CN101730972A - 具有在低功率需求水平控制脉宽变异性开关的开关整流器 - Google Patents

具有在低功率需求水平控制脉宽变异性开关的开关整流器 Download PDF

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CN101730972A
CN101730972A CN200880014462A CN200880014462A CN101730972A CN 101730972 A CN101730972 A CN 101730972A CN 200880014462 A CN200880014462 A CN 200880014462A CN 200880014462 A CN200880014462 A CN 200880014462A CN 101730972 A CN101730972 A CN 101730972A
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controlling signal
switch
switch controlling
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power converter
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约翰·L·梅兰松
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Cirrus Logic Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H02M1/4225—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a non-isolated boost converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M3/00—Conversion of analogue values to or from differential modulation
    • H03M3/30—Delta-sigma modulation
    • H03M3/458—Analogue/digital converters using delta-sigma modulation as an intermediate step
    • H03M3/476—Non-linear conversion systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
    • Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier

Abstract

一个功率控制系统包括一开关模式控制器(306)以控制开关功率变换器(352)的开关模式。开关模式控制器(306)生成一开关控制信号(CSI)以控制开关功率变换器(352)中开关(108)的导电性。通过控制开关(108)的导电性控制开关功率变换器(352)的开关模式。开关模式控制器(306)包括一周期发生器(308)，以确定定开关控制信号(CSI)的标称周期，并改变预定周期以使其在当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时产生宽频谱的开关控制信号(CSI)。生成具有位于可闻及频段中的宽频谱的开关控制信号，可使所述系统利用位于可闻及频段中的开关频率。

Description

具有在低功率需求水平控制脉宽变异性开关的开关整流器
优先权要求和相关专利申请
本申请案基于35 U.S.C.§119(e)和37 C.F.R.§1.78主张2007年5月2日申请，题为“功率因素校正控制器(PFC)装置及方法”之美国临时专利申请案第60/915,547号之权利。
技术领域
本发明大体涉及到电子学领域，尤其是使用一具有在低功率需求水平控制信号脉宽开关的开关功率变换器以转换电压的系统和方法。
背景技术
很多装置利用电力操作。电力最初由一电源提供，如一个公用事业公司，通常它提供稳定输入电压。然而，各种设备使用的电压等级有别于电源所提供的稳定输入电压。例如，基于发光二极管(LED)的照明系统，工作于不同于公用事业公司所提供的电压等级下。为了调节来自电源电压与装置需要利用电压的不同，整流器连接于电源和装置之间以将交流电(AC)源提供的电压水平转换为，如，另外一不同于所供电压水平的交流电源。整流器还可以将AC电力转换为DC(直流电)电力和将DC电力转换为AC电力。
开关功率变换器即为一类整流器的实例。开关功率变换器利用开关及能源储存技术将输入电压转换为一部分与其相连的设备适宜的输出电压。
图1示出了一个功率控制系统100，它包括有一个开关开关功率变换器102。电压电源101提供AC输入“电源”电压Vmains至二极管全桥式整流器103。例如，电压电源101位于一公用事业单位，而AC电源电压Vmains则为，例如，在美国为60Hz/120V，在欧洲为50Hz/230V。整流器103对输入的电源电压Vmains进行整流。整流器103整流输入电源电压Vmains并提供整流后的，时变的初级供电电压VX至开关功率变换器。开关功率变换器102提供近乎恒定的电压功率至负载112的同时对电压电源101维持阻性输入特性。对电压电源101维持阻性输入特性时提供近乎恒定的电压电力至负载112，这就被称为功率因素校正(PFC)。因此，控制功率因素校正后的开关功率变换器102可使输入开关功率变换器102的iL产生与AC电源电压Vmains近乎成比例的变化。
