CN102047244B - 在内容分发网络(cdn)中处理长尾内容 - Google Patents

在内容分发网络(cdn)中处理长尾内容 Download PDF

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CN102047244B
CN102047244B CN2009801200430A CN200980120043A CN102047244B CN 102047244 B CN102047244 B CN 102047244B CN 2009801200430 A CN2009801200430 A CN 2009801200430A CN 200980120043 A CN200980120043 A CN 200980120043A CN 102047244 B CN102047244 B CN 102047244B
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CN102047244A (zh
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L·利普斯顿
C·牛顿
D·富拉格
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Level 3 Communications LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N7/00—Television systems
    • H04N7/16—Analogue secrecy systems; Analogue subscription systems
    • H04N7/173—Analogue secrecy systems; Analogue subscription systems with two-way working, e.g. subscriber sending a programme selection signal
    • H04N7/17345—Control of the passage of the selected programme
    • H04N7/17354—Control of the passage of the selected programme in an intermediate station common to a plurality of user terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/56—Provisioning of proxy services
    • H04L67/563—Data redirection of data network streams
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/56—Provisioning of proxy services
    • H04L67/568—Storing data temporarily at an intermediate stage, e.g. caching
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/21—Server components or server architectures
    • H04N21/222—Secondary servers, e.g. proxy server, cable television Head-end
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/231—Content storage operation, e.g. caching movies for short term storage, replicating data over plural servers, prioritizing data for deletion
    • H04N21/23106—Content storage operation, e.g. caching movies for short term storage, replicating data over plural servers, prioritizing data for deletion involving caching operations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/25—Management operations performed by the server for facilitating the content distribution or administrating data related to end-users or client devices, e.g. end-user or client device authentication, learning user preferences for recommending movies
