CN101680292B - 用于地下地层的并联加热器系统 - Google Patents
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- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于地下地层的加热系统。该系统包括多个设置在地层中的含烃层中的基本上水平或倾斜定向的加热部。所述加热部中的两个的至少一部分基本上彼此平行。所述层中的加热部中的至少两个的端部电联接至基本上水平或倾斜的电导体,所述电导体基本上垂直于所述至少两个加热部的端部定向。
Description
技术领域
本发明总体涉及用于从各种地下地层(例如含烃地层)生产烃类、氢和/或其它产品的加热方法和加热系统。此外,某些实施例涉及用于加热地下地层的并联加热器系统。
背景技术
从地下地层获得的烃类通常用作能源、用作原料、以及用作消费品。对可用烃资源衰竭的关注和对产出烃类的总体质量下降的关注导致开发出用于更有效地回收、处理和/或使用可用烃资源的方法。就地处理可用于从地下地层移出烃材料。可能需要改变地下地层中的烃材料的化学和/或物理性能以使烃材料更容易从地下地层移出。化学和物理变化可包括地层中烃材料的生成可移出流体的就地反应、成分变化、溶解度变化、密度变化、相变和/或粘度变化。流体可以是,但是不限于,气体、液体、乳状液、浆液和/或具有与液体流类似的流动特性的固体颗粒流。
井眼可形成在地层中。在一些实施例中,套管或其它管道系统可设置或形成在井眼中。在一些实施例中,膨胀管可用于井眼中。加热器可设置在井眼中以在就地处理过程中加热地层。
在授予Ljungstrom的美国专利2,923,535和授予Van Meurs等人的美国专利4,886,118中描述了将热施加至油页岩地层。热可施加至油页岩地层以热解油页岩地层中的油母。热还可使地层断裂以提高地层的渗透性。增强的渗透性可使地层流体行进到生产井,在所述生产井流体从油页岩地层中移出。在由Ljungstrom公开的一些过程中,例如含氧气体介质被引入可渗透层,优选地,同时由于预加热步骤所述含氧气体介质仍然是热的,以引发燃烧。
热源可用于加热地下地层。电加热器可用于通过辐射和/或传导加热地下地层。电加热器可通过电阻加热元件。授予Germain的美国专利2,548,360、授予Eastlund等人的美国专利4,716,960和授予VanEgmond的美国专利5,065,818描述了一种设置在井眼中的电加热元件。授予Vinegar等人的美国专利6,023,554描述了一种设置在套管中的电加热元件。加热元件产生加热套管的辐射能。
授予Van Meurs等人的美国专利4,570,715描述了一种电加热元件。所述加热元件具有导电芯部、绝缘材料包围层和包围的金属套。导电芯部可具有在高温下相对低的电阻。绝缘材料可具有在高温下相对高的电阻、压缩强度和热传导性能。绝缘层可阻止从芯部向金属套的电弧放电。金属套可具有在高温下相对高的拉伸强度和抗蠕变性能。授予Van Egmond的美国专利5,060,287描述了一种具有铜镍合金芯部的电加热元件。
加热器可由锻不锈钢制造。授予Maziasz等人的美国专利7,153,373和授予Maziasz等人的美国专利申请公开US 2004/0191109描述了用作铸造显微结构或细化晶粒板和薄片的改性237不锈钢。
如上面所概述的,已经对开发用于从含烃地层经济地产出烃类、氢和/或其它产品的加热器、方法和系统付出了大量的努力。但是目前仍存在很多不能从其中经济地产出烃类、氢和/或其它产品的含烃地层。因而,仍需要改进的加热方法和系统以从各种含烃地层产出烃类、氢和/或其它产品。
发明内容
在此所描述的实施例总体涉及用于处理地下地层的系统、方法和加热器。在此所描述的实施例还总体涉及其中具有新颖部件的加热器。这种加热器可通过使用在此所描述的系统和方法获得。
在某些实施例中,本发明提供了一种或多种系统、方法和/或加热器。在一些实施例中,所述系统、方法和/或加热器用于处理地下地层。
在某些实施例中,本发明提供了一种用于地下地层的加热系统,包括:多个设置在地层中的含烃层中的基本上水平定向或倾斜的加热部,其中,所述加热部中的两个的至少一部分彼此平行;并且其中,所述层中的加热部中的至少两个的端部电连接至基本上水平或倾斜的电导体,所述电导体基本上垂直于所述至少两个加热部的端部定向。
在另外的实施例中,特定实施例的特征可与其它实施例的特征组合。例如,一个实施例的特征可与其它实施例中的任一个的特征组合。
在另外的实施例中,使用在此所述的方法、系统或加热器中的任一个处理地下地层。
在另外的实施例中,附加特征可添加到在此所述的特定实施例中。