PFC和输出电压控制器114控制开关模式开关108的电阻率，从而提供功率校正因数并调节开关功率变换器102的输出电压VC。PFC和输出电压控制器114通过控制电感电流iL以使平均电感电流iL成线性并直接与初级供电电压VX成比例。电感电流iL与初级供电电压VX的比例系数被调整以调节至负载112的电压。PFC和输出电压控制器114提供一脉宽调节(PWM)后的开关控制信号CS0以控制开关108的传导性。在至少一个实例中，开关108是场效应晶体管(FET)，开关控制信号CS0是开关108的触发电压。脉宽和开关控制信号CS0的占空率取决于至少2个信号，即初级供电电压VX和电容器电压/输出电压VC。输出电压VC通常也称为“链接电压”。电流控制环119提供电流iRTN至PFC和输出电压控制器114以使PFC和输出电压控制器114调节平均iL电流至目标iL电流。
当二极管111为反向偏置和初级供电电压VX低于输入电源的RMS值时，电容器106提供储能至负载112。电容器106的值与设计选择相关。在至少一个实例中，它非常大以维持非常稳定输出电压VC，由PFC何输出电压控制器114确定。当使用400V输出电压VC时，电容器106的值为1微法每瓦由开关整流器102提供的最大输出功率。输出电压VC保持在非常稳定的目标值在稳定负载条件随初级供电电压VX频率波动期间。然而，输出电压VC随负载条件变化而变化。PFC和输出电压控制器114通过调节开关控制信号CS0还原输出电压VC至目标值以响应电压VC的变化。在至少一个实例中，PFC和输出电压控制器114包括一小电容115以从初级供电电压VX过滤任何高频信号。
因为寄生阻抗，每次开关108切换于绝缘和传导状态时开关功率变换器102产生开关损耗。寄生阻抗包括穿越开关108的寄生电容132。在变换开关控制信号CS0每期间TT，能源被用于，例如，充电寄生阻抗132。因此，开关功率变换器102在开关控制信号CS0的每期间TT产生开关损耗。
PFC和输出电压控制器114控制着开关功率变换器102的进程，以将预期的能量转送给电容器106。能量需求取决于负载112需求的电压和电流。要确定负载112需求的能源量，PFC和输出电压控制器114包括补偿器128。输入电压控制环116提供一初级供电电压VX样本值PFC和输出电压控制器114。补偿器128决定参考电压VREF(代表输出电压VC的目标电压)和实际输出电压VC(感应自节点122并作为电压回路118的反馈接收)的差别，补偿器128利用技术，如比例积分(PI)型控制，以响应输出电压VC与参考电压VREF的不同。PI控制处理错误从而使PFC和输出电压控制器114顺利适应输出电压VC以避免因小错误信号产生的输出电压VC快速波动。补偿器128提供一输出信号至脉宽调制器(PWM)130以使其产生驱动开关108的开关控制信号CS0。
PFC和输出电压控制器114调节PFC开关108的传导率。初级供电电压VX为，在至少一个实例中，整流正弦波。为了调节传输能源量并维持功率因数接近1，PFC和输出电压控制器114改变开关控制信号CS0的期间TT以使电感器电流iL跟踪初级供电电压VX的变化并保持输出电压VC稳定。当初级供电电压VX从相位角0°增至90°时，PFC和输出电压控制器114增加开关控制信号CS0的周期TT，当初级供电电压VX降低时，PFC和输出电压控制器114降低开关输出信号CS0的周期。
时间T2代表电感器110的回扫时间，这种情况发生于开关108绝缘及二极管111导电条件下。在至少一个实例中，感应器110的值与设计选择有关。感应器110可以是任何类型的磁性组件包括变压器。在至少一个实例中，所选电感器110的值可储备足够的能量(当开关108导电时传输自电压电源101的能量)，从而在当开关108绝缘时传输能量至电容器106并进而维持需要的输出电压VC。
当开关108导电，如处于“ON”的状态时，电感器电流iL在时间T1中增加。当开关108绝缘，如处于“OFF”状态时，电感器电流在回扫时间T2中下降，并通过二极管111提供电感电流iL以对电容器106再充电。当开关控制信号CS0处于周期TT电感电流iL达到0时，发生不连续导电模式(DCM)。当在整个周期TT电感电流iL超过0时，发生连续导电模式(CCM)。
PFC和输出电压控制器114设置一追踪初级供电电压VX的目标电流。当电感电流iL在脉宽T1达到目标电流时，开关控制信号CS0打开开关108，然后电感电流iL在回扫时间T2降至0。平均电感电流iL追踪初级供电电压VX从而提供功率因数校正。
Figure G2008800144621D00041
《功率因数校正整流器的快速电压环路的补偿器设计与稳定性评价》(CompensatorDesign and Stability Assessment for Fast Voltage Loops of Power FactorCorrection Rectifiers)，IEEE电力电子学汇刊(IEEE Transactions on PowerElectronics)，第12卷，第5期，9月，1007，1719-1729页。(本文将其作为
Figure G2008800144621D00051
引用)，描述了一个PFC和输出电压控制器114的例案。
PFC和输出电压控制器114以比输入电压VX频率更高的频率更新开关控制信号CS0。输入电压VX的频率一般为50-60Hz。1/TT开关控制信号CS0频率为，例如，在或低于130kHz以避免显著开关失效。