    • H04N21/258—Client or end-user data management, e.g. managing client capabilities, user preferences or demographics, processing of multiple end-users preferences to derive collaborative data
    • H04N21/25866—Management of end-user data
    • H04N21/25891—Management of end-user data being end-user preferences
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/47—End-user applications
    • H04N21/472—End-user interface for requesting content, additional data or services; End-user interface for interacting with content, e.g. for content reservation or setting reminders, for requesting event notification, for manipulating displayed content

Abstract

内容分发网络至少具有第一层服务器。内容分发方法包括在第一层服务器的第一服务器，获得来自客户端的对资源的请求。如果所述资源在第一服务器或者在第一服务器的对等体处可用，则从第一服务器把所述资源提供给客户端。否则，确定所述资源是否流行，如果所述资源被确定为流行，则第一服务器获得所述资源，第一服务器把所述资源提供给所述客户端。如果所述资源被确定为不流行，则客户端被定向到不在第一层服务器中的第二服务器，第二服务器把所述资源提供给所述客户端。第二服务器可以在第二层服务器中，或者可以是原始服务器。

Description

在内容分发网络(CDN)中处理长尾内容
相关申请
本申请与下述共同所有的同时待审的专利申请有关，所有这些专利申请的内容均在此引为参考：
  申请号   申请日期
  10/073938   2002年2月14日
  11/715316   2007年3月8日
11/978656   2007年10月30日
  11/980672   2007年10月31日
  10/259497   2002年9月30日
  11/932162   2007年10月31日
  11/976648   2007年10月26日
技术领域
本发明涉及内容分发，内容分发网络(CDN)，和利用CDN的架构和系统。
目前优选的例证实施例的详细说明
术语表
除非另有说明，否则这里使用的下述术语或缩写具有下述含意：
1.IP意谓因特网协议。
2.“IP地址”意谓在因特网协议中用于识别诸如服务器之类电子设备的地址。
3.HTTP意谓超文本传送协议。
4.URL意谓统一资源定位符。
5.DNS意谓域名系统。
附图说明
参考附图，能够更好地理解本发明。附图中的部件不一定是按比例绘制的，而是把重点放在清楚地图解说明本发明的原理上。此外，在各个视图中，相同的附图标记表示对应的部分。
图1描述一般的分级的多层内容分发网络(CDN)；
图2表示CDN中成组或成群的服务器的逻辑组织；
图3描述利用内容分发网络(CDN)的内容分发架构；
图4描述网络分发架构中的两级内容分发网络的操作；
图5是表示图4的CDN的广度服务的操作的流程图；和
图6是保存特定的广度服务器的广度数据的例证结构数据。
背景和概述
因特网和所谓的万维网(“WWW”)已变得普遍存在。数以千计乃至数以万计的所谓内容提供者(出版者)现在使用因特网(具体地，WWW)向全世界的数以万计乃至数以十万计的客户端提供各种内容。
为了卸载提供他们的一些或全部内容的作业，许多内容提供者现在预订(subscribe)所谓的内容分发网络(CDN)。通过利用CDN，能够从CDN(即，从CDN中的一个或多个服务器)，而不是从内容提供者的服务器向客户端提供内容提供者的一些(乃至全部)内容。在高速缓存CDN中，在被提供之前，或者响应对内容的特定请求，提供的内容也可被高速缓存在一些或者所有的CDN服务器上。
这里使用的术语“内容”意谓任何形式的任何种类的数据，与其表现无关，并且与它代表什么无关。内容可包括(但不限于)静态和/或动态图像、文本、音频内容(包括流式音频)、视频内容(包括流式视频)、网页、计算机程序、文档、文件等等。一些内容可被嵌入其它内容中，例如利用诸如HTML和XML之类的置标语言。内容包括响应于特定请求而专门创作或者形成或者组成的内容。这里，术语“资源”有时被用于指内容。
