如,在至少一个实施例中,电源电路400和接地传感器电路429可以连接到标准接地故障电路断流器(GFCI)。图3-6公开了一些GFCI的通用部件。
例如,图3示出线路输入端子34、38和39,其中输入端子34为相端子或火线端子,输入端子38为中性端子,而端子39为接地端子。然后这些输入端子连接到输出端子101和103。输出端子101包括面板端子60、80和81,其中面板端子60为相或火线端子,面板端子80为中性端子,而面板端子81为接地端子。输出端子103为负载端子,包括相端子36、中性端子40和接地端子41。这些输出端子101和103可以通过开关机构而与输入端子34、38和39电绝缘,该开关机构例如是所示的主开关机构55,它包括机械开关元件,这在图4-6中更加详细地示出。如图3所示,集成电路142连接到线圈137和160,用于接收和接地故障有关的信息,还连接到输出,用于发送电流至SCR 156以触发SCR 156。当感测到故障条件时,或者当测试序列开始时,附加电力流过线圈158导致产生跳闸条件,并且将输出端子101和103与输入端子绝缘。
此外,在该实施例中,图1所示的电源400经连接到相输入连接部34的触点401而连接到电源输入。此外,中性触点416连接到中性路径38。此外,带电接地感测电路429的中性输出416连接到电源电路400的中性输出416,其中该连接部还连接到中性路径38。包括电容器460的接地线路461如图所示连接到接地连接部或路径39。
例如,标准GFCI具有开关,用于断开对装置中任一面板端子或负载端子的供电。当接地传感器电路429检测到有信号馈入输入端子430时,如上所述,则这种状况会产生测试条件仿真。当触发测试条件时,例如机械开关或固态开关的开关会跳闸。
参照图4-6,线路相连接部34和负载相连接部36之间的导电路径包括:接触臂50,它可在受压和不受压位置之间移动;活动触点52,其安装到接触臂50;接触臂54,其固定到或一体地形成到负载相连接部36;以及固定触点56,其安装到接触臂54中。该实施例的用户可访问负载相连接部包括端子组件,该端子组件具有两个结合端子,它们能够接合到插入其间的插头的插脚。线路相连接部34和用户可访问负载相连接部之间的导电路径包括:具有活动触点的接触臂50、固定到或整体形成到端子组件的接触臂、以及安装到接触臂的固定触点。这些导电路径统称为相导电路径。相同的通用布置同样可以应用到中性导电路径,或者根据需要应用到接地导电路径。
参照图5,电路断流器具有控制电路,该控制电路能够感测带电和/或中性导体上的故障,例如电流不平衡。该线圈组件90响应于由例如图3所示的控制电路感测到的接地故障而被激活,其中该控制电路包括用于感测中性和相导体之间的电流不平衡的差动变换器。
该重置组件包括重置按钮30、连接到重置按钮30的活动闭锁部件100、闭锁指(latching finger)102和重置触点104和106,当处于跳闸位置时按下重置按钮,则所述重置触点暂时激活电路断流器。
在该实施例中,活动闭锁部件102可被每个部件(也就是,电路断流器、重置和重置闭锁组件)共用,它用于使得便于形成、断开或闭锁一个或多个导电路径的电气连接。作为另一种选择,该带电接地检测器电路429可以结合到具有固态开关的技术方案中,其中在每条线路之间没有机械开关。
当因线路至地的故障条件而激励跳闸线圈158时,接地故障电路断流器的触点断开,从而分别断开线路、负载和面板插座之间的相和中性线路。按钮26和电阻器190是旁接变换器137和160的测试电路的一部分。
图7示出感测电路的另一个实施例。利用该设计方案,接地感测电路429a集成到图8所示的修改的集成电路142a中。接地感测电路429a包括输入430、反相器432、电阻器434、反相器436、电阻器438、连接端416和电阻器440,如图2所示。然而,该修改的接地感测电路429a不需要包括图2所示的任何附加部件。这是因为许多这些部件的功能可以由图8所示的集成电路142a或整个GFCI电路来实现。
集成电路142a包括至少一个附加引脚例如引脚9,并且可以包括例如引脚10的附加引脚。集成电路142a上的引脚9对应于输入430,其中该输入连接到接地线461。电力可以从集成电路142a供给到修改的接地感测电路429a。在至少一个实施例中,例如图8所示的实施例,修改的接地感测电路429a接收5伏直流电压的电力输入。相对照的是,集成电路142a接收27伏直流电压,它输入到集成电路142a的引脚8。因此,输入到修改的接地感测电路429a的电力可以经齐纳二极管470而被改变。另一个齐纳二极管472也设置在5伏直流连接部和电路接地端之间,其中该电路接地端连接到集成电路142a的引脚4。
图9示出结合到GFCI电路中的该附加设计方案。利用该电路,修改的集成电路142a如图所示将引脚9的输出连接到接地端39的输入。此外,引脚10的输出延伸到具有二极管474的线路中,其中该连接部馈入SCR 156中。当修改的接地感测电路429a检测到经引脚9输入到输入430的信号时,这导致信号馈入反相器432,从而导致将空信号发送到反相器436的输入。该空信号输入到反相器436,将导致反相器436输出5伏或类似输出,该输出从引脚10输出并最终输入到SCR 156。此时,SCR 156产生短路,使得线圈158中流过的电流增大,从而产生接地故障或仿真接地故障条件,使得该电路断开、触点移开以及面板端子101和负载端子103与供电输入端子之间的绝缘。
这样,利用该设计方案,例如带电接地检测器429和429a的带电接地检测器可以防止电路的不当接线,这种不当接线会导致感测电路错误旁接。这种带电接地检测器因此可以为感测电路例如接地故障感测电路增加额外的安全特性。
虽然示出和阐述并指明了应用到优选实施例的本发明的主要新颖特性,但是可以理解的是,本领域技术人员可以对所述的方法和装置以及操作的形式和细节进行多种省略、替代和改变,而不会脱离本发明的精神。