图2描绘的是与可听见频率波段图200相对应的人听力敏感度。可听灵敏度分布图202表明声音频率和人对此声音的灵敏度之间的关系。所述的“人”指的是普通人。人一般能听到频率范围在约20Hz至约20kHz之间的声音。因此可闻及频段定义为约20Hz至20kHz。当声音频率从20Hz增加至约1kHz时，人对其的灵敏度也随之增加。在约1kHz，人对声音的灵敏度开始随其频率增加而降低。人对高于20kHz声音的灵敏度降至0。换言之，高于20kHz的声音通常是人听不到的。
人对频率在可闻及频段的音调，如音调204，尤其敏感。人可闻及音调为在一基础频率(在可闻及频段中)的重复声音。人对无音调或噪音样声音则欠敏感。
根据图1和2，功率控制系统100的所有磁路组件都为小扬声器。电线和功率控制系统100的磁路组件上各种力使电线和组件随开关控制信号CS0的开关频率震动。低于20kHz的开关频率可产生可闻及音调，并且多为人所厌烦的。因为负载112所需能量在一小段时间内，如2-4秒，趋于产生很小的变化，开关控制信号CS0的频率将保持近乎稳定，并且因其开关频率低于20kHz而产生可闻及音调。
人们普遍需求更低开关频率的开关控制信号CS0高压晶体管，二极管以及感应器通常具有显著的寄生电容，从而使开关108的高频开关无效。此外，高频开关增加功率控制系统100的电磁干扰(EMI)。虽然需要更低的开关频率，但功率控制系统100尤其避免开关频率低于20kHz以免产生可闻及音调。因此，功率控制系统100的音调制造限制了开关108的开关频率范围。
发明内容
在本发明的一个实例中，一个系统包括一个生成开关控制信号以控制开关功率变换器中的开关模式开关的开关模式控制器。开关模式控制器包括一周期发生器以决定开关控制信号的标称周期并改变标称周期以使其在当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时产生宽频谱的开关控制信号。
在本发明的另外一个实例中，一种方法包括生成开关控制信号以控制开关功率变换器中开关模式开关的电阻率。此方法也包括决定开关控制信号的标称周期并改变标称周期以使其在当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时产生宽频谱的开关控制信号。此方法另外还包括决定开关控制信号的脉宽并提供开关控制信号至开关功率变换器的开关。
在本发明的另外一个实例中，一个功率控制系统包括一具有开关的开关功率变换器，一开关模式控制器以生成开关控制信号并控制开关功率变换器中开关模式开关的电阻率。开关模式控制器包括一周期发生器以决定开关控制信号的标称周期并改变标称周期以使其在当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时产生宽频谱的开关控制信号。
在本发明的另外一个实例中，一套装置包括用来生成开关控制信号并控制开关功率变换器中开关模式开关的电阻率的多种工具。此装置也包括用来决定开关控制信号的标称周期并改变标称周期，以使其在当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时产生宽频谱的开关控制信号的各种工具。此装置也包括用来决定开关控制信号的脉宽并提供开关控制信号至开关功率变换器的开关的各种工具。
附图说明
通过参考附图，本领域内的技术人员可更容易理解本发明，并显然明白它的多种客体，特征和优势。贯穿多幅图的相同参考数字指的是相同或相似的元素。
图1(标示出了以前的技术)示出了一个功率控制系统，它包括有一个开关功率转换器。
图2(标记为已有技术)描述的是与可闻及频段图相对应的人的可闻及灵敏度。
图3A描述的是一功率控制器，其特征为具有一开关整流器和一具有低频广谱策略模块的开关模式控制器。
图3B描述的是一功率控制器，其特征为具有一升压型开关整流器和一具有低频广谱策略模块的开关模式控制器。
图4描述的是一功率控制系统，其特征为具有一开关整流器和一控制信号周期-功率传送相关性策略模块。
图5描述的是一低频广谱策略。
图6-8描述的是一低频广谱策略模块。
图9-11描述的是频率能量关系图，其系开关控制信号对图6-8各自的反馈。
图12-14描述的是开关控制信号CS1的能量与频率关系图。
图15描述的是非线性Δ-∑调制器。
图16描述的是一比例积分器。
图17和18描述的是均方根值发生器。
具体实施方式
一个功率控制系统包括一开关模式控制器以控制开关整流器的开关模式。在至少一个实例中，此开关模式控制器也控制开关整流器的功率因素校正。开关模式控制器生成一开关控制信号以控制开关功率变换器中开关的电阻率。通过控制开关的电阻率控制开关功率变换器的开关模式。开关功率变换器可以是任意类型的开关整流器，如降压型，升压型，升压-降压型，Cúk型，Sepic型等。开关模式控制器控制与开关功率变换器类型相一致的开关。为了控制功率因素校正，开关模式控制器产生输入电流至开关功率变换器以与时变电压成比例改变输入至开关功率变换器的电源信号。
开关模式控制器包括一周期发生器，可决定开关控制信号的标称周期并改变预定周期以使其在当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时产生宽频谱的开关控制信号。生成开关控制信号(在可闻及频段中具有宽频谱)可使功率控制系统利用开关频率，此频率处于可闻及频段中并在任何特定频率具有相对低功率，在至少一个实例中，也可以避免音调。宽频谱可被塑造成降低位于可闻及频段的特定敏感区域中的各种频率功率至最小化。因此，功率控制系统可利用在可闻及频段中的开关频率而不产生声音。