某些出版者具有大型内容库，其中只有一小部分的内容(所谓的“短头”)流行到足以受益于通过高速缓存CDN的内容提供，而大部分的内容(所谓的“长尾”)仅仅偶尔被访问，一般不值得高速缓存(或者甚至从边缘服务器提供)。对具有大型音乐或视频库的内容出版者来说，这种情况应是典型的。一些音乐内容-流行内容-可能经常被请求，而其它音乐-不流行(也称为不受欢迎)的内容-可能很少被请求(如果被请求过的话)。
内容能够变得流行(借助各种普及措施)或者渐渐过渡到相对无名，从而不能够容易地明确划分内容库。CDN改为跟踪某些内容的流行度，并在内容变得流行时，有选择地朝着边缘(即，朝着第一层服务器)迁移该内容。
CDN可具有分级组织的一层或多层服务器。图1描述包括多层服务器的内容分发网络100。具体地说，图1的CDN 100显示表示为第一层，第二层，第三层，...，第j层的j层服务器。每层服务器可包含组织成服务器组(有时称为服务器群集)的许多服务器。第一层服务器也被称为边缘服务器，第一层有时也被称为“边缘”或者“CDN的边缘”。第二层服务器(当存在于CDN中时)也被称为父服务器。
例如，在图1的CDN 100中，第一层具有n组服务器(表示成“边缘服务器组1”，“边缘服务器组2”，...，“边缘服务器组n”)；第二层(父服务器层)具有m个服务器组(第i组被表示成“父服务器组i”)；第三层具有k个服务器组，等等。最好每一层都具有相同数目的服务器组。
图2表示在图1的CDN中，服务器的逻辑组织/分组。在图2的例证CDN中，每一层的服务器具有相同数目(n)的服务器组。当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，每个服务器组可以具有相同或不同数目的服务器。另外，服务器组中的服务器的数目可以动态变化。例如，可以向服务器组中增加另外的服务器，以处理该服务器组上不断增加的负载。
服务器组中的服务器可以是同质或异质的，服务器组中的每个服务器中可包含共享相同名称和/或网络地址的一群物理服务器。在同时待审并且共同拥有的专利申请No.61/064339(“Load-balancingcluster”，申请日2008年2月28日)中描述了这种群集的一个例子，该申请的整个内容在此引为参考。
相同层和相同组中的服务器被称为对等体或对等服务器。
典型的CDN只具有一层或两层的服务器。只有一层的CDN将只具有边缘服务器，而具有两层的CDN将具有边缘服务器和父服务器(最少，CDN应具有至少一层的服务器-边缘服务器)。
层中服务器的分组可以基于例如它们的物理位置或者地理位置。例如，特定的CDN可具有六组-四组服务器在美国，用于西海岸的组1，用于中西部的组2，用于东北部的组3，和用于东南部的组4；和分别用于欧洲和亚洲的各一组。
特定的CDN服务器最好只在一个服务器组中。
通常，每一层中的一些或者全部服务器能够与其它每一层中的一些或全部服务器交换数据。从而，一些或全部的父服务器能够与一些或全部的边缘服务器交换信息。为了简便起见，附图中，每一层的服务器被表示成操作上能够与其它每一层连接。不过在一些CDN中，最好特定层中的服务器只能够与相同组中的其它服务器(即，与对等服务器)和/或与不同层中的相同组中的其它服务器交换信息。例如，在一些CDN中，边缘服务器组k中的边缘服务器能够相互交换信息，并且能够与父服务器组k中的所有服务器交换信息，等等。
内容提供者的/用户的一个(或多个)服务器也被称为原始服务器。内容提供者的原始服务器可由该内容提供者拥有和/或操纵，或者它们可以是由诸如托管提供者之类的第三方提供和/或操纵的服务器。特定内容提供者的托管提供者也可向该内容提供者提供CDN服务。
CDN还可包括CDN原始/内容高速缓冲存储器层，它可被用于高速缓存来自CDN的订户(即，来自CDN订户的相应原始服务器)的内容。当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，CDN能够支持一个或多个订户，即，CDN能够起支持众多订户的共享基础结构的作用。CDN原始层也可由许多服务器组成，这些服务器也可被(物理和逻辑地)组织成许多区域和/或组。CDN原始层中的一个或多个服务器按需要(推送)或者预先(通过拉取)从订户的原始服务器获得内容。
流行度服务102(下面更详细说明)与一层或多层中的一个或多个服务器组关联。在一个目前优选的例证实施例中，一些父服务器组具有与之关联的流行度服务102。尽管被表示成组的独立组件，不过流行度服务102可被集成到组中的服务器之一中。在一些情况下，流行度服务可以具有它自己的不同于任意CDN服务器的服务器。这里可互换地使用术语“流行度服务”和“流行度服务器”。
操作上，当客户端请求将利用内容分发架构提供的内容时，可以从CDN中的一个服务器，或者在一些情况下，可从订户/用户的原始服务器向该客户端提供所述内容。
