CN102137047A - Multiparameter media adapter gateway and adaption method thereof - Google Patents
Multiparameter media adapter gateway and adaption method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a multiparameter media adapter gateway and an adaption method thereof. The multiparameter media adapter gateway comprises an adaption control unit and a two-layer of stream transmission unit structure, wherein the adaption control unit comprises a session information base module, a parameter statistics module, an analysis and decision module, a stream adaption control module and an adaption utility feedback module; and the stream transmission unit comprises a decoding module, a coding module and a stream distribution module. By the invention, the setting times and quality of session for the multimedia service under a heterogeneous network environment can be improved, and meanwhile, calculating expense and resource consumption of a streaming media server can be reduced; and the media is adaptive to be as an independent unit, so that the deploying flexibility of a whole streaming media system is improved, meanwhile, the design of the multimedia adaption scheme has good expansion, different adaption parameter sets can be quickly added to a decision tree model, and the weighting of the adaptive parameters can be subject to statistic updating according to self-adaption feedback. Further, the invention better meets the requirements of the actual media adaption application scene.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of multimedia communication, be specifically related to a kind ofly can under heterogeneous network, integrate multiple media parameter required when carrying out media session and carry out adaptive gateway and adaptation method thereof.
Background technology
Along with the fast development of digital media applications, the necessary link of universal media visit, the role who plays hinge in pervasive media environment are satisfied in the adaptive conduct of medium.
Because complicated network environment constitutes, available bandwidth, service quality, delay jitter under the heterogeneous network; Physical surroundings such as capacity of equipment (resolution, medium are supported type, processor, electric weight), channel characteristics; Numerous factors that influence media services such as user experience such as media content, medium type, user preferences, session satisfaction are the important indicators of weighing the media services quality.Under heterogeneous network environment, be the center with user and service, how according to user's hobby and terminal unit ability, making the maximization of user experience and service quality is the problem of demanding urgently considering.
Traditional medium are adaptive mainly to be characterized as the master with existing source of media, adaptation processing also mainly is to carry out in the encoding compression territory, and generally be integrated in the media server, the problem that have underaction, can't directly meet consumers' demand, and it is adaptive only to provide the most basic code stream, and the assurance media interviews can be carried out with minimum user experience.Consider the fusion of heterogeneous network, and media interviews diversity of operations on the mobile Internet, the medium adaptation procedure is independently become unit module, develop a kind of accurately, the medium adaptation technique and the product of customer-centric, make Video service in heterogeneous network, can freely change transmission and seem very necessary, and be with a wide range of applications.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to, a kind of medium adapter gateway of multi-parameter is provided, can support the adaptive decision-making of the unification of all kinds of media parameter relevant on the different aspects under the heterogeneous network with conversation media, except carrying out adapted transmission in the Media Stream aspect, also considered at user preference on the application layer, media content, the influence that the factor of aspects such as feature extraction is adaptive to personalization, by setting up the adaptive many fork decision-tree models that dynamically to adjust, adaptation parameter collection XML file structure at parametric classification, agreement more than the compliant applications layer is (as HTTP, SIP), accurately locate adaptation rule fast, set up the parameter maps interface with flow transmission, effectively adaptive result is applied in the session context, can satisfies common as the adaptive demand of stream of compression standard H.263/H.264/MPEG-4.
Multi-parameter medium adapter gateway of the present invention comprises double-layer structure: adaptive control unit, flow transmission unit.Adaptive control unit comprises: session information library module, parametric statistics module, analysis decision module, flow adaptive control module, adaptive effectiveness feedback module; The flow transmission unit comprises: decoder module, coding module, stream distribution module.
Wherein, described session information library module provides external interface to other network elements such as the media server that constitute the multimedia application scene, and session control server etc. make other network elements can transmit all kinds of media parameter of this session; Preserve historical session decision scheme record simultaneously,, be stored as the XML document form in label-property value mode according to the classification of media parameter.
Wherein, described parametric statistics module is used to get the parameter information of the media session of having preserved, comprises parameters such as source of media information, media server, transmission network, terminal, user preferences; Receive adaptive effectiveness feedback module simultaneously to feedback information, the parameter information of two aspects is merged in the XML file when the professional adaptive effectiveness of time media session.
