CN1019319B - 耐久的高透光率低辐射率溅射薄膜制品 - Google Patents

耐久的高透光率低辐射率溅射薄膜制品

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CN1019319B
CN1019319B CN86108656A CN86108656A CN1019319B CN 1019319 B CN1019319 B CN 1019319B CN 86108656 A CN86108656 A CN 86108656A CN 86108656 A CN86108656 A CN 86108656A CN 1019319 B CN1019319 B CN 1019319B
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film
metal
oxide
zinc
goods according
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弗朗克·霍瓦德·吉尔勒里
鲁塞尔·卡尔德威尔·克里斯
詹姆斯·约瑟夫·芬利
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PPG Industries Inc
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Abstract

本发明公开一种多层高透光率,低辐射率镀层制品,由于氧化钛外保护层的存在,改善了其耐化学腐蚀性能。

Description

这一申请是美国F.Howard    Gillery1984年12月19日提出的美国序号No.683,458的部分继续申请。
概括地讲,本发明涉及金属氧化物薄膜的阴极溅射技术,特别与多层金属及金属氧化物薄膜的磁控溅射技术有关。
Gillery等人在美国专利4,094,763中公开了生产透明、导电薄膜制品阴极溅射方法,即在温度为400°F以上,氧含量可控的低气压条件下,把诸如锡和铟之类的金属溅射在耐热的基板(如玻璃)上。
在美国专利4,113,599中Gillery提出了用于反应沉积氧化铟的阴极溅射技术。在这种方法中调节氧气的流速为一恒定的放射气流,与此同时使溅射室中氩气的流速保持在恒定压力下。
Chapin在美国专利4,166,018中描述了一种溅射装置,在此装置中,邻近平的溅射表面形成一个磁场,即在此溅射表面上,形成一个包括遍布闭合环路不整齐区的拱形磁力线的磁场。
在美国专利4,201,649中,Gillery公开了一种制备低阻氧化铟薄膜的方法,所用的方法是首先沉积一层非常薄的氧化铟底涂层,这一步骤是在加热基板之前在低温条件下进行的,从而用阴极溅射法沉积较大厚度的氧化铟导电薄膜时应在典型的高阴极溅射温度下进行。
Groth在美国专利4,327,967中公开了一种外观为灰色热反射面板,由一块玻璃板、在此玻璃板表面上涂上折射率大于2的干涉膜、在此干涉膜之上的热反射金膜以及在金膜之上的铬、铁、镍、钛或其合金的中性膜所组成。
Miyake等在美国专利4,349,425中公开了在氩-氧混合气体中镉-锡合金的直流反应溅射法,以形成具有低电阻高透光率的钙-锡氧化物薄膜。
在美国专利4,426,883中,Hart公开了一种低发射率镀层。它的制法是在一块透明基板(如玻璃)上,阴极溅射-层银膜,一层除银外的少量其它金属膜和一层金属氧化物的抗反射膜,该抗反射膜可以是氧化锡、氧化钛、氧化锌、氧化铟、氧化铋或氧化锆。
Mauer在再颁专利27,473中,公开了一种具有金或铜薄层的多层透明制品,这种薄层是夹在两层透明材料如各种金属、氧化钛、氧化铅或氧化铋之间的夹层。
为了改善双层玻璃窗的能量效率,在玻璃的一个表面上镀一种涂层是很理想的,它可以降低辐射热的传递,从而提高玻璃窗的热绝缘性能。因此,这种涂层在该辐射光谱的红外波长区域内必须具有低发射率。由于实用上的原因,该涂层在可见光波长区域内必须具有高透光率。从美学上考虑,它应该是不耀眼反射,而最好是基本无色的。
如上所述的高透光率,低辐射率镀层一般是一种反射红外光及低辐射率金属薄层,它作为夹层存在于用来减少可见光反射的金属氧化物介电层之间。这类多层结构的薄膜一般用阴极溅射法,特别是用磁控溅射法制造。金属层可以是金或铜,但一般是银。上述方法中所说的金属氧化物层包括氧化锡、氧化铟、氧化钛、氧化铋、氧化锌、氧化锆和氧化铅。在一些场合,这些氧化物中要掺入少量其它金属,如:在氧化铋中掺入锰,氧化锡中加铟,反之亦然。其目的是为了克服存在的某些缺点,如;耐久性低或免强够格的辐射系数。但是,所有这些金属氧化物都存在一些不足。
虽然使用时这些镀层可以被置于双层玻璃窗内表面上,这样可以保护其免受那些来自窗零部件及环境中能引起其性能劣化的介质所带来的损害,但还是特别希望有一种耐久、有效的、能够经受住在制造和安装中所遇到的运输、包装、洗涤和其它制造加工处理的镀层。金属氧化物就具有这些特征。然而,除保证一定的机械耐久性所要求的硬度,化学稳定性所要求的惰性,以及对玻璃和金属镀层都有好的密着性能之外,这些金属氧化物还应该具有以下各种特性。