图3A描述的是一功率控制系统350，其特征为具有一开关功率变换器352和一开关模式控制器306。开关功率变换器350可以是任何类型的开关功率变换器，如降压型，升压型，升压-降压型，Cúk型，Sepic型等。开关模式控制器306控制与开关功率变换器类型一致的开关模式开关108(本文引用为“开关108”)。接下来描绘的是与升压型开关功率变换器相关的功率控制系统350。开关模式控制器306的原理适用于任何类型的开关功率变换器。其中，所述控制器原理决定一段时期的开关控制信号CS1并在预定周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分相符时改变预定周期以生成宽频谱的开关控制信号CS1。在至少一个实例中，预定周期与被称作标称周期TTN。可闻及频段(其中，开关控制信号CS1的相应周期发生变化)的一部分或多部分与设计选择相关。在至少一个实例中，此部分为整个可闻及频段。在另一个实例中，此部分为人最敏感的可闻及频段，如50Hz-10kHz。
图3B描绘的是一功率控制系统300，其特征为具有开关功率变换器302和开关模式控制器306。功率控制系统300代表功率控制系统350的一个实例。开关功率变换器302是升压型整流器，开关功率变换器302代表开关功率变换器352的一个实例。开关功率变换器302可以是任何类型的开关功率变换器，如降压型，升压型，升压-降压型，Cúk型，Sepic型等。开关模式控制器控制与开关功率变换器类型相一致的开关。
开关模式控制器306包括并利用一周期发生器308(具有一低频广谱策略模块)生成脉宽已调整的开关控制信号CS1。开关模式控制器306使用代表初级供电电压VX和输出电压VC反馈信号生成开关控制信号CS1。在至少一个实例中，开关功率变换器302使用与开关功率变换器102相同的方法进行配置。整流器103整流由电压电源304提供的输入电压VIN为时变的初级供电电压VX。在至少一个实例中，电压电源304与电压电源101相同，输入电压VIN与电源电压Vmains相同。
在至少一个实例中，当周期发生器308决定周期TT在可闻及频段中相应频率的开关控制信号CS1时，周期发生器308扩大开关控制信号CS1的频谱，以最小化任何由开关模式开关108开关所产生的声音。周期发生器308可利用任何数量的低频宽谱策略。在至少一个实例中，周期发生器308也可扩大开关控制信号CS1的频谱为不可闻及频率，其方法与扩大开关控制信号CS1频谱为可闻及频率的方法相同，例如降低EMI发射。
为了控制功率因数校正，开关模式控制器306使输入至开关功率变换器302的电流iIN产生与时变电压(由电源信号提供至开关功率变换器)成比例地改变。美国专利申请第11/967,269号，题为“使用具有非线性功率转换流程模型的非线性Δ-∑调制器的功率控制系统”(PowerControl System Using a Nonlinear Delta-Sigma Modulator with NonlinearPower Conversion Process Modeling)，申请于2007年12月31日，代理者Cirrus Logic公司，发明者John L.Melanson描述控制功率因数校正的典型系统和方法，并以引用方式并入本文。
图4描绘的是开关模式控制器400，代表开关模式控制器306的一个实例。开关模式控制器400决定开关控制信号CS1，它是根据开关控制信号生成策略，通过低频广谱策略模块402实施。如后文所详细描述，低频广谱策略模块402代表策略的一个实例。所述策略被周期发生器308利用已生成周期TT的开关控制信号CS1并在至少可闻及频段，作为对负载112估计功率需求的反应，扩大开关控制信号CS1的频谱。在至少一个实例中，负载112的估计功率需求由K代表。K通过作为低频广谱策略模块402而提供。“K”是负载功率需求估计器403的输出。在另外一个实例中，输送至负载112的估计功率通过将电压控制回路318得到的平均输出电压VC与开关功率变换器402的平均输出电流iOUT相乘，乘积可提供给或决定于低频广谱策略模块402。输送至负载112的估计功率测量与设计选择相关并可由许多方法中的任意一种确定。
开关模式控制器400决定开关控制信号CS1的周期TT及其脉宽T1。在至少一个实例中，脉宽周期T1的平方，如T12，根据方程[1]确定。
T 1 2 = 2 · L V X RMS 2 · K · TT · ( 1 - V X V C ) - - - [ 1 ]
“T1”为控制信号CS1的脉宽时间。“L”表示电感器110的电感值。VX_RMS代表初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。“K”代表负载112的功率需求的估计值，它由电压控制回路418中的负载功率需求估计器403确定。“TT”是控制信号CS1的周期，它由控制信号周期生成策略模块402生成。“VX”为初级供电电压VX的当前值的采样值。“VC”为电压控制回路418的输出电压VC的采样值。在优选的实例中，计算等式[1]通通过具有合适定标值和工作长度的定点运算完成。
因为开关控制信号CS1频率属于至少一部分可闻及频段，开关控制信号周期TT被称为标称周期TTN(图3A)标称周期TTN与开关控制信号CS1的标称频率fN相应。在至少一个实例中，周期发生器308改变标称周期TTN以生成宽频谱的开关控制信号CS1。标称周期TTN的实际值与设计选择相关，并且，如，取决于开关功率变换器402组件的值，如感应器110，开关108，电容106和二极管111的特性及瞬时初级供电电压VX，初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS和输送至负载112的功率。如下文所详细描述，当标称频率fN位于至少一部分可闻及频段中时，低频广谱策略模块402改变标称周期TTN以扩大标称频率fN的频谱。