因此,根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种用于地下地层的加热系统,包括:多个设置在地层中的含烃层中的基本上水平定向或倾斜的加热部,其中,所述加热部中的两个加热部的至少一部分是基本上彼此平行的;以及其中,所述含烃层中的加热部中的至少两个加热部的端部电联接至基本上水平或倾斜的电导体,所述电导体基本上垂直于所述至少两个加热部的端部定向,其中,所述基本上水平或倾斜的电导体是用于加热部的中性连接或返回连接。
可选地,所述至少两个加热部并联电联接。
可选地,所述至少两个加热部串联电联接。
可选地,所述至少两个加热部的端部使用捕鼠器式连接器、熔融金属和/或爆炸熔粘焊接来联接至基本上水平或倾斜的导体。
可选地,所述基本上水平或倾斜的导体是管状物,所述至少两个加热部的端部插入所述管状物中。
可选地,所述加热部中的至少一个构造用于在加热部中到达选定温度时自动减小其热输出。
可选地,所述加热部的至少两个的至少大部分是基本上彼此平行的。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供了一种处理含烃地层的方法,包括:使用如上所述的系统提供热;和允许热从所述系统传送到所述地层的一部分。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种用于如上所述的系统的方法,包括:在所述地层中形成第一井眼,其中,所述第一井眼的一部分基本上水平或倾斜定向;将电导体设置在第一井眼中;在所述地层中形成至少两个附加井眼,其中,所述附加井眼的端部与所述第一井眼相交,并且其中,第一附加井眼的经过由就地热处理过程进行热处理的烃层的部分的至少大部分基本上平行于第二附加井眼的经过烃层的部分的至少大部分;将加热部设置在所述附加井眼中的至少一个中;以及将所述加热部联接至所述第一井眼中的所述导体,其中,在所述第一井眼中的所述导体是用于加热部的中性连接或返回连接。
可选地,所述方法还包括将第二加热部设置在其它附加井眼中的至少一个中,和联接位于附加井眼中的加热部,以使得所述加热部并联电联接。
可选地,所述方法还包括将第二加热部设置在其它附加井眼中的至少一个中,和联接位于附加井眼中的加热部,以使得所述加热部串联电联接。
可选地,所述加热部的端部使用捕鼠器连接器、熔融金属和/或爆炸熔粘焊接来联接至单个导体。
可选地,所述第一井眼中的导体是管状物,所述加热部的端部插入所述管状物中。
可选地,所述方法还包括使用所述加热部向所述地层的至少一部分提供热。
可选地,所述方法还包括将第二加热部设置在其它附加井眼中的至少一个中,和使用加热部向所述地层的至少一部分提供热,以使得来自加热部的热与来自地层中的第二加热部的热叠加。
可选地,所述加热部构造用于当所述加热部中到达选定温度时自动减小其热输出。
附图说明
根据下述详细描述的有益效果和参照附图,本发明的优点对本领域的技术人员来说可变得显而易见,附图中:
图1显示了加热含烃地层的各阶段的图示。
图2显示了一个用于处理含烃地层的就地热处理系统的一部分的实施例的示意图。
图3图示了联接至烃层中汇流条的多个基本上水平的加热器的一个实施例。
图4图示了联接至烃层中汇流条的多个基本上水平的加热器的一个实施例。
图5图示了通过连接器联接至加热器的汇流条的一个实施例。
图6图示了通过连接器和扶正器联接至加热器的汇流条的一个实施例。
图7图示了与汇流条联接的连接器的剖视图。
图8图示了与汇流条联接的连接器的三维视图。
虽然本发明易于具有多种修改和替代形式,但是其具体实施例在附图中以示例方式进行显示,并且可在此进行详细描述。附图可不按比例绘制。但是,应该理解的是,附图和对附图的详细描述不旨在将本发明限制为所公开的特别形式,而是相反地,旨在覆盖落入由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有修改、等同物和替代形式。
具体实施方式
下述描述总体涉及用于处理地层中烃类的系统和方法。这种地层可被处理以生产烃产品、氢和其它产品。
“交流电(AC)”是指基本上按照正弦曲线反转方向的时变电流。AC在铁磁性导体中产生集肤效应电流。
“居里温度”是指在该温度以上铁磁性材料失去其全部铁磁性能的温度。除了在居里温度以上失去所有铁磁性能外,铁磁性材料还在增大的电流经过铁磁性材料时开始失去其铁磁性能。
“流体压力”是由地层中的流体产生的压力。“静岩压力”(有时称为“静岩应力”)是与覆岩块的单位面积的重量相等的地层中的压力。“流体静压”是由水柱施加在地层中的压力。