Wherein, described analysis decision module further combined with the existing parameter information of current sessions, by the adaptive decision tree Path selection based on adaptation parameter, is extracted adaptation parameter, carries out analysis decision, determines the best-fit scheme of this session.
Wherein, the adaptive control module of described stream is further extracted and the relevant parameter of bottom current transmission, pass to decoding, stream release module, and dispatching management is carried out in issue to multi-way stream.
Wherein, described adaptive effectiveness feedback module, further obtain the adaptive result's of this time session feedback information from stream adaptation processing module, store in the session information library module with the XML document form, as the important references that the adaptation scheme decision-making is carried out in follow-up other sessions, also be simultaneously the important evidence of all kinds of adaptation parameter weights of statistics.
Wherein, described decoder module passes to the adaptation parameter of decoder module according to the adaptive control module of upper stream, and the source Media Stream is carried out adaptive decoding, and the source Media Stream is carried out adaptive decoding.
Wherein, described coding module further passes to the adaptation parameter of coding module according to the adaptive control module of upper stream, and the data of decoder module output are before encoded again.
Wherein, the stream distribution module further encapsulates adaptive stream, and adopts suitable stream buffering, is distributed to terminal, provides distribution quality to guarantee; The stream distribution module should be supported the multithread burse mode simultaneously.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: according to multi-parameter Streaming Media adapter gateway of the present invention, can effectively improve the number of times and the quality of the conversation of the session foundation of carrying out multimedia service under the heterogeneous network environment, alleviate the computing cost and the resource consumption of streaming media server simultaneously; Medium are adaptive as separate unit, improved the deployment flexibility of whole stream media system, the design of multi-parameter adaptation scheme simultaneously has good autgmentability, decision-tree model is added in different adaptation parameter energy collectings fast to, the weight of adaptation parameter can be added up renewal according to the self adaptation feedback, thus the requirement of more realistic medium adaptation application scene; Parameter set is convenient in the design of XML file structure derives in the session flow process and upgrades, and compatible upper layer application protocol makes that the adaptation processing resource consumption is few, and decision-making fast; At amphicheirality's characteristics of session, adopt adaptive feedback mechanism simultaneously, effectively improve the precision of decision-tree model, make that the accuracy of decision-making is higher, the personalization hobby of more being close to the users.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the typical applied environment of multi-parameter medium adapter gateway of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a kind of general multi-parameter medium adapter gateway structural representation of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is many forks decision-tree model of multi-parameter of the present invention;
Fig. 4 has shown based on the best-fit Path selection of adaptation parameter weight figure as a result;
Fig. 5 is the medium adapter gateway workflow diagram of across a network video-on-demand session of the present invention.
Embodiment
The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and suitable example.
Fig. 1 has described the applied environment of multi-parameter medium adapter gateway, and has showed two kinds of typical business: video request program and video calling.Wherein, the adaptation application scene of 1. representing point-to-point video calling between the interior portable terminal of local area network (LAN); 2. the adaptation application scene of representing the video request program in the local area network (LAN) mobile terminal accessing wide area network.
Fig. 2 has described a kind of general multi-parameter medium adapter gateway structural representation, comprises double-layer structure: adaptive control unit, flow transmission unit.Adaptive control unit comprises: session information library module, parametric statistics module, analysis decision module, flow adaptive control module, adaptive effectiveness feedback module; The flow transmission unit comprises: decoder module, coding module, stream distribution module.Below each module of each layer described in detail.
Session information library module: preserve the parameter information of preserving when this user carries out media session, comprise parameters such as source of media information, media server, transmission network, terminal, user preferences, above parameter is stored as XML file organization form according to label-property value mode and preserves according to the grade refinement of classification successively; Simultaneously the session information library module is set up index and is preserved historical decision scheme record according to the adaptation parameter of difference classification, so that the decision scheme of being convenient to quick Search and Orientation parametric classification and being fit to when adopting decision-tree model to carry out analysis decision.
Wherein, the session information module need provide external interface to other network elements such as the media server that constitute the multimedia application scene, session control server etc., because the part of media session parameter is to obtain in the whole process of being initiated, set up, carry out, finishing at media session by these network elements, and need pass to the session information module of medium adapter gateway.