此金属氧化物必须具有足够高的折射率,最好大于2.0,以便能降低其金属膜层的反射,从而增加该镀膜制品的透光率。金属氧化物也必须具有最小的光吸收率以充分增大镀膜制品的透光率。从商业角度考虑,这类金属氧化物的价格应该适中,用磁控溅射时有相当快的沉积速率,并且应是无毒的。
可能最重要的也是最难满足的要求是金属氧化物薄膜与金属膜的相互作用问题。此类金属氧化物薄膜应该具有低气孔率,以防止外部介质影响基底的金属薄膜,它还应有低扩散系数以使金属层保持各自的完整性。最后,也是最重要的,此类金属氧化物必须具有金属层沉积的优良成核表面,以使一种连续的电阻极小透光率最高的金属薄膜能沉积其上。连续的和不连续的银膜特性在美国专利4,462,884中由Gillery进行了说明,此处引用作参考。
在一般使用的金属氧化物多层薄膜中,氧化锌和氧化铋薄膜不太耐久,这些氧化物在酸和碱介质中可溶。指纹会使这种多层膜劣化,并且在盐、二氧化硫和湿度试验时被破坏。氧化铟最好掺入锡,这将使基底的金属层更牢固和有保护作用。但是,铟溅射速度较慢,而且相当昂贵。氧化锡可以与铟或锑掺杂,也较为耐久并对基底的金属层有保护作用,但并不能产生一个适于银膜成核的表面,从而导至了高电阻低透光率。适合于接续沉积银膜,具有适当的成核作用的金属氧化物膜的特点还未被确定,但是,试探性能实验已用如上所述的金属氧化物进行了广泛的摸索。
由Gilley1984年10月29日申请的美国序列号665,680中公开了一种金属合金氧化物新型薄膜组成,还介绍了一种新型的用作高透光率、低辐射率镀层的金属和金属合金氧化物层的多层薄膜。
本发明改善了多层薄膜,特别是由金属和/或金属合金氧化物层以及金属(如银)层构成的多层膜的耐久性,这是借助加上一种特殊的耐化学浸蚀的材料(如氧化钛)做外保护层来实现的。
薄膜的组成最好是一种金属或金属合金氧化物,薄膜的形成最好用阴极溅射尤其是磁控溅射方法沉积而成。阴极靶由所希望的金属或金属合金制成,而阴极靶的溅射是在一种反应气氛中进行的,气氛中最好含有氧以便在基板的表面上沉积金属或金属合金氧化物薄膜。
根据本发明,理想的金属合金氧化物最好是含锌和锡的合金氧化物。按本发明,锌/锡合金氧化物薄膜可以用阴极溅射法沉积,最好是用磁控增强。依据本发明,阴极溅射法对高透光率低辐射率薄膜的沉积也是一种优先采用的方法。这类薄膜一般是多层结构,最好有一层高反射金属(如金或银)层,此高反射金属层是在抗反射金属氧化物(如氧化铟或氧化层钛)层之间的夹层,或最好是一种锌和锡合金的氧化物,其中最好还包含锡酸锌。
据本发明,为了制成一种最佳的高透光率低辐射率的多层膜,虽然很多种金属合金都可以用作溅射金属合金氧化物薄膜,但是锡和锌的合金是最佳的。一种优先选用的锌-锡合金的优选组成比是10%到90%的锌和90%到10%的锡。更优的锌/锡合金组成比是含30%至60%的锌,最优锌/锡比是从40∶60到60∶40,最佳组成比是46∶54到50∶50(以锡对锌的重量比计)。锌/锡合金阴极在氧化气氛中被反应溅射而形成了包括锌、锡和 氧,最好是含有锡酸锌Zn2SnO4的金属氧化物沉积层。
在传统的磁控溅射工艺中,基板被置于镀层室中,并面向着表面为待溅射材料的阴极靶。按本发明,优选采用的基板包括玻璃、陶瓷和塑料等,这些材料不会受镀层工艺条件的不利影响。
该阴极可以是任意的、传统的设计,最好是细长矩形的与电源相连接的形式,并且为了增强溅射过程最好与一磁场配合使用。至少有一个阴极靶表面包含金属合金(如锌/锡)。该合金在反应气氛中被溅射而形成一种金属合金氧化物膜。阳极最好按对称形式设计并按Gillery等在美国专利4478702中公开的并在此处引用作参考的方法布置。
在本发明所优先采用的方法中,高透光率、低辐射率的多层薄膜是用阴极溅射法制成的。除金属合金靶外,至少还有另外一个阴极靶的表面由一种用于溅射形成反射金属层的金属构成。至少有一个附加的阴极靶表面的金属是用于沉积形成底涂层的。生产一种耐久的,与金属合金氧化物抗反射膜相配合,并具有反射金属膜层的多层结构薄膜,所采用的办法是:利用底涂层改善金属和金属氧化物膜之间的密着性能。
清洁的玻璃基板被置于已抽空的镀膜真空室中,真空度要低于1.333×10-2帕,最好低于2.666×10-3帕。在此真空室中充以经选择的惰性和反应气体(最好是氩和氧),使室内气压在约6.665×10-2和1.333帕之间。将具有锌/锡靶表面的金属合金阴极放在要镀膜的基板表面上。溅射该靶的金属,并与真空中的气体相反应,从而在玻璃表面上沉积成一层锌/锡合金氧化物镀层。
在锌/锡合金氧化物底涂层沉积之后,把镀层室抽空,并充入惰性气体(如纯氩),使气压在6.665×10-2帕和1.333帕之间。将具有金属(如铜)靶面的阴极进行溅射,在锌/锡合金氧化物层上沉积一层底涂层。接着溅射银靶面的阴极,在底涂层的上面沉积一层金属银的反射层。该底涂层改善了银膜与底层金属氧化物膜的密着力。随后,在反射的银层之上溅射一种金属(如铜)层作为另一底涂层,用以改善银膜与接着沉积的覆盖金属氧化物之间的密着力。最后,第二层锌/锡合金氧化物被沉积在该第二底涂层上。所使用的沉积条件与沉积第一层锌/锡合金氧化物层基本相同。