“地层”包括一个或多个含烃层、一个或多个非烃层、上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层。“烃层”指地层中的含烃层。烃层可含有非烃材料和烃材料。“上覆岩层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一种或多种不同类型的不可渗透材料。例如,上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括岩石、页岩、泥岩或润湿/致密的碳酸盐。在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中,上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可包括一层或多层含烃层,其在就地热处理的处理过程中是相对不可渗透的并且不受温度影响,所述就地热处理导致上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层的性能发生显著变化。例如,下伏岩层可含有页岩或泥岩,但是下伏岩层在就地热处理处理期间不允许加热到热解温度。在一些情形中,上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以是稍微可渗透的。
“地层流体”是指存在于地层中的流体,并且可包括热解流体、合成气、流动的烃和水(蒸汽)。地层流体可包括烃流体以及非烃流体。术语“流动的流体”是指由于地层的热处理而能够流动的含烃地层中的流体。“产出流体”是指从地层移出的流体。
“热源”是用于基本上通过传导和/或辐射热传递向地层的至少一部分提供热的任何系统。例如,热源可包括电加热器,比如绝缘导体、细长部件和/或布置在导管中的导体。热源还可包括通过燃烧地层外部或地层中的燃料来产生热的系统。所述系统可以是地表燃烧器、井下气体燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和自然分布式燃烧器。在一些实施例中,一个或多个热源所提供或产生的热可由其它能源提供。所述其它能源可直接加热地层,或者所述能量可施加到直接或间接加热地层的传递介质。应该理解的是,将热施加到地层的一个或多个热源可使用不同的能源。因而,例如,对于给定地层,一些热源可由电阻加热器提供热,一些热源可通过燃烧提供热,一些热源可由一个或多个其它能源(例如,化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物质或其它可再生能源)提供热。化学反应可包括放热反应(例如氧化反应)。热源还可包括向加热位置(比如加热器井)附近或周围的区域提供热的加热器。
“加热器”是用于在井中或井眼附近的区域产生热的任何系统或热源。加热器可以是,但不限于,电加热器、燃烧炉、与地层中的材料或从地层产出的材料发生反应的燃烧器、和/或其组合。
“烃类”通常定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃类还可包括其它元素,例如,但不限于,卤素、金属元素、氮、氧、和/或硫。烃类可以是,但不限于,油母、沥青、焦沥青、油类、天然矿物蜡和沥青岩。烃类可位于大地中的矿物基体中或与矿物基体相邻。基体可包括,但不限于,沉积岩、砂、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐、硅藻土和其它多孔介质。“烃流体”是包括烃类的流体。烃流体可包括夹带非烃流体或被夹带在非烃流体中的流体,所述非烃流体比如为氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨。
“就地转化过程”是指通过热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到热解温度以上以使得在地层中产生热解流体的过程。
“就地热处理过程”是指使用热源加热含烃地层以将地层的至少一部分的温度升高到导致含烃材料地层的流体流动、降粘和/或热解的温度以上以使得在地层中产生流动的流体、降粘的流体和/或热解的流体的过程。
“绝缘导体”是指任何能够导电的并且全部或部分由电绝缘材料覆盖的细长物体。
“热解”是由于施加热而导致化学键的断裂。例如,热解可包括仅通过热将化合物转变为一种或多种其它物质。热可被传递到地层的一部分以发生热解。
“热解流体”或“热解产物”是指基本上在烃类的热解期间产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可与地层中的其它流体混合。混合物被认为是热解流体或热解产物。如在此所使用的,“热解区”是指被反应或进行反应以形成热解流体的地层体(例如,相对不可渗透的地层,比如沥青砂地层)。
“热的叠加”是指从两个或更多个热源向地层的选定部分提供热,以使得在热源之间的至少一个位置处的地层温度受热源影响。