通过利用任意种类的服务器选择器系统104，可按照任意方式把客户端定向到CDN和/或定向到CDN中的服务器。本领域的技术人员明白，服务器选择器系统104通常把客户端的内容请求定向到适当的服务器，以使内容被提供给进行请求的客户端。适当的服务器可以是接近于客户端(依据某种成本量度)的服务器，和/或负载不是过于沉重的服务器。所有各类条件可被应用于术语“适当的”，所有各类信息和测试(静态和动态的)可被用于确定适当的服务器。例如，服务器选择器系统104可包括或者完全或部分地在域名服务(DNS)服务器、独立设备或者它们的组合中工作。例如，服务器选择器系统104可包含单级的DNS服务器，该DNS服务器至少部分根据进行请求的客户端的位置和一些或全部CDN服务器上的负载的某种组合，选择适当的服务器。当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，客户端在诸如因特网之类网络中的位置有时可能只是粗略确定的，术语“客户端的位置”通常被视为是与客户端的网络服务提供者对应的网络位置。
尽管在附图中被表示成一个组件，不过服务器选择器104可包含众多的组件。例如，一些或者全部的服务器选择可以基于选播(anycast)路由，服务器选择器104从而可包括路由器和关联的表。
在一个目前优选的实施例中，服务器选择器104是比如在同时待审的美国专利申请No.10/259497(申请日2002年9月30日)，“Configurable Adaptive Global Traffic Control And Management”(公开为US 2003-0065762A1)；和在美国专利申请No.11/976648(申请日2007年10月26日)，“Policy-based content delivery networkselection”(集体称为“ITM申请”)中所述的智能流量管理器(ITM)/自适应流量控制器(ATC)，上述两件专利申请的全部内容将在此引为参考。在一些实施例中，服务器选择器104可包括比如在美国专利No.6185598，“Optimized Network Resource Location”中公开的“最好”或者说“最佳”服务器选择器，该专利的全部内容在此引为参考。′598专利把CDN服务器称为所谓的转发器服务器，并描述所谓的“最佳转发器选择器(BRS)机构”。
图3表示具有两级层次的CDN的内容分发架构300，该CDN由一层边缘服务器(第一层)和一层父服务器(第二层)组成。一些或者全部的边缘服务器能够与一些或者全部的父服务器通信。边缘服务器被分成n个边缘服务器组，父服务器被分成m个父服务器组。在一个目前优选的实施例中，m的值等于n的值，即，在该目前优选的实施例中，存在数目与父服务器组相同的边缘服务器组。CDN原始/内容高速缓存层保存它从各个订户的原始服务器获得的订户内容。父服务器组中的至少一个(附图中，组1)具有与之关联的流行度服务102-1。可取的是多于一个的父服务器组具有关联的流行度服务，更可取的是每个父服务器组都具有关联的流行度服务。
尽管被示于父代层中，不过流行度服务可以位于系统中的任何地方，包括位于边缘层中。
流行度服务可被某些(尽管不一定是所有)内容使用。当只有某些内容使用流行度服务时，内容应被指定，以便使用流行度服务。
组中的一些或全部边缘服务器可以使用流行度服务来管理各个订户的长尾内容。使用流行度服务的每个边缘服务器被称为绑定到该流行度服务。绑定到流行度服务的边缘服务器有时被称为“长尾协同服务器”(longtail coserver)。
图4和5表示图3的CDN的流行度服务的操作。
当客户端106请求内容(例如，利用HTTP GET请求)时，该请求被(例如，服务器选择器104-1)定向到边缘服务器，以使内容被提供给该客户。对于某些指定的内容，在高速缓存操作的填充侧(fill side)中插入流行度检查。图4图解说明内容分发架构300中消息和数据的流动，图5是表示图4的CDN的流行度服务的操作的流程图。为了该详细说明起见，假定客户端的请求已被定向到边缘服务器108(当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，客户端的初始请求可被定向到CDN分层结构中的任意一层，例如包括定向到父代层)。通过利用与CDN关联的服务器选择机构104-1，例如利用一个或多个DNS服务器，并根据诸如进行请求的客户端的位置、网络上的负载、网络流量状况、CDN策略、订户策略之类的因素选择边缘服务器，来选择边缘服务器108。
客户端106向边缘服务器108请求内容(在图5的500)。来自客户端106的请求到达边缘服务器108(图4中的S1)。边缘服务器108检查以了解对象是否存在(在本地或者在对等体上)，并且是最新的(在502)。如果是，那么通过从对等体获得该对象(如果需要的话)，边缘服务器108从高速缓存把该对象提供给客户端106(S2，504)。
在一些实施例中，系统可区分网内和网外对等体和相同交换机的对等体。网内对等体是在相同主干网上的对等体；网外对等体是位于不同主干网上的对等体；相同交换机的对等体是直接连接到与进行检查的代理的相同交换机上的对等体。在一些实施例中，边缘服务器108可以只寻找在其一些对等体(例如，只在相同交换机的对等体)上的对象。
如果在边缘服务器108上或者在对等体上不能获得对象，那么边缘服务器108确定是否根据对象的流行度，提供该对象(即，该对象是否已被指定，以致对象的流行度将被用于确定将从何处提供该对象)(在506)。如果是，那么请求被发送给与边缘服务器108关联的流行度服务102，这种情况下，被发送给用于该组的流行度服务器(S3a)。