RMS值发生器404从电压回路316的取样初级供电电压VX确定初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。组件406接收初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS值并确定2·L/(VX_RMS 2)。“2·L/(VX_RMS 2)”代表一标度因子。升压因子模块408确定升压因子(1-VX/VC)。乘法器410将开关控制信号CS1周期TT，模块406的输出值，升压因子模块408的输出值及估计功率需求K相乘以生成T12。非线性Δ-∑调制器412确定开关控制信号CS1的脉宽T1。脉宽调制器(PWM)414接收脉宽时间T1和周期TT并生成开关控制信号CS1从而使开关控制信号具有脉宽T1和周期TT。
在至少一个实例中，为确保开关整流器302在DCM中起作用，感应器110的L值根据等式[2]：
L = V min 2 / [ ( P max · J ) · ( 2 · f max ) [ 1 - √ 2 ( V min V cap ) ] - - - [ 2 ]
“L”是感应器110的值。“Vmin”初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS的最小预期值。“Pmax”负载112的最大需求功率。“J”为过度设计系数，任何大于1的值表明过度设计。在至少一个实例中，“J”为1.1。“fmax”为控制信号CS1的最大频率。“VC”标称输出电压VC。回扫时间T2可依据方程[3]确定。
T 2 = V X V C · V X - - - [ 3 ]
在至少一个实例中，为避免感应器110饱和，感应器110的L值可使输入电流的峰值iIN_PEAK大于或等于VX·T1/L的最大值。在低直流电压期间初始电源电压VX达到峰值实现全输出功率时，出现输入电流峰值iIN_PEAK。
图5描绘的是典型的低频广谱策略500，其用于扩大开关频率在可闻及频段的开关控制信号CS1的频谱。特定的频率扩大策略和标称周期TTN的范围与设计选择相关。传送至负载112的估算功率对开关控制信号CS1周期TT的曲线502表明传送至负载112的估算功率对开关控制信号CS1周期TT这两者呈逆相关。曲线502表明标称周期TTN与开关控制信号CS1的标称频率fN相应。传送至负载112的估算功率对开关控制信号CS1周期TT的特定关系曲线502可以改变，而且这与设计选择相关。
当开关控制信号CS1的标称周期TT超出50微秒时，开关控制信号CS1的标称频率fN就位于可闻及频段，低频宽谱策略模块402改变标称周期TTN以产生宽频谱的开关控制信号CS1，撞虚线盒504描述周期TT在与标称频率fN对应的标称周期TTN周围的散布幅度，从而表明开关控制信号CS1频谱的扩展度。扩展开关控制信号CS1的频谱可传播音调的功率，从而在任何特定频率降低功率。扩展开关控制信号CS1的频谱可使开关模式控制器306产生周期等于或大于50微秒的开关控制信号同时最小化在可闻及频率的功率。
在至少一个实例中，传送至负载112的估计功率和开关控制信号CS1的周期TT的逆相关提高了开关模式控制器306的效率。如与本发明申请案同时申请的美国专利申请号_________题为“高效周期开关控制信号的开关整流器”(Switching Power Converter With EfficientSwitching Control Signal Period Generation)与本发明申请案同时申请，代理人卷号1677-CA，专利权人Cirrus Logic公司，发明人John L.Melanson，所述。以上文献以参考方式并入本文。
图6描绘的是低频广谱策略模块600，并且当标称周期TTN大于或等于50微秒时此模块代表低频广谱策略模块402的实例。策略模块600生成开关控制信号CS1的周期TTs以扩大开关控制信号CS1的频谱并改变其频率使之与策略模块600生成的周期相对应并进入人低灵敏度区域。
策略模块600包括一可生成伪随机数PRN的伪随机数(PRN)发生器602。伪随机数PRN供至滤波器604以生成过滤后的伪随机数PRNF。在至少一个实例中，滤波器604为具有转移功能的高通滤波器，如(1-z-1)/(1-.99z-1)。“z-1”代表在z域有一单位延迟。过滤后的伪随机数PRNF输入至随机数发生器606。在至少一个实例中，过滤后的伪随机数PRNF被标定并与标称周期TTN一起被处理以生成随机化的周期TTR。策略模块600重复随机化周期TTR的生成以生成多种随机化周期TTR从而扩大标称周期TTN的范围。在至少一个实例中，过滤后伪随机数PRNF的标定决定开关控制信号CS1开关频率的分布幅度。随机数发生器606可以多种方法中任意一种处理伪随机数PRNF和标称周期TTN。例如，以过滤的伪随机数PRNF可被标定，然后随机数生成程序606可通过将TTN值乘以伪随机数PRN以生成随机化周期TTR，或将TTN值加上伪随机数PRN，随机数生成程序606可放大标称周期TTN的随机化数值。特定标定尺度和开关控制信号CS1的频率分布与设计选择相关。在至少一个实例中，策略模块600具有一运转频率以生成许多伪随机数PRN，多种已过滤的伪随机数PRNF，和对各标称周期TTN的多种随机化周期TTR从而使各标称周期TTN的平均随机化周期TTR约等于标称周期TTN。在至少一个实例中，使用高通滤波器604导致随机化周期TTR的平均值与标称周期TTN相同，高通滤波器604没有DC组件。高通滤波器604也将更多声音能量转变进入人耳欠敏感的更高频率。