“限温加热器”通常是指加热器将热输出调节(例如,减少热输出)到规定温度以上而无需使用外部控制器的加热器,所述外部控制器比如为温度控制器、功率调节器、整流器或其它装置。限温加热器可以是AC(交流电流)或调制(例如“斩波”)DC(直流)供电的电阻加热器。
“导热流体”包括在标准温度和压力(STP)(0℃和101.325kPa)下具有比空气高的导热率的流体。
“导热率”是材料的一种性能,其描述了对于材料的两个表面之间的给定温度差,热以稳定状态在材料的两个表面之间流动的速率。
层的“厚度”是指层横截面的厚度,其中横截面垂直于层的表面。
“时变电流”是指在铁磁性导体中产生集肤电流并且大小随时间变化的电流。时变电流既包括交变电流(AC)又包括调制直流电流(DC)。
限温加热器的“调节比”是对于给定电流,居里温度以下的最大AC或调制DC电阻与居里温度以上的最小电阻的比值。
“u型井眼”是指从地层中的第一开口延伸穿过地层的至少一部分并且从地层中的第二开口穿出的井眼。在本文中,井眼可以仅大体上呈“v”型或“u”型,对于视为“u”型的井眼,“u”型的“腿”应该理解成不需要彼此平行或垂直于“u”的底部。
“改质”是指提高烃的质量。例如,改质重质烃类可导致提高重质烃类的API重力指标。
术语“井眼”是指通过钻井或将管道插入地层中而在地层中形成的孔。井眼可具有基本上圆形的横截面或其它横截面形状。如在此所使用的,术语“井”和“开口”在指地层中的开口时可与术语“井眼”互换使用。
地层中的烃类可通过各种方式处理以生产出很多不同产物。在某些实施例中,地层中的烃类在各阶段中进行处理。图1描述了加热含烃地层的各阶段的一个图示。图1还描述了以来自地层的每吨地层流体的油当量桶数为单位的产量(“Y”)(y轴)与以摄氏度为单位的受热地层的温度(“T”)(x轴)的曲线关系的示例。
在阶段1加热过程中发生甲烷解吸和水蒸发。阶段1期间的地层加热可尽可能快速地进行。例如,当含烃地层开始加热时,地层中的烃类解吸所吸附的甲烷。解吸的甲烷可从地层产出。如果进一步加热含烃地层,则含烃地层中的水蒸发。在一些含烃地层中,水可占据地层中孔隙体积的约10%至50%之间。在其它地层中,水占据孔隙体积的更多或更少部分。水通常在地层中在600kPa的绝对压力到7000kPa的绝对压力下、在160℃至285℃之间蒸发。在一些实施例中,蒸发的水产生地层中的润湿性变化和/或增加的地层压力。润湿性变化和/或增加的压力可影响地层中的热解反应或其它反应。在某些实施例中,蒸发的水从地层产出。在其它实施例中,蒸发的水用于在地层中或地层外部进行抽汽和/或蒸馏。从地层中移出水和增加地层中的孔隙体积增大了烃类在孔隙体积中的存储空间。
在某些实施例中,在阶段1加热后,地层被进一步加热,以使得地层中的温度达到(至少)初始热解温度(比如在如图2所示的温度范围的下端处的温度)。地层中的烃类可在整个阶段2进行热解。热解温度范围根据地层中的烃类的类型而变化。热解温度范围可包括250℃至900℃之间的温度。用于生产期望产物的热解温度范围可延伸经过总热解范围的仅一部分。在一些实施例中,用于生产期望产物的热解温度范围可包括250℃至400℃之间的温度或270℃至350℃之间的温度。如果地层中烃类的温度缓慢升高经过从250℃到400℃的温度范围,则当温度接近400℃时,可基本上完成热解产物的生产。烃类的平均温度可以小于5℃/天、小于2℃/天、小于1℃/天或小于0.5℃/天的速率升高来经过用于生产期望产物的热解温度范围。利用多个热源加热含烃地层可在热源周围形成热梯度,所述热源使地层中烃类的温度缓慢地升高经过热解温度范围。
温度升高经过用于期望产物的热分解温度范围的速率可影响从含烃地层产出的地层流体的质量和数量。将地层温度缓慢地升高经过用于期望产物的热解温度范围可允许从地层产出高质量、高API重力指标的烃类。将地层温度缓慢地升高经过用于期望产物的热解温度范围可允许以烃产物的形式移出存在于地层中的大量烃类。
在一些就地热处理的实施例中,代替将温度缓慢地加热经过温度范围的是将地层的一部分加热到期望温度。在一些实施例中,期望的温度为300℃、325℃、或350℃。其它温度可选择为期望温度。叠加来自热源的热允许在地层中相对快速有效地建立期望温度。从热源输入地层中的能量可被调节以使地层中的温度基本上保持在期望温度。地层的受热部分基本上保持在期望温度,直到热解减慢使得从地层产出期望的地层流体变得不经济。地层的发生热解的部分可包括通过来自仅一个热源的热传递而进入热解温度范围的区域。
在某些实施例中,包括热解流体的地层流体从地层产出。随着地层温度的升高,产出的地层流体中的可冷凝烃类的量可能减少。在高温下,地层可主要产生甲烷和/或氢。如果在整个热解范围内加热含烃地层,则地层在朝向热解范围上限过程中仅产生少量氢。在所有可用氢衰竭之后,通常会出现从地层产出极小量的流体。