可至少部分根据用于请求对象的名称(主机名)，确定该对象是否根据其流行度，被指定成从不同的位置提供(在506)。
可取的是允许边缘服务器的混合体，一些边缘服务器进行流行度检查(如上所述)，而其它边缘服务器不进行流行度检查。对不运行流行度服务的那些边缘服务器来说，用于请求对象的名称(主机名)将解析成父服务器(该父服务器可以提供或者可以不提供流行度服务)。如果父服务器不提供流行度服务，那么内容将由边缘服务器从该父服务器获得，该内容将被提供给客户端。另一方面，如果该父服务器提供流行度服务，那么它能够根据例如边缘服务器的IP(因特网协议)地址，确定该边缘服务器是否是长尾协同服务器。对于非协同服务器，父服务器可处理该请求，而没有任何流行度处理。
内容请求可以是对对象的初始请求，或者可以是对对象的另一部分的请求，所述初始部分已被提供给客户端。如果所述请求是对对象的第一部分的请求(在508)，例如，所述请求包括对资源的第一字节的请求(即，它不是在文件的开头部分之后开始的范围请求)，那么流行度服务102确定(如下所述)该对象目前是否流行。首先，当前时段的流行度计数被递增(在510)。根据其确定结果，流行度服务102向边缘服务器108返回三种可能响应之一(S3b)：
1.如果对象未达到第一/最低水平的流行度(在512)：那么流行度服务向边缘服务器发送把客户端的请求重定向到原始服务器(或者重定向到CDN原始高速缓存)的指令(如果允许原始层重定向的话)(在514)。
2.如果对象的流行度超过了第一/最低水平的流行度，但是还未超过第二的中间层阈值(在516)：那么流行度服务向边缘服务器发送把客户端的请求重定向到父服务器的指令(如果允许中间层重定向的话)(在518)。
3.如果对象的流行度超过了中间层阈值(即，对象是流行的)：那么流行度服务向边缘服务器发送边缘服务器自己提供该内容的指令(在520)。在一种目前优选的实现中，流行度服务向边缘服务器发送到原始服务器，或者到父代层(如果有父代层的话)的设有“follow me”标记的重定向(HTTP 302)。
如果边缘服务器108从流行度服务102收到未设有“follow me”标记的重定向(上面的情况1和2)，那么它只是把该重定向转发给客户端106(S4a，522，524)。如果边缘服务器108收到“follow me”重定向，那么它获得并高速缓存资源(在526)，并把资源提供给客户端(在528)。
如果流行度服务102不能得到、无反响应、或者返回指示错误的状态码(不同于HTTP 404)，那么从该边缘的高速缓存服务器提供所述内容(并产生报警状态)。
一旦内容已被高速缓存在边缘服务器，那么每当它获得对该内容的另一个请求时，边缘服务器将向流行度服务发送通知(例如，以再验证的形式)。例如，参考图5的流程图，如果边缘服务器108确定(在502)它具有所请求的内容(或者能够从对等体获得所请求的内容)，那么除了提供该内容之外(在504)，边缘服务器108还指令流行度服务器递增当前时段的对象流行度计数(在530)。该处理使流行度服务器一直知道正在其区域中提供的内容的相对流行度的最新情况。
在目前优选的实施例中，服务器选择机构104不使客户端集结到父服务器/高速缓存。换句话说，在这些实施例中，客户端请求最初总是被服务器选择机构定向到边缘服务器。在这些情况下，当资源请求到达父服务器/高速缓存时，最好应无条件地服务(和满足(如果需要的话))该请求(因为来自客户端的任何请求被认为是边缘服务器提供的重定向的结果)。
在服务器选择器104能够把客户端请求直接定向到父服务器(或者定向到除边缘层外的任何层)的实施例中，获得客户端请求的服务器可以选择例如根据流行度，重定向该请求。不过，当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，明智的是跟踪请求的重定向，以避免循环重定向和/或无限重定向。避免这种问题的一种途径是限制重定向的级数(即，限制要遵从的重定向的数目)。在一种目前优选的实现中，如果在遵从例如32次重定向之后，没有选择任何最终服务器，那么发出出错消息。在一些实施例中，如果在预定数目的重定向之后，没有选择任何最终服务器，那么所到达的最后一个服务器可被用于提供内容。避免循环的一种途径是当重定向请求时，使用不同的服务器名称(别名)或者IP地址，以致收到请求的服务器能够断定该请求是否是重定向。当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，该信息可利用例如HTTP报头等，在服务器之间传送。
当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，在多层CDN中，流行度服务可以位于任何一层，或者可在多于一层存在流行度服务。
中间(父代)层是可选的。
步骤(4a)可答复以内容(如果流行的话)，或者答复以到父服务器或原始服务器的重定向(如果不流行的话)，这种情况下，客户端将向该层发出另一个请求(5a或5b)，以获得内容。
如果请求是HTTP GET请求等，那么该请求被转发给流行度服务。HTTP POST请求应该总是被直接转发给原始服务器，因为HTTPPOST请求需要在原始服务器被处理，并且对POST请求的响应不应被高速缓存。有时可取的是把GET请求定向到不同于POST请求的原始服务器。