Claims (14)

1.一种电路断流器,包括:
至少一个输入导体;
至少一个输出导体;
至少一个接地导体;
耦合在所述至少一个输入导体和至少一个输出导体之间的开关;
耦合到所述至少一个接地导体的感测电路;
耦合到所述开关和所述感测电路的控制电路;
其中,如果所述接地导体的电压电位不等于地电压电位,则所述感测电路将使得所述控制电路断开所述开关。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电路断流器,其中所述感测电路电连接到所述至少一个接地导体。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电路断流器,其中所述感测电路经具有电容的耦合部耦合到所述至少一个接地导体。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电路断流器,其中具有电容的所述耦合部为离散电容器。
5.根据权利要求3所述的电路断流器,其中所述感测电路耦合到缠绕但并不电连接到所述接地导体的导体。
6.根据权利要求3所述的电路断流器,其中该电容的电容值不超过0.002微法。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电路断流器,其中所述感测电路还包括:
第一MOSFET反相器;
与所述第一MOSFET反相器串连的第二MOSFET反相器;
与所述第一MOSFET反相器并联的电阻器;
耦合到所述第二MOSFET反相器的晶体管;以及
耦合到所述晶体管的继电器,其中所述继电器具有断开状态和闭合状态,当所述继电器处于所述闭合状态时,所述控制电路断开所述开关。
8.根据权利要求7所述的电路断流器,其中所述电阻器的阻值不小于10兆欧姆。
9.根据权利要求7所述的电路断流器,其中该感测电路和该控制电路这两者设置在单个集成电路芯片上。
10.根据权利要求9所述的电路断流器,其中该集成芯片为微处理器。
11.根据权利要求7所述的电路断流器,其中当检测到预定条件时所述控制电路断开所述开关;以及
当所述继电器处于所述闭合状态时,所述继电器产生所述预定条件。
12.根据权利要求11所述的电路断流器,其中所述预定条件选自包括以下条件的组:
接地故障、电弧故障、电器漏电故障、浸没故障和测试循环。
13.一种电路断流器,包括:
至少一个输入导体;
至少一个输出导体;
至少一个接地导体;
耦合在所述至少一个输入导体和至少一个输出导体之间的开关;
耦合到所述至少一个接地导体并包括至少一个晶体管和至少一个继电器的感测电路;以及
耦合到所述开关和所述感测电路的控制电路;
其中,所述感测电路检测所述接地导体的电压电位是否并非基本上等于地电压电位,如果所述接地导体的所述电压电位并非基本上等于地电压电位,则所述感测电路指示所述继电器断开所述开关。
14.一种接地故障电路断流器,包括:
至少一个输入导体;
至少一个输出导体;
至少一个接地导体;
耦合在所述至少一个输入导体和至少一个输出导体之间的开关;
耦合到所述至少一个接地导体并包括至少一个晶体管和耦合到所述至少一个晶体管的至少一个继电器的感测电路,其中所述至少一个继电器具有断开状态和闭合状态,当所述至少一个继电器处于所述闭合状态时,所述控制电路断开所述开关;以及
耦合到所述开关和所述感测电路的控制电路;
其中如果所述接地导体的电压电位不等于地电压电位,则所述感测电路指示所述控制电路断开所述开关。
CN2007800249489A 2006-06-30 2007-07-02 具有带电接地检测器的电路断流器 Expired - Fee Related CN101485059B (zh)

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