Parametric statistics module: at the multi-parameter characteristic of multi-parameter media gateway, the parametric statistics module is obtained the parameter information of this user media session of having preserved from the session information library module on the one hand, and this parameter information is to be stored as XML file organization form according to label-property value mode; On the other hand, the parametric statistics module also receives the feedback information of adaptive effectiveness feedback module to the professional adaptive effectiveness of this media session, and this feedback information also is to be stored as XML file organization form according to label-property value mode; Two kinds of XML files that above two aspects are obtained are merged into a unified adaptation parameter collection XML file at last, use for the analysis decision module.
Analysis decision module: as most crucial part, analysis decision by the adaptive decision tree routing strategy of having set up based on adaptation parameter, extracts important parameter in conjunction with the existing parameter information of current sessions, carry out analysis decision, determine the adaptation rule of this session.In conjunction with the multi-parameter session XML file that has imported, at the session parameter information of classifying and screening, search fast and select and the required parameter sets of the adaptive target of this time session, abandon simultaneously and this conversation applications scene independent parameter, then the discrete parameter collection after selecting is carried out Analysis of Policy Making, as according to empirical analysis (as the investigation by high-volume conversation in the past, the adaptive decision-tree model that theoretical rule is set up) undertaken integrated ordered to the different qualities parameter by the different weights value, to obtain simultaneously to judge in the parameter set introducing decision-tree model, with parametric classification character as the decision tree intermediate node, concrete parameter is as leaf node, the weighted value of such parameter under each internodal branch path representation conversation applications scene, according to carrying out Path selection by different parameter classifications in decision tree in the multi-parameter XML file, merger goes out suitable adaptation rule.Concrete as Fig. 3 demonstration to the decision-tree model of the many forks behind the multi parametric classification.
A kind of classification adaptation parameter weighted value that satisfies the video-on-demand applications scene that can reference is as shown in the table:
Sorting parameter, subclassification, attribute can be expanded increase according to different application scenarioss, the concrete weighted value of each attribute then designs according to the empirical statistics of the adaptive record of high-volume conversation and with the adaptive influential effect degree of concrete application scenarios, and can upgrade according to the adaptive effectiveness feedback of session.
Wherein, the decision scheme that pre-establishes is necessary, can effectively improve adaptive appropriate degree and speed.By in " session information database " module, preserving the history decision-making record of having finished, carry out the statistic of classification rank at history decision-making record by conversation type application scenarios (as video request program, net cast, video conference, point-to-point conversation etc.), extract the recommendation decision scheme of acquiescence, particularly frequency of utilization height, the good decision-making of user feedback effectiveness is as first-selected decision scheme.During this session decision-making by the time, need only prior decision parameters and carry out information matches, just can finish the generation of adaptation scheme fast, to save processing time and overhead to decision-tree model.The a series of selected code stream adaptation parameter collection XML files of the final output of this module.
Flow adaptive control module: as with the interface of underflow transmission unit, the session adaptation parameter collection that generates at the analysis decision module shines upon, extract and the relevant parameter (as bit rate, dimension of picture, frame per second, coded system, network parameter, QOS etc.) of bottom current transmission, pass to decoding, stream release module.When a plurality of sessions of processing are adaptive, flow overall control of adaptive control module and management flow transport module, the use of decoding in the coordinated flow transmission unit, coding, stream distribution module, the flow process that the scheduling code stream is handled at intermodule, guarantee the distribution of many Media Streams, to satisfy the adaptive demand of many sessions, finish situation record simultaneously to each session stream scheduling, submit adaptive effectiveness feedback module record to.
Adaptive effectiveness feedback module: feedback is the statistical analysis adaptation scheme as the important step that improves adaptation of service quality, upgrades effective reference of adaptation rule.Feedback is divided into two kinds of forms: feedback is handled in user's subjective assessment feedback and self.User's subjective assessment is to be based upon adaptation rule to implement back session foundation, after the end, the user is to the subjective assessment of this time session, and adaptive process is hidden the user, and the user is by just having comprised the evaluation to the adaptive decision-making of this time session to scoring of session etc.; Self handling feedback then is stream adaptation processing module each module resource expense at selected adaptation scheme in adaptation processes, the statistics that the suitable frequency of scheme etc. is made.More than the feedback information of two aspects all as important adaptive reference, with the XML stored in file format in session information bank module, as the adaptive decision-making foundation of follow-up different sessions.