尽管关于HTTP协议说明了本发明，不过当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，可以使用不同的和/或其它协议，并且发明人预料了不同的和/或其它协议。在各种文档，例如HypertextTransfer Protocol-HTTP/1.1，RFC 2616，Network Working Group中描述了HTTP，其全部内容在此引为参考。
当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，对于CDN中的每一层，可以确定不同的阈值。此外，当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，每个内容项可具有与之关联的它自己的阈值。这样，系统能够检查所有内容的流行度，默认阈值为零。这样，每个请求将自动使流行度超过阈值，并使内容被高速缓存。
通过区域性地(与父代高速缓存服务器配对地)布置流行度服务器，能够基于区域地独立管理流行度和高速缓存层。在一个区域/组中流行的内容在另一个区域/组中可能并不流行(尤其是如果每个区域/组对应于地理和/或政治区域的话)。
我们认为理想的是到流行度服务器的集结把所谓的“区域性”接近区分优先次序，以致相同区域内的客户端往往会在该区域内投出他们的流行度“选票”，并且获得流行资源的一致处理。不过，如果存在可用的多个父代高速缓存服务器，那么一般将不存在把特定的客户端集结到特定的父服务器的尝试。
定义&测量流行度
在优选实施例中，根据在各个时间段中，对象/资源被请求的次数，测量对象/资源的流行度。图6是保存特定流行度服务器的流行度数据的例证数据结构。图6中的数据结构600是所谓的计数(tally)散列结构。
在优选实施例中，一些或全部的边缘服务器与流行度服务器关联(或者绑定到流行度服务器)。绑定到流行度服务器的边缘服务器有时被称为绑定的长尾协同服务器。系统中的每个流行度服务器按绑定的长尾协同服务器，分配一个计数散列结构800。配置提供要分配的资源(散列)时隙的数目。对一种目前优选的实现来说，散列时隙的数目约为每个协同服务器1亿个时隙的数量级。每个时隙被分成多个时间桶，最好16个时间桶，每个桶用例如4比特无符号整数表示。当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，每个时间桶中的值的大小的选择取决于与流行度阈值的约束，和使非常流行的资源保持在边缘的约束有关的策略决定。不过，所述大小严重受对紧致性的需要的影响。一个8字节字能够保存一个资源时隙的所有时间桶，于是，每种特性(property)需要800MB，每个流行度服务器可以不分页地管理5～8种这样的特性。
每个时间桶代表一个时间段，最好是若干秒。
请求/内容到时隙的映射以对象名称，可能还有与对对象的请求关联的其它信息的某种函数为基础。可取的是，对象到时隙的映射以关于对象名称(最好包括查询串的某些部分)的散列或消息摘要函数(比如MAD等)为基础。于是，每个时隙可以代表一个或多个资源。每次查询/请求到达对象的流行度服务器时，都计算散列和确定(适当协同服务器的)表800中的时隙，使用该时隙中的计数。在散列冲突的情况下，于是有可能一个桶正在接收和代表多于一个的对象的计数。由于这种结果通常是不合需要的(因为它会导致不流行对象的高速缓存填充和边缘高速缓存)，因此桶的数目应被选择成尽可能地大。
当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，不同的和/或其它数据结构可被用于实现流行度计数。例如，由于在多数情况下，资源的总数预期远远超过流行资源的数目，因此，平衡b-tree可能优于散列表。另外，通过仅仅使用散列的某一部分，能够减小散列时隙的大小。不过，减少使用的散列的字节数会导致更多的名称冲突。
尽管上面关于流行度进行了说明，不过，当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员知道并且了解，可以和流行度一起(或者代替流行度)使用其它因素来确定是否重定向请求。规则库可被用于扩充和/或超越某些资源的流行度量度。规则库中的规则可以是静态或者动态的，可以由CDN管理员和/或订户设定。例如，订户可能不想为从边缘提供的某些内容支付费用，不论内容的流行度如何，从而可据此设定规则(通过对于该特定内容设定阈值，以防止该内容被高速缓存在边缘，也可获得该特定结果)。
偶尔的日志挖掘可被用于寻找实际的订户内容库中的散列冲突，可按需要调整散列函数和桶大小。
在每个时间桶边界，流行度服务都将逻辑“旋转”桶，并使每个对象的最陈旧的计数(tally)数据归零。
每当协同服务器在流行度服务中的登记发生变化(增加或丢失，或者可能提示被改变)，数据结构都要被更新。
给定对象的流行度可被确定为其在连续时间段内的流行度的加权和。更近的时间段可被赋予较高的权重。
为了确定哪个内容将由流行度服务管理，CDN操作员和/或订户可以规定：