在烃热解之后,大量碳和一些氢可仍然存在于地层中。保留在地层中的大部分碳可以合成气的形式从地层产出。合成气的产生可发生在图1所示的阶段3加热过程中。阶段3可包括将含烃地层加热到足够高温度以允许产生合成气。例如,合成气可在从约400℃到约1200℃、约500℃到约1100℃、或约550℃到约1000℃的温度范围中产生。当产生合成气的流体被引入地层时,地层受热部分的温度决定在地层中产生的合成气的成分。产生的合成气可通过一口或多口生产井从地层中移出。
从含烃地层产出的流体的总能含量可在整个热解和产生合成气期间保持相对恒定。在相对低的地层温度下进行热解期间,产出流体中的大部分可能是具有高能含量的可冷凝烃类。但是,在较高的热解温度下,地层流体中的较少部分可包括可冷凝烃类。更多的不可冷凝的地层流体可从地层产出。产出流体的单位体积的能含量可能在主要产生不可冷凝地层流体期间略微下降。在合成气产生期间,产出的合成气的单位体积的能含量与热解流体的能含量相比显著降低。但是产出的合成气的体积在很多情况下显著增大,由此补偿降低的能含量。
图2图示了用于处理含烃地层的就地加热系统的一部分的一个实施例的示意图。该就地热处理系统可包括障壁井200。障壁井用于在处理区域周围形成障壁。所述障壁阻止流体流入和/或流出处理区域。障壁井包括,但是不限于脱水井、真空井、俘获井、注入井、灌浆井、冷冻井、或其组合。在一些实施例中,障壁井200是脱水井。脱水井可去除液态水和/或阻止液态水进入待加热或地层正在加热的地层部分。在图2所示的实施例中,障壁井200显示为仅沿热源202的一侧延伸,但是障壁井通常环绕所使用的或将要使用的所有热源202以加热地层的处理区域。
热源202设置在地层的至少一部分中。热源202可包括加热器,比如绝缘导体、导体在导管内的加热器、地表燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧器和/或自然分布式燃烧器等。热源202还可包括其它类型的加热器。热源202向地层的至少一部分提供热以加热地层中的烃类。能量可通过供给管道204提供给热源202。供给管道204可根据一个或多个用于加热地层的热源的类型而在结构上有所不同。用于热源的供给管道204可传输用于电加热器的电、可传输用于燃烧器的燃料、或可传输在地层中循环的热交换流体。在一些实施例中,用于就地热处理过程的电可由一个或多个核电站提供。使用核动力可使得降低或消除从就地热处理过程释放的二氧化碳。
生产井206用于从地层移出地层流体。在一些实施例中,生产井206包括热源。生产井中的热源可在生产井处或生产井附近加热地层的一个或多个部分。在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中,由每米生产井从生产井提供给地层的热量小于由每米热源从加热地层的热源提供给地层的热量。
在一些实施例中,生产井206中的热源允许从地层中去除地层流体的汽相。在生产井处或通过生产井提供热可用于:(1)在该生产流体靠近上覆岩层在生产井中运动时阻止该生产流体的冷凝和/或逆流;(2)增加输入到地层中的热;(3)与没有热源的生产井相比提高生产井的产率;(4)阻止生产井中高碳(C6及以上)化合物的冷凝;和/或(5)增大生产井处或生产井附近的地层的渗透性。
地层中的地下压力可对应于地层中产生的流体压力。随着地层的受热部分中的温度升高,受热部分中的压力可由于流体的热膨胀、生成流体的增加和水的蒸发而增大。控制从地层移出流体的速率可允许控制地层中的压力。地层中的压力可在很多不同的位置处确定,比如在生产井附近或在生产井处、热源附近或在热源处,或监控井处。
在一些含烃地层中,从地层生产烃类受到抑制,直到地层中的至少一些烃类已经被热解。当地层流体具有选定质量时,地层流体可从地层产出。在一些实施例中,选定质量包括至少约20°、30°或40°的API重力指标。直到至少一些烃类被热解,抑制生产才可加快重质烃类向轻质烃类的转化。抑制初期产量可使从地层产出的重质烃类的量最小。生产重质烃类可能需要昂贵的设备和/或缩短生产设备的寿命。
在达到热分解温度且允许从地层进行生产之后,地层中的压力可发生变化,用于改变和/或控制产出的地层流体的成分、用于控制地层流体中可冷凝流体相对于不可冷凝流体的百分比、和/或用于控制正在产出的地层流体的API重力指标。例如,降低压力可导致产出较大的可冷凝流体组分。可冷凝流体组分可含有较大百分比的烯烃。
在一些就地热处理过程的实施例中,地层中的压力可保持足够高以促使产出API重力指标大于20°的地层流体。在地层中保持增大的压力可在就地热处理过程中阻止地层塌陷。保持增大的压力可促使从地层产生流体的汽相。汽相的产生可允许减小用于传输从地层产出流体的收集管道的尺寸。保持增大的压力可减少或消除对在地表处压缩地层流体以将收集管道中的流体输送到处理设备的需要。
