CN102123784A - 改进的膜系统反洗能效 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种反洗膜过滤系统的方法，系统包含至少一个渗透膜，优选中空纤维膜，方法包括以下步骤：当停止或中止过滤过程时以可变压力向系统中残留的渗透物施加加压气体，从而提供反洗过程中用于反洗渗透膜孔的液体。还提供一种采用交替液体反洗压力从悬浮液中过滤固体的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及膜过滤系统，特别是这种系统中使用的膜的改进的清洗方法和装置。
背景技术
膜清洗是任何正在进行的膜过滤过程成功的关键步骤。如果未定期清洗，膜将被杂质阻塞并且效率下降直到最终变得无法工作。已经建议和公开了不同的物理清洗膜的方法。一些典型方法的摘要信息描述如下：
1、用气泡洗涤膜。该方法由Yamamoto等首次公开(Water Science Technology，卷2，第43-54页；1989)，并且已经广泛用于低压过滤过程。气泡产生的剪切力除去膜表面的污垢材料，但难于减少膜孔内的污垢。
2、反洗或反向脉冲方法。该方法采用流体逆流(相对于过滤的流向)通过膜孔以便从其中移去污垢材料。气体或液体或者他们的组合物可以用作逆向反洗中的流体。
在PCT公开WO03/059495中，Bartels等描述了一种反洗技术，其中在反洗过程的特定时间，用气体在进料侧对中空纤维膜加压。他们描述了定期采用这种反洗以有效地从中空纤维膜中除去污垢组分。
为了实现液体反洗，一般需要液泵和液体贮槽。泵将渗透物流在与正常过滤流相反的方向上输送通过膜孔以从膜孔清洗积聚的固体和杂质。
在一些加压过滤系统中，已经发现采用气体推动液体反洗加压系统是有利的，该系统在没有降低反洗性能的前提下提供了改进效率。气体推动液体反洗通常是在过滤周期末端将压缩气体，一般为空气，输送到中空纤维膜的内腔侧并将残留在内腔中的滤液推到膜壁的壳或进料侧来实现的。反洗气压一般设置为大于150kPa。为了降低成本以及加压气体生产的能量需求，要将所需气压保持在最小值。
整个说明书中任何关于现有技术的讨论，决不应该视为是承认这种现有技术被普遍认知或形成本领域公知常识的一部分。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是克服或改进现有技术的至少一个缺点或提供一种有用的替代方案。根据第一方面，本发明提供一种反洗膜过滤系统的方法，该膜过滤系统包括至少一个中空渗透膜，方法包括以下步骤：当停止或中止过滤过程时以可变压力向系统中残留的渗透物施加加压气体，从而提供反洗过程中用于反洗中空渗透膜的孔的液体。
根据第二方面，本发明提供一种从悬浮液过滤固体的方法，包括以下步骤：
(i)向浸于悬浮液中的中空渗透膜壁提供压差，悬浮液被应用于中空渗透膜的外表面以促使并维持通过中空渗透膜壁的过滤，其中：
(a)至少部分悬浮液穿过膜壁作为渗透物从中空渗透膜的内腔排出；和
(b)至少一些固体留在中空渗透膜上或膜内，或者以其他方式作为在中空渗透膜周围的液体中的悬浮固体；以及
(ii)使用留在中空渗透膜内腔和/或滤液总管内的渗透物周期性地反洗膜孔，以低于中空渗透膜泡点的可变压力向渗透物施加气体以使得内腔和/或滤液总管中的至少一些渗透物穿过中空渗透膜的孔，从而除去留在中空渗透膜上或膜内的固体。
根据第三方面，本发明提供一种从过滤系统中的悬浮液过滤固体的方法，包括：
(i)向中空渗透膜壁提供压差，使悬浮液施加于该中空渗透膜的内腔表面以促使并维持通过中空渗透膜壁的过滤，其中：
(a)至少部分悬浮液穿过中空渗透膜膜壁，作为渗透物从中空纤维膜的外表面排出；和
(b)至少一些固体留在中空渗透膜上或膜内，或者以其他方式作为中空渗透膜内的悬浮固体；
(ii)停止或中止过滤过程；以及
(iii)在过滤过程中止后，通过以低于中空渗透膜泡点的可变压力向渗透物施加气体以使得至少一些渗透物穿过中空渗透膜的孔来使用残留在过滤系统中的渗透物周期性地反洗中空渗透膜的孔，从而除去留在中空渗透膜上或膜内的固体。
除非上下文以其他方式明确要求，在整个说明书和权利要求中，词“包括”(″comprise″)，“包括”(″comprising″)等均视为包含性的意思，与排他或穷尽的意思相反；即，“包括但不限于”的意思。
气压优选地在第一值和第二值之间变化，第一值高于第二值。优选的，第一压力值和第二压力值在可测量的膜特性基础上确定，如膜渗透性或膜过滤阻力。