·内容将受到管理的各个层-边缘层，中间层(即，父代层)或者原始层(订户层或者存储层)。为了有意义，应启用中间和原始服务至少之一。
·要根据其流行度管理的、而不是仅仅总是从高速缓冲存储器提供的内容。
出版者/订户不希望从高速缓存CDN服务提供所谓的“长尾”内容的原因有几个，例如：
·如果从订户的原始服务器完成高速缓存填充，因而订户支付高速缓存填充带宽的费用，那么不流行资源的不必要填充会增大带宽成本，而不带来任何益处。
·通过CDN高速缓存提供不流行的资源会增大等待时间(归因于高速缓存填充)，有实际上迫使流行资源离开高速缓存，可能导致系统抖动的危险。结果是效率低和服务恶化的风险。
考虑到相关或者类似的原因，CDN提供者通常也不希望从边缘高速缓冲存提供长尾内容：
·如果从原始层存储器完成高速缓存填充，那么不必要的高速缓存填充消耗存储系统和高速缓存系统的带宽，增大(加倍)服务的内部成本。这将降低效率，因为为了向外部提供相同的内容，内部需要相对更多的带宽。
·从CDN的观点来看，上面的第二个理由也适用：CDN操作员希望使等待时间以及系统抖动的风险降到最小，以便满足其所有订户。
名称、地址&配置数据
众所周知，网络中的每个服务器可借助一个或多个网络地址(例如，因特网协议地址或者说IP地址)被寻址。网络中的每个服务器也可因一个或多个名称(所谓的主机名-完全限定域名)而众所周知。主机名可被映射到一个或多个IP地址。主机名可以对应于(从而解析到)多于一个服务器。
诸如ITM(在上面提及的ITM专利申请中描述的)之类的系统允许一种主机名(称为总名(supername))涉及多个服务器，并把该总名解析到附近的服务器。
最好，服务器选择机构是ITM，每个流行度服务器具有解析到附近的流行度服务器的总名。
当流行度服务器与父服务器共享或者与父服务器共处一地时，父服务器可以使用依据其对该父服务器寻址的名称来确定是否把请求定向到流行度服务。即，提供流行度服务的父代高速缓存服务器可以识别使用专供流行度请求之用的别名之一的请求，并调入流行度服务，以如上所述作出填充/不填充决定，和返回重定向。
如前所述，如果服务器选择器机构不向非边缘服务器发送初始请求，那么所有父代高速缓存服务器必须识别已被重定向的请求，并通过从原始层(或者另一层)填充所请求的资源(如果需要的话)，提供所请求的资源。
服务器主机名也被称作其别名。每个长尾协同服务器最好具有至少两个别名(如果使用父代高速缓存/服务器层的话，那么三个别名)：公布的总名，用于流行度服务请求的主机名，和(如果使用的话)用于父代高速缓存重定向的主机名。
最好借助ITM总名与流行度服务器取得联系，ITM将监控该组服务器内服务的可用性。应利用真实的IP地址，而不是虚拟IP与流行度服务器取得联系，在群集内，流行度服务器不一定是冗余的。通过每个总名具有多个服务器，可以提供冗余性。不过，最好不要尝试使流行度服务器上的流行度计数同步，预期的理想效果是基于“地区”地单独管理流行度，粒度由部署的流行度服务器的数目和分布确定。如果流行度服务器失败，那么当新的服务器对给定边缘位置变得有效时，这会导致流行度响应的不连续，不过通过周期性的背景刷新，可以减轻流行度响应的不连续(对于非常流行的资源来说)。
关于资源和高速缓存策略的信息包括下述：
-与该协同服务器关联的资源的预期总数。
-用于保存每个资源的命中计数的桶的数目。
-每个桶代表的秒数。每当该时间间隔过去时，最陈旧的桶中的计数被丢弃，从为零的计数开始新的桶。
-当在任意流行度服务器上，给定资源的所有桶的总和达到该数字时，使用该服务器的父代高速缓冲存储器(如果有的话)将开始高速缓存该资源。
-当在任意流行度服务器上，给定资源的所有桶的总和达到该数字时，使用该服务器的边缘高速缓存将开始高速缓存该资源。
-要应用于资源名称的散列算法(可选)。如果未指定，那么将使用默认算法(例如，MD5)。
-在任意给定时间，该协同服务器的应在位于边缘的高速缓存中的资源的最大数目。在一些实施例中可以忽略这个值。
-在任意给定时间，该协同服务器的应在位于父代的高速缓存中的资源的最大数目。在一些实施例中可以忽略这个值。
最好，在父代高速缓存服务器上，资源不应提前过期，因为这会导致对原始服务器的不必要请求，或者对对等高速缓存的不必要查询。
当阅读本说明书时，本领域的技术人员会知道和了解，仅仅基于流行度计数的在给定层提供服务的决定不考虑在该层提供服务的容量-以致这种方案可能使原始服务器或者父代层过载，如果它们不具有足够的容量的话。此外，如果关于请求数目的绝对阈值来测量流行度，并且如果内容库足够大，那么这会在父代层或边缘层导致高速缓存抖动。
如果需要的话，那么对于原始高速缓存或服务器的验证应由从客户端收到初始请求的服务器进行。在被重定向的请求的处理期间。
各种文献，包括专利和专利申请已在本申请中引为参考。如果发生引入的文献和本申请之间的任何冲突，那么将以本申请(包括其中的任何定义)为准。
从而提供一种通过设计内容被置于CDN中的何处，和从CDN中的何处提供内容，从而允许CDN对内容的不断增加或降低的“流行度”作出响应的特征。