令人惊讶的是,在地层的受热部分中保持增加的压力可允许产生质量提高的烃和相对低分子量的大量烃类。压力可保持成使得产出的地层流体具有极小量的选定碳数以上的化合物。选定碳数可以是至多25、至多20、至多12或至多8。一些高碳数化合物可夹带在地层中的蒸汽中并且可与蒸汽一起从地层移出。在地层中保持增加的压力可抑制在蒸汽中夹带高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物。高碳数化合物和/或多环烃化合物可在地层中在相当长时间保持为液相。相当长时间可为化合物提供足够长的时间进行热解以形成低碳数化合物。
从生产井206产出的地层流体可通过收集管道208输送到处理设备210。地层流体还可从热源202产出。例如,流体可从热源202产出以控制与热源相邻的地层中的压力。从热源202产出的流体可通过生产管或管道输送到收集管道208,或者产出流体可通过生产管或管道直接输送到处理设备210。处理设备210可包括分离单元、反应单元、改质单元、燃料室、涡轮、存储容器和/或其它用于处理产出的地层流体的系统和单元。处理设备可将从地层产出的烃类的至少一部分形成输送燃料。在一些实施例中,输送燃料可以是喷气燃料,例如JP-8。
在某些实施例中,多个基本上水平(或倾斜)的加热器可联接至地下地层中的单个基本上水平的汇流条。使多个基本上水平的加热器连接至地下的单个汇流条减小了地层表面上加热器的总占地面积和钻入地层中的井数。另外,用于结合加热器的地下空间的量可最小化,以使得使用热来处理更多的地层以回收烃(例如,地层中未加热的深度较浅)。联接至单个汇流条的加热器的数量和间距可根据下述因素而改变,所述因素例如但是不限于处理区域的尺寸、地层的竖直厚度、地层的加热要求、地层中的层数和地表能量供给的容量限制等。
图3图示了联接至烃层216中的汇流条214A、214B的基本上水平的加热器212A、212B的一个实施例。加热器212A、212B具有在烃层216的上覆岩层中的部分218。部分218可包括高导电性、低热损的电导体,比如铜或铜包碳钢。加热器212A、212B的基本上竖直的部分进入烃层216中,然后改变方向,以使得加热器在烃层216中具有基本上水平的部分。加热器212A、212B在烃层216中的基本上水平的部分可向烃层提供大部分热。加热器212A、212B可联接至汇流条214A、214B,所述汇流条214A、214B彼此远离地设置在地层中,然而是基本上彼此平行的。
在某些实施例中,加热器212A、212B包括露出的金属加热元件。在某些实施例中,加热器212A、212B包括露出的金属限温加热元件。加热元件可包括用作限温加热器的铁磁性材料,比如类似于410不锈钢的9%重量百分比到13%重量百分比的铬不锈钢、比如T/P91或T/P92的铬不锈钢、409不锈钢、VM12(Vallourec and MannesmannTubes,法国)、或铁钴合金。在一些实施例中,加热元件为复合材料的限温加热元件,比如410不锈钢和铜复合材料的加热元件或347H、铁、铜复合材料的加热元件。烃层216中的加热器212A、212B的基本上水平部分可具有至少约100m、至少约500米或至少约1000米的长度,达约6000m的长度。
在一些实施例中,两组加热器212A、212B彼此接近地进入地下,然后在烃层216中彼此远离地分支。使多于一组的加热器的地表部分彼此接近地设置形成了较少的加热器地表占用面积,并且允许一组地表设备用于两组加热器。
在某些实施例中,加热器组212A或212B中的每一个联接至单个变压器。在一些实施例中,所述组中的三个加热器以三个一组的结构(每一个加热器联接至三相变压器的相(A、B或C)之一,汇流条联接至变压器的中性点或中心点)进行结合。三相变压器的每一相可联接至每一个加热器组中的多于一个加热器(例如,相A可联接至加热器组212A中的5个加热器)。在一些实施例中,加热器联接至单相变压器(以串联或并联构造)。
图4图示了联接至烃层216中的汇流条214A、214B的多个基本上水平的加热器212A、212B的一个实施例。在该实施例中,两组加热器212A、212B在地层表面上较远位置处进入地层中。加热器212A、212B在烃层216中朝向彼此进行分支,以使得加热器的端部指向彼此。加热器212A、212B可联接至汇流条214A、214B,其彼此靠近并且基本上彼此平行地设置。汇流条214A、214B可彼此靠近地进入地下,以使得汇流条在地表的占用面积很小。
在某些实施例中,加热器212A、212B以串联或并联的形式联接至单相变压器。加热器可联接成使得极性(电流流动方向)在加热器排中交替变化,以使得每一个加热器具有与其相邻的加热器相反的极性。另外,加热器212A、212B和汇流条214A、214B可电联接,以使得汇流条的极性彼此相反(电流在每一个汇流条中任一点随时间以相反方向流动)。以这样的方式联接加热器和汇流条抑制了电流泄漏到和/或穿过地层。