Decoder module: be divided into two kinds of forms of partial decoding of h and full decoder the source of media of input is decoded.Pass to the adaptation parameter of decoder module according to the adaptive control module of upper stream, the source Media Stream is carried out adaptive decoding.And partial decoding of h is meant and original media data is not carried out complete decoding, but preserves motion vector information wherein and carry out suitable conversion, utilizes again.In to similar media transcoding (as in the same coding standard between basic layer, enhancement layer) adopt partial decoding of h can realize fast decoding.Full decoder then is to be yuv data with the original media data complete decoding.
Coding module: pass to the adaptation parameter of coding module according to the adaptive control module of upper stream, the data of decoder module output are before encoded again; Encoder in the coding module adopts standardized structural substantially, just it has been encapsulated the interface of the adaptation parameter of transmitting at the adaptive control module of stream so that with these parameters from semantically being converted to the media parameter that encoder can be used.Coding output can be the code stream of coded format H.263/H.264.
The stream distribution module: according to the Streaming Media host-host protocol the adaptive stream that coding module generates is encapsulated, and adopt suitable stream buffering, the Session Initiation Protocol in conjunction with session is set up encapsulates according to Real-time Transport Protocol, is distributed to terminal; The stream distribution module should be supported the multithread burse mode simultaneously.
Fig. 3 has shown the many fork decision trees behind the multi parametric classification:
Wherein the secondary root node is the basic classification to adaptation parameter, the path representation of each adjacent layer between some weight of such parameter in adaptation path is selected, as p
i, q
i, m
iDeng, and the weight in each cross road of same node layer footpath and be 1, promptly
Weighted value then is to realize rule of thumb rule and the adaptive statistics of high-volume conversation, the concrete situation of all kinds of parameters distributed, and be fixed value promptly at each class application scenarios.Then, travel through the best-fit path according to the decision-tree model that has parameter and set up
N wherein
lBe the parameter hierarchy number, obtain weight and path maximum, then adaptation parameter collection for selecting.
Fig. 4 has shown the best-fit Path selection result based on the adaptation parameter weight:
Wherein, bottom leaf node is concrete media parameter property value, and up each layer leaf node is all kinds of media parameter labels, formed best medium adaptation parameter collection by each leaf of the bottom to the set of paths of root node.Letter representation among the figure on the hop such as a
i, b
Ji, c
JiDeng the weighted value that is the reference of employing weight summation method time institute, these weighted values then are that basis is to the empirical statistics value to adaptive result's influence degree of different media parameter and property value under the conversation type application scenarios, be not changeless, can be according to session effectiveness feedback is upgraded these weighted values.
Because the adaptation parameter in the media session is from a plurality of links in the conversation procedure, and relate to different application layer protocol types, therefore, multi-parameter medium adapter gateway possesses the interface that adapts with application layer protocol, and transmit the form that media parameter all adopts the XML file between each network element in the whole multimedia system, so that when the needs adaptation processing, the medium adapter gateway can be extracted all kinds of adaptation parameter and be filled into unified adaptation parameter collection XML and carry out integrated (as extracting conversation media parameter etc. the SDP/HTTP when session is set up), these adaptation parameter collection XML file is constantly merged and is upgraded in the whole process of session then, increase all kinds of labels and property set, finally derived analysis, screening adaptation parameter collection in decision-tree model in the analysis decision module.A kind of XML file structure of unified adaptation parameter collection that can reference is as follows:
This XML file is organized according to the difference classification of adaptation parameter, can upgrade label and the property set of XML in each flow process that media session is set up.It is as follows to obtain best-fit scheme XML file structure at last, and this document is by extracting in the above unified adaptation parameter collection XML file:
Concrete, as shown in Figure 5, the adaptive workflow diagram of medium for enforcement use-case across a network video-on-demand session of the present invention comprises the following steps:
Step 100: the session information module is obtained session control server by external interface and is transmitted this time session information, preserve the essential information relevant (as network parameter, ability of user terminal, media server ability, conversation type etc.) with this session, the SDP mode is obtained set of session parameters from user terminal session initiation signaling, generates the adaptation parameter collection XML file relevant with the session both sides;
Step 200: the session information module is obtained media server by external interface and is transmitted this time media request information after to the video source analysis of user request, preserve program description, relevant with video source as (video size, resolution, type of coding, bit rate, frame per second, video type, evaluation of estimate etc.) information, if source of media and media server be not at consolidated network, media server adopts the HTTP mode to inquire about and obtain the media parameter collection of source of media file; Generate the adaptation parameter collection XML file relevant with source of media;