出于举例说明的目的给出了上述说明。上述说明不是穷尽的，也并不意图把本发明限制于公开的具体形式。鉴于上述教导，可做出显而易见的各种修改或变化。选择和说明上面讨论的一个或多个实施例是为了更好地举例说明本发明的原理及其实际应用，从而使本领域的技术人员能够在各个实施例中，并且借助适合于预期的预定应用的各种修改利用本发明。所有这样的修改和变化都在当按照公平、合法地授予附加权利要求的广度解释附加权利要求时，由附加的权利要求限定的本发明的范围之内。

Claims (12)

1.一种包含至少第一层服务器的内容分发网络中的内容分发方法，所述方法包括：
在所述第一层服务器的第一服务器，获得来自客户端的对资源的请求；
如果所述资源在所述第一服务器或者在所述第一服务器的对等体处可用，则把所述资源从第一服务器提供给所述客户端；
否则，如果所述资源在所述第一服务器或者在所述第一服务器的对等体处不可用，则确定是否基于所述资源的流行度来提供所述资源；
当确定不基于所述资源的流行度来提供所述资源时，在所述第一服务器处获得所述资源，并将所述资源从第一服务器提供至客户端；
当确定基于所述资源的流行度来提供所述资源时，确定所述资源是否流行；
如果所述资源被确定为流行，则所述第一服务器获得所述资源，所述第一服务器把所述资源提供给所述客户端，否则，
如果所述资源被确定为不流行，则把所述客户端定向到第二服务器，所述第二服务器不在所述第一层服务器中，和
所述第二服务器把所述资源提供给所述客户端。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述网络还包括不同于所述第一层服务器的第二层服务器，其中所述第二服务器在所述第二层服务器中。
3.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其中第二服务器是内容提供者的原始服务器。
4.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其中确定所述资源是否流行的步骤包括：
确定所述资源的当前流行度值是否超过第一预定流行度阈值。
5.一种包含至少第一层服务器的内容分发网络中的内容分发方法，所述方法包括：
(A)在所述第一层服务器的第一服务器，获得来自客户端的对资源的请求；
(B)如果所述资源在所述第一服务器或者在所述第一服务器的对等体处不可用，则有选择地把来自所述客户端的所述请求重定向到网络中的第二服务器，所述第二服务器不同于所述第一层服务器，所述重定向至少部分基于是否根据所述资源的流行度来提供所述资源以及基于所述资源的当前流行度值，其中基于所述流行度的提供使用所述流行度来确定将会从何处提供所述资源。
6.按照权利要求5所述的方法，其中所述网络还包括第二层服务器，所述第二层中的所述服务器不同于所述第一层中的所述服务器，其中所述第二服务器在所述第二层服务器中。
7.按照权利要求5所述的方法，其中所述网络还包括第二层服务器，所述第二层中的所述服务器不同于所述第一层中的所述服务器，其中所述第二服务器是原始服务器。
8.一种内容分发架构设备，包括：
构成第一层服务器的多个边缘服务器；和
构成第二层服务器的多个父服务器，所述父服务器不同于所述边缘服务器；
其中内容传递架构设备被配置为工作在至少一种流行度服务下，以从至少一些所述边缘服务器获得与对指定为基于流行度来处理的内容的请求有关的信息，和向所述边缘服务器提供与哪一层的服务器应处理这些对内容的请求有关的信息，所述流行度服务至少部分根据所请求内容的流行度的量度来做出确定，所述处理包括提供所述请求，基于流行度的处理使用流行度来确定将会从何处提供内容。
9.一种包括多层服务器的内容分发网络中的内容分发方法，所述多层服务器至少包括第一层服务器和第二层服务器，所述方法包括：
(A)在所述多层服务器中的一层中的第一服务器，获得来自客户端的对资源的请求；
(B)如果所述资源在所述第一服务器或者在所述第一服务器的对等体处不可用，则有选择地把来自所述客户端的所述请求重定向到网络中的第二服务器，所述第二服务器在和包含所述第一服务器的所述一层不同的一层中，所述重定向至少部分基于：(i)是否根据所述资源的流行度来提供所述资源，其中根据流行度的提供使用流行度来确定将会从何处提供所述资源，以及(ii)所述资源的当前流行度值。
10.按照权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述第一层服务器包含多个边缘服务器，所述第二层服务器包含多个父服务器，其中所述第一服务器是所述第二层中的父服务器，所述第二服务器是所述第一层中的边缘服务器。
11.按照权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述第一层服务器包含多个边缘服务器，所述第二层服务器包含多个父服务器，其中所述第一服务器是所述第一层中的边缘服务器，所述第二服务器是所述第二层中的父服务器。
12.按照权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述第一层服务器包含多个边缘服务器，所述第二层服务器包含多个父服务器，其中所述多层服务器还包含原始层，其中所述第一服务器是所述第二层中的父服务器，所述第二服务器是所述原始层中的服务器。
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