如图3和4所示,加热器212A可电联接至汇流条214A,加热器212B可电联接至汇流条214B。汇流条214A、214B可电联接至加热器212A、212B的端部,并且可为加热器的返回连接(returnconnection)或中性连接,汇流条214A为加热器212A的中性连接,汇流条214B为加热器212B的中性连接。如图3所示,汇流条214A、214B可基本上垂直于具有加热器212A、212B的井眼的路径设置在井眼中。可使用定向钻井和/或磁导向以使得用于汇流条214A、214B的井和用于加热器212A、212B的井眼相交。
在某些实施例中,加热器212A、212B使用“捕鼠器”型连接器220联接至汇流条214A、214B。在一些实施例中,其它连接器(比如在此所描述的或现有技术中已知的那些连接器)用于将加热器212A、212B联接至汇流条214A、214B。例如,熔融金属或液态导电流体可填充连接空间(井眼中),以电联接加热器和汇流条。
图5图示了通过连接器220与加热器212联接的汇流条214的一个实施例的放大图。在某些实施例中,汇流条214包括碳钢或其它导电金属。在一些实施例中,高电导率导体或金属联接至汇流条214或包含在汇流条214中。例如,汇流条214可包括碳钢,其中铜包覆到碳钢上。
在一些实施例中,扶正器或其它对中装置用于定位或引导加热器212和/或汇流条214,以使得加热器和汇流条可进行联接。图6图示了通过连接器220和扶正器222联接到加热器212的汇流条214的一个实施例的放大图。扶正器222可定位加热器212和/或汇流条214,以使得连接器220容易联接加热器和汇流条。扶正器222可确保加热器212和/或汇流条214的适当间距,以使得加热器和汇流条可通过连接器220连接。扶正器222可阻止加热器212和/或汇流条214接触连接器220处或附近的井眼侧部。
图7图示了与汇流条214联接的连接器220的剖视图。图8图示了与汇流条214联接的连接器220的三维视图。连接器220显示为在汇流条214附近(在所述连接器围绕汇流条夹紧之前)。连接器220连接至或直接附接至加热器,以使得连接器可在保持与加热器电接触的同时围绕加热器的端部旋转。在一些实施例中,连接器和加热器的端部被扭转到位以与汇流条对准。连接器220包括夹头224。夹头224成形为(例如对角切割或螺旋成形)使得当连接器被推到汇流条214上时,夹头的形状在夹头在汇流条上方滑动时旋转连接器的头部。夹头224可使用弹簧加载,以使得在夹头在汇流条上方滑动之后夹头向下保持抵靠汇流条214。因而,连接器220使用夹头224夹持到汇流条214上。连接器220(包括夹头224)由导电材料制成,以使得连接器将汇流条214电联接至加热器,所述加热器附接至所述连接器。
在一些实施例中,如图7和8所示,爆炸性元件被添加到连接器220。连接器220用于将汇流条214和加热器定位在适当位置中,用于将汇流条爆炸熔粘焊接(explosive bonding)到加热器上。爆炸性元件可设置在连接器220上。例如,爆炸性元件可设置在一个或两个夹头224上。爆炸性元件可用于将连接器220爆炸熔粘焊接到汇流条214,以使得加热器被金属性地(metallically)结合至汇流条。
在一些实施例中,沿汇流条214的轴向施加爆炸熔粘焊接。在一些实施例中,爆炸熔粘焊接过程为自清洁过程。例如,爆炸熔粘焊接过程可在爆炸过程中从部件之间驱出空气和/或碎屑。在一些实施例中,爆炸性元件为聚能弹爆炸性元件。使用聚能弹爆炸性元件可使爆炸能量朝期望方向聚集。
在阅读上述说明之后,本发明各方面的进一步修改和可替代实施例对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。因此,本说明书应解释为仅为示例性的并且用于教导本领域技术人员实现本发明的一般形式。应理解,在此所示和所描述的本发明的形式应视为目前的优选实施方式。元件和材料可与在此所示和所描述的进行替换,部件和过程可颠倒,本发明的一些特征可独立使用,在获知本发明的上述说明的有益效果之后,所有这些将对本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。可对在此所描述的元件进行改变而不偏离下述权利要求中所描述的本发明的精神和范围。另外,应该理解的是,在此所描述的特征在某些实施例中可独立地组合。
Claims (16)
1.一种用于地下地层的加热系统,包括:
多个设置在地层中的含烃层中的基本上水平定向或倾斜的加热部,其中,所述加热部中的两个加热部的至少一部分是基本上彼此平行的;以及