本发明最优选采用的实施方案是在最后的金属氧化物薄膜上面沉积一层外保护层。该外保护层最好是通过在该金属氧化物薄膜上溅射一种金属层的方法来实现。如由Gillery等人在1983年9月9日于美国序列号530,570中所公开,优先采用的外保护层金属材料包括有铁或镍合金,如不锈钢或铬镍铁合金。由于钛具有高透光率,因而成为最优先采用的外保护层材料。
根据本发明,多层膜的化学稳定性是通过在该多层膜之上沉积一层氧化钛保护层而得到巨大改善的。该氧化钛保护层最好是在相当高沉积速率和较低气压(最好在0.3999帕左右)条件下用阴极溅射法沉积的。氧化钛构成的保护层可以在充分氧化性气氛中用溅射钛的方法直接沉积氧化钛膜。本发明中的另一个实施例中,氧化钛的保护层可以在惰性气氛中用溅射钛的方法沉积成一层含钛的薄膜,随后将该薄膜暴露在氧化气氛(如空气)中进行氧化,从而生成氧化钛薄膜。
从如下的具体实例中,可以进一步的理解本发明。在该例中,锌/锡合金氧化物薄膜被认为是锡酸锌Zn2SnO4,但该薄膜的组成不必是精确的。
实例:
在钠-钙-硅玻璃基板上沉积多层膜可以制成高透光率,低辐射率镀层制品。一个大小为5×17英寸(12.7×43.2cm)溅射面构成锌/锡合金组成的固定式阴极,锌/锡合金之重量百分数为52.4%的锌和47.6%的锡。钠-钙-硅玻璃基板被置于真空度为0.5332帕,氩/氧为50/50的镀层室中。阴极在一电源功率为1.7KW的磁场中溅射。此时,玻璃基板以每分钟110英寸(2.8M)的速度移动通过溅射表面。从而在玻璃表面上沉积一层锡酸锌薄膜。通过三次便制成厚度约为340A(3.4×10-8m,的薄膜,结果可使玻璃基板的透光率从90%降到83%(锡酸锌镀膜的玻璃基板)。随后,带有铜靶的固定阴极被溅射,在锡酸锌膜之上生成一层铜底涂层,致使透光率降低约80.6%。
其次,在压力为0.5332帕的氩气氛中,通过溅射银阴极靶在铜初始膜上沉积一银层。由于基板以同样的速度在银阴极靶下通过,因此为使每平方厘米上沉积10微克银(大约等于90
Figure 86108656_IMG1
(0.9× 10-8m厚)就需要通过二次。这样镀层后的基板的透光率大约降到70.3%。将第二铜底涂层溅射在银层之上以改善密着力,并且在锡酸锌抗反射膜最终被沉积之前,它起保护银膜的作用。由于铜底涂层降低透光率,因此,它们的厚度应尽量薄。在最小的电源功率0.5332帕压力的氩气氛中,用铜靶溅射的方法沉积铜底涂层。在第二层铜底涂层沉积之后,样品的透光率降到了68.3%。其次,锌/锡合金阴极靶在氧化气氛中被溅射而生成一锡酸锌薄膜。以每分钟110英寸(2.8M)的速度通过四次镀膜厚度可达约为430 (4.3×10-8m),制品的透光率因此可从68.3%增加到83.2%。多层膜表面电阻为10欧姆/平方并从两侧显有少量淡兰色反射光,从玻璃的镀膜一侧发光反射为5%,从非镀膜一侧反射为6%。最后,大小为5×17英寸(12.7×43.2cm)的固定式钛阴极在功率为10KW,等体积的氩和氧气氛中,气压为0.3999帕条件下溅射,基板以每分钟110英寸(2.8M)速度通过两次,度溅射沉积出大约15到20
Figure 86108656_IMG3
(15-20)×10-10米)厚的氧化钛镀层。氧化钛保护层并不过于影响多层膜的电阻和反射特性,对透光率引起的变化大约不会超过1%。
由于本发明中底涂层的作用,镀层制品耐久性的改善可以通过金属与金属氧化物膜之间密着力的改善而实现。这一改进由一简单的密着力试验很容易地被证明。检验方法是用一块湿布擦试镀层表面。根据本发明,用锡酸锌/银/锡酸锌镀敷且不具有底涂层的表面,当用湿布擦几次后其反射率从约6%增加到约18%,这表明,不论上部的锡酸锌膜还是基底的银膜都被擦掉了。相反,对本发明中包括底涂层的用锡酸锌/铜/银/铜/锡酸锌镀层的制品,既使用力擦,也并未产生明显的变化。
优先采用的氧化钛保护镀层厚度范围大约在10
Figure 86108656_IMG4
到50
Figure 86108656_IMG5
(10~50)×10-10米)之间,采用厚度大约为20 (20×10-10米)的氧化钛保护镀层,本实例所得多层镀膜的稳定性在环境温度下的2.5%盐溶液中从2小时增加到22小时。如果是用盛150°F(约66℃)的去离子水的Q-盘Cleveland QCT-ADO型冷凝试验器进行Cleveland湿度试验,则可从5小时增加到1周。
如上所述的实例具体解释了本发明的内容,包括了产品和工艺的各种改进方法。例如:其它镀层的组成也包括在本发明范围之内。当用锌/锡合金溅射时,根据锌和锡的比例,镀层中氧化锌、氧化锡以及锡酸锌的含量可在很广的范围内变化。各种金属和金属氧化物薄膜之间的密着力可以用本发明所说的底涂层进行改进。由于本工艺方法不要求很高的温度,因此除玻璃外的其它基板,如各种塑料,也可以用作镀层基板。对于基板固定的场合可以采用扫描式的阴极。诸如气压和气体浓度一类的工艺参数可在很广的范围内变化。底涂层可以用别的金属(如铟)或氧化物(如氧化铜或氧化铟)构成,其它耐化学腐蚀材料的保护镀层可以用金属或其氧化物沉积而成。本发明的范围由所附权利要求确定。