在至少一个实例中，滤波器604为低通滤波器。低通滤波器604执行平均功能，使随机化周期TTR的平均数等于标称周期TTN。在至少一个实例中，策略模块600设计用途在于，使在2-4秒时限内生成的周期TT平均数与标称周期TTN一致。
图9描绘的是由具有低通滤波器604的策略模块600生成的开关控制信号CS1频谱的能量对频率关系图900。灵敏度分布图902表明人听觉灵敏度等级对频率关系。撞击音904表示开关控制信号CS1的频率和能量，所述控制信号CS1的周期TT为未扩大开关控制信号CS1的频谱生成。开关控制信号CS1频率图906代表与音调904的周期相关频率的典型扩大。图906中的开关控制信号CS1频率由策略模块600生成并处于人欠敏感频率范围。
图7描绘的是低频广谱策略模块700，并且当标称周期TTN大于或等于50微秒时此模块代表低频广谱策略模块402的实例。伪随机数PRN发生器602生成伪随机数PRN。加算器702将与1/fLand-1/fL几乎相同数加入伪随机数PRN。“fL”代表由策略模块700生成周期的最大和最小频率限制。随机数生成器604处理伪随机数PRN+/-fL和标称周期TTN以生成随机化周期TTR。在至少一个实例中，随机数生成器604将PRN+/-fL和标称周期TTN相加，在至少一个实例中，随机数将PRN+/-fL和标称周期TTN相乘。标称周期TTN的随机化可用随机化百分比标示。换言之，标称周期TTN可被因子+/-x％随机化。其中“x”代表一个特定的百分比。此特定的百分比为设计选择，更大的百分比通常代表更广的开关控制信号CS1范围。在至少一个实例中，策略模块700具有一运转频率以生成许多伪随机数PRN和多种伪随机数PRN，和对各标称周期TTN的多种随机化周期TTR，从而使各标称周期TTN的平均随机化周期TTR约等于标称周期TTN。从而，频率1/TTR被+/-fL改变以扩大开关控制信号CS1的范围。
图10描述的是由策略模块700生成开关控制信号CS1频谱的能量对频率关系图1000。撞击音904表明开关控制信号CS1的频率和能量，所述控制信号CS1的周期TT为未扩大开关控制信号CS1的频谱生成。正如图1000所指出，与策略模块700生成开关控制信号CS1的周期相应的开关控制信号CS1的频率分布于如下频率中，例如，由频谱1002显示，分布于从1/TTN-fL至1/TTN+f并且围绕标称频率fN＝1/TTN。开关控制信号CS1频谱的扩大可避免重复音和分布能量与多种频率，从而开关控制信号CS1生成的任何声音为人不易闻及的。
图8描述的是低频广谱策略模块800，并且当标称周期TTN大于或等于50微秒时此低频广谱策略模块800代表低频广谱策略模块402的实例。策略模块800与Δ-∑调制器802一起调节策略模块700的TT700输出。TT700以对开关控制信号CS1的扩大频谱(与策略模块700生成的周期TT700相对应)进行噪音整形。Δ-∑调制器802进一步扩大标称周期TTN的频谱，可避免重复音。在至少一个实例中，策略模块800具有一足够高的运转频率以使各标称周期TTN·的随机化周期TTR的平均值约等于标称周期TTN。典型的常规Δ-∑调制器设计和操作描述于《明白Delta-Sigma数据转换器》(Understanding Delta-SigmaData Converters)Schreier和Temes著，IEEE出版于2005年，ISBN0-471-46585-2。
图11描述的是由策略模块800生成开关控制信号CS1频谱的能量对频率关系图1100。撞击音904表明开关控制信号CS1的频率和能量，所述控制信号CS1的周期TT为未扩大开关控制信号CS1的频谱生成。正如图1102所示，与策略模块800生成开关控制信号CS1周期相对应的开关控制信号CS1频率被塑造成分布于可闻及频段的频率。开关控制信号CS1频谱的扩大可避免重复音和分布能量与多种频率，从而开关控制信号CS1生成的任何声音为人不易闻及的。
图12描述的是频率对开关控制信号CS1能量的关系图1200，开关控制信号CS1的确定周期TT与多种位于可闻及频段中的频率相对应。图1200表示确定周期TT无随机化。
图13描述的是频率对开关控制信号CS1能量的关系图1300，其周期为开关控制信号CS1多种确定周期TTN的随机化周期TTR。图1300说明开关控制信号CS1频谱的显著扩大和低峰值能量水平与图1200中的峰值能量水平有关。低峰值能量水平导致开关控制信号CS1产生低能量声音。
图14描述的是频率对开关控制信号CS1能量的关系图1400，其周期为开关控制信号CS1多种确定周期TTN的随机化周期TTR。在图1400中，开关控制信号CS1的频谱用策略模块600和高通滤波器604扩大。在这个实例中，高通滤波器604具有转移(1-z-1)/(1-.99z-1)的功能。图1400说明峰值能量水平下降约12dB与图1300所述的峰值能量水平相关。更低的峰值能量水平导致开关控制信号CS1产生更低能量的声音。
图15显示的是非线性Δ-∑调制器1500，其系代表非线性Δ-∑调制器412的一个实例。非线性Δ-∑调制器1500调节开关整流器302的非线性功率传递进程。开关功率转换器302的非线性能量传递过程可以模拟成平方函数x2。非线性Δ-∑调制器1500包括非线性系统反馈模块1502由x2表示。反馈模块1502的输出为延迟-1数字转换器输出信号T1的平方，如[T1(n-1)]2。延迟z-11506表示延迟-1数字转换器的输出信号T1。负[T1(n-1)]2通过加算器1512加入T12。非线性Δ-∑调制器1500包括一独立于数字转换器1508的补偿模块1504。非线性补偿模块1504处理环路滤波器1510的输出信号，即用平方根功能x1/2以补偿非线性反馈模块1502所产生的非线性。补偿模块1504的输出被数字转换器1508量子化以生成开关控制信号CS1脉宽T1。