优选地，当膜渗透性处于或低于第一预定值时，采用第一气压值，并且当膜渗透性处于或高于第二预定值时，采用第二气压值。
优选地，当膜阻力处于或高于第一预定值时，采用第一气压值，并且，当膜阻力处于或低于第二预定值时，采用第二气压值。
第一和第二预定值可以是不同值或者它们可以是相同值。
气压可以在第一和第二值之间连续变化、循环或交替。
反洗步骤期间，固体优选地移到围绕膜的大量液体中。
中空渗透膜优选为一种中空纤维聚合物渗透膜，优选地，多个中空纤维聚合物渗透膜以平行的方式成束并封装成模块。中空纤维的内腔优选与过滤总管流体连通。
膜过滤系统可以是单个纤维、单个模块、多个模块、或多个模块中的单一模块。
优选地，多个中空纤维膜模块被包括在过滤系统中。
在一些替代性实施方案中，膜过滤系统为加压膜过滤系统。
其他替代性实施方案中，膜过滤系统是浸没式膜过滤系统。
在进一步替代性实施方案中，膜不必为中空纤维膜，而可以是例如平板。
另一方面，本发明还提供一种反洗膜过滤系统的方法，该系统包括至少一个渗透膜，方法包括以下步骤：在过滤过程停止或中止时，向系统中残留的渗透物施加可变压力从而在反洗过程中为反洗渗透膜的孔提供液体。
可变压力可以通过以可变压力向渗透物施加气体或通过改变渗透物的泵送速度来实现。
本发明还提供一种从悬浮液过滤固体的方法，包括以下步骤：
(i)向渗透膜壁提供压差，使悬浮液被应用于渗透膜的第一侧，从而促使并且维持通过渗透膜壁的过滤，其中：
(a)至少部分悬浮液穿过渗透膜壁，作为渗透物从渗透膜的第二侧排出；并且
(b)至少一些固体留在渗透膜上或膜内，或者以其他方式作为渗透膜第一侧周围的液体中的悬浮固体；以及
(ii)在过滤过程中止后，通过向渗透物施加低于渗透膜泡点的可变压力使得至少一些渗透物从渗透膜的第二侧穿过渗透膜的孔来使用残留在渗透膜第二侧的渗透物周期性地反洗渗透膜的孔，从而除去留在渗透膜上或膜内的固体。
可变压力可以通过以可变压力向渗透物施加气体或通过改变渗透物的泵送速度来实现。
本发明还提供一种包括至少一个渗透膜的膜过滤系统的反洗方法，该方法包括以下步骤：当过滤过程停止或中止时，以可变压力向系统中残留的渗透物施加加压气体从而在反洗过程中为反洗渗透膜的孔提供液体。
本发明还提供一种从悬浮液过滤固体的方法，包括下述步骤：
(i)向渗透膜壁提供压差，使悬浮液被应用于渗透膜的第一侧，从而促使并且维持通过渗透膜壁的过滤，其中：
(a)至少部分悬浮液穿过渗透膜壁作为渗透物从渗透膜第二侧排出；和
(b)至少一些固体留在渗透膜上或膜内，或者以其他方式作为渗透膜第一侧周围的液体中的悬浮固体；以及
(ii)在过滤过程中止后，以低于渗透膜泡点的可变压力向渗透物施加气体以使得至少一些渗透物从渗透膜第二侧穿过渗透膜的孔来使用残留在渗透膜第二侧的渗透物周期性地反洗渗透膜的孔，从而除去留在渗透膜上或膜内的固体。
附图说明
在此参照附图，仅以举例方式描述本发明的优选实施例，在附图中，图1表示根据本发明一个实施例的用于过滤系统的反洗系统的框图。
具体实施方式
参考图1，其中示出了根据本发明的气体推动液体反洗系统的一个实施例。系统包括过滤模块5，其具有被上集管和下集管7和8支撑并且在上集管和下集管7和8之间大体上竖直延伸的中空纤维膜6。该模块5位于加压供料槽9中。在该实施例中，滤液从中空纤维膜6的两端穿过上下端口10和11排出，然而，应当理解，在一些实施例中，滤液可以仅从模块的一端排出。上下集管7和8具有相应的滤液收集室14和13，分别经由上下端口10和11连接到滤液排放管12。滤液排放管12由阀AV2控制。料液在阀AV1的控制下通过进料管15供给。上部反洗管16在阀AV3的控制下向供料槽9提供减压。包含液体的废料在阀AV4的控制下通过废料排放管17被除去。
如图1所示，通过气压调节器PRV3和反洗气体控制阀AV5供应反洗气体，一般为空气。PRV3是辅助控制气体调节器，经气体管18连接到加压气体源19。气体调节器PRV3的大小适于在最高压力设定点提供足够的反洗气流。气体调节器PRV3经由关联的相应控制阀SV1和SV2以及气体控制管21来接收由气体调节器阀PRV1或PRV2设定的压力设定点。气体调节器PRV1被设置于大约70-120kPa范围内的低压，而气体调节器阀PRV2被设置于大约150-250kPa范围内的高压。每个气体调节器PRV1和PRV2经气体管22和23连接到加压气体源20。应当理解，该加压气体源19和20可以为相同的源。