Step 300: two types of adaptation parameter collection of gained XML file in parametric statistics module synthesis step 100, the step 200, and extract the effectiveness feedback information, merge into unified medium adaptation parameter collection XML file;
Step 400: the analysis decision module is carried out analysis decision according to adaptation parameter collection XML, in conjunction with the existing decision scheme of session information library module, by decision-tree model, calculates the optimum decision tree path, and generates the optimal fit scheme; If can't generate adaptation scheme, then stop this session connection;
Step 500: flow adaptive control module and the optimal fit scheme is mapped as stream relates to transcoding (as coding module in the adaptation unit, decoder module) and transmission (stream distribution module) the bottom parameter that can receive, and with this time session is adaptive send adaptive effectiveness feedback unit to as the effectiveness feedback information and store;
Step 600: it is adaptive that coding, decoder module are implemented transcoding; The stream distribution module encapsulates distribution according to stream media protocol to adaptive stream, regularly obtains user's available bandwidth situation, dynamically adjusts and divides signaling rate, carries out QOS and ensures, and guarantee multichannel session stream distribution;
In sum,, can effectively improve the number of times and the quality of the conversation of the session foundation of carrying out multimedia service under the heterogeneous network environment, alleviate the computing cost and the resource consumption of streaming media server simultaneously according to multi-parameter Streaming Media adapter gateway of the present invention; Medium are adaptive as separate unit, improved the deployment flexibility of whole stream media system, the design of multi-parameter adaptation scheme simultaneously has good autgmentability, decision-tree model is added in different adaptation parameter energy collectings fast to, parameter set is convenient in the design of XML file structure derives in the session flow process and upgrades, compatible upper layer application protocol makes that the adaptation processing resource consumption is few, and decision-making fast; At amphicheirality's characteristics of session, adopt adaptive feedback mechanism simultaneously, effectively improve the precision of decision-tree model, make that the accuracy of decision-making is higher, the personalization hobby of more being close to the users.
More than be in order to make those of ordinary skills understand the present invention; and to detailed description that the present invention carried out; but can expect; in the scope that does not break away from claim of the present invention and contained, can also make other variation and modification, these variations and revising all in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. the medium adapter gateway of a multi-parameter is characterized in that, comprises adaptive control unit, flow transmission unit double-layer structure; Described adaptive control unit comprises: session information library module, parametric statistics module, analysis decision module, flow adaptive control module, adaptive effectiveness feedback module; Described flow transmission unit comprises: decoder module, coding module, stream distribution module;
Described session information library module is used to provide external interface to the network element server that constitutes the multimedia application scene, makes other network elements can transmit all kinds of media parameter of this session; Preserve historical session decision scheme record simultaneously,, be stored as the XML document form in label-property value mode according to the classification of media parameter;
Described parametric statistics module is used to read the existing media parameter information of described session information library module, comprises source of media information, media server, transmission network, terminal, user preferences; Receive adaptive effectiveness feedback module simultaneously to feedback information, the parameter information of two aspects is merged in the XML file of described session information library module when the professional adaptive effectiveness of time media session;
Described analysis decision module is used for the existing parameter information sent here according to described parametric statistics module, by the adaptive decision tree Path selection based on adaptation parameter, extracts adaptation parameter, carries out analysis decision, determines the best-fit scheme of this session;
The adaptive control module of described stream is used to extract and the relevant parameter of bottom current transmission, pass to decoding, stream release module, and dispatching management is carried out in issue to multi-way stream;
Described adaptive effectiveness feedback module, be used for obtaining the adaptive result's of this time session feedback information from stream adaptation processing module, store in the session information library module with the XML document form, as the important references that the adaptation scheme decision-making is carried out in follow-up other sessions, also be simultaneously the important evidence of all kinds of adaptation parameter weights of statistics;
Described decoder module is used for passing to according to the adaptive control module of upper stream the adaptation parameter of decoder module, and the source Media Stream is carried out adaptive decoding, and the source Media Stream is carried out adaptive decoding;
Described coding module is used for passing to according to the adaptive control module of upper stream the adaptation parameter of coding module, and the data of decoder module output are before encoded again;
The stream distribution module is used for adaptive stream is encapsulated, and adopts suitable stream buffering, is distributed to terminal, provides distribution quality to guarantee; The stream distribution module should be supported the multithread burse mode simultaneously.