其中,所述含烃层中的加热部中的至少两个加热部的端部电联接至基本上水平或倾斜的电导体,所述电导体基本上垂直于所述至少两个加热部的端部定向,
其中,所述基本上水平或倾斜的电导体是用于加热部的中性连接或返回连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述至少两个加热部并联电联接。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述至少两个加热部串联电联接。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述至少两个加热部的端部使用捕鼠器式连接器、熔融金属和/或爆炸熔粘焊接来联接至基本上水平或倾斜的导体。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述基本上水平或倾斜的导体是管状物,所述至少两个加热部的端部插入所述管状物中。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述加热部中的至少一个构造用于在加热部中到达选定温度时自动减小其热输出。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中,所述加热部的至少两个的至少大部分是基本上彼此平行的。
8.一种处理含烃地层的方法,包括:
使用权利要求1所述的系统提供热;和
允许热从所述系统传送到所述地层的一部分。
9.一种用于形成权利要求1的系统的方法,包括:
在所述地层中形成第一井眼,其中,所述第一井眼的一部分基本上水平或倾斜定向;
将电导体设置在第一井眼中;
在所述地层中形成至少两个附加井眼,其中,所述附加井眼的端部与所述第一井眼相交,并且其中,第一附加井眼的经过由就地热处理过程进行热处理的烃层的部分的至少大部分基本上平行于第二附加井眼的经过烃层的部分的至少大部分;
将加热部设置在所述附加井眼中的至少一个中;以及
将所述加热部联接至所述第一井眼中的所述导体,
其中,在所述第一井眼中的所述导体是用于加热部的中性连接或返回连接。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括将第二加热部设置在其它附加井眼中的至少一个中,和联接位于附加井眼中的加热部,以使得所述加热部并联电联接。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括将第二加热部设置在其它附加井眼中的至少一个中,和联接位于附加井眼中的加热部,以使得所述加热部串联电联接。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中,所述加热部的端部使用捕鼠器连接器、熔融金属和/或爆炸熔粘焊接来联接至单个导体。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中,所述第一井眼中的导体是管状物,所述加热部的端部插入所述管状物中。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括使用所述加热部向所述地层的至少一部分提供热。
15.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括将第二加热部设置在其它附加井眼中的至少一个中,和使用加热部向所述地层的至少一部分提供热,以使得来自加热部的热与来自地层中的第二加热部的热叠加。
16.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中,所述加热部构造用于当所述加热部中到达选定温度时自动减小其热输出。
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WO2004038175A1 (en) * | 2002-10-24 | 2004-05-06 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Inhibiting wellbore deformation during in situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation |
CN1946917A (zh) * | 2004-04-23 | 2007-04-11 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 禁止原地转换系统的受热井中的回流 |
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