通过可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)(未示出)控制运用于系统的各种可控阀。
在液体反洗开始前，PLC检查所测量的膜渗透性并确定所需的反洗气压。如果膜渗透性高于保存在PLC中的设定值，则打开阀SV1，辅助控制气体调节器PRV3被设置于较低的反洗气压。如果膜渗透性低于保存在PLC中的设定值，则打开阀SV2，PRV3被设置于较高的反洗气压。反洗气压可以是上下限之间的任何压力。
替代地，为了在膜渗透性高的条件下强化液体反洗性能，通过交替变换施加到反洗液体的气压，可使液体反洗被设置成在高压反洗和低压反洗之间交替变化。例如，在一个或多个带有低压反洗的过滤周期之后，执行一个或者多个带有高压反洗的过滤周期。在带有高压反洗的过滤周期完成之后，带有低压反洗的过滤周期重新开始。
替代地，膜过滤器阻力增加可以在PLC中被测量并且用于实现高压液体反洗。当过滤周期中的过滤阻力增加高于PLC中的预设值时，在反洗期间启动SV2并为系统提供高气压以用于高压液体反洗。
在另一个操作变型中，过滤周期开始时的过滤阻力可以由PLC或其他设备记录并且在多个过滤周期中进行比较。如果在预定数量的过滤周期中，过滤阻力的净增量比保存在PLC中的设定值大，则系统将转变为提供高压液体反洗。一旦过滤阻力的净增量降低到低于保存在PLC中的设定点，则系统转回低压液体反洗。
在下面的实例中，对6x120模块加压膜装置的操作进行分析。在该实例中，装置清洗间隔设置为35天。在操作的前23天，用于液体反洗的气压设置为100kPa，在操作的后12天设置为200kPa。表1表示了比较结果。
通过比较，能够看出，在该实例中，通过更迭液体反洗压力，用于气体推动液体反洗的气体可节省21.8％。
虽然本发明关于加压系统被具体举例说明，但它可适宜用于浸没系统。这些系统是涉及利用液体反洗而非气体反洗的系统。该液体反洗涉及推动清洁(通常过滤后的)液体反向通过孔以移去污垢(foulant)。
液体反洗通常是空气推动或泵送式的。除了气体用于反向驱动滤液，空气推动液体反洗与图1所示方案相似。相应的气压控制较高和较低压力以及液体反洗压力，气压继而由PLC控制。
泵送式反洗也能用于实现类似的结果。此时，直接泵送滤液反向通过膜以除去污垢。由泵转速控制较高和较低压力以及液体反洗压力，泵转速继而由PLC控制。
到目前为止获得的结果表明，长期的膜性能不会被交替的反洗压力所危害。通过使用本发明的方法，可以实现长间隔(＞30天)的原位清洗(CIP)。
应当理解，在不脱离所描述的本发明的精神或范围的情况下，本发明进一步的实施例和例证是可能的。
表1
Claims (18)
1.一种反洗膜过滤系统的方法，所述系统包括至少一个中空渗透膜，该方法包括下述步骤：当停止或中止过滤过程时以可变压力向系统中残留的渗透物施加加压气体，从而提供在反洗过程中用于反洗中空渗透膜的孔的液体。
2.一种从悬浮液过滤固体的方法，包括以下步骤：
(i)向浸于悬浮液中的中空渗透膜壁提供压差，悬浮液被应用于中空渗透膜的外表面以促使并维持通过中空渗透膜壁的过滤，其中：
(a)至少部分悬浮液穿过膜壁作为渗透物从中空渗透膜的内腔排出；并且
(b)至少一些固体留在中空渗透膜上或膜内，或者以其他方式作为在中空渗透膜周围的液体中的悬浮固体；以及
(ii)使用留在中空渗透膜内腔和/或滤液总管内的渗透物周期性地反洗膜孔，以低于中空渗透膜泡点的可变压力向渗透物施加气体以使得内腔和/或滤液总管中的至少一些渗透物穿过中空渗透膜的孔，从而除去留在中空渗透膜上或膜内的固体。
3.一种从过滤系统中的悬浮液过滤固体的方法，包括：
(i)向中空渗透膜壁提供压差，使悬浮液施加于该中空渗透膜的内腔表面以促使并维持通过中空渗透膜壁的过滤，其中：
(a)至少部分悬浮液穿过中空渗透膜壁，作为渗透物从中空渗透膜的外表面排出；并且
(b)至少一些固体留在中空渗透膜上或膜内，或者以其他方式作为中空渗透膜中的悬浮固体；
(ii)停止或中止过滤过程；以及