图16描绘的是PI补偿器1600，其系代表负载功率需求估算器403的一个实例。PI补偿器1600生成负载功率需求信号K。负载功率需求信号K在如下情况发生变化：参考电压VREF和输出电压VC之间的差异变化时，由错误发生器1601生成的错误信号ev变化时。参考信号VREF被设置为输出电压VC的期望值。PI补偿器1600包括基础信号通道1602和比例信号通道1604。基础信号通道包括一发生器1606以生成错误信号ev和一增益模块1608以将基础错误信号ev乘以增益因子g2并生成基础输出信号IPW。比例通道1604包括一增益模块1610以将错误信号ev乘以增益因子g1并生成成比例的输出信号PPW。加算器1612将基础输出信号IPW和比例输出信号PPW相加以生成负载功率需求信号K。
增益因子g1和g2的值与设计选择相关。增益因子g1和g2影响开关模式控制器306的回应性。典型的增益因子g1和g2的值陈述于下述文献忠图8-31的模拟代码：美国专利申请第11/967,269号，题为“使用非线性Δ-∑调制器调节非线性功率转换进程的功率控制系统”(Power Control System Using a Nonlinear Delta-Sigma Modulator withNonlinear Power Conversion Process Modeling)(专利权人：Cirrus Logic公司。发明人John L.Melanson。，申请于2007年12月31日。)。美国专利申请第11/967,269号描述典型的系统和方法，并以引用方式并入本文。开关模式控制器306更快的响应时间可使开关控制信号CS1更迅速适应最小化错误信号ev。如果响应太慢，输出电压VC可能无法跟踪负载112功率需求的变化，进而无法维持近乎恒定的值。如果响应太快，输出电压VC可能对负载112功率需求的微小短暂波动产生反应。这些快速反应可能在开关模式控制器306中产生振动，损害或降低各组件的寿命。比例生成器1600的特定反应比率因设计选择而定。
图17和18描绘的是RMS值发生器404的典型实例。初级供电电压VX的RMS值为初级供电电压VX平方的平均值的平方根。RMS值发生器1700接收在一周期的初级供电电压{VX}中初级供电电压VX的抽样值，平方模块1702将初级供电电压的每一个抽样值平方以确定{VX 2}。低通滤波器1704确定{VX 2}的平均值VX 2 _MEAN。平方根模块1706确定VX 2 _MEAN的平方根，以确定初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。
RMS值发生器1800接收初级供电电压VX，峰值探测器1802确定其峰值VX_PEAK。因为初级供电电压VX在至少一个实例中为正弦波，用乘法器1804将VX_PEAK乘以√2/2，以生成初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。在至少一个实例中，VX_PEAK的精确值并非必须条件，用RMS值发生器1800确定VX_PEAK足够适用。
因此，生成开关控制信号(在可闻及频段中具有宽频谱)可使功率控制系统300利用开关频率，在至少一个实例中，此频率处于可闻及频段中，并在任何特定频率具有相对低功率，可以避免音调。
尽管已经对本发明作了详细描述，但应明白，在不偏离所附权利要求中定义的本发明之范围和精神情况下仍可以进行多种变化、替代和更改。

Claims (25)

1.一个系统，包括：
一开关模式控制器，其系用于生成开关控制信号以控制开关功率变换器中开关模式开关的导电性，其中，所述开关模式控制器包括：
一周期发生器，以决定开关控制信号的标称周期并改变标称周期，以使其在当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时产生宽频谱的开关控制信号。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中周期发生器被额外配置以生成一具有随机选择周期宽频谱的开关控制信号。
3.如权利要求3所述的系统，其中随机选择的周期的平均值约等于标称周期。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统，其中周期发生器另外包括一伪随机数发生器以生成伪随机数，周期发生器额外配置以基于此伪随机数生成一具有随机选择周期的宽频谱开关控制信号。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中周期发生器被额外配置以生成一宽频谱开关控制信号，其周期利用低通滤过的伪随机数确定。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中周期发生器被额外配置以生成一宽频谱开关控制信号，其周期利用高通滤过的伪随机数确定。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中周期发生器被额外配置以生成一宽频谱开关控制信号，其周期使用标称周期的Δ-∑调制后的随机值。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中可闻及频段大约在20Hz至20kHz。
9.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中开关模式控制器被额外配置以控制开关模式开关的导电性，从而使输入至开关功率变换器的电流发生与输送至开关功率变换器的时变电压电源信号成比例的变化，其中所述开关模式控制器另外包括：