2. the medium adaptation method of the medium adapter gateway of the described multi-parameter of claim 1 is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
Step 1, described session information module are obtained session control server by external interface and are transmitted this time session information, preserve the essential information relevant with this session, the SDP mode is obtained set of session parameters from user terminal session initiation signaling, generates the adaptation parameter collection XML file relevant with the session both sides;
Step 2, described session information module are obtained media server by external interface and are transmitted this time media request information after to the video source analysis of user's request, preserve program description and video source relevant information, if source of media and media server be not at consolidated network, media server adopts the HTTP mode to inquire about and obtain the media parameter collection of source of media file; Generate the adaptation parameter collection XML file relevant with source of media;
Two types of adaptation parameter collection of gained XML file in step 3, described parametric statistics module synthesis step 1, the step 2, and extract the effectiveness feedback information, merge into unified medium adaptation parameter collection XML file;
Step 4, described analysis decision module are carried out analysis decision according to adaptation parameter collection XML, in conjunction with the existing decision scheme of session information library module, by decision-tree model, calculate the optimum decision tree path, and generate the optimal fit scheme; If can't generate adaptation scheme, then stop this session connection;
Step 5, the adaptive control module of described stream are mapped as the optimal fit scheme in the stream adaptation unit and relate to coding module, the bottom parameter that decoder module and stream distribution module can receive, and send the storage of adaptive effectiveness feedback unit to as the effectiveness feedback information with this time session is adaptive;
It is adaptive that step 6, described coding, decoder module are implemented transcoding; The stream distribution module encapsulates distribution according to stream media protocol to adaptive stream, regularly obtains user's available bandwidth situation, dynamically adjusts and divides signaling rate, carries out QOS and ensures, and guarantee multichannel session stream distribution.
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| CN104780392A (en) * | 2015-04-07 | 2015-07-15 | 无锡天脉聚源传媒科技有限公司 | Transcoding method and device for video files |
| CN106357528A (en) * | 2015-07-15 | 2017-01-25 | 财团法人资讯工业策进会 | Heterogeneous network system, network device and aggregation path selection method thereof |
| TWI575908B (en) * | 2015-07-15 | 2017-03-21 | 財團法人資訊工業策進會 | Heterogeneous network system, network apparatus, and rendezvous path selection method thereof |
| US9692685B2 (en) | 2015-07-15 | 2017-06-27 | Institute For Information Industry | Heterogeneous network system, network apparatus, and rendezvous path selection method thereof |
| CN110087110A (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2019-08-02 | 深圳市大数据研究院 | Using the method and device of deep search dynamic regulation video playing |
| CN110087110B (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2021-03-30 | 深圳市大数据研究院 | Method and device for dynamically regulating and controlling video playing by applying deep search |
| CN112272326A (en) * | 2020-10-21 | 2021-01-26 | 上海晨驭信息科技有限公司 | Distributed cross-domain large-screen synchronization system |
| CN112272326B (en) * | 2020-10-21 | 2023-07-21 | 上海晨驭信息科技有限公司 | Distributed cross-domain large screen synchronization system |
| CN115379221A (en) * | 2022-10-25 | 2022-11-22 | 中诚华隆计算机技术有限公司 | Streaming media data transmission method and system |
| CN115379221B (en) * | 2022-10-25 | 2022-12-20 | 中诚华隆计算机技术有限公司 | Streaming media data transmission method and system |
| CN116208584A (en) * | 2023-04-27 | 2023-06-02 | 睿云联(厦门)网络通讯技术有限公司 | Streaming media transmission optimization method, equipment and medium suitable for multi-network card equipment |
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