(iii)在过滤过程中止后，通过以低于中空渗透膜泡点的可变压力向渗透物施加气体以使得至少一些渗透物穿过中空渗透膜的孔来使用残留在过滤系统中的渗透物周期性地反洗中空渗透膜的孔，从而除去留在中空渗透膜上或膜内的固体。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，气压在第一值和第二值之间变化，第一值高于第二值。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中，第一压力值和第二压力值由可测量的膜特性确定。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中膜特性为膜渗透性。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中膜特性为膜阻力。
8.根据权利要求4-7中任一项所述的方法，其中，当膜渗透性处于或低于第一预定值时，采用第一气压值，并且当膜渗透性处于或高于第二预定值时，采用第二气压值。
9.根据权利要求4-7中任一项所述的方法，其中，当膜阻力处于或高于第一预定值时，采用第一气压值，并且当膜阻力处于或低于第二预定值时，采用第二气压值。
10.根据权利要求4-9中任一项所述的方法，其中，第一预定值和第二预定值不同。
11.根据权利要求4-9中任一项所述的方法，其中，第一预定值和第二预定值相同。
12.根据权利要求4-11中任一项所述的方法，其中，气压在第一气压值和第二气压值之间连续变化。
13.根据权利要求4-11中任一项所述的方法，其中，气压在第一气压值和第二气压值之间交替变化。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，反洗步骤期间，固体被移到围绕膜的大量液体中。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，在过滤系统中包括多个膜模块。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，在过滤系统中包括多个中空纤维膜模块。
17.根据权利要求15至16中任一项所述的方法，其中，膜过滤系统为加压膜过滤系统。
18.根据权利要求15至16中任一项所述的方法，其中，膜过滤系统为浸没式膜过滤系统。
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| AU2008904279A AU2008904279A0 (en) | 2008-08-20 | Improved membrane system backwash energy efficiency | |
| PCT/US2009/053979 WO2010021959A1 (en) | 2008-08-20 | 2009-08-17 | Improved membrane system backwash energy efficiency |
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- 2009-08-17 CN CN2009801324397A patent/CN102123784A/zh active Pending
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| US20110139715A1 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
| EP2315625A1 (en) | 2011-05-04 |
| AU2009282912B2 (en) | 2014-11-27 |
| EP2315625A4 (en) | 2013-03-20 |
| JP2012500117A (ja) | 2012-01-05 |
| NZ591259A (en) | 2013-02-22 |
| AU2009282912A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
| EP2315625B1 (en) | 2018-05-16 |
| CA2734796A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
| WO2010021959A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
| US8652331B2 (en) | 2014-02-18 |
| KR20110044312A (ko) | 2011-04-28 |
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