一脉宽发生器用于确定开关控制信号的脉宽，作为对如下因素的反应：(i)开关控制信号的标称周期，(ii)电压电源信号的电压水平，及(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。
10.一种方法包括：
生成开关控制信号以控制开关功率变换器中开关模式开关的导电性；
确定开关控制信号的标称周期；
其当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时，
改变标称周期以生成宽频谱的开关控制信号；
确定开关控制信号的脉宽；和
提供开关控制信号至开关功率变换器的开关。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法：
控制开关的导电性，以使输入至开关功率变换器的电流发生与输入至开关功率变换器的电压电源信号成比例的变化；和
确定开关控制信号的脉宽另外包括确定对如下因素反应的开关控制信号脉宽：(i)开关控制信号的标称周期，(ii)电压电源信号的电压水平，及(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中改变标称周期以生成宽频谱开关控制信号另外包括生成具有随机选择周期的宽频谱开关控制信号。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法，其中随机选择的周期的平均值约等于标称周期。
14.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中改变标称周期以生成宽频谱开关控制信号另外包括，生成伪随机数和基于此伪随机数生成具有随机选择周期的宽频谱开关控制信号。
15.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中改变标称周期以生成宽频谱开关控制信号另外包括，生成伪随机数和基于此伪随机数生成具有随机选择周期的宽频谱开关控制信号。
16.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中改变标称周期以生成宽频谱开关控制信号另外包括生成宽频谱开关控制信号，其周期为使用高通滤过的伪随机数确定的周期。
17.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中改变标称周期以生成宽频谱开关控制信号另外包括生成宽频谱开关控制信号，其周期使用标称周期的Δ-∑调制后的随机值。
18.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中可闻及频段大约在20Hz至20kHz。
19.权利要求10所述的方法还包括：
控制开关的导电性以使输入至开关功率变换器的电流发生与输入至开关功率变换器的电压电源信号成比例发生变化；和
确定开关控制信号的脉宽另外包括确定对如下因素响应的开关控制信号脉宽：(i)开关控制信号的标称周期，(ii)电压电源信号的电压水平，及(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。
20.一个功率控制系统，其包括：
一具有开关的开关功率变换器；和
一开关模式控制器，其系用于生成开关控制信号以控制开关功率变换器中开关模式开关的导电性，其中，所述开关模式控制器包括：
一周期发生器以决定开关控制信号的标称周期并改变标称周期，以使其在当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时产生宽频谱的开关控制信号。
21.根据权利要求20所述的功率控制系统，其中周期发生器被额外配置以生成一具有随机选择周期的宽频谱开关控制信号。
22.根据权利要求20所述的功率控制系统，其中开关功率变换器另外包括一输入节点，一连接于输入节点和开关的感应器，一连接于开关盒感应器二极管，及一连接于二极管的输出电容。
23.根据权利要求20所述的功率控制系统，其中开关模式控制器被额外配置以控制开关模式开关的导电性，从而使输入至开关功率变换器的电流发生与输送至开关功率变换器的时变电压电源信号成比例变化，其中所述开关模式控制器另外包括：
一脉宽发生器用于确定开关控制信号的脉宽，作为对如下因素的反应：(i)开关控制信号的标称周期，(ii)电压电源信号的电压水平，及(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。
24.一套装置，其包括：
一件构件，其系用来生成开关控制信号以控制开关功率变换器中开关模式开关的导电性；
一件构件，其系用来确定开关控制信号的标称周期；
一件构件，其系当标称周期与可闻及频段中至少一部分频率相符时用来改变标称周期以生成宽频谱的开关控制信号；
一件构件，其系用来确定开关控制信号的脉宽；和
一件构件，其系用来提供开关控制信号至开关功率变换器的开关。
25.根据权利要求24所述的装置，其另外包括：
构件，其系用来控制开关的导电性以使输入至开关功率变换器的电流发生与输入至开关功率变换器的电压电源信号成比例的变化；和
构件，其系用来确定开关控制信号的脉宽另外包括确定对如下因素的反应的开关控制信号脉宽：(i)开关控制信号的标称周期，(ii)电压电源信号的电压水平，及(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。
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