Claims (9)

1、一种高透光率,低辐射率制品包括:
a.透明的非金属基板;
b.在所述基板表面上沉积而成的金属氧化物构成的第一透明抗反射薄膜;
c.在所述第一抗反射金属氧化物薄膜之后沉积的透明红外反射金属薄膜;
d.在所述红外反射金属膜沉积后沉积的金属氧化物第二透明抗反射薄膜;以及
e.在所述第二抗反射金属氧化物薄膜之后沉积的氧化钛外保护层。
2、根据权利要求1所述的制品,其中,基板是玻璃。
3、根据权利要求1所述的制品,其中,反射金属膜是银。
4、根据权利要求1所述的制品,其中,金属氧化物包括一种由锌和锡组成的合金的氧化反应产物。
5、根据权利要求4所述的制品,其中,由金属合金氧化反应产物构成的透明薄膜中包括锡酸锌。
6、根据权利要求1所述的制品,其中,进一步包括选自铜、铟和其氧化物的初始薄膜,该初始膜被沉积在反射金属膜与透明金属氧化物抗反射膜之间。
7、根据权利要求1所述的制品,其中,外保护金属氧化物层中包括氧化钛。
8、根据权利要求7所述的制品,其中,氧化钛保护层的厚度约为(10至50)×10-10米。
9、根据权利要求8所述的制品,其中,氧化钛外保护层的厚度约为(15至20)×10-10米。
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US4716086A (en) 1987